New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr.

Fardin Khan Safi

New Intercom Grammar Class Date: 05-08-2016 By: Mr.Fardin Safi

Grammar: the grammar is derived from the French word grammaire, Latin grammatika, and Greek
grmmatikos.
They all mean a set of rules for speaking or writing a language correctly.
Definition: they study or the use of rules about how the words change their forms and combine with other
words to make meaningful sentences is called grammar.
2: The particular analysis of the language is called grammar.

Grammar is a branch of linguistics which deals with the followings:

1: Syntax: (structure) syntax is the study of how words and phrases are combined into meaningful sentences.
2: Semantics: is the study of the rules that governs the meaning of our speech.
3: Etymology: is the study of the origin of a word. (It talks about the history of a word).
4: Morphology: is the scientific study of the structure and forms of words and phrases.
5: Prosody: is the study of stress and intonation. Ex: ‘dessert = de’sert.
6: Phonology: is the study of correct pronunciation of sounds in a particular language.

Sound
We have two kings of sounds:
1: Consonant sounds
2: Vowel sounds
1: Consonant sounds: we have two kinds of consonant sounds. They are divided into two groups according to
voice and vibration.
1: Voiced consonant sounds: they have vibration while articulating them.
2: Voiceless consonant sounds: they don’t have vibration while articulating them.

1: Consonant pairs:
Voiced Voiceless
B P
V F
D T
G K
Dg Tƒ
Z S
Z Ƒ
Ð Ø
X H

Single voiced consonents Single voiced consonants

M
N
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Kinds of vowels:
1: Monophthong: one vowel sound is called monophthong.

2: Diphthong: two vowel sounds are called diphthong.

3: Trip thong: three vowel sounds are called trip thong

Grammar terms:
1: Alphabet: is made of two words “alpha” which means sounded and “bet” which means letters, so alphabet
means sounded letters.
It is group of letters or symbols that is arranged in a fixed order which is sued to write English language.
Alphabet = A – Z

Letters: it is any of the members of the English alphabet which represents the basic sound in speech.

Word: it is a meaningful sound or combination of sounds which is made of limited numbers of letters.

Phrase: a group of words having no subject and verb which doesn’t give a complete meaning and forms Parts
of sentence is called phrase.
Note: it doesn’t have a complete meaning, but it has a particular meaning.
Ex: from Pakistan

Clause: a group of words having a subject and verb which forms a part of sentence is called clause.

Sentence: it is a group of words which contains a subject and predicate and has one or more clauses.

Subject: the person, place or thing that we are talking about in a sentence or the doer of an action is called
subject.
Or: What the predicate talks about is called subject.

Predicate: it is a part of sentence which talks about the subject is called predicate.
Verb + object or complement = predicate

Ex: Ali eats an apple.

V obj
Note: the first word of a predicate should be a verb or verb phrase.

Object:

Can be called complement

Receives the action
Competes the meaning of a sentence
Comes after transitive verb

Complement:

Complement can’t be called object

Doesn’t receive the action
Only competes the meaning of a sentence
Comes after auxiliary verb
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level one unit one Presentation 1:

Greetings and introduction

Greetings mean solutions.
Introductions mean presentation or the act of introducing yourselves to others.
There are two kinds of greetings and introduction.

1: Formal introduction:
It describes a language and behavior that are serious and correct.
Student 1: Hello, I am Ali.
Student 2: Nice, pleased to meet you, Ali.
Student 2: I am Ahmad.
Student 1: Nice, pleased to meet you too, Ali.

2: Informal introduction:
It describes a language or behavior which is suitable for friends and family, but not for official occasions.
Student 1: Hi, my name is Ali.
Student 2: Glad to meet you, Ali.
Student 2: My name is Ahmad.
Student 1: Glad to meet you too, Ali.

Extra information:
“Hi and hello” are conjunctions in grammar.
Hello can be used as a noun too.
Ex: Say my hellos to your father.

They are the first words used while answering a telephone call.

Introductions can be of two kinds:

1: Expected introduction: is a caused introduction.
Ex: in class, meeting etc.
2: Unexpected introduction: is not caused introduction.
It happens by a chance.
Ex: in market, in party etc.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level one Unit 1 Presentation 2

Text information:

Identifying a person, place, and occupation.

Using “this” and “subject pronoun”.
This is a demonstrative pronoun.
It is used to point out a person place or thing which is next to the speaker.
Ex: This is Ali. He is a doctor.

Subject pronoun: it is a pronoun that is used as subject.

There are seven subject pronouns.

I + am first person singular

1
We + is first person plural

You + are second person singular and plural

He
She
It + is third person singular

They + are third person plural

Extra information:
We use “this” in two ways:
1: Demonstrative adjective: this + noun.
Ex: I like this coat. This car is mine.

2: Demonstrative pronoun: when “this” replaces a noun, it will be a pronoun.

Ex: This is my car. I like this.

Plural form of “this” is “these”.

These are my friends.
These books are useless.

Note: We change “this” to “that” in indirect speech.

Ex: Ali said,” I like this car”.
Ali said that he liked that car.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level one Unit one Presentation 3:

Identifying people and things:

Using “who” and” what”.
They are W/H or information question words.
They are used to ask about people and things.

Who:
We use who for the followings:
To ask about subject
Ex: Who is your teacher?

To ask informally about object

Ex: Who does she talk to?
She talks to Ali.

What:
“What” is used for the following purposes:
To ask about things
What is this?
It is a car.

To ask about someone’s occupation

Ex: What does your father do?

To ask about time

Ex: What time is it?

To ask about someone’s choice

Ex: What do you like to eat in breakfast?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level one Unit one Presentation Three

Extra Information

Usages of “Who”:
As interrogative pronoun:
Ex: Who teaches your English class?

As relative pronoun in adjective clause:

Ex: The boy who sits next to me is respectable.
Ex: I know the lady who is dealing with all the customers.

Usages of “what”:
As interrogative pronoun:
Ex: What is this?
Ex: What does Ali do?

As interrogative adjective/ pre-determiner

Ex: What countries have you been to?
Ex: What time is it?

As exclamatory adjective:
Ex: What a hot day!
Ex: What lazy boys!

As marker of noun clause:

Ex: I don’t know what she says?
Ex: What he says is true?

Note: Keep these things in mind in order to differentiate them with each other.
1: Interrogative pronoun:
Who
Whom
Which + verb = interrogative pronoun
Whose
What

2: Interrogative Adjective:
What
Whose + noun = interrogative adjective
Which
3: Interrogative Adverb:
How
When
Where + auxiliary verb = interrogative adverb
Why
Why

Note: There must be a question mark in the above structure; otherwise, they will be something else.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit One Presentation 4

Text information:

Classroom instructions

Using imperatives:
We use imperative sentences to tell someone to do something or not to do something.
Ex: Look at the white board.
Ex: Open your books.
Ex: Sit down.

Ex: Don’t make the noise.

Ex: Don’t write.
Ex: Don’t come late.

Extra information
We use imperative sentences for the following purposes:
Offer = come with me in my car.
Invitation = have lunch with us today.
Suggestion = join KELC.
Advice = be kind to the youngers.
Order = polish my shoes.
Direction = fill in the blanks using A and An.
Instruction = pour three table spoons of oil into the pan.
Warning = don’t challenge me.
Prohibition = don’t touch my clothes.
Rudeness = shut up.

Kinds of imperative sentences:

There are three kinds of imperatives.

1: Positive imperative: tells someone to do something.

Ex: Send these letters ASAP.

2: Negative Imperatives
Ex: Don’t allow him to go outside.

3: Emphatic imperatives: emphasizes that something should be done.

Ex: Do write the homework tomorrow.

Note: In imperative sentences, there is an understood subject “you”.

New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit One Presentation 5

Text information:

Number:
There are two kinds of numbers.

1: Ordinal numbers: show a specific sequence used in date.

Ex: August 9th 2016
Ex: She got the first position.

2: Cardinal number: shoes a specific total.

Ex: We have 20 students in our class.
Ex: She has two sons.
Ex: I have one brother.

Note: We have another kind of numbers as well which is called general ordinal numbers.
Ex: single, double, triple etc.

Note: More specifically ordinal and cardinal numbers are called post determiners.
Ex: He got the first position.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 2 Presentation 1

Text information:

Identifying people with “That”

It is a demonstrative pronoun in grammar.
It is used to point out a far person, place, and thing.
Ex: That is our house.
That is Ali.
That is a book.

Extra information:
Usages of that:
1: As demonstrative pronoun.
Ex: That is a car.

2: As demonstrative adjective.
Ex: That car is expensive.

3: As marker of noun clause.

Ex: Ali said,” He needs some money”.
Ex: Ali said that he needed some money.
Ex: That Allah is one is a fact.

4: As a relative pronoun:
Ex: The book that is on the table is mine.
Ex: I met the people that lost their houses.

Note: The plural form of “That” is “Those”.

New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 2 Presentation 2

Text information:

Alphabet: it is also called alphabet letters.

It is group of letters arranged in a fixed way from A to Z.
It has no plural form.
It can be written in two ways:
1: Small letters, lower case letters or minuscule
Ex: a, b, c, d, . . . . z

2: Capital letters, upper case letters or majuscule

Ex: A, B, C, D, E, . . . . Z

Extra information:
Alphabet according to sound
They are divided into three kinds.
1: Vowels 2: consonants 3: semi vowels or consonants

1: Vowel: in vowel, air is never blocked or no obstruction.

Note: in vowel sound tongue doesn’t touch any part of mouth in many cases.

2: Consonant: air is fully blocked or partly blocked.

3: Semi vowel or consonant: are consonants but used as vowels sometimes.

Note: They are consonant at the beginning and vowel at the end.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 2 Presentation 3

Text information:

We use apostrophe S ( ‘S ) with a noun to show its relationship with another noun.
Ex: Adela is Tom’s wife.
Ex: Ali is Mahmood’s brother.
Ex: What is your father’s name?

We also use apostrophe S (‘S) to show ownership or possession.

Ex: That is Wahab’s house.
Ex: She tore Ali’s notebook.

Extra information:
Apostrophe S is also called singular possessive or genitive case of a noun.

It is used in three cases:

1: With singular noun:
Ex: It is my teacher‘s marker.

2: With irregular singular or plural:

Ex: Man’s shirt, men’s shirt, child’s shoes, children’s shoes etc

3: With words or symbols having no plural form to form their form.

Ex: These windows CD’s are scratched.
Ex: He uses a lot of but’s in his speaking.

Kinds of possessive case:

It has two kinds:
1: Separate possessive: in this kind, we use apostrophe S with both nouns.
Ex: I met Ali’s and Mahmood’s teacher.

2: Joint possessive: in this kind, we use apostrophe S only with the second noun.
Ex: I met Ali and Mahmood’s teacher.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit two Presentation 3

Text information:
Using Be (to be verb):
We use to be verbs to ask about person’s existence.
We have three to be verbs.
Is, am, are
Structure:
Positive : sub + is, am, are + complement
Negative : sub + is, am, are + not + complement
Interrogative: is, am, are + sub + complement

Contractions:
Is not = isn’t
Are not = aren’t
Am not = no contraction

Extra information:
To be verbs can be used in three ways:
1: As stative verb: to be + noun, pronoun = stative verb
Ex: I am a teacher.

2: As linking verb: to be + adjective = linking verb

Ex: She is kind.
Ex: They are smart.

3: As primary auxiliary verb: to be verb + verbing or verb 3 = primary auxiliary verb

Ex: They are playing cricket.

We use the followings after to be verbs:

1: Noun ex: I am a doctor
2: Pronoun ex: Open the door. It’s me.
3: Verb-ing ex: I am teaching.
4: Verb-3 ex: Ali is slept
5: Adjective ex: Peshawar is hot.
6: Adverb/prepositional phrase ex: They are at home.
7: Gerund ex: My mission is educating people.
8: Infinitive ex: Her desire is to become a doctor.
9: Noun clause ex: Money is what everyone wants.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 3 Presentation 2

Text information:
Talking about continuing and ongoing action:
Using present continuous or progressive tense
We use this tense to talk about on action which is happening at the moment of speaking or right now.
Structure:
Pos: sub + is, am, are + verbing + comp
Neg: sub + is, am, are + not + verbing + comp
Inte: is, am, are + sub + not + verbing + comp

Ex: She is washing the clothes.

Ex: I am not playing right now.
Ex: Are we studying English?

Extra information:
We use present continuous tense for these purposes.
1: To show an action that is happening right now or at the moment of speaking.
Ex: The students are making examples.

2: It is used to show a general action in progress around the time of speaking.

Ex: I am writing a book about Khyber agency.

3: To show changing situation in progress.

Ex: My English is improving.
Ex: The weather is getting warmer.
Ex: Nights are getting longer.

4: To show or talk about future actions by adding future time expression.

Ex: We are going to Islamabad tomorrow.
Ex: Ali is getting married next year.

5: It is used to show persistent or ongoing actions.

Here the adverb of frequency always, continuously, repeatedly is used.
Ex: You are always forgetting your homework.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 3 Presentation 3

Text information:

Asking for and giving locations:

Using “where” and “at and in”:

Where: is a W/H question word in grammar.

It is used to ask about the location of someone.
Structure:
Where + is, am, are + sub
Ex: Where is Ali?
Ex: Where is the book?
Ex: Where is Ahmad’s house?
At and In: They are preposition in grammar.
We use “At” when we consider a place as a point.
It is used for exact positons or particular places.
Ex: at school, at work, at the hospital, at garage, at the office

Note: It is used for a particular place where a particular work is done.

Ex: Treatment is given at the hospital, students are taught at school.

In: We use “in” when we talk about a place that is enclosed on all sides.
Ex: in class, in the box, in masjid

Extra information:
Where: is sued in these cases:
1: As interrogative adverb:
Ex: Where is Ali?
Ex: Where does he live?
2: As relative adverb:
Ex: The house where they lived was sold yesterday.
3: As subordinate conjunction:
Ex: I will find you out where you go.
Ex: Where you go, I will find you.

Usages of At:
1: Used for time: ex: we will meet at 4:00 pm.
2: Used for email address: ex: send your CV at [email protected].
3: Used for streets having number: ex: he lives at 452 Cannedy Avenue.
4: Used for places seen externally: ex: they are at the garage.
5: Used for special occasion: ex: she decided to start “MAAD” at the evening of her daughter’s funeral.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

In usages:
1: Used for enclosed areas:
Ex: We are in biosphere 2.

2: Used for small and large vehicles:

Ex: She gives a cab.
Ex: There are chickens in the truck.

3: For large areas:

Ex: We live in Asia.

4: For months and years:

Ex: Weather is hot in July.

5: in + expression of time to mean after:

Ex: I will see you in five minutes.

6: As adverb to mean present:

Ex: Is your father in?

7: in + time to mean before expected time.

Ex: She is always in time.
Means: she is always before expected time.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 4 Presentation 1

Text information:

Making and responding to suggestion:

Using let’s and have to:

Let’s is short form of let us.
It is used to make suggestion for doing something.
Negative form is let’s not + verb 1.
Ex: Let’s go to the movies.
Ex: Let’s not go out late at night.

Have to: is an expression in grammar.

It is used to express excuse to someone.
Ex: Let’s go to the movies.
Sorry, I have to clean my room.

Extra information:
Let: is a causative verb.
There are five causative verbs.

Structure:
Let + obj + verb 1 ex: I don’t let Ali go outside.
Make + obj + verb 1 ex: I make my students study hard.
Have + obj + verb 1 ex: I have Ali read the direction.
Get + obj + to + verb 1 ex: I got Ahmad to go with me.
Help + obj + to + verb 1 ex: she helps her mother clean the house.
Ex: she helps her mother to clean the house.

Have to: is used to show obligation or necessity.

Singular form is has to.
Negative form is don’t or doesn’t have to.

He
She + doesn’t have to + verb 1
It

I
We
You + don’t have to + verb 1
They

Ex: She has to study. Ex: she doesn’t have to study. Ex: does she have to study?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Expressions:
Have to, has to
Had better
Be supposed to
Would rather
Be going to

Semi auxiliary verbs: are only three.

Dare: She dares not speak in front of me.
Need: You need not come on Sunday.
Used to: He used not to come on Sunday.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 5 Presentation 1

Text information:

Talking about ability:

Using can:
It is a model auxiliary verb in grammar.
It is used to show present ability.
It means be able to.
It is used with all subjects.
It is followed by base form of verb.
Its negative form is can not or can’t.

Structure:
Positive: subject + can + verb 1
Negative: subject + can not + verb 1
Interrogative: can + subject + verb 1
Ex: We can speak English?
Ex: Laila can’t speak Chinese.
Ex: Can Najila sew the clothes?

Extra information:
The word “can” is used for these purposes:
Present or future informal possibility
Ex: I can swim in the river.
Ex: She can send this letter tomorrow.
Informal permission:
Ex: Can I come in?
Con I use your phone?
Informal request:
Ex: Can you bring me a glass of water?

The word “can” has four functions.

As modal auxiliary:
Ex: She can help us.
As a main verb:
Ex: She cans coffee.
As a noun:
Ex: Let’s have a con of beans.
As an adjective:
I like caned ice cream.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit six Presentation 1

Text information:
Locating places on street, road, and avenue
On: is a preposition in grammar.
It is used to show the location of a place on the surface of street, road, and avenue.

Structure:
Sub + (to be verb) + (verb) + on + street, road, avenue
Ex: They live on Main Street.
Ex: Church is located on Saddar Road.

Extra information:
Preposition: This word is derived from a Latin word prea position which means placing before.
Preposition is always placed before a noun.
Preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun with the rest of the sentence.
Ex: Our house is on Main Street.
Ex: Ali comes to class.

Note: The rest of sentence means all the words that comes before a preposition here.
So preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun which comes after preposition to the words that
comes before preposition.

Usages of “On”:
1: It is used with days of the week.
Ex: He comes of Monday.

2: It is used for day, month, and year or date complete.

Ex: This class started on August 4th 2016.

3: It is used for anniversary.

Ex: She got a gold ring on her second wedding anniversary.

4: It is used for something that is already on the surface of something else.

Ex: The book is on the table.

5: on + time to mean not to be late

Ex: She is always on time.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit six Presentation 2

Text information:

Talking about destination using “to”

It is a preposition in grammar.
It is used to show movement or direction towards a place.

Structure:
To + name of a place
Ex: She comes to our house.
Ex: They go to work.

Note: To us never used before home.

Ex: I go to home. Wrong
Ex: I go home. Right
Ex: She went to home. Wrong
Ex: She went home. Right

Note: If anything else comes between “home and to” then “to” can be used.
Ex: He is coming to our house.
Ex: He is coming to our home. Wrong

Extra information:

1: “To” introduces indirect object.

Ex: I send money to Ali.

2: To show purpose used as infinitive marker.

Ex: I study to pass exam.

3: To show ending time.

Ex: We study from 4:00 to 6:00 pm.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 7 Presentation 1

Text information:

“Count and noncount nouns”:

1: Count noun: is a king of noun that can be counted and divided into singular and plural form.
Count noun has singular and plural form.
“A and an” is used with singular count nouns.
Plural numbers can be used with count nouns.
Count noun is used with singular and plural verb.

2: Noncount Noun: is a king of noun that can’t be counted and divided into singular and plural form.
Non countable noun can’t be counted.
Noncount noun has only singular form.
Articles can’t be used.
Quantity expressions are used.
Non count noun is always used with singular and plural verb.

Extra Information:
Count nouns are also called unit nouns.
Non count nouns are also called mass nouns.
Ex: a few, few, and many: are used with count nouns.
Structure:
Plural count noun + few, a few, many

A little, little, much: are used with non-count noun.

Structure:
Non count noun + a little, little, much

Some other words that are used with both count noun and non-count nouns.
Ex: some, any, a lot of, lots of, more + non count noun

To make non count noun plural, we use “a and an” + noun + of + non count noun

We use this structure to specify the amount of non-count noun.

Ex: I need water.
Ex: She eats a plate of rice.
Ex: They buy meat.
Ex: I need a jug of water.
Ex: They buy 2 kilos of meat.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One unit 8 presentation 1

Text information:
Talking about routine activities
Using simple present tense:
It is also called present indefinite tense.
It is used to talk about a person’s daily activities and habits.
Structure:

He
She + verb, s, es, ies + complement
It

He
She + does not + verb 1 + complement
It

He
Does + She + verb 1 + complement
It

I
We
They + verb 1 + complement
You

I
We
You + don’t + verb 1 + complement

I
They
Do + You + verb 1 + complement
We

Rules of “S”:
1: Verbs ending in final “E” just “S” is used.
Ex: make = makes, dance = dances, like = likes, write = writes, come = comes, take = takes etc
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Rule of “ES” verbs ending in ch, sh, ss, o, oo, x, xx, z, zz

Ex: wash = washes, watch = watches, pass = passes, go = goes, fix = fixes, fizz = fizzes etc

Rule of “IES”: verbs ending in consonant + y “IES” will be added.

Ex: study = studies, fly = flies, try = tries, cry = cries etc

Note: If “y” is followed by a vowel, no IES will be added. Just “s” will be added.
Ex: buy = buys, play = plays, pay = pays, pray = prays, say = says etc

“S”: the letter “S” has three pronunciations in present tense.

1: /s/
2: /z/
3: /iz/

Verbs having these sounds:

Voiceless “S”
/p/ helps
/t/ gets
/k/ clicks
/f/ coughs
/th/ worths

Verbs having these sounds:

Voiced consonant or vowels: /z/
/b/ robs
/d/ finds
/g/ jogs
/m/ comes, combs
/n/ cleans
/Ing/ sings
/v/ moves
/l/ enrolls, fills
/r/ fires
/ð/ clothes, reads, breaths

Verbs having with these sounds: /iz/

/s/ kisses, passes, dances, sounds
/z/ fizzes, buzzes
/z/
/sh/ washes
/ch/ watches
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

/dz/ manages, encourages

Extra information:
We use simple present tense for these purposes:
1: It is used to talk about a general or universal fact.
Ex: Allah is kind and merciful.
Ex: Sun rises in the east.

2: It is used to replace present continuous with stative verb.

Ex: I want money now. (Right)
Ex: I am wanting money now. (Wrong)

Ex: She needs clothes. (Right)

Ex: She is needing clothes. (Wrong)

Ex: You know me. (Right)

Ex: You are knowing me. (Wrong)

3: It is used to talk about a future action or state that is planned.

Ex: We start level two next week.
Ex: Ali gets married next month.

4: It is used to replace “simple future tense” with subordinate conjunction.

Ex: When Ali comes, we will start the class.
Ex: If you study, you can pass.

5: It is used to give past meaning in newspaper heading.

Ex: Imran meets Obama.
Means: Imran met Obama yesterday.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 8 Presentation 2

Text information:

Talking about continuous tense

Using through and from . . . . . to

They are both prepositions in grammar.

They are used to talk about duration of an action.
They are used to show the beginning and ending period of time.

Through:
We use through for days of the week and months of the year.
Ex: KELC serves students Monday through Saturday.
Ex: All schools are off June through August in summer.

We use from . . . . to with hours.

Ex: I stay from 4:00 to 6:00 pm.

Note: from . . . . to: can be used to replace through but through can’t be used to replace “from .. . . . to”.
Ex: KELC serves students from Monday to Saturday.
Ex: KELC serves students Monday through Saturday.
Ex: We stay in this class 4:00 through 6:00 pm.

From . . . . to: is a double preposition which can be used for time and distance.
Ex: I use Facebook from 10:00 to 12:00 am.
Ex: We went from Peshawar to Islamabad by train.

Sometimes it can be changed to until, to talk about time.

Ex: I use Facebook from 10:00 until 12:00.
Ex: I use Facebook until 12:00.

Note: If we want to use the beginning time so from should be used or there is no need to use it.
Ex: I use Facebook from 10:00 until 12:00.
Ex: I use Facebook until 12:00.

Through: is a simple preposition which has many meanings:

Ex: She has a class. She will be through (finish) with her class in 10 minutes.
Ex: He is planning to walk through the woods by this.
Ex: He achieved success through (as a result) hard work.
Ex: He got a job at KELC through his brother.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 9 Presentation 1

Text information:

Talking about look, taste, and smell

Using linking verbs

Linking verb: is used to link subject and complement.

It is always followed by on adjective.

The adjective modifies the subject.

Structure:
Subject + linking verb + complement (adjective)

Some common linking verbs:

Is, am, are, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, seem, get means become etc

Ex: The apple looks fresh.

Ex: He looks worried.
Ex: She sounds sad.
Ex: They seem upset.
Ex: He gets board.
Ex: He became very happy in my wedding party.

Extra information:
Linking verb: is also called copular, copulative, or copular verbs.
The complement for linking verb is always an adjective.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 9 Presentation 4

Text information:

How many and how much:

They are interrogative phrases in grammar.
How many: is used to ask about the number of countable nouns.
How much: is used to ask about quantity of noncount nouns.

Structure:
1: How many + plural noun + auxi. Verb + sub + main verb
2: How much + noncount noun + auxi. Verb + sub + main verb

Extra information:
How many and how much are made of two words:
How: is an interrogative adverb?
Many: is an adjective of indefinite number
Much: is an adjective of quantity.

How modifies much and many.

Many and much modifies noun.
Ex: How many casinos do you have?
Ex: How much water do you need?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit10 Presentation 1

Text information:

Noun + noun:
It is also called compound noun.
The first noun functions as an adjective and modifies the second noun.
If we want to change it to plural form, the second noun should be changed to plural noun.

Structure:
Noun + singular noun
Noun + plural noun
Ex: college teacher, college teachers, computer operator, computer operators, school bus, school buses, class
room, class rooms etc.

Extra information:
Compound noun can be formed by these ways:
1: noun + noun: snowman, keyboard, can opener
2: gerund + noun: waiting room, washing machine
3: adjective + noun: black magic
4: noun + adjective
5: noun + prep + noun: father – in – law, editor in chief

Compound noun has three kinds:

1: Open compound noun: there is a space between both nouns.
Ex: college teacher, bus stop, car parking, police station etc.

2: Closed compound noun: there is no space between both nouns.

Ex: keyboard, classroom, snowman, homework, honeymoon

3: Hyphenated compound noun: there are hyphens between both nouns.

Ex: father in law, son in law, editor in chief,
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 11 Presentation 1

Text Information:

1: Simple Present Tense: is repeated topic.

How old:
It is an interrogative phrase.
It is used to ask about the age of someone.

Structure:
How old + auxiliary + subject
Ex: How old is Ali?
He is fifteen.
He is 15.
He is 15 years old.

Extra Information:
It is also made of two parts: “how and old”
1: How: is an interrogative adverb.
2: Old: is an adjective.

Note: Why don’t we say “how young”?

We don’t say “how young” because we are going towards aging.

How young doesn’t ask about the age.

It asks how young the person is.

How young is Mahmood?

Ex: He is very young.
Ex: He is 25 young. Wrong
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 12 Presentation 1

Text Information:

Have and need

They are both verbs.

Have: is used to show ownership and possession.
It talks about existence too.

Need: is used to show necessity.

Structure:
Have + noun
Need + noun

He
She + has/ needs
It

They
You
We + have/ needs
I

Ex: We have a test.

Ex: We need notes.
Ex: Ali has a headache.
Ex: He needs tablets.
Ex: They have a problem.
Ex: They need guidance.

Extra Information:
Have: has the following functions.
1: As a main verb: she has cancer.
Ex: We have a test.

2: As to have auxiliary: we have eaten lunch.

Ex: She will have cooked chicken.

3: with “got” have got:

Ex: She has got a car. We have to finish level one.

4: With have got to:

Ex: We have got to go now.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: We have got to go now.

5: As a causative verb: meaning to hire/chose

Ex: The teacher has Ali arrange the chairs.
Ex: The teacher chose Ali to arrange the chairs.

“Need” has the following functions.

1: As a main verb
Ex: We need money.

2: As an indefinite verb
Ex: We need to study.

3: Need + gerund: has a passive meaning.

Ex: The car needs fixing. Means: the car needs to be fixed.

3: As a semi auxiliary verb in question and negative

Ex: You need not shout.
Ex: Need Ali come tomorrow?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 12 Presentation 2

Text information:

Giving advice with “should”

It is a modal auxiliary verb.
It is used to give advice.
It is used with all subjects.
Should not or shouldn’t is the negative form.
Should + base form of the verb.

Syntax stage:
Pos : sub + should + verb 1 + complement
Neg : sub + should not + verb 1 + complement
Inter : should + sub + verb 1 + complement

Extra information:
Should is used in the following cases:
1: To give advice
Ex: You should respect elders.

2: To show mild obligation

Ex: She should come on time.

3: To show expectations
Ex: The plane should be arriving at 5:30 pm.

4: As the second form of “shall” in indirect speech

Ex: Ali said, “We shall study hard”.
Ali said that they should study hard.

5: To show advisability
Ex: You should have called the police.

6: In “if clause” to show more doubtful situation

Ex: If she comes, tell her I am in the office.
If she should come, tell her I am in the office.

7: It avoids subjunctive mood in British English.

Ex: She insists that Ali be on time. American
Ex: She insists that Ali should be on time.
Ex: It is important that we not smoke. American
Ex: It is important that we should not smoke. British
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 13 Presentation 1

Text Information:

Talking about past

Using simple past tense

It is also called preterit past tense.

We use simple past tense to talk about an action or state which started and ended at a particular time in the
past.
We use the second form of the verb in this tense.

Structure for state:

Pos : sub + was, were + comp
Neg : sub + was, were + not + comp
Int : was, were + sub + comp

Structure for action:

Pos : sub + second form of verb + comp
Neg : sub + did + not + verv 1 + comp
Int : did + sub + verb 1 + comp

Note: We most often we past time expression in simple past tense.

Ex: I was in Lahore yesterday.

Ex: We weren’t at home last night.
Ex: Was Ali in class last Saturday.

Ex: She met Ali last august.

Ex: I didn’t have a test last week.
Ex: Did they eat a pizza last night?

Extra information:
We use simple past tense for these purposes.

1: To show present and future unreal desire and condition with “if and wish”.
Ex: I wish that Ali come tomorrow. Future
Means: Ali can’t come tomorrow.
Ex: If I had money, I would lend you. Present

2: To give the same meaning as past perfect tense with “after and when”.
Ex: After the patient had died, the doctor came.
Ex: When it rained, the weather got nice.
Ex: Before you come, we had left the house.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: Before you came, we left the house.

Ex: After the patient had died, the doctor.
Ex: Before you came, we had left the house.

3: To show a habit or situation that contrast with the present.

Ex: We use “used to” in this kind.
Ex: I used to teach at KELC.
Ex: I didn’t use to waste my time.

4: To replace simple present tense in “indirect speech”.

Ex: Ali said, “I have a lot of problems”.
Ali said that he had a lot of problems.

5: After “would rather + object” to show unreality.

Ex: I would rather Ali applied for the job.
Means: if I were Ali, I would apply for the job.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 14 Presentation 1

Text information:
Talking about the past
Using irregular verbs

They are also called strong verbs.

They never take d, ed, ied to change their form present to past form.
They have to be memorized.
Some irregular verbs:
Come came come
Meet met met
Eat ate eaten
Do did done
Have had had
Go went gone

Extra information:
Verbs: ending in l, m, n, and p, are regular in American but irregular in British.

Note: Most often, we use “t” instead of d, ed, ied in British English.
Ex:
Smell smelled/smelt smelled
Spill spilled/spillet spillet
Spoil spoiled/spoilt spoilt
Dream dreamed/dreamt dreamt
Leap leaped/leapt
Learn learned/learnt
Burn burned/burnt
Lean leaned/leant

Note: Quit and wet: are irregular in American and regular in British English.
American:
Quit quit quit
Wet wet wet
Dive dove dived

British: e
Quit quitted quitted
Wet wetted wetted
Dive dived dived

Note: Get in American and British English.

American
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Get got gotten

British
Get get get

Note: The upper all words are exceptional words.

New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 15 Presentation 1

Text Information:

Talking about future

Using present continuous tense:
Sometimes, we use present continuous tense to talk about future plans.
We must use future time expression here.

Structure:
Present continuous tense + future time expression
Ex: We are starting level two next week.
Ex: She is going to USA next year.
Ex: I am meeting her tomorrow.

Extra information:
We use the following structure to talk about the future plans.
1: Be going to + verb 1 = “prior plan” but it is used very informally.
Ex: Ghani is going to come to Pak in December.

2: will or shall + verb 1: “weak plans” but formal

Ex: Ghani will come to Pakistan in December.

3: Simple Present Tense + Future Time Expression

It is for prior plans + formal
Ex: Ghani comes to Pakistan in January.

4: Present continuous tense + Future time expression

It is used for day to day plannings.
Ex: Your father is going to Islamabad tomorrow.
It is also used informally.

5: be + verb 1: used for official situations

Ex: team of expert is to come to our office next week.
Ex: serious actions are to be taken against terrorist.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 15 Presentation 2

Text information

Talking about obligation

Using “have to”
It is an expression in grammar.
It is used to show obligation or necessity.
Its singular form is “has to”.

Structure:
I
We
They + have to
You

He
She + has to
It

Extra information:
There are several ways to show obligations.
1: Must:
Ex: You must come tomorrow.

2: Should:
Ex: You should study hard.

3: Have to/ has to:

Ex: You have to come on time.

4: Had better:
Ex: Ifrahim had better come to the court.

5: Be supposed to:
Ex: We are supposed to pay the bill on time.

6: Ought to:
Ex: She ought to participate in the exam.

Note:
Must, should, and ought to, are modal auxiliary verbs.
Had better, have to, and be supposed to are similar expressions to modal auxiliary verb.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 16 Presentation 1

Text Information:

Talking about school

Using “how”
It is an information question word.
It is used to ask questions about “what an experience or event was” like.
Ex: How was your English exam?
Ex: It was very tough.
Ex: How was your interview?
It was interesting.

Extra information:
How: is used to ask an information question.
Information question is sometimes called W.H or special question.

We can form information question by three ways:

1: W X S: w h word + auxiliary + subject
Ex: How was your exam?
Ex: Who is he?
Ex: What is this?

2: W X S V: w h word + auxiliary + subject + verb?

Ex: How did you do it?
Ex: Why does she call?
Ex: When do they arrive?

3: W V O / C: W H word + verb + obj / comp

Ex: Who won the match?
Ex: What happened last night?

Kinds of Questions:
1: yes, no question
2: W.H question
3: Embedded question
4: Echo question
5: Question intonation
6: Tag question
7: Choice question
8: Rhetorical question
9: W.H imperative question
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 17 Presentation 1

Text Information:

Talking about transportation:

Using “by”
It is a preposition in grammar.
It is used to show “how someone travels” or it is used to show the means of transportations.
Structure 1
By + name of vehicle
Ex: I come to KELC by bus.
Ex: We drive to Islamabad by a car.
Ex: They fly to Dubai by plane.

Structure 2
From . . . . to: is a paired preposition.
It is used to show the leaving and reaching place.
Structure:
Form + leaving place + to + reaching place + by + name of vehicle
Ex: I went from Peshawar to Karachi by train.

Extra information:
The word “by” has two functions.
1: As a preposition
It has the following functions:
1: It means who performs the action.
Ex: Our class is taught by Ali.

2: It means during
Ex: He works by day and rests by night.
Means: He works during the day and rests during the night.

3: It means before
Ex: Come home by 4:00 pm.
Means: Come home before 4:00 pm.

2: As an adverb
As an adverb, it “means near or beside”.
Ex: The police walked by without saying a word.
Ex: Time flies by. Means: Time is passing.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 17 Presentation 2

Text information

Replacing a noun
Using “one”

It is a pronoun in grammar.
It is used to refer a particular thing or person which is already mentioned.
It can’t be used to replace noncount noun.
The plural form of one is “ones”
Ex: Which kind of mobile does she use?
She uses an expensive one.
Ex: Which boy is your brother among these three boys?
The tall one

Which boy will get the first position?

The one who studies hard

Extra information:
The word one has the following functions.
1: As a noun
Ex: One and one is two.

2: As a pronoun
Ex: One of my friends is coming.
Ali: Whose books are these?
Ahmad: One is mine.

3: As a determiner
Ex: She has one daughter.
Ex: I have one class.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 18 Presentation 1

Text information

Talking about quantity

Using “a lot of” formal

It is an expression of quantity in grammar.

It means “lots of”. Informal
It is used to show more quantity and number.
We use plural count noun or noncount noun after “a lot of”.
“A lot of” replaces much and many
Ex: She has a lot of experience.
Ex: They invited a lot of friends.
Ex: You ate a lot of cake.

Extra information
A lot of + plural noun = adj of indefinite number.
A lot of + noncount noun = adj of quantity

Note: Originally, it is a pre determiner.

Structure:
1: A lot of + central determiner + plural/noncount noun
Ex: A lot of my friends are here.
Ex: A lot of this food is served tonight.

2: A lot of + plural noun/ noncount noun

Ex: I met a lot of boys.
Ex: She drinks a lot of water.

3: A lot of + plural/ singular pronoun (it)

Ex: There are many chairs in Kabul center.
Ex: A lot of them are old and broken.
Ex: We have a lot of money in the locker.
A lot of it belongs to my grandfather.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 1 Presentation 1

Text Information

Talking about past

Using regular verbs

It is also called weak verb.

It is a verb which takes d, ed, or ied while changing them form present form to past form.
The suffix “d” has three sounds.

1: /d/ 2: /t/ 3: /id/

/d/
1: Verbs ending in voiced consonant or vowel sound:
/b/ robbed, massaged, moved
/g/ hugged
/dz/ judged,

/t/
Verbs having a voiceless consonant sound
/p/ helped
/k/ looked
/f/ loughed

/id/
Verbs having a /d/, /t/ consonant sounds/letters
/d/ added, decided, attended
/t/ wanted, reported

Extra Information
1: Rules for d: verbs ending in final “E” will take “d”.
Ex: dance = danced, like = liked, decide = decided, hate = hated, love = loved etc

2: Rule for ed: verbs not having the final “E or Y” will take “ed”.
Ex: look = looked, wash = washed, want = wanted, play = played, cook = cooked, laugh = laughed etc

3: Rule for ied: verbs ending in consonant + Y, take “ied”.

Ex: busy = busied, study = studied, try = tried, fry = fried, dry = dried etc
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 1 presentation 2

Text Information

Making suggestion, refusing and accepting

Using why don’t we? and how/ what about?

We use these both structure to make a suggestion for doing something.

Why we don’t: is followed by base form of verb.
Ex: Why don’t we go to the movies?
Ex: Why don’t we play cricket?
Ex: Why don’t we have dinner outside today?
Ex: Why don’t we meet Laila tonight?

We use a noun or gerund after how or what about?

Ex: How about going to the movies tonight?
Ex: What about dinner outside today?

Note: Why don’t we: is more formal then “how” or “what about”.

Extra information
There are four ways to make suggestions:
1: let’s + verb
Ex: Let’s go to the movies tonight.

2: Shall we + verb 1
Ex: Shall we go to the movies tonight?

Extra information
1: let’s + verb 1
Ex: Let’s go to the park today. Shall we?

2: Shall we + verb
It is in a serious way
Ex: Shall we have dinner outside tonight?

3: Why don’t we + verb 1

It is a formal way.
Ex: Why don’t we arrange a party on Sunday?

4: what/ how about + noun/gerund phrase?

It is a friendly way.
Ex: How about going fishing tomorrow.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 2 Presentation 1

Text Information

Describing location
Using prepositional phrase

A phrase that starts with a preposition and ends with a noun is called prepositionl phrase.
Or: prepositional + noun = prepositional phrase
Ex: We live at the corner of Main Street.
Ex: KELC is behind Orakzai Plaza.
Ex: Ali is from Pakistan.
Ex: The book is on the table.
Ex: The teacher stands in front of all the students.
Note: A prepositional phrase shows location and answers the question word “why”.
Extra information
A prepositional phrase can have two functions.
1: Adverb phrase
2: Adjectival phrase

Adverb phrases:
Ex: KELC is behind Orakzai Plaza.
Ex: We study al KELC.
Ex: Our house is located at the corner of Main Street.

Adjective phrases:
Ex: The girl next to me is form China.
Ex: The man on the phone is Ali’s dad.
Ex: The center behind Orakzai Plaza is KELC.
Ex: The center which is behind Orakzai plaza is KELC.

Note: We have the following kinds of prepositions.

1: Simple Preposition
Ex: in, on, at, from, up, to, behind, down, etc

2: Double Preposition
Ex: next to, near to, because of, due to, owing to etc
3: Participle Preposition
Ex: regarding, considering, concerning, following, including, excluding etc
4: Phase Preposition
Ex: in front of, at the corner of, by the grace of, in the name of, in the memory of etc.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 2 Presentation 2

Text Information

Talking about location

Using “there”

It is an unreal pronoun or subject in grammar.

It is used to show the location of a person or thing in a particular place.
It starts the sentence and is directly followed by a verb.
Structure:
There + is, are + sub + comp
Ex: There is a car in the garage.
Ex: There are many children in the park.

Note: The word “there” has no meaning in this structure.

Note: It is just used to beautify a sentence and to bring rhythm and fluency in speaking.

Extra information
The word “there” can be used in the following ways:
1: As an adverb to show a far location.
Ex: Put all the books there.
Ex: Ali was standing over there.

2: To introduce a sentence
Ex: There are corrupt people in Pakistan.

3: To begin some children’s stories

Ex: There once lived a king who had three sons etc.

4: To give something to someone after a request

Ex: Could you please show me your passport?
Sure! There you are.

5: To show surprise in present tense

Ex: Here comes Shahid Afridi.
,
Note: The word “there” at the beginning of the sentence is called dummy, slot, anticipating, unreal or pseudo
subject.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 3 Presentation 1

Text Information

Talking about past actions

Using “why and because”

Why: is a w h or information question word. It means “how come” or “for what reason”.
It is used to ask about the reason of an action.

Structure: W X S V (w h word + auxiliary + sub + verb)

Why + auxiliary (did) + sub + verb + comp
Ex: Why didn’t Ali come to class yesterday?
Ex: Why did you call her?
Ex: Why did they leave the party?

Because: it is a subordinate conjunction in grammar.

It is used to give reason for an action.

Structure:
Because + sub + verb 2 + comp
Ex: Why didn’t Ali come to class?
Ans: Because he was very sick.
Ex: Why did you call her?
Answer: Because I missed her a lot.
Ex: Why did they leave the party?
Answer: Because the party was very boring.

Extra Information:
The word “why” has the following functions.

1: As interrogative adverb:
Ex: Why are you crying?

2: As relative adverb in adjective clause

Ex: The reason why she left the class is unknown.

3: As marker of noun clause

Ex: I don’t know why she didn’t come.

Note: The question with “why” can be answered in two ways:

New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

1: Because:
It gives or shows reason.
Ex: Why do you come to KELC?
Because I love to learn English

2: To + verb 1:
It gives or shows purpose.
Ex: Why do you come to KELC?
To learn English

Note: before “because” we have a clause which is called implied main clause but we don’t use it because it is
understood.
Ex: Why didn’t you come to class?
“I didn’t come to class” because I has some work.
Implied clause
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 4 Presentation 1

Text Information

Explaining problems
Using too + adjective

Too: is an adverb of degree in grammar.

It is used to give a negative result.
Or: it is used to introduce a problem.
It means very.
It is most often followed by a negative adjective.

Structure:
Sub + to be verb + too + negative adjective
Ex: The weather is too hot.
Ex: The test was too difficult.
Ex: His shirt is too loose.
Ex: I am too busy.

Extra information
In very formal English “too” can be followed by a positive adjective, but infinitive ican never be used.
Ex: She is too beautiful.
Ex: Kamal is too kind.
Ex: Najila is too pretty.

Ex: You are too intelligent to pass this exam. Wrong

Note: Whenever “too” is used with a positive adjective, infinitive can never be used.
Ex: Ali is too strong to left this box. Wrong

Deference between “too and very”

Too: Shows difficulty and impossibility.
It is used with negative and positive adjective.
It is used with negative adjective.
It can be followed by infinitive.
It introduces a problem,

Structure
1: Too + negative adjective
Ex: She is two sick.

2: Too + positive adjective

Ex: She is too kind.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

3: Too + negative adjective + to + verb 1

Ex: She is too sick to come to class.

Very: it shows only difficulty.

It is used with positive or negative adjective.
It is never used with infinitive.
It introduces a positive result.

Structure
Very + positive adjective
Ex: Ali is very kind.

2: very + negative adjective

Ex: Ali is very sick.

3: very + negative adjective + to + verb 1 (wrong)

Ex: Ali is very sick to come to class. Wrong
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 4 Presentation 2

Text Information

Identifying Alternative
Using A/ An + adjective + one
This structure is used to show an alternative or a second choice.
Ex: He had a white car. This time, he wants to buy a black one.

Ex: I have many friends, but I don’t have an honest one.

Ex: you have many yellow shirts.
I will give you a red one.

Note: One is a pronoun. It is used to replace a noun which is already mentioned.

Extra Information

This structure is made of three words.

1: Central determiner
2: Descriptive adjective
3: The pronoun “one”
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 5 Presentation

Text Information

Using a noun to modify another noun

Noun + noun is called a compound noun.

In compound noun, the first noun functions as an adjective and modifies the second noun that comes after it.
The second noun should be changed to plural.
Ex: They are colleges teacher. (Wrong)
Ex: They are college teachers. (Right)
Ex: My father is policeman.
Ex: The students should write the homework.

Extra information
We can form a compound noun by these ways:
1: Noun + noun: police station, keyboard, homework, class fellow, boyfriend etc.
2: Gerund + noun: washing machine, frying pan, wedding hall, shopping mall, etc.
3: Noun + gerund: window shopping, car parking, hand writing, body building, bird watching etc.
4: Adjective + noun: black magic, yellow fever, white house, supper man, red bull etc.
5: Noun + verb: temple run, candy crush, sun set, haircut, hand shake, etc.
6: Verb + noun: watchman, fight club, playground, love letter, etc.
7: Noun + prep + noun: father In law, editor in chief, commander in chief, maid of honor, man of the match,
etc.

Kinds of Compound Noun

There are three kinds of compound noun.

1: Open Compound Noun

They have space between them.
Ex: college teacher, red bull, washing machine etc.

2: Closed Compound Noun

They don’t have space between them.
Ex: homework, keyboard, shopkeeper, housewife etc.

3: Hyphenated Compound Noun

They have hyphens between them.
Ex: father – in – law, editor – in – chief, man – of the – match, commander – in – chief etc.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 5 Presentation 2

Text Information

Talking about material

Using “made of and made in”

They are phrases in grammar.

We use “made of” to talk about the material of goods.
We use “made in” to talk about where the goods are made.

Structure
1: sub + to be verb + made of + name of material
Ex: The fan is made of iron.
2: sub + to be verb + made in + name of country
Ex: The fan is made in Pakistan.

Ex: My coat is made of leather.

It is made in Korea.

Extra information
“Made of and made in” are made of two words.
Ex: Shoes are made of leather.
Ex: They are made in USA.

Stative Adjective: are third forms of verb coming before a preposition.

Ex: I was born in 1993.
Ex: She is known to me.
Ex: The book is covered with plastic.
Ex: Ali is married to Laila.
Ex: I am vexed at your words.

Note: The above all sentences are called stative passive sentences.
It is a kind of passive voice.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level One Unit 6 Presentation 1

Text Information

Possessive Adjectives

It is a kind of adjective.
It is used to show relationship or ownership.
We have seven possessive adjectives.

I my
We our
You your
They their
She her
He his
It its

Note: They all should be followed by a noun.

Extra Information
Originally, possessive adjectives are called central determiners.
There are three ways to show possession or relationship.

1: Possessive Adjectives
Ex: This is my car.

2: Possessive Pronouns
Ex: This car is mine.

3: Possessive Nouns ( ‘S or S’ )
Ex: This is Ali’s car.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 6 Presentation 2

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Asking about measurement

Using how + adjective

How: is an information question word.

It is used to ask question about different kinds of measurement.

Structure:
How long: is used to ask about length of something. Ex: how long is Kabul River? It is 800 miles long.
How high: asks about height of something. Ex: how high is Minar-e- Pakistan? It is 400 feet high.
How deep: asks about depth of something. Ex: how deep is the Grand Canyon? It is 1000 feet deep.
How wide: asks about width of something, ex: how wide is our class? It is 5 meters wide.
How far: asks about distance. Ex: how far is it form to Peshawar to Torkham? It is 54 kilometers far.

Extra Information
We use “how” for these purposes.
1: For informal greetings
Ex: How is it going?
Ex: How are things?
Ex: How is everything?
Ex: How do you do?

2: “how come” to mean “why”

Ex: How come are you late again?
Mean: Why are you late again?

3: For emphasis
Ex: I can’t tell you how happy I am.
Means: I am very much happy.

4: How: is used to show surprise.

Ex: How beautifully she dances!
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 7 Presentation 1

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Talking about plans and intentions

Using “be going to”

It is an expression in grammar.
It means “will”.
It is used to show someone’s plans, intentions and predictions.
It is followed by base form of verb.
It is used to show future time.

Structure:
Positive: sub + be going to + verb 1 + comp
Negative: sub + be + not + going to + verb 1 + comp
Interrogative: be + sub + going to + verb 1 + comp

Ex: Ali is going to start a new business next year. Plan

Ex: I am not going to hurt you. Intention
Ex: There are dark clouds. Is it going to rain? Prediction

Extra Information
We use “be going to” for these purposes:

1: To show a prior plan or strong action.

Ex: You are going to take test A next Monday.

2: To show an action that will happen in very near future.

Ex: We are going to start unit 8.

3: To show an action that is out of human control.

Ex: It is going to rain.
Ex: Ali is going to die.

4: To replace “will and shall” for strong actions.

Ex: I shall go tomorrow.
Ex: I will go tomorrow. (I may or may not go.)
Ex: I am going to go tomorrow. (There are many chances of my going.)

5: It is informally changed to “ganna” especially in spoken English not in written.

Ex: She is going to come tonight.
Ex: She is ganna come tonight.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 7 Presentation 2

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Asking about repetition

Using how often

It is an interrogative phrase in grammar.

It means “how many times”.
It is used to ask about the repetition of an action.
It can be answered by adverbs of frequency such as once, twice, two times, thrice, three times, four times, five
times, daily, weekly, yearly
Always, usually, sometimes, often, rarely, hardly ever, seldom, and never etc.

Structure:
How often + do, does + sub + verb 1 + comp
Ex: How often do you smoke?
I never smoke.

Extra information
Question with “how often” can be answered in two ways.
1: Adverb of definite frequency
They show exact repetition of an action.
They are the followings
Once, twice, two times, thrice, three times, four times, five times, daily, weekly, yearly etc.

Adverb of indefinite frequency

They don’t show exact repetition of an action.
They are the followings:
Always 100 %
Usually 80-90%
Sometimes 20-50%
Often 60-70%
Seldom 5-10%
Rarely 5-10%
Hardly ever 5-10%
Never 0%
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 7 Presentation 3

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Expressing opinion
Using “I think + clause”

We use this structure when we are not certain or sure about something.
Ex: Where is Laila?
I think she is at home.

Ex: How old is your father?

I think he is 60 years old.
Ex: When does your class start?
I think it starts at 4:00 pm.
Ex: Who do you think will win the match?
I think Pakistan will win the match.

Extra Information
Ex: Ali seems sad. I think he has some problems.
Real sentence: Ali seems sad. I think that he has some problems.

Note: This structure is the combination of two clauses.

1: Main Clause 2: zero that or noun clause
“That” is deleted informally in here.
Ex: She thinks that Ali is sick. Formal
She thinks Ali is sick.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 8 Presentation 1

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Asking about “direct abject”

Using “who”

Generally, we use “who” to ask about the subject but sometimes, it can be used to ask about abject informally
too.

1: Who as subject: it has two structures.

1: Who + auxiliary + sub
Ex: Who is your teacher?
Ali is our teacher.

2: Who + verb + object

Ex: Who won the match?
Ex: Who was absent yesterday?

2: Who as object: it has also two structures.

1: Who + auxiliary + sub + verb
Ex: Who did you study with?
I studied with Ali.

2: who + auxiliary + sub + verb + preposition

Ex: Who is Ali fighting with?
Ali is fighting with Kamran.

Extra Information
Who: is informally used to ask about object and formally used to ask about subject.

Who = sub = formally

Who = obj = informally
Whom = obj = formally
Whom = sub = never used

Note: A preposition can be used before whom but not at the end
Ex: To whom is Laila talking to?
She is talking to Ahmad.
Ex: Whom is Laila talking to? Wrong
Ex: Who is Laila talking to?
Ex: To who is Laila talking? Wrong
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 8 Presentation 2

Text information

Asking “permission and making request”

Using could: it is a model auxiliary verb in grammar.

It is followed by a base form of verb.
It is used with pronoun “I” in questions to ask permission for doing something.
Ex: Could I come in to the class?
Ex: Could I use your phone?
Ex: Could I check your passport?

It is used with “you” in questions to make a polite request.

Ex: Could you explain this topic once again?
Ex: Could you pass me the salt please?

Extra information
The word “could” is used for these purposes:
1: Past Ability: second form of “can”.
Ex: I could teach properly one year ago.

2: Permission: formal
Ex: Could I read your note?

3: Polite Request:
Ex: Could you drop these letters on your way?

4: Formal 50 % possibility: in the present and future

Ex: Ali could be in the library.

5: Suggestion:
Ex: Ali: which kind of car should I buy?
You could buy a small car.

6: Past Possibility: in the past

Ex: Ali could have failed the test.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 8 Presentation 3

Text Information

Text information
Talking about the past
Time expression + ago

Ago: is an adverb of time in grammar.

It is use only with simple past tense at the end of the sentence.
It is used to show how long before the present something happened in the past.
Ex: We started this class 10 days ago.
Ex: Ali died five months ago.
Ex: They lived here two years ago.
Ago means before

Extra Information
Ago: means before.
Ago: changes to before in indirect speech.
Ex: Ali said, “I finished the work 2 hours ago.”
Ali said that he had finished the work 2 hours before.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 9 Presentation 1

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Talking about desire

Using would like to and like to

We use “would like to” to express a strong desire.

Ex: I would like to go.
Ex: She would like to get a new job.

Like: means want.

We use “like to” to explain our desire.
Ex: I like to travel and meet new people.
Ex: She likes to work with people.

Note: “would like” is more formal than “like”.

Extra Information
Contrasting “would like and like”
Would like:
It is only followed by infinitive.
Ex: I would like to go.
It talks about desire at the moment of speaking.
Its nature is in present.
It can be used to make request.
Ex: I would like a palate of rice please?
It can be used for invitation or suffering something.
Ex: Would you like to have a drink?

Like:
It can be followed by infinitive and gerund.
Ex: She likes to go.
Ex: She likes going.
It talks about future desire.
Its nature is future.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 9 Presentation 2

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Talking about ability

Using know how to:
This structure means “can”.
It is used to talk about skills and abilities.
Or: It means that someone is able to do something because he or she has the necessary knowledge.
It is followed by base form of verb.
Ex: My father knows how to speak several languages.
Ex: I know how to deal customers.

Extra Information:
The verb “know” can be used in four ways:

1: As stative verb
Ex: I know Ali.

2: As durative verb
Ex: I have known Ali for two years/ since 2014.

3: As infinitive verb
Ex: She knows how to manage a class.

4: As a noun
Ex: Do you have computer know how?
Means: do you have necessary information about computer?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 10 Presentation 1

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Talking about duration

Form . . . . Until: is a double preposition in grammar.

It is used to show when an action or state starts and ends.

Structure
Form + starting time expression + until + ending time expression
Ex: We study from 4:00 until 6:00- pm.
Ex: She was here form January until December.
Ex: KELC serves the students from Monday until Saturday.

Note:
Difference between form . . . to and form until
We can use until alone without from but to is not used alone. Form bust be used be used with to.

Ex: We study from 4:00 to 6:00 pm.

Ex: We study from 4:00 until 6:00 pm.
Ex: We study to 6:00 pm.
Ex: We study until 6:00 pm.

Extra Information
Until means till
Till is more in speaking when in writing.

Until and till have tow functions:

1: As preposition of time
Until/ till + time expression
Ex: I studied until 6:00 pm.
Ex: We waited till midnight.

2: As conjunction of time
Until / till + clause
Ex: Party was boring until Ali comes.
Ex: Wait here until your father comes.
Ex: Until your father comes, wait here.

Note: We use until to show that something will continue up to a specific time and then it no longer continuous.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Tow Unit 10 Presentation 2

Text Information

Using “during”

It is a preposition in grammar.
It means at sometime between the beginning and ending of a period.
It is used to show a period of time when something happens.

Structure:
During + noun of time
Ex: We work during the day and sleep during night.
Ex: We go to our village during summer vacations.

Extra Information
The word during is a simple preposition.
It also means “throughout”.
Ex: He was honest throughout his life.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 10 Presentation 3

Text Information
Reporting what someone said
Using direct and indirect speech

We use direct speech when we want to report the exact word of a speaker.
We use indirect speech when we want to report the main idea of the exact words of the speaker.

Direct speech indirect speech

We use a comma and quotation marks. *We use no comma and quotation marks
We use simple present tense. *We use simple past tense.
Ex: Ali said, “I need money.” Ex: Ali said that he needed money.
“I and we” are used here. *I will change into “he and she” and we into they.
“Is, am, and are” are used here. *is, am, and are changed into was and were.
Ex: Ali said,” I like it.” *Ali said that he liked it.
Ex: Lisa said, “I cook rice.” *Lisa said that she cooked rice.
Students said, “We are busy.” *students said that they were busy.

Extra information

Speech means narration.

Speech is the way act and power of speaking to convey messages.
Direct speech is also called quoted speech.
Indirect speech is also called reported speech.
Quotation marks are also called speech marks, double or inverted commas.
If the reporting verb is not in past tense, we will not change simple present tense to past tense.
Ex: Ali said, “I win the match.”
Ali said that he won the match.

Ex: Ali says, “I win the match.”

Ali says that he wins the match.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 11 Presentation 1

Text Information

Describing how someone does something.

Adverb of frequency:

Adverb is a word which modifies a verb, adjective and another adverb in a sentence.
Ex: Our teacher speaks clearly.
Verb adverb
Ex: He is very smart.
Adverb adjective
Ex: She walks too slowly.
V ad ad

Adverb of manner:
It is an adverb that shows how someone does something.
It answers the question “how”.
It modifies the verb in a sentence.
It is formed by adding “ly, ily, ally” to an adjective.

1: using ly:
Most adjectives take “ly” to become adverbs.
Ex:
Quick quickly
Nice nicely
Smart smartly
Bad badly
Beautiful beautifully
Slow slowly
Great greatly
Clear clearly

2: Using ily:
We use “ily” when an adjective ends in “y”.
Ex:
Happy happily
Pretty prettily
Heavy heavily
Busy busily
Crazy crazily
Steady steadily
Greedy greedily
Note: four adjectives never take “ly” to become adverb of manner.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex:
Fast fast
Hard hard
Late late
Well well

Note: They are sometimes adverb or adverbs of time.

Lately
Recently
Hardly
Scarcely
Barely
Marely
Etc.

Extra information
Sometimes, we make adverb of manner form noun.
Structure:
Noun + y = adverb of noun
Mother motherly
Brother brotherly
Sister sisterly
Father fatherly

There are some adjectives that ends in “ly”.

They are not adverbs.
Friendly
Ugly
Lovely
Lively
Lonely
Deadly
Note: to change these sentences in to adverb of manner follow the following structure.
in a/an + ly adjective + way/ manner.
Ex: Our teacher is friendly.
Ex: He teaches us in a friendly way.
Ex: He teaches us in a friendly manner.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 11 Presentation 2

Text information

Showing degree
Using as . . . . . . as possible
We use this structure to refer to the last degree of something.
We use an adjective or adverb after the first “as”.

Structure:
1: Sub + to be verb + as + adj + as possible
Ex: Guests are coming. You should be as polite as possible.

2: Sub + action verb + as + adverb + as possible

Ex: Guests are coming. You have to act as politely as possible.
Ex: Send these files ASAP. (As soon as possible)

Extra information
The word as has the following functions.
1: As an adverb:
It shows comparison or last degree or means “very”.
Ex: You should play as well as possible.
Ad ad ad adj
Ex: She is as beautiful as Lisa.
Ad adj prep

2: As a preposition
Followed by a noun
Means like
Ex: He works at KELC as a teacher.

3: As a conjunction
1: while:
Ex: As I was coming, I met Lisa.
2: because:
Ex: As I am busy, I can’t come.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 12 Presentation 1

Text Information

Comparing people, places, and how they do something.

Structure:
As + adj/adv + as
We use this structure where we want to show equal comparison between people and their actions.

Structure:
1: sub + to be verb + as + adj + as + noun/sub + auxiliary verb
Ex: You are as fit as Ali is.

2: sub + action verb + as + adv + as noun/sub + auxiliary verb

Ex: Kohli plays as greatly as Shahid Afridi does.

Extra Information
In this structure the first “as” functions as an adv and the second “as” functions as preposition/ conjunctions.
Structure:
1: as + noun
2: as + sub preposition (formal)
3: as + abject preposition
4: as + sub + auxiliary
5: as + auxiliary + sub (formal)

Ex: She is as clever as he.

Ex: She is as clever as him.
Ex: I can teach as well as Ali/he can.
Ex: I can teach as well as Ali.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 12 Presentation 2

Text Information

Expressing desire
Using wish + could/simple past tense

We use this structure to express unreal desire in the present or future.

In this structure, simple past doesn’t have past meaning.
Ex: I wish he could teach our class today.
Means: he can’t teach our class.
Ex: We wish we didn’t have to go to class tomorrow.
Means: We have to go to class tomorrow.
Ex: She wishes he weren’t sick.
Means: She is sick.

Extra Information
The word “wish” is followed by a noun clause.
Ex: I wish (that) I had a car.
Wish noun clause
It is used to talk about present, future and past unreal desire.
Ex: We wish we could come tomorrow.

Note: The above two examples show unreal present or future desire.

Ex: I wish I had passed the test.

Means: I didn’t pass the text.
Ex: I wish I could pass the text.
Means: I could not pass the test.

Note: The above two sentences show unreal past desire. They are called past perfective tenses.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 12 Presentation

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Making an inference (the best guess after thinking

Using must + be+ complement

We use this structure to express our best guess.

Or: We use this structure when we are 95 % to 99 % sure about that we are saying is right.
Ex: Where is Ali?
He must be at home.
He must be sick today.

Extra Information
Must: is a model auxiliary verb which is followed by base form of verb.
It is used for these purposes:

1: Strong obligation
Ex: You must complete your notes before the test.

2: Prohibition (negative form) must not/mustn’t

Ex: You must not read my dairy.

3: Present/future 99% possibility

Ex: He never eats meat. He must be a vegetarian.

4: Past 99% possibility

Ex: He had a broken leg.
He must have had an accident.

Note: The past form of “must” is “had to”.

Ex: He must come today.
Ex: He had to come yesterday.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 13 Presentation 1

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Showing possession
Using “S ‘ ” S apostrophe

We use (S’) apostrophe with plural regular nouns and to show possession or relationship of two nouns.

Note: in most cases, we don’t have to use “S” with apostrophe. Just (‘) will be used because “S” is already
existed.
Ex: You can’t enter teachers’ room.

We use “S” with plural regular nouns.

Ex: They checked my classes’ records.
Ex: They checked my classes’s records. Wrong
Ex: We need babies’ dresses. (Ownership)
Ex: I am my parent’s only son.

Extra Information
Plural possessive is also called plural genitive case.
Ex: We use “S” with names of the families too, to show possession.
Ex: That is the friends’ house.
Ex: They bought the Logan’s’ property.
Ex: Let’s set in Afridi’s Hujra.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 13 Presentation 2

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Talking about problems

Using what’s the matter?

We use the question “what’s the matter?” to ask about someone’s health problems, job problems, or general
problems.
It means “what happened?” or “what is wrong?”.

Ex: She can’t come today.

What’s the matter with her?
What’s the problem with her?
What’s wrong with her?
Answer: She hurt her leg.

Ex: They are fighting.

What’s the problem? What’s the matter? What’s wrong with them?
Answer: They are just kidding.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 14 Presentation 1

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Expressing surprise
Using what + a/an

What: is an exclamatory adjective in grammar.

It is used to show surprise or sudden emotions.
It is used in the following situations:

1: What + an/a + singular noun

Ex: What a car!

2: What + a/an + adjective + singular noun

Ex: What a high mountains!

3: What + adj + noncount noun

Ex: What awful coffee!

4: What + adj + plural noun

Ex: What smart boys!

Extra information
We use “what” or “How” to show surprise.

1: how + adj
Ex: How sweet!
Ex: How cute!

2: How + sub + verb

Ex: How you have grown.

3: What + (adj) + noun + sub + verb

Ex: What wonderful shorts he is playing!

4: How + adv + sub + verb

Ex: How carefully he is playing his shorts!
Ex: How beautifully she talks!

Originally, “what” is a pre-determiner.

New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 14 Presentation 2

Text Information

Talking about two persons or things

Using “both”
Both: is a pronoun or conjunction in grammar.
It shows that two persons or things are working together.

1: Both: as conjunction:
Both as conjunction is used before singular or plural noun.
Ex: Both teachers and students were present.
Ex: Both physics and math are boring.
Ex: Both Ali and Ahmad re my best friends.
Note: As a conjunction, we use “and” with “both”.
“Both . . . . . and” as paired or correlative.

2: “Both” as pronoun: Is always used in three come structures.

1: Plural pronoun + both + main verb

Ex: They both come on time.
Ex: You both tell the truth.

2: Sub + to be verb/model auxiliary + both

Ex: They are both from Pakistan.
Ex: We should both come on time.
Ex: We can both learn Dari.

3: Sub + both + to be verb/auxiliary verb + main verb (emphatic)

Ex: They both are from Pakistan.
Ex: They both can do it.

Extra information
The word “both” has three functions in grammar.
1: Adjective (pre determiner)
Ex: I like both teachers.
Ex: Both boys are smart.
2: Pronoun
Ex: Both are my cousins.
Ex: We need both.
Ex: Both of them are sharp.
3: Conjunction:
Ex: I like both burger and pizza. Ex: both physics and math are boring. Ex: she both buys and sells car.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 14 Presentation 3

Text Information

Talking about past

Using time expression
The + noun + before

Before: is a preposition of time in grammar which means “earlier than”

We use this structure to mean two days ago, two weeks ago, two months ago, two years ago.
Ex: It is my third week in this school.
The week before last was my first week.
Ex: I saw Mahmood the day before yesterday.
Ex: It is 2016. We go married the year last.
We got married in 2014.

Extra information
The word before has three functions.

1: As conjunction of time:
Ex: Before Ali went to class, he wrote his homework.

2: As preposition of time:
Ex: She can’t come before 6:00 pm.

3: As adverb of time:
Ex: You came at 6:00 pm.
He came at 5:55 pm.
He came before.

Note: if “before” is followed by noun, it is a preposition “before” as adverb will never be used with noun.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 14 Presentation 4

Text Information

Making comparison
Using comparative adjective or adverb

Ex: Ali is faster than Ahmad.

Ex: Ali runs faster than Ahmad.

An adjective has three degrees:

1: Simple degree or positive degree: in this degree, there is no comparison. We only talk about the quality of a
person, place, or thing.
Ex: Ali is a good boy.
Ex: This book is boring.
Ex: Peshawar is a warm city.

2: Comparative degree: in comparative degree, we compare one person, place, or thing with another person,
place, or thing.

To change simple degree to comparative degree, we use R, ER, and IER + “than” with an adjective or adverb.

1: Using “R”: one syllable adjectives ending in “E” will take “R”.
Simple comparative
Nice nicer
Large larger
Cute cuter
White whiter
Wide wider
Late later
Fine finer

2: Using “ER”: one syllable adjectives not ending in “E” will take “ER”.
Here CVC formula is also applied.
Simple comparison
Fat fatter
Big bigger
Thin thinner
Long longer
Fast faster
Small smaller

3: Using IER: more than one syllable adjectives ending in “Y” will take “IER”.
Change “Y” into “I” add “ER” = IER.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Simple comparison
Happy happier
Heavy heavier
Busy busier
Crazy crazier
Funny funnier
Lazy lazier
Pretty prettier
Noisy noisier

4: Some irregular one syllable adjectives never take R, ER, and IER.
Simple comparison
Good better
Bad worse
Far further (adv) farther (adj)
Little less
More/many more

Than: it is used after comparative degree.

It can function as a preposition and as a conjunction.

1: As a preposition

1: Than + noun
Ex: Ali is younger than Ahmad.
2: Than + sub pronoun formal
Ex: She is younger than I.
3: Than + objective pronoun informal
Ex: She is younger than me.

2: As a conjunction
1: Than + noun + auxiliary
Ex: She plays better than Ali does.
2: Than + auxiliary + noun
Ex: She plays better than does Ali. Formal
3: Than + sub pronoun + auxiliary
Ex: She plays better than he does.
Extra Information
1: Syllable: it is a word or a part of a word containing vowel sound.
Ex: fine, modern, beautiful, and intelligent
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 15 Presentation 1

Text Information

If clause in present tense:

It is a subordinate conjunction in grammar.
It means “whenever”.
It is used with present tense to show habitual or automatic result.
It can be used at the beginning or mid-sentence.
Structure:
1: if clause + , + result clause
Simple present simple present
Ex: If I have money, I call my friends for dinner.
Ex: Water freezes if temperature reaches to 0 degrees.

Note: If we use simple present tense in both clause. It is called zero conditional clauses.

Extra Information
The word “if” has two main functions.

1: As marker of adv clause

“If” only if, even if, as if, as that,
Ex: Only if I study, con I pass the test?

2: As marker of noun clause:

Ex: She asked if they were coming.
Ex: Can you tell me if / whether Ali lives here.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 15 Presentation 2

Text Information

Talking about continuing actions

Using still

It is an adverb of indefinite time in grammar.

It means “up to now” or “so far”.
It is used to show an action or situation which continuous to exist from past to present without ay change.

Positions of still
It has three positions:

1: Before main verb:

Ex: We still live in Peshawar.

2: Before negative to verb/auxiliary verb.

Ex: She still isn’t feeling well.
Ex: We still aren’t done with the work.

3: After positive to be verb:

Ex: I am still at KELC.
Ex: It is still early. We can go.

The word still has three functions:

1: As an adverb: to mean up to now.
Ex: We still wait for you.

2: As a verb: to mean to make quiet.

Ex: your child is crying. Why don’t you still him?

3: as an adjective: to mean quiet.

Ex: you should sit still when the teacher goes out.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 15 Presentation 3

Text information
Co ordination
Using “So”

So: is an adverb in grammar.

It means in the same or similar way.
It is used to show agreement with a positive statement just stated.
It can be used in separate or combined way.
Ex: I passed the test. So did Ali.
Full form: I passed the test. Ali passed the test too.
Ex: I passed the test, and so did Ali.
Full form: I passed the test. Ali also passed the test.
The auxiliary verb used after “so” must match with the auxiliary or verb tense of the proceeding statement.
(a sentence which come first is called proceeding statement)
Structure:
Positive sentence + (,) and so + auxiliary verb + subject
Ex: Ali can help us, and so did Usman.
Ex: She will come, and so will Ahmad.
Ex: We are watching a movie and so are they.
Ex: I wrote my homework and so did Laila.
Ex: She teaches English and so do we.

Extra Information:
The word “So” has three functions:
1: as a conjunction: it can be of two types.
1: Coordinate conjunction means “therefore”.
Ex: Our teacher was absent so we didn’t take my class.
2: Subordinate conjunction: means “in order that”.
Ex: I study hard so that I can get first position.
2: As an adverb: it has got several meanings
1: very:
Ex: The weather is so nice.
2: also:
Ex: I am too tired and so is Laila.
Note: “so” can also come at the beginning of a sentence to mean “then”.
Ex: So what have you decided about your exam.
3: As an adjective: means tidy or perfectly well and organized.
Ex: The educational inspector is coming tomorrow.
I want everyone to be just so.
Or: I want everything to be exactly so.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 15 Presentation 4

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Contrasting come and go

They are movement verbs or words in grammar.

Come: means to reach a place.
Go: means to leave a place.

We use “come” when the movement is towards the directions of listener or speaker.
We use “Go” when the movement is away from the speaker or listener.
Ex: He comes home at 6:00 pm.
Ex: He went to Lahore yesterday.
Ex: Has he come yet?

Extra Information
The verb “come” has the following meanings.

1: arrive
Ex: They came here at 4:00 pm.

2: exist
Ex: Does this shirt come in any other color?

3: happen
Ex: Her leaving came as quiet as shock.

4: to start
Ex: I have come to like her.

The word “go” has the following functions

1: to become
Ex: You are going bald. Means you are becoming bald.

2: to happen
Ex: Life and death go together.

3: to operate
Ex: This machine won’t go.

4: to pass
Ex: Years go like months.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 1 Presentation 1

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Result clauses with “SO”

So: is a coordinate conjunction in grammar.

It means “therefore” or “as a result”.
It is used to combine two main clauses showing cause and effect or result.
Note: we use a comma (,) before “so”.

Structure:
Cause clause + , so + effect or result clause
Ex: She didn’t study, so he failed.
Ex: She is sick, so she can’t come today.
Ex: He came late, so the teacher didn’t allow him to enter the class.
Ex: It is raining, so we have to take an umbrella.
Ex: Ali works hard, so he will succeed.
Ex: I asked her name, so she slept me.

Extra Information
So: is basically a kind of coordinate conjunction called cumulative or copulative conjunction.

Coordinate Conjunction:
FANBOYS:
F: for : illative conjunction
A: and, so : cumulative or copulative conjunction
N: nor, or : alternative conjunction
B: but, yet : adversative or disjunctive conjunction
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 1 Presentation 2

Text Information

Asking and giving reasons

Using “why” and “to + verb 1”

Why: is an information question word.

It is used when you want to ask about reason or purpose of something.
To answer the question “why” we use to + verb 1 + which is called infinitive of purpose.

Structure: WXSV
Ex: Why did you call her?
Answer: to tell her I will come late at night.

Ex: Why does Ali go to KELC?

Answer: to learn English properly.

Ex: Why do you save money?

Answer: to build a new house.

Ex: Why do they stand?

Answer: to welcome the guests.

Extra Information
To: is the short form of “in order to” meaning “so as to”.

Ex: Why do you come to KELC?

Answer: in order to learn English.

“To + verb 1” show purpose.

“Because + clause” gives reasons.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 2 Presentation 1

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Talking about general skills

Using learn to and past tense of become

We use “learn to + verb 1” to talk about knowledge or skill in a new subject.

We use “become” to talk about the result of knowledge or skill.
Past form of learn is leaned or learnt.
Past form of become is became.
Ex: Ali learnt how to cook.
He is an excellent chef now.

Extra information:
The verbs “learn and become” both have two two functions.
Learn:
1: as a main verb.
Ex: She learns English.

2: as an infinitive verb.
Ex: He learns to drive.
Ex: He learns how to drive.

Become:
1: as an intransitive verb.
Ex: She became a doctor.
Ex: I became her partner.

2: as a linking verb.
Ex: She became tired.
Ex: I will become angry.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 3 Presentation 1

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Talking about future

Using will

It is a model auxiliary verb.

It is used to show future plans and predictions.
It is used with all subjects.
It is followed by base form of the verb.
Its negative form is “will not or won’t”.
It can be contracted with subject pronouns.

I’ll
We’ll
You’ll
They’ll
She’ll
He’ll
It’ll

Structure

Positive : sub + will + verb 1 + comp

Negative : sub + will not or won’t + verb 1 + comp
Interrogative: will + sub + verb 1 + comp

Ex: I will give you the test marks tomorrow.

Ex: It won’t rain tonight.
Ex: Will you come tomorrow?

Probably: it is an adverb in grammar which means “maybe”.

Probably is used for more certainty.

Will + probably:

Ex: It probably won’t rain tonight. More certainty

Ex: It won’t rain tonight. Less certainty

Extra Information

We use “will” for the following purposes.

1: to show willingness or unwillingness.
Ex: I will teach you math.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: I won’t help you in this case.

2: to show a weak future plan made at the moment of speaking.

Ex: We will go to Islamabad tomorrow.

3: to make an informal request.

Ex: Will you bring me a glass of water?

4: to express prediction
Ex: The sky is cloudy.

5: to show future obligation with “have to”.

Ex: You will have to come tomorrow.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 4 Presentation 1

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Talking about continuous action

Using past continuous tense
Past continuous tense: is formed by was, were + verb . ing.

It is used for three purposes.

1: It shows an action that was in progress at a particular time in the past.

Structure:

Positive : sub + was, were + verbing + comp

Negative : sub + was, were + not + verbing + comp
Interrogative : was, were + sub + verbing + comp

Ex: You were taking test A yesterday.

Ex: She was not sleeping last night at 12:00 am.
Ex: Were you playing with your friends last night.

2: It is used to show an action that was in progress but sometimes interrupted by another action in the past.
Structure:
1: while + past continuous tense + ,+ simple past tense
Simple past tense + while + past continuous tense
Ex: While I was studying, Najila called me.
Ex: Najila came to my room while I was studying.

2: when + simple past tense + , + past continuous tense

Past continuous tense + when + simple past tense
Ex: When the teacher came, the students were fighting.
Ex: The students were fighting when the teacher came.

3: It is used to show two actions that were happening simultaneously or at the same time in the past.
1: while + past continuous tense + past continuous tense

Ex: While we were going to university, it was raining.

Ex: While it as raining, we were going to university.

2: past continuous tense + while + past continuous tense

Ex: We were going to university while it was raining.
Ex: It was raining while we were going to university.
Extra Information
We use past continuous tense for two other purposes too.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi
1: It is used to show changing situation, progress, and trend (fasion).
Ex: The situation of KPK was getting worse in 2010.
Ex: More people were going to 7D and 9D 2009.

2: It gives present continuous meaning with “if” and “wish” to show unreal desire.

Ex: I wish it were raining.

Means: it is not raining right now.
Ex: I wish he had been a piolet last year.
Ex: I wish he were a pilot last year.
Ex: If you were helping me, I would help you.
Means: you are not helping me so I won’t help you.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 4 Presentation 2

Text Information

Disagreeing with someone

Using emphatic “Do”

We use “emphatic do” to show disagreeing with someone.

Or: We use emphatic do to emphasize someone t believe something.

Structure:
Sub + does/do/did + verb 1 + comp

Some phrases which are used before the above structure.

What do you mean?
You are wrong.
That is not true.
I don’t believe it.
It is impossible.

Ex: Your team didn’t play well.

What do you mean? They did play well.
Ex: She doesn’t study hard.
It is impossible. She does study hard.
Ex: They don’t fail the test.
You are wrong. They do fail the test.

Note: If the auxiliary verbs are the same then “sure” is used instead of first auxiliary.
Ex: He doesn’t do his homework.
That is not true. He sure does his homework.

Ex: They don’t do their chores.

What do you mean? They sure do their chores.

Extra Information

The word “Do” has the following functions.

1: as a primary auxiliary verb: to do verb.
Ex: She doesn’t come.
Ex: Do you need help?
Ex: Don’t bother me.

2: As a main verb: mean to perform something.

Ex: She does her work.
Mean: She performs her work.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: I do my homework.

3: to wash or cook.
Ex: My mother does the dishes.
Mean: My mother cooks the dishes.
Means: My mother washes the dishes.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 5 Presentation 1

Text Information

Talking about repetition

Using adverb of frequency

It is an adverb that is used to show the repetition of an action or state.

It answers the question “how often”.
There are indefinite adverbs of frequency.
Positive negative
Always 100 % hardly ever
Usually 80 – 90 % seldom + 5 – 10 %
Often 60 – 70 % rarely
Sometimes 20 – 50 % never

Positions of adverbs of frequency:

They have four positions.

1: Before main verb.

Ex: I always come on time.

2: After to be verb.
Ex: She is always on time.

3: After model auxiliary verb.

Ex: We will sometimes meet on Sunday.

4: At the beginning or end.

Ex: He doesn’t listen to me sometimes.
Ex: Sometimes, he doesn’t listen to me.

Extra Information

If a sentence starts with negative adverb of frequency, we have to invert the subject and verb.
Ex: Hardly ever does she come late.
Ex: Seldom am I wrong.
Ex: Rarely can we earn 5000/- rupees.
Ex: Never will I speak to you.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 5 Presentation 2

Text Information

Talking about different feelings

Using it + is + adj + to + verb 1

We use this structure to talk about different feelings of a sentence.

In this structure, infinitive is used in subject case.

Ex: It is nice to meet you.

Mean: To meet you is nice.

Ex: It is difficult to pass the test.

Mean: To pass the test is difficult.

Ex: It is sad to hear about your bad result.

Mean: To hear about your bad result is sad.

Ex: It is expensive to buy a car.

Mean: To buy a car is expensive.

Extra Information
It is not very common to start a sentence with “to + verb 1”.
Ex: To come on time is a good habit. (Rare)
Ex: Coming on time is a good habit. (Common)
Ex: It is a good habit to come on time. (Very common for infinitive)

Note: “it” is an unreal or preparatory subject here.

New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 5 Presentation 3

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Using indefinite pronoun

It is a pronoun that doesn’t point out a particular person or thing.

It begins with some, any and no”.

(+) (-) (?)

some 
any  
no  Negative meaning

People things
Someone something
Somebody

Anyone anything
Anybody

No one nothing
Nobody

Ex: I need something.

Ex: She doesn’t listen to anyone.
Ex: He said nothing and left.
Ex: Would like something to drink.

Extra Information

Indefinite pronouns used as subject require singular verb.

Ex: Someone is coming.

Ex: No one helps me.
Ex: There is nothing on TV.

We use an adjective after an indefinite pronoun.

Ex: Did you study anything important yesterday?

Ex: I have seen someone interesting in the parking lot.

Note: Adjective is used before a noun or pronoun but here an adjective comes after indefinite pronoun to
indicate indefinite pronoun.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: Ali is a kind boy.

Ex: I met someone special in the party.

Note: some words look like indefinite pronoun but they are adverbs in reality.
They are adverbs of place, not indefinite pronoun.

Ex: Let’s g somewhere.

Ex: Do you travel anywhere safe?

New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 6 Presentation 1

Text Information

Showing cause and effect

Using “because”

Because: is as subordinate conjunction in grammar.

It is used to show cause and effect relationship.
It can be used at the beginning or middle of the sentence.
It is used with a cause clause.

Structure
1: Because + cause clause + , + effect clause
Ex: Because he didn’t study, he failed the test.
Ex: Because she was sick, she couldn’t come to class.

2: effect clause + because + cause clause

Ex: He failed the test because he didn’t study.
Ex: She didn’t come to the class because she was sick.

Extra Information

Because: introduces adverb clause of “cause and effect”.

There are some other subordinate conjunctions which mean “because”.
They are followings:
As, since, not that, inasmuch as, as long as, so long as etc.

Ex: As long as you are free, why don’t you help me?

Because of: is a preposition which means “due to”.

Because of: is followed by noun, pronoun or gerund.

Ex: We can’t come because of raining.
Ex: We can’t come due to raining.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 7 Presentation 1

Text Information

Future conditional clauses with “If”

We can use “if clause” to talk about a present or future real condition and result.
It is called real or true conditional clause.
In this kind, the result depends on condition and the condition may or may not be full filled.

Structure:
If clause main clause
Simple present tense + con, will, may + verb 1
Ex: If you study, you will pass the test.
Ex: You will pass the test if you study.
Ex: If you come regularly, you won’t be failed.
Ex: You won’t be failed if you come regularly.

Extra Information

If: means “only if”.

Ex: I can come tomorrow (only) if I get an early flight.

Sometimes we can use “should” in “if clause” to make the situation more doubtful.
Ex: If Ali should come, send him to my office.
Ex: Should he comes, send him to my room.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 7 Presentation 2

Text information

Showing time
Using “for and in”

There are simple preposition of time in grammar.

1: For: means during and it is used to show the duration of an action.

2: In: means after and it is used to show that something will happen after a certain time.
Structure:
For / in + time expression
Ex: I teach for four hours.
Ex: Can you wait for ten minutes?
Ex: The bell will ring in 30 minutes.
Means: the bell will ring after 30 minutes.

Ex: We will finish this class in 20 minutes.

Means: We will finish this class after 20 minutes.

Extra Information

When “for and in” are followed by time expression, they are called prepositional phrases.
These prepositional phrases function as adverb phrases, because they answer the question “when” and “how
long”.
Ex: How long will you stay there?
Answer: for two weeks.

Ex: When will you leave?

Answer: In 10 minutes.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 7 Presentation 3

Text information

Talking about repetition

Using every and every other

They are adjectives in grammar.

They are always followed by singular noun.
Every means each and it shows that something is happening regularly.
Every other: means “every second” and it shows that something is happening with intervals.
Intervals: means space between two times.

Ex: Ali comes to class every day.

Ex: I go home every other week.

Extra Information

The word “every” means “each” .

It is used to form adjective or adverb and pronoun.
Adjective adverb pronoun
Everyday everywhere everyone
Everyplace everybody
Everything
Originally, “every” is a pre determiner.
We can use “every” as distributive adjective or distributive pronoun.
Ex: Every one of my friends is coming. Distributive
Ex: Every boy, girl, man, and woman is hungry.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 7 Presentation 4

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Talking about problems

Using too

Too: is an adverb of degree in grammar.

It introduces a negative result.
It is used to two structures.

1: sub + to be verb + too + negative adj + to + verb 1

We use this structure to show an excessive condition that stops something.
Ex: Ali is too lazy to pass the test.

2: it + to be verb + too + negative adjective + for + abject + to + verb 1

This structure is used to point out the person for whom there is a problem.
Ex: It is too difficult for Ali to win this match.
Ex: It is too cold for Lisa to go out.
Ex: It is too impossible for you to go to America.
Ex: It is too dark for us to study here.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 7 Presentation 5

Text information

Talking about quantity and number

Using all of, some of, none of

They are expressions of quantity in grammar.

They are followed by plural noun or pronoun to show number.
They are followed by noncount noun to show quantity.
All of: means whole or complete.
Some of: means a number of.
None of: means nothing or nobody.

Structure:
All of
Some of + plural specific noun or plural pronoun (you, us, them)
None of

Ex: All of the teachers are very kind.

Ex: All of you are wasting time.
Ex: All of them are very kind.
Ex: She washed some of them.
Ex: I met some of my friends.
Ex: She trusts some of us.
Ex: She sent some food for some of us.
Ex: She likes none of them.

Ex: None of those girls is in our class. (with singular verb is Formal)
Ex: None of those girls are in our class. (with plural verb is Informal)

All of
Some of + noncount noun or it
None of
Ex: I checked all of my homework.
Ex: I checked all of it.
Ex: Some of your experience is important for this project.
Ex: You wrote two pieces of homework. None of it is right.
Note: using the preposition “of” after all is optional.
Ex: All of the boys are here.
Ex: All the boys are here.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 8 Presentation 1

Text information

Making comparisons
Using even + comparative adjective

Even: is an adverb in grammar.

It means “more”.
It is used before comparative adjective to emphasize the comparison.
Structure:
Even + adjective + r, er, ier
Ex: You are smart, but I am even smarter.
Ex: The weather is nice but in October it will be even nicer.
Ex: She is healthy but after a diet she will become even healthier.

The word even functions as an adverb, adjective or verb.

1: as an adverb: it means more.
Ex: Ali is even nicer.

2: As an adjective: it means equal or flat.

Ex: Both teams played well. It was an even contest.
Ex: The roads are not even. We will get late.

3: as a verb: it means to make two things equal.

Ex: Pakistan can’t even the score given by India.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 8 Presentation 2

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Contrast of some and any

They are adjectives of quantity in grammar.

They are used before plural count noun and noncount noun.
They don’t show exact number or amount.
We use “some” in positive statement and in question to offer food or drink.
We use “any” in negative statement and in question.

Structure:
Some
Any + plural noun
It doesn’t show exact number.
Ex: I have some friends.
Ex: Do you have any pens?

Some
Any + noncount noun
It doesn’t show exact quantity.
Ex: She eats some rice.
Ex: I don’t have any coffee.

Number + plural noun

It shows exact number.
Ex: I have 5 friends.
Ex: Do you have 3 pens.

Expression of quantity + noncount noun

It shows exact quantity.
Ex: She eats a palate of rice.
I don’t have 5 cans of coffee.

Extra information
Some and any have 3 functions.
1: pre determiners
Ex: I studied some books.
Ex: Do you have any girlfriends?

2: as an adverb
Ex: I can’t run any faster.
Ex: She ate some. It gives the answer of “how much”.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

3: as pronoun
Ex: Some are very difficult.
Ex: Any of us can do it.
Ex: Some of them are my friends.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 9 Presentation 1

Text information

Showing possession
Using have got and has got

They are expression in grammar.

They are used to show ownership or possession.
“Have got” means “have” and “has got” means “has”.
Have got and has got are informal forms of have and has.

Structure:
I
We
You + have got
They

He
She + has got
is

Ex: I have got a headache.

Ex: You have got a beautiful wife.
Ex: We have got a good teacher.
Ex: They have got a lot of problems.

Ex: She has got beautiful eyes.

Ex: He has got a Canadian passport.
Ex: It has got a beautiful design.

Extra information
Have got and has got are considered different in American and British English.
American English British English
One word Two words
Informal expression Have and has are auxiliary and got is verb 3
Present tense Present perfect tense
Get got gotten Get got got
I have got a test. Means: I have a test. I have got a test. Means: I had a test.
I have gotten a test. Means: I had a test I had a test.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 9 Presentations 2

Text information

Talking about changing and unchanging situation

They are verbs in grammar.

We use “keep” to show that a situation is constant and unchanging.
It is used with simple degree of adjective.
Structure:
Sub + keep (s) + objective + simple degree of adjective
Ex: Teachers always try to keep the students busy in the class.
Ex: Regular exercise will keep you fit and healthy.

We use “make” to show that a situation is changing.

It is used with simple or comparative degree of adjective.
Ex: Regular diet made him thinner.
Ex: Your behavior makes me angry.
Ex: Good friends make us happy.

Extra Information
The word “keep” has the following meanings.
1: To continue doing something
Ex: I keep working hard.
2: To delay someone or something or prevent something form happening.
Ex: I am sorry for keeping you waiting for me.
3: To possess something
Ex: I want to keep this picture. Don’t take it, please.
4: To provide someone with food, clothing and other basic needs.
Ex: We work hard to keep our families in comfort.
5: To stay fresh or in good condition.
Ex: Milk keeps longer in a fridge.
Make has the following meanings.
1: To arrive or reach
Ex: He was in Islamabad. He made it back to Peshawar in one hour.
2: to become
Ex: You will never make a good student.
3: to force
Ex: I make the students work hard.
4: to earn
Ex: She makes 1 lack dollars in a year as a doctor.
5: to cause
Ex: The bulled made a hole right through his chest.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 10 Presentation 1

Text Information
Using get

It is a verb in grammar.
It is used before noun or adjective.
Structure:
1: get + noun: when get is used before noun. It has the following meanings.
1: to receive
Ex: Did you get any calls from the company?

2: to obtain
Ex: He got his degree from Oxford University.

3: to buy
Ex: I will get an ice cream for you.

4: to call
Ex: The students are shouting. Get their teacher, please.

5: to prepare
Ex: I am hungry. You should get dinner.

6: to understand
Ex: I am getting all the lessons taught by you.

7: to hear
Ex: There is so much noise. Please, speak loudly. I can’t get you.

8: to become ill
Ex: We had to take them to the hospital because they got food poisoning.

9: to annoy someone
Ex: Your behavior really gets me.

2: get + adjective: when get is followed by an adjective. It has only one meaning.
1: to become
Ex: When I come late, my teacher gets angry.

Extra Information
The word has three functions.
1: as transitive verb
Ex: I will get my diploma next year.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

2: as linking verb
Ex: She got sick after dinner.

3: as causative verb
Ex: I get my students to study hard.

4: passive voice
Get + object + verb 3
Ex: This man gets everything done in a minute.
Ex: I get all the letters sent to the companies.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 10 Presentation 2

Text Information

Introducing indirect object

We use an introducer indirect object by the preposition “for and to”.

Indirect object is an object which receives the direct object.
Is an object which receives the direct object.
Note:
Thing: is usually a direct object.
People: is an indirect object.

Structure:
1: sub + verb + direct object + for, to + indirect object (formal)
Ex: I bought a ring for Laila.

2: subject + verb + indirect object + direct object (informal)

Ex: I bought Lisa a ring.

The following verbs are used with (for)

Buy, chose, order, catch, save, get, cook, find, prepare, build, make, book, save etc.

These verbs are used with “to”.

Ex: teach, show, write, give, send, read, grant, promise, offer, lend, throw

Verbs which are sometimes used with “for and to”.

Bring, pay, play, leave, past, sing

Note: the following verbs are only used an informal structure.

Ask, cost, forgive, permit
Ex: I ask my students easy questions.
Ex: This property costs me one lack dollars.
Ex: They forgive Ali their sons.
Ex: He permitted the students a small program in the ground.

Extra Information

There are three kinds of objects.

1: direct object. It receives an action from verb.
2: indirect object. It receives direct object.
3: kindred object. It is a direct object which looks like the verb.
It is also called cognate object.
Ex: I fight a fight.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi
Ex: They are building a building.
Ex: She sings a song.
Ex: I saw a saw.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 11 Presentation 1

Text Information

Identifying someone
Using “As”
As: is a preposition which means “like”.
It is used to show occupation or profession of someone.
Ex: My father works as a manager in a bank.
Ex: Ali works as a waiter in Shiraz Hotel.

Extra Information

1: as a subordinate conjunction:
Ex: As I am busy, I can’t come.

2: as an adverb
Ex: She is not as smart as I.

3: as a preposition
Ex: He works here as a senior clerk.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 11 Presentation 2

Text Information

Making comparison
Using comparative adjective

Than any other

This structure is used to give superlative meaning.
It is always followed by singular noun.
It is used to compare one person, place, or thing with an indefinite group of persons, places, or things.
Ex: Jehangir is taller than any other boys in the class.
Meaning: Jehangir is the taller boy in this class.

Extra Information

1: as a preposition 2: as a conjunction

Ex: Ali is taller than Muhammad. Preposition

Ex: Ali is taller than Muhammad is. Conjunction
Ex: Ali is taller than is Muhammad. Conjunction

Any: is originally a pre determiner.

Ex: Do you have any water?
Ex: I don’t have any friends.

Other: is also a pre determiner followed by plural nouns.

Ex: One boy is present. Other boys are absent.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 11 Presentation 3

Text Information

Describing persons, places, or things

Using that + descriptive clause

That: is a pronoun which introduces a descriptive clause.

Descriptive clause: is a clause which modifies or describes a noun.
Ex: I have a friend that helps me a lot.
Ex: We need a house that has 14 rooms.
Ex: Ali bought a car that costs 1200000/ rupees.

Extra Information

Descriptive clause is also called restrictive adjective clause.

That: is informally used instead of who, whom and which.
Ex: I have a fried who is kind to everyone.
Ex: The book which you are reading is boring.
Ex: I know a person whom everyone respects.

The noun that descriptive clause modifies is called antecedent.

The book what you are reading is boring.
Antecedent
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 12 Presentation 1

Text information

Verb + to + verb 1

We use this structure to talk about thoughts and actions.

To + verb 1: is called infinitive.
The verb which is followed by infinitive is called infinitive verb.

Some common infinitive verbs are the followings:

Afford, agree, beg, decide, hesitate, hope, remember, forget, promise, need, want, wish, etc.

Extra Information

Infinitive is a kind of nonfinite verb which doesn’t show any tense.

It is used in five cases
1: subjective case. Ex: to help others is duty.
2: objective ex: I hope to get a job.
3: subjective complement ex: our mission is to promote education.
4: objective complement ex: I forced the student to come on time.
5: object of preposition ex: we can’t do anything except to obey him.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 13 Presentation 1

Text information

Agreeing with a negative statement

Using either and neither

They are adverbs in grammar.

They mean “also or too”.
They are used to show agreement with a negative statement that has just been stated.
Either Neither
Used at the end of a clause Used at the beginning of a clause
Used after negative auxiliary verb Used before positive auxiliary verb
Doesn’t require inversion Always require inversion
Structure Structure
Sub + negative auxiliary + subjective Neither + positive auxiliary + subject
Ex: I can’t speak English. Ali can’t either. Ex: I can’t speak English. Neither can Dawood.

Ex: He didn’t help me. He didn’t either.

Ex: You shouldn’t speak loudly. Neither should Lisa.
Ex: They can’t do it. Nisar can’t either.
Ex: He is not playing in our team. Ali isn’t either.
Ex: Ali doesn’t listen to me. Neither does Najila.

Extra Information

The words “either and neither” can have four functions.

1: as an adverb
Ex: I am not coming. He isn’t either.
Ex: You didn’t do well, and neither did your brother.

2: as a pre determiner (distributive adjective)

Ex: You will have to merry either girl.
Ex: Neither student comes on time.

3: as distributive pronoun
Ex: Either of the girls comes on time.
Ex: Neither of my cousins is educated.

4: as a paired conjunctions
Ex: either . . . . or, neither . . . . . nor
Ex: I would like either burger or pizza.
Ex: Neither my parents nor my brother lives in Pakistan.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 13 Presentation 2

Text Information

Using “about to”

About to: means “near to” or “on the verge of”.

When “about” is followed by infinite, the word “about” functions as an adjective.
About + infinite: shows that something will happen in very near future.
Structure:
Sub + to be verb + about + to + verb 1

Ex: We are about to finish level three.

Ex: The bell is about to ring.

Extra Information

The word “about” has three functions.

1: As an adverb: it means approximately

Ex: She is about 40 years old.
Ex: We are leaving about five o, clock.

2: as a preposition: it means regarding

Ex: This movie is about Afghanistan.
Ex: I want to know about your new semester.

3: as an adjective: it means that someone is intending to do something very soon.

Ex: I am about to call your names.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 13 Presentation 3

Text Information

Contrasting “a few” and “a little”

They are adjectives of quantity in grammar.

A few: is used with plural count noun to show a small number between two to five.
Ex: I have a few friends.
Ex: Shahid Afridi can hit a few sixes.

A little: is used with noncount noun to show a small amount.

Ex: She has a little experience.
Ex: He earns a little money.

Extra Information

A few and a little are called pre determiners.

The negative form of “a few” is “few” and the negative form of “a little” is “little”.
Ex: She solved a few questions. (Five questions)
Ex: She solved few questions. (2-3 questions)

Ex: She has a little experience. (15 months)

Ex: She has little experience. (5-6 months)

Sometimes, a few can be used as a pronoun.

Ex: A few of my classmates are hardworking.

Sometimes, little means small.

Ex: He is my little brother.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Three Unit 13 Presentation 4

Text Information

Talking about quantity and number

Using many, much, and a lot of

They are adjectives of number or quantity in grammar.

Many: is used with plural count nouns to show a large number.
Much: is used with noncount noun to show a large quantity.
A lot of: is informally used instead of “many and much” to show a large number or quantity.

Structure:
Many + plural count noun
Much + noncount noun
A lot of + plural count noun or noncount noun

Words Positive Negative Interrogative

Many Formal  
Much Formal  
A lot of  Rare Rare

Many = formal
Much = formal

A lot of = informal for many and much.

Lots of = very informal for a lot of.
Ex: I don’t have many friends.
Ex: Does this job require much experience?
Ex: You wrote a lot of books.
Ex: My mother has cooked a lot of rice.
Ex: I drink much water.

Extra Information
Much, many and a lot of are pre determiners in grammar.
Many: can be used as a pronoun too.
Ex: Many of my friends live in UK.

Much and a lot of: can be used as adverbs.

Ex: He drank too much. He drank too much.
Ex: She ate a lot and got sick.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 14 Presentation 1

Text Information

Asking about possession and choice

Using whose and which

They are interrogative adjectives in grammar.

They are always followed by a noun.
We use “whose” to ask about possession.
Structure:
1: Whose + noun + auxiliary + sub + verb + RS
Ex: Whose car are you driving?
Answer: Ali’s.

2: whose + noun + auxiliary + sub + ?

Ex: Whose mobile is this?
Answer: it is mine.

We use “which” to ask about someone choice among several specific things.
Structure:
Which + noun
Ex: which day are you going to get married?
Ex: which dress does she want to buy?

Extra Information

Whose and which can be used in the following ways:

1: as interrogative adjective
Ex: Whose child is she?
Ex: Which university do you want to read in?

2: as interrogative pronoun
Ex: There are two shirts. Which is mine?
Whose is the other one?

3: as marker of adjective clause

Ex: The book, which is about animals, is written by George.
Ex: The man, whose house burned, wants to burn himself.

4: as marker of noun clause

Ex: I found out which school she reads in.
Ex: She asked her son, where wallet he stole.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 14 Presentation 2

Text Information

Making comparison
Using two syllable or more syllable adjectives

If two or more than two syllable adjectives don’t end in “Y”, we use more and less to form the comparatives.
More: is comparative form of much and many and less is comparative form of little.

Some common two or more syllable adjectives.

Modern, nervous, exciting, unusual, crowded, famous, experienced, spectacular, educated, intelligent,
beautiful, tired, elegant, handsome, surprising, and economical etc.

Extra Information
The word more and less can function in three ways.

1: as an adverb
Ex: She is less beautiful than you.
Ex: Peshawar is less beautiful than Islamabad.

2: as an adjective
Ex: She has more students.
Ex: She ate less food.

3: as a pronoun
Ex: There was a lot of money.
Less was given to me and more was taken by Ali.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four UNIT 14 Presentation 3

Text Information

Forming noun from verbs

Using verb + tion

Tion: is called a suffix in grammar.

We use “tion” at the end of a word to change the meaning and function of the word.
Verb noun
Reduce reduction
Present presentation
Prescribe prescription
Instruct instruction
Direct direction
Pronounce pronunciation

Some terms
1: affix: is the root word that takes prefix, or suffix.
Ex: happy = adj

2: prefix: is a word that is used before the root word to change its meaning but not function.
Ex: unhappy = adj

3: infix: is a group of letters which is used between the root words to change singular to plural.
Ex: man _ men, goose _ geese, woman _ women,

4: suffix: is a word which is used at the end of the root word to change meaning and function.
Ex: teach = verb teacher = noun

5: circumfix: is the combination of prefix + root word + suffix to change the meaning and function.
Ex: happy = adj unhappiness = noun
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 1 Presentation 1

Text Information

Talking about possibility

Using may and might

They are model auxiliary verbs in grammar.

They are used to show present and future possibility.
They are followed by base form of verb.
May: is stronger than “might”.
“May” shows 50 % possibility.
“Might” shows 30 % possibility.
Negative forms are mayn’t and mightn’t are used very informally.
May not and might not is used negatively formally.

Structure:

All subjects + may, might + (not) + verb 1 + comp

Ex: Irfan may not come today.

Ex: Irfan mayn’t come today.

Ex: It might rain tonight.

Ex: It mightn’t rain tonight.

Note: Might but not may can be used in question.

Ex: She may come back.

Ex: May she come back? (wrong)
Better way: do you think she may come back.
Ex: She might come back. (Right)
Ex: Might she come back? (Right)
Ex: Do you think she might come back. (Best way)

Extra Information

We use “may” and “might” for these purposes.

1: to show present or future possibility.

Ex: Our team might win this time.
Ex: She may not work with us.

2: to show past possibility

Ex: She might have studied hard.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: We were sad. They may have lost the match.

3: to ask for permission

Ex: Might I come in? (Very formal)
Ex: May I come in? (Formal)

4: May but not might is used to express a wish.

Ex: May she come back. (Right)
Ex: Might she come back. (Wrong)

5: as a noun, may is the fifth month of the year and might means power.
Ex: By brother will come in May.
Ex: Might is right.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 1 Presentation 2

Text Information

Talking about preferences

Using would rather

It is an expression in grammar.
It means “would prefer”.
It is used to ask about choice or to show preference.
It is followed by base form of the verb.
Negative form is “would rather not”.

Ex: I would rather not come tomorrow.

Ex: Would you rather have burger or pizza?
Answer: I would rather have pizza. (Expressing preferences)

Extra Information

The expression would rather is made of two words. 1: would 2: rather

Would: would is a model auxiliary verb which is used for these purposes.
1: to make polite request
Ex: Would you mind helping me with word?

2: to show unreal desire with “that”.

Ex: Would that I were the president of France.
Means: I wish I were the president of France.
It means “only if” used in old formal British English.
Ex: I wish I were the president of France.
Ex: Only If I were the president of France.

3: to show imaginary situations

Ex: Pakistan would win the match.

4: to show certainty
Ex: I took my umbrella, so I wouldn’t get wet.

2: rather: is used as adverb or pre-determiner

1: as adverb
Ex: She is rather beautiful. (As adverb) as adverb it means less then very
Ex: We played well. (as adverb)

2: as pre-determiner
Ex: It is rather a difficult job.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Note: sometimes, rather means “yes” as interjection.

Ex: Do you want to come?
Answer: rather!

Would rather + obj + simple past

This structure is used to show an unreal desire in the present.
Ex: I would rather Ali applied for that job.
Ex: I would rather you slapped him.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 1 Presentation 3

Text Information

Making comparison
Using the superlative

We use superlative degree to compare one person, place, or thing with a group of persons, places or things.
To form superlative degree, we need four things.
1: The: is used before superlative adjective.
2: ST, EST + one syllable adjectives
3: IEST + two syllable adjectives
4: most or least + more than two syllable adjectives

1: using ST and EST

1: adjectives ending in “E + ST”
Positive superlative
Nice nicest
Cute cutest
White whitest
Simple simplest
Wide widest

2: One syllable adjectives not ending in E take EST

Positive superlative
Small smallest
Fast fastest
Tall tallest

3: adjectives ending in “Y”. Change “Y” into “I” and add EST along with I at the end.
Positive superlative
Heavy heaviest
Happy happiest
Lazy laziest
Busy busiest
Crazy craziest
Funny funniest
Noisy noisiest

4: More than one syllable adjectives will take most and least in superlative before an adjective
Positive superlative
Modern least, most modern
Boring least, most boring
Fascinated least, most fascinated
Energetic least, most energetic
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Hardworking least, most hardworking

Romantic least, most romantic
Spectacular least, most spectacular

Ex: She is the most beautiful girl in her family.

Ex: It is the least expensive mobile in my shop.

5: Irregular one syllable adjective

They don’t have any formula. Their whole spellings are changed.
Positive superlative
Good best
Bad worse
Old oldest, eldest
Far farthest, furthest
Little least
Much, many most

Extra Information

We never use the article “The” in “Immense superlative”.

Ex: Allah is most merciful and compassionate.
Ex: Allah is “the” most merciful and compassionate. (Wrong)

Ex: Allah is most beneficent. (Right)

Ex: Allah is the most beneficent. (Wrong)

6: Use these adjectives carefully.

Senior
Junior
The + Superior + most
Inferior
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 2 Presentation 1

Text Information

Talking about imaginary situation

Using If + simple past tense

It is called unreal or imaginary conditional clause.

It is used to show an unreal condition in the present or future.
Or: It shows that the result doesn’t take place because the condition is not fulfilled.

Structure
If clause + result clause
Simple past + would, could, might + verb 1

Ex: If you studied hard, you would pass the test.

Ex: If I had money, I would lend you first.

Ex: Pakistan could win the match if Misbah were the captain.
Ex: We might come tomorrow if we didn’t have any urgent work.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 2 presentation 3

Text information

Enough
It can have two meanings.
1: as an adjective
It means sufficient.
It shows sufficiency.
Structure
1: enough + noun
Ex: We have enough time to finish this class.
2: noun + adjective
Ex: We have time enough to finish this calss.

2: as an adverb
It means sufficiency. (In large amount)
It shows sufficiency. (Ability to do something)
Structure
1: Adjective + noun
Ex: Ali is tall enough to touch this bulb.

2: adverb + enough
Ex: Ali is fast enough to win this competition.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 2 Presentation 3

Text Information

Tag question
“Tag” has the following meanings.
As a noun:
1: A label or mark on something.
2: A plastic that covers both ends of shoelace and stops it from splitting.
3: A game in which one child tries to catch another child.
4: It means the tip of a dog’s tail.

As a verb: means to paste or attach something.

Tag question is a grammatical term.

Tag question is also called mini, short, attached, or tail question.

Definition: tag questions are used to get conformation of a factual information that we aren’t certain or sure
about.
Or: tag question is used at the end a negative or positive of a statement in order to get agreement, seek
conformation and get more information.
Tag questions are used for the following three purposes.
1: confirmation
2: seeking agreement
3: more information

Key points:
To use a tag question, the following points are needed.
1: A statement either positive or negative.
2: A comma before a tag question
3: A short question
4: A question mark at the end of a tag question

Some rules for tag question

1: Positive sentence requires negative tag questions.
2: Negative sentence requires positive tag questions.
3: After a positive or negative sentence “comma” must be used.

4: Negative tag question can be formed by two ways.

1: American style: not is contracted with auxiliary verb + subject.
Ex: She goes to the market, doesn’t she?

2: British style: auxiliary verb + subject + not

Ex: She goes to the market, does she not?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi
5: The first letter of a tag question should be small and at the end, there should be a question mark.
Ex: I am playing cricket, aren’t I?
Ex: I am playing cricket, am I not?
Ex: They aren’t working, are they?

6: Sentences having already an auxiliary verb don’t need any help of another auxiliary verb.
Ex: She is beautiful, isn’t she?
Ex: We weren’t at home, were we?
Ex: He was playing in the group, wasn’t he?
Ex: He was playing in the group, was he not?
7: For simple present tense and simple past tense, the auxiliary (do, does, did) are used.
Ex: She needs money, doesn’t she?
Ex: They didn’t do well, did they?
Ex: We study at KELC, don’t we?
Ex: She has to study, doesn’t she?

8: For present, past and future perfect and perfect continuous tenses, the auxiliary verbs (have, has and had)
are used.
Ex: They hadn’t been cooking, had they?
Ex: She has eaten lunch, hasn’t she?
Ex: She hadn’t been cooking, had she?
Ex: She had been cooking, hadn’t she?
Ex: Ali has broken the chair, hasn’t he?
Ex: Ali has broken the chair, has he not?

9: Here and there are again used the same in the tag question.
Ex: Here is a problem, isn’t here?
Ex: There are boys in that class, aren’t there?
Ex: There are boys in that class, are there not?

10: “this and that” are changed into “it” and “these and those” are changed into “they”.
Ex: This is a car, isn’t it?
Ex: This is a car, is it not?
Ex: These are markers, aren’t they?
Ex: These are markers, are they not?
Ex: Those markers don’t work well, do they?

11: The tag question for “let’s” is “shall we”.

Ex: Let’s go to the party, shall we?
Ex: Let’s have some fun, shall we?
Ex: Let’s play football, shall we?
Ex: Let’s not play football, shall we?

12: The tag question for imperative sentence is “will you”.

Ex: Shut up, will you?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi
Ex: Bring me a glass of water, will you?
Note: “can you and could you” can be also used instead of will you but no they are no common.
“Will you” is very common.
Ex: Don’t make noise, can you?
Ex: Open your books, could you?

12: Sentences containing negative words require positive tag question.

Ex: She never comes to office, does she?
Ex: They seldom play hokey, do they?
Ex: Ali hardly ever passes the tests, does he?
Ex: We rarely attended our classes, did we?

13: Indefinite pronouns need a plural pronoun “they” in tag questions if they are used for people.
Ex: Someone knocks the door, don’t they?
Ex: No one helped Ali, did they?

But indefinite pronoun used for things need singular pronoun “it”.
Ex: Something is wrong there, isn’t it?
Ex: Nothing was demolished in the earthquake, was it?

Note: no noun is used in tag question. Only pronoun will be used in tag question but a noun can be used in the
statement of a tag question any way.
Ex: Saleem is my best friend, is Saleem? (Wrong)

14: A comma should be used to separate statement form the tag question.
Ex: Many people don’t like Pakistan (,) do they?

15: The tag question for model auxiliary is made with the same model auxiliary verb used in the statement.
Ex: We should not waste our time, should we?
Ex: Laila can sing very well, can’t she?

Note: sometimes, we use “OK” as tag question in some certain statements.

Ex: Congratulations, OK?
Ex: Happy birthday, OK?

Kinds of tag questions

It has two kinds.
1: Reinforcement tag question: in this tag question the sentence and the tag question are both negative.
It is used to force someone.
Ex: You haven’t eaten lunch, haven’t you?
It is used to show aggression.

2: Echo tag question

In this kind of tag question, the sentence and the tag question are both positive.
Ex: You have eaten lunch, have you?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi
Ex: It is used to confirm something.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 3 Presentation 1

Text Information

Be + location + ing phrase

We use this structure to show that an action is going on in a particular place.
Ex: We are in the class studying grammar.
Ex: The players are in the ground preparing for the match.
Ex: Your mothers are at home cooking chicken.

Extra Information
Ing phrase can be used before or after location.
Ex: We are in the class studying grammar.
Ex: We are studying grammar in the class.

For this structure, there are three requirements.

1: Two sentences
2: Having same subjects
3: First showing location ad second showing action in progress.

Structure:
1: Be + location + ing phrase
Ex: We are in the class. We are studying English.
Ex: We are in the class studying English.

2: be + ing phrase + location

Ex: Ali is cooking a chicken. Ali is in the kitchen.
Ex: Ali is cooking a chicken in the kitchen.
Ex: Ali is in the kitchen cooking a chicken.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 3 Presentation 2

Text Information

Reflexive pronoun
It is a pronoun in which the subject and the object is the same person.
Or: It is a pronoun that shows that the person who does the action is the same person who is affected by it.
There are seven reflexive pronouns.
I myself
We ourselves
You yourself, yourselves
They` themselves, theirselves
He himself
She herself
It itself

Positions of reflexive pronoun

1: After verb
Ex: She hurts herself.
Ex: I cut myself.
Ex: We are enjoying ourselves.

2: After object
Ex: The computer can’t install the program itself.
Ex: This robot can cut fruits itself.

3: After preposition
Ex: She is looking at herself in the mirror.
Ex: I do everything by myself.

Note: reflexive pronouns are never used before a verb.

Extra Information
When we use reflexive pronoun after subject, it becomes emphatic or intensive pronoun.
Structure:
Sub + reflexive pronoun + emphatic pronoun
Ex: I myself wrote all the notes.
Ex: It itself doesn’t install the program.
Ex: We ourselves should do it.

Note: Here, we use the reflexive pronoun for the sack of emphasis.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 4 Presentation 1

Text Information

Talking about immediate past

Using present perfect tense

It is also called present perfect simple or simple present perfect tense.

It means past in relation to present.
It is formed by have, has + verb 3.
Have and has: are to have auxiliary verb.
Verb 3: is called past participle.

He
She
It + has + verb 3
Singular noun

I
We
They + have + verb 3
You

Definition: it shows an action or state that happened or never happened during a period of time that
continuous form past to present.

Note: in this tense, time is not clear or important.

We can’t use past time expressions here.
Ex: I have started this class on fourth august. (Wrong)
Ex: I have been sick yesterday. (Wrong)

It’s better to use simple past instead. Ex: I was sick yesterday. (Best choice)
Ex: He has finished his education.

Some important points:

Ex: I have gone to Lahore. (Wrong)

Ex: Have you ever gone to Lahore? (Wrong)
Ex: We have gone to Lahore. (Wrong)

Note: Never use “gone” with “I, we and you”.

The following structures are used for this concept.

Gone to: you are still there.
Been to: means you went and came back.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi
Been in: means you went, lived and came back.

Ex: She has gone to Lahore. Means she is still in Lahore.

Ex: She has been to Lahore. Means she went and came back.
Ex: She has been in Lahore. Means she went and lived and then came back.

2: It is also used to show an action or state which happened in the near past.

Note: in this case, we use “just, recently, lately, and so for.

Ex: They have just arrived.

Ex: We have started this presentation recently.
Ex: I have met many friends lately.
Ex: Ali hasn’t found a job so far.

Extra Information

Just, recently, lately, and so for are adverbs of indefinite time.

Just = minutes ago

Recently = hours ago
Lately = hours ago
So for = day ago
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 5 Presentation 1

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Talking about very near past

Using “just”

Just: is an adverb of indefinite time.

It means very recently.
It is used to talk about an action or state which happened in very recent past.

Note: We use “just” in simple past and present perfect to talk about recent past.

Structure
1: just + verb 2
Ex: We just finished present perfect.

2: have, has + just + verb 3

Ex: They have just arrived.
Ex: She has just come.

Note: in American English, we use just + simple past to talk about immediate actions.
Ex: He just came from office.
In British English, “just” is used in present perfect to shows an immediate action.
Ex: We have just finish unit 4.

Extra Information
The word “just” has six meanings.
1: Almost not or almost
Ex: You arrived just in time.
2: Exactly or equally
Ex: This dress is just right for Najila.
3: Fair or morally correct
Ex: Your decision is just in murderer case.
Ex: It is not just to smoke in front of elders.
4: Now or very soon
Ex: I am just coming in two minutes.
5: Very or completely
Ex: Your behavior is just disgusting.
Ex: You are just a stupid.
6: Only or simply
Ex: She just wants me to marry her.
Ex: She is just interested in my money.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 6 Presentation 1

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Talking about duration of time

Using present perfect tense with since and for

Present perfect tense with since and for shows an action or state which started in the past, comes to the
present, and may or may not go to the future.
We use durative verbs with since and for.
Common durative verbs:
Study, live, be, know, work, teach, have, play etc.

They are preposition of time.

For: is used to show duration and “since” is used to show the exact time or exact starting point of time.
Ex: I have studied for two years.

Note: If a time or name of time has plural form so for will be used for it.
Year = years, month = months, week = weeks, day = days etc.
Ex: I have studied in this class for two weeks.

If a time noun doesn’t have plural form since will be used.

Ex: January, 2011, 1993, etc.
Ex: I have worked at KELC since 2011.
Ex: She has played for Pakistan since 2000.

Extra Information

The word since has three functions.

When it is used with present perfect tense

1: as a preposition of time
Ex: I have been since morning.

2: as a conjunction of time
Ex: Since I came to Pakistan, I have never been happy.

3: as an adverb of time.
Ex: I haven’t heard anything about her since.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit Presentation 2

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Naming actions
Using gerund

Gerund is taken form the Latin word “gerere” which means to do something.
Definition: it is the ing form of a verb which functions as a noun.
It is used to name an action.
It is most often singular.

Gerund + noun, adverb, prepositional phrase = gerund phrase

Ex: Studying math is boring.
Ex: driving recklessly is fatal.
Ex: sitting at one place all the time gets boring.

Gerund can be used in two cases.

1: subjunctive case
Ex: swimming is fun.
Ex: playing cricket seems a waste of time.
Ex: respecting your parents is your duty.
2: objective case
Ex: I like studying at night.
Some gerund verbs
Avoid, enjoy, deny, admit, finish, miss, mention, consider, like, love, hate, stop, delay, postpone, appreciate,
practice, prefer etc.

Extra information
Ing form of a verb can have five functions.
1: verb ex: she is playing with her toy.
2: adjective ex: she is reading an interesting book.
3: noun ex: reading is my hobby.
4: preposition ex: we will meet following the meeting.
5: adverb ex: she left the room crying.

Gerund is used in the following cases.

1: complement of be
Ex: my hobby is feeding birds.

2: after “no” to show prohibition.

Ex: no smoking.
3: object of preposition
Ex: I am tired of teaching at KELC.
Ex: they talk about not working with us.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 6 Presentation 3

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Talking about excessive and equal number and quantity

1: Too much + noncount noun
2: Too many + plural noun

1: Too much + noncount noun: shows an excessive quantity that causes a problem.
Ex: There is too much noise in this class.

2: Too many + plural count noun: shows an excessive number that causes a problem.
Ex: There were too many cars on the road.

3: As many + plural noun + as: we use this structure to show equal comparison between two high numbers.
Ex: Intercome grammar has as many students as special grammar.

4: As much + noncount noun + as: we use this structure to show equal comparison of high quantity between
two nouns.
Ex: You earn as much money as I.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 7 presentation 1

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Present perfect with “already” and “yet”

“Already” and “yet” are adverbs of indefinite time.

“Already” means “before now” and “yet” means “up to now”.
We use “already” to show that something happen before the expected time.
We use “yet” to show that something didn’t happen up to the expected time.
Positions of “yet”
At the end
Ex: We haven’t finished level four yet.
Ex: in negative question
Ex: Has she found a job yet?

Position of already
Between have/has and verb 3
Ex: They have already submitted their fee.
Positive or question
Ex: Have you finished this book already?

Extra information
“Yet” has two functions.
1: as an adverb
Ex: She hasn’t arrived yet.

2: as a conjunction meaning “but”

Ex: She is sick, yet she comes to class.
Means: She is sick, but she comes to class.

Note: Sometimes, we can use yet in positive statement.

Ex: You can yet apply for this job.
Ex: The plane is yet to arrive.
Means: The plane hasn’t arrived yet.
Ex: We have yet to finish level four.
Means: We haven’t finished level four yet.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 7 Presentation 2

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Talking about future obligation

Using will have to + verb 1

We use this structure to show future obligation.

Ex: You will have to come tomorrow.

Ex: She will have to work with us next week.

Note: Sometimes, we can also use “might” instead of “will”.

Ex: She might have to appear in court.
Ex: You might have to leave Peshawar.

Extra Information

In positive form, have to and has to show obligation or necessity.

Ex: I have to study at KELC.
Ex: She has to come back.

In negative form, “have to” and “has to” show lack of necessity
Ex: We don’t have to study at KELC.
Ex: She doesn’t have to come back.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Four Unit 8 Presentation 1

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Talking about duration of time

Using until

Until: is a subordinate conjunction of time in grammar. It means “till”.

It is used to show an action or state that continuous up to a specific time and then at no longer continuous.
It can be used at the beginning or middle of a sentence.

Structures

1: Until + clause + ,+ main clause

Ex: until Ali comes, I will complete my work.

2: main clause + until + clause

Ex: I will be at KELC until I learn English.

Note: till is common in speaking and until is common in writing.

Extra information

The word “until” has two functions.

1: as subordinate conjunction
Ex: I will struggle until I succeed.

2: as a preposition of time
Ex: I will struggle until the last moment.
Ex: I study until midnight.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 8 presentation 2

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Talking about cause and result

Using so . . . . that and such . . . . that

We use so . . . . that and such . . . . that to show cause and effect relationship.
That: is a conjunction which combines the cause clause with the result clause.
In speaking “that” is informally deleted.

So: is an adverb of degree.

It makes the meaning of an adjective and adverb stronger.

Such: is a pre determiner.

It modifies a modified noun.

Structures
1: So + adjective + that
Ex: It is so cold outside that we can’t play.
2: so + adverb + that
Ex: she sings so beautifully that all the audience stood and clipped for her.
1: such + a/an + adjective + singular noun + that
Ex: it is such a nice day that we should go to the park.
Ex: it is such a beautiful car that we should but it.
2: such + adjective + plural noun/noncount noun + that
Ex: you are such lazy boys that I can’t teach any more.
Ex: it is such hot coffee that I can’t drink it at once.

Extra information

Sometimes, “so” can be used with “many/few” and “much/little”

1: so + many/few + plural noun + that
Ex: he invited so many people that there was no place to accommodate them.
Ex: there are so few parks that the parks will always be crowded.
2: so + much/little + noncount noun + that
Ex: she gained so much experience that she can get a job in any organization.
Ex: we have so little time that we can’t meet all the friends.
Note: sometimes, in literature, we can use “so . . . . that” instead of “such . . . . that”.
Ex: Ali is such a kind boy that everyone loves him.
Ex: Ali is so kind a boy that everyone loves him.

Ex: Ali is so a kind boy that everyone loves him. (Wrong)

Ex: Ali is so kind boy that everyone loves him. (Wrong)
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 8 presentation 3

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Emphasizing continuing actions

Using present perfect progressive tense

We use this tense to emphasize the duration of an action which started in the past, continuous to the present
and may or may not go to the future.

Note: we use since and for and durative verbs in this tense.

Structure
Positive : sub + have/has + been + verb ing + comp
Negative : sub + have/has + not + been + verb ing + comp
Interrogative : have/has + sub + been + verb ing + comp

Ex: I have been teaching for two hours.

Ex: she has been teaching at KELC since 2001.
Ex: my father has been working in this bank for 3 months.
Ex: you have been looking for this job since first September 2016.

Note: sometimes, present perfect and present perfect continuous tense have the same meaning.
Present perfect + durative verb + since/for = present perfect continuous tense.
Ex: I have taught for two hours.
Ex: I have been teaching for two hours.
Ex: she has lived in KPK since 1990.
Ex: she has been living in KPK since 1990.

Differences between present perfect and present perfect continuous tense

Present perfect tense Present perfect continuous tense
1: it shows long background 1: It shows short background.
2: it shows interruptions. 2: it shows no interruptions.
3: it shows achieved results. 3: it shows unachieved results.
4: it shows repetition. 4: it doesn’t show repetition.
Ex: Ali has worked at KELC since 2000. Ex: Ali has been working at KELC for three weeks.
Ex: we have lived in KPK for 30 years. Ex: we have been living in KPK for two months.

Extra information

We use present perfect continuous tense “without” since and “for” to show an action which has just finished.
We only give explanation for the just finished action.
Ex: Ali’s eyes are red. He has been crying.
Ex: her hair is wet. She has been taking a shower.
Ex: the child is dirty. He has been playing in mud.
Ex: Alia is breathless. She has been running.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi
Level four unit 9 presentation 1
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Talking about possession

Using possessive pronoun

It is a pronoun that is used to show ownership or possession.

It is never followed by a noun.

Subject pronoun possessive pronoun

I mine
We ours
You yours
They theirs
He his
She hers
It its or nil according to some grammarian

Note: never use a noun after them.

Ex: Ashina is only mine.

Ex: this property is ours.
Ex: is that car yours?
Ex: this pizza is theirs.
Ex: I love my bike. But I don’t like his.
Ex: Najila has beautiful hair. But I like hers.
Ex: the design of that car is not good but I love the design of its.

Cases of possessive pronoun

1: subjective case
Ex: Ali’s car is old. Mine is newer.

2: objective pronoun
Ex: Ali wrote a boring story. I should read yours.

3: complement of be
Ex: whose book is this?
It is hers.

4: object of preposition
Ex: Ali drew a beautiful painting.
Why don’t you look at theirs?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 9 presentation 2

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Talking about what you see and hear

Using sense/sensory verbs

It is also called verb of perception.

It is used to talk about our senses of sight and hearing.

Sight hearing taste

See hear taste
Watch listen to
Notice
Observe

Structure
Sub + sense verb + obj + verb ing
We use this structure to talk about continuation of an action.
Ex: I saw some boys cheating in your class.
Ex: I have never heard Ali speaking against you.
Ex: sometimes, my mother tests the soup cooking on the stove.

Extra information

We use sense verbs in two structures with different meanings.

1: Sub + sense verb + obj + verb ing
We observe someone or something while it is in progress.
Ex: I saw you cheating during exam.
Means: I saw you in the middle that you were cheating.

2: sub + sense verb + obj + verb ing

We observe someone or something form beginning till the end.
Ex: I saw you cheat during exam.
Means: I saw you cheating form the beginning till the end of the exam.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 9 presentation 3

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Emphasizing
Using pretty + adjective or adverb

Pretty: is an adverb of degree in grammar.

It is used to make stronger the meaning of an adjective or adverb.

Moderate emphasis = pretty

Weak emphasis = a little
Strong emphasis = very

Pretty: means fairly, quite, rather

Ex: she is a pretty beautiful girl.
Ex: Pakistan played pretty well in t 20 against England.

Extra information

Pretty has two functions.

1: as an adverb meaning fairly
Ex: he is pretty smart.
Ex: he works pretty hard.

2: as an adjective meaning beautiful

Ex: she is pretty.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 9 presentation 4

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Forms of other

It has two forms.

1: specific form
2: unspecific form

Singular specific form Singular unspecific form

The other An + other another
Means the last one. Means one more

1: the other + one/singular noun (adjective) 1: another + one/singular noun (adjective)

2: the other + nil (pronoun) 2: another + nil (pronoun)
Ex: she has 5 brothers. Ex: you ate two apples.
Four of them are doctors. Don’t eat another apple.
The other brother is a piolet. Don’t eat another one.
The other one is a piolet. Don’t eat another.
The other is a piolet.

Plural specific Plural unspecific

The other and the others Other and others
Mean the last ones. Mean several more.

1: the other + ones/ plural nouns (adjective) 1: other + ones/ plural nouns (adjective)
2: the others + nil (pronoun) 2: others + nil (pronoun)
Ex: she has 5 brothers. Ex: I have many markers.
One is in UK. You have taken one of them.
The other brothers are in USA. Where are other markers?
The other ones are in USA. Where are other ones?
The others are in USA. Where are others?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 10 presentation 1

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Giving short answers

Using thing, guess, hope

They are verbs in grammar.

They are used to give short answers either positive or negative.
We use “think” to mean “believe”.
Ex: can West Indies win t 20 series?
I think so.
Ex: can Pakistan win all the t 20 series?
I don’t think so.

We use “guess” when we respond doubtfully.

Ex: can England win t20 series?
Ex: I guess so.
Ex: can Pakistan win t20 series?
I guess not.
( + ) positive (-) negative
Guess guess not
Thing think not/don’t think
Hope hope not

We use “hope” when use desire for something.

Ex: will it rain tonight?
I hope so.

Note: “so” is an adverb which is used to avoid using a clause.

Ex: will your son fail again?
I hope not so.
Real answer: I don’t hope that he will fail again.

Extra information

We use “so” with hope, guess, and thing to apply ellipsis.

Ellipsis: words which are deleted but still understood are known is ellipsis.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 11 presentation 1

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Talking about past habits

Using used to + verb 1

Used to: is an expression in grammar.

It only shows past habits which contrast with the present.
It can’t be used for present and future habits.
Positive: Ali used to be my friend.
Negative: she didn’t use to wear jeans.
Interrogative: did they use to work in your office?

Extra information

Used to: can also be used as semi auxiliary verb.

Ex: I used not to support them.
Ex: used she to be your gf?

Note: to talk about present habit, we use the phrase (in the habit of + verb ing).
Ex: he is in the habit of smoking.
Ex: we are in the habit of going to school late.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 11 presentation 2

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Present perfect question with ever

Ever: is an adverb of indefinite time.

It means at any time in the past.
It is used in questions to ask someone if he or she has done anything in his or her lifetime.

Structure
Have/has + sub + ever + verb 3 + comp

Ex: have you ever been to America?

Ex: has your father ever seen a ghost?
Ex: have they ever traveled in a boat?

Extra information

The word ever has the following meanings.

1: always
Ex: she is ever young and beautiful.
2: to emphasize an adjective
Ex: Afridi will play his last ever 20 months.
Ex: it is my first ever class at KELC.
3: at any time in the past
Ex: have you ever played golf?
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 11 presentation 3

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Using gerund as object of preposition

Gerund: can be used after preposition in three structures.

1: verb + preposition + verb ing
Think about
Talk about
Keep on
Complain about
Look forward to
Gat through
Put off
Start by

2: adjective + prep + verb ing

Proud of
Sick of
Tired of
Excited about
Good at
Thankful for
Happy about

3: noun + prep + verb ing

Head of
Incharge of
Excuse of

Extra information

We use “preposition + gerund” to show how someone does something.

Ex: you can find the meaning of difficult words by cheating the dictionary.
Ex: you can quench your thirst by drinking water.

The following phrases end with “to” but are followed by gerund.
Look forward to
Get used to
Be used to
Object to + verb ing
Be accustomed to
Ex: I look forward to going to Kabul.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 12 presentation 1

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Emphasizing place and time

Using right

Right: is a focusing adverb.

It means exactly. It is used before time and place expression for emphasis.

Structure
Right + place/time expression

Ex: our class finishes right at 6:10 pm.

Ex: KELC is located right behind Orakzai Plaza.

Extra information

It has the following meanings and functions.

1: as an adverb meaning exactly
Ex: she sat right behind Ali.

2: as an adjective meaning correct or morally right

Ex: you give right answer.

3: as a noun
Ex: we want our rights.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level four unit 12 presentation 2

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Talking about habits

Using get used to and be used to

They are phrases in grammar.

They are followed by noun, pronoun and gerund.
Structure
Verb + preposition
Get used + to
Adjective + preposition
Be used + to

We used “get used to” to show that a habit is in the process of being adapting.
Ex: I am going to Kabul. I will have to get used to the winter at Kabul.
Ex: she will get used to livening in a small house.

We use “be used to” to show that a habit is already adapted.

Ex: he is used to swimming in a river.
Ex: I can control ‘Ali’s anger. I am used to him.
Ex: most people are getting to automatic cars.
Ex: you will get used to driving automatic car.