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Factors that affects Prevention of Gender Based Violence against Women in Case
of Adama City

Article · February 2024

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 Factors that affects Prevention of Gender Based
Violence against Women in Case of Adama City
Fikadu Getachew Mideksa
Oromia Police College
[email protected]
Abstract. This study aimed to investigate factors that affecting prevention of gender-based
violence against women in Adama city. The study utilized a descriptive survey design,
supplemented by both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population consisted of 495
police officers in the Adama city police administration, with a sample size of 54 respondents.
Additionally, 16 participants were included for Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) conducted
through structured interviews. Both sampling techniques used were systematic random sampling
for probability sampling and non-purposive sampling for non-probability sampling. The
quantitative data obtained through questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, such
as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics, such as
Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regressions using SPSS version 26. Qualitative data
obtained through interviews were analyzed thematically. The results of the study shows that the
main types of gender-based violence occurring in the study area were sexual violence (38.9%),
psychological violence (14.8%), physical violence (16.7%), economic violence (24.1%), and
labor abuse (5.6%). The study also identified the areas where gender-based violence frequently
occurred, including night clubs (38.9%), hotels and bars (29.6%), home (27.8%), and workplaces
(3.7%).The study further identified various factors that affecting the prevention of gender-based
violence, including institutional factors, social factors, cultural factors, political factors, legal
factors, and individual factors. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant and
moderate correlations between the other five determinant factors (institutional, social, cultural,
political, and individual) and the prevention of gender-based violence, with p-values less than
0.05. However, the legal factor showed a weaker correlation. Regression analysis confirmed that
institutional, political, and individual factors have a positive impact on preventing gender-based
violence, while social and cultural factors have a negative impact (p=0.000). Legal factors, on
the other hand, were found to have an insignificant impact (p=0.567). Based on these findings, it
is recommended that stakeholders in the city collaborate to prevent gender-based violence against
women effectively.
Index Terms: Factors, Affect, Prevention, Gender based violence, Violence against women,
Gender, Violence, and Coercion.
18
I Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Gender-based violence is a widespread phenomenon that exists in all societies and
contexts around the world, regardless of religion, ethnicity, socio-economic status or
level of education. Although forms and prevalence of Gender based violence against
women vary across cultures, countries and regions, Gender based violence (GBV) is a
serious human rights violation and a potentially life-threatening protection issue that
disproportionately affects women and children as stated by world food program
(Andrews, Smith, & Morena, 2019). Gender-based violence is defined as ‘any harmful
act that is perpetrated against a person’s wills and that is based on socially ascribed (i.e.
gender differences between males and females’) (Mingude, & Dejene, 2021).The
common Gender based violence categories are physical, sexual, economic,
psychological or emotional violence, and traditional practices that cause harm such as
female genital mutilation, honor killings and widow inheritance (Akarika, 2019).

The survey of World Health organization (WHO) indicates that, about 1 in 3 (35%)
women Worldwide have experienced either physical or sexual intimate partner and
highest in Eastern Mediterranean and South east-Asian countries in the world (WHO,
2019). It also reported that there is lower prevalence in the Europe and Western Pacific
regions and in regions where are high in income. More than 30% of women worldwide
have experienced either or both physical and sexual violence. And 38.6% of all female
murders worldwide are estimated to be perpetuated by intimate partners (Abota, 2021).
Around 20% of women report being sexually abused as children and 7% of women
worldwide are thought to have been sexually assaulted by some or other than partner.
An estimated 11.4 million women and girls are trafficked worldwide. About 70 million
girls worldwide have been married before the age of 18 years, mostly against their
consent (Gitterman, 2014).

Similarly, compared to the rest of the world, African women are more affected by
Gender based violence. The highest prevalence of intimate partner violence/Gender
based violence and non-partner sexual violence was found to be estimated (37%) of
women (WHO, 2018). Recent research revealed that gender-based violence against
women is serious problem and rates in sub-Saharan Africa rank high even relative to
other developing regions of the world. For instance, 46% of Ugandan women, 60% of
Tanzanian women, 42% of Kenyan women and 40% of Zambian women report regular
physical abuse (Ademiluka, 2018). The two most common forms of gender based
violence sphere in some Sub-Saharan Africa countries is verbal and physical violence,
which are attributed to poverty, as well as to contextual and cultural factors (Alesina,
2021).

In Ethiopia like most of African countries violence within the family has been
recognized as major social problem recently. According to the World Health
Organization’s (WHO) multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence
against women discloses that nearly 49% of every partnered woman experienced

19
physical violence by partner at some point in their lives (WHO, 2016:91). Additionally,
about one-half to two-thirds of women experience one or other forms of spousal abuse
at least once in their lifetime in Ethiopia (Bayissa, 2020). According to a recent survey
by Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA, 2021;P:59) more than one-third (1/3/)
of ever-married Ethiopian women (35%) experienced physical, emotional, or sexual
violence from their husband or partner at some point in their life. Therefore: this study
was examining the factors affect prevention of gender-based violence against women
in Adama city from the perspectives.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Violence against women is a major public health problem globally, particularly in
developing countries including Ethiopia (Kassa, & Abajobir, 2020).Gender Based
Violence a widely researched to eliminate violence against women by various
international bodies at global, continental, and national level by different international,
intergovernmental organization and NGOs such as WHO, WFP, UNDP, UNICEF.

For instance, according to a World Health Organization’s (WHO, 2018; p: 47) multi
country study, the prevalence of women survivors of physical or sexual abuse from
their intimate partner ranged from 15% (Japan) and 71% (Ethiopia).In addition, the
prevalence of gender-based violence in Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania and
Zimbabwe, has always been a form of punishment, and husbands have the right to
correct a wrong wife. Approval of the right roles and responsibilities of women and
men often changes from gender norms (UNICEF, 2017).According to Biftu et al (2019)
systematic review and meta-analysis study, more than one third (1/3) of Ethiopian
women gender-based violence and it culturally consider as normal/not serious. In
response to these problems, the government of Ethiopia has incorporated the issue of
women’s right and gender equality in the constitution (FDRE, 1995: Article 35). Also
the Oromia police regulation No.191/2009, Article 5(2) states the role and
responsibilities of the police in the process of discharging its duties based on the FDRE
constitution. One of the initial responses to violence could be provided by police,
particularly with regards to prevention and early response. In this context, the police
forces seem to be described as not only ill equipped for the task but also corrupt,
abusive, and discriminatory in response to ineffective and repressive police practices to
prevent gender-based violence (Gadisa, et al, 2022).

Additionally, there are some local researches that have been conducted on the issue of
gender-based violence against women in Ethiopian context. For example, a study by
(Yemaneh, 2004: p.81) pointed out that 50-60% of women in the country experienced
domestic violence in their life; and sexual violence is the prevalent form of violence
(Solomon, 2021) also assessed the gender-based violence (GBV) against women in
Addis Ababa: the case of Bole sub–city. He concluded that Violence against women
occurs ranging from simple to serious acts which brought different forms of
psychological, economic, social, mental, health and self–esteem effects to victim
women. As to the researcher knowledge there are two studies that conducted in Adama
city on the title Work-related violence and inconsistent condom use with nonpaying

20
partners among female sex workers by (Kidanu, 2018).The study revealed that sexual
violence among female in Adama city was a common experience.

The second one is “violence gender-based violence and gaps in access to justice at
Adama City” by (Bethlehem, 2017) and the study revealed that the criminal code is just
implying something is being done rather than reflecting the interests of the health and
safety of individual women by regulating the wide swath of violations in addition to
physical violence. Apart from these, all the above-mentioned studies didn’t examine
factors that affect prevention of GBV against women particularly in Adama city.

Additionally, the increasing reports of gender-based violence (GBV) in Adama City,

particularly in the sub-cities of Danbela, Lugo, and Abbaa Gadaa, indicate a concerning
trend over the past three years. The statistical data from the Adama City Police
Administration highlights the rise in GBV cases, suggesting that more individuals are
coming forward to report such incidents. This data underscores the severity of the
problem, with many women enduring physical abuse and remaining in abusive
relationships.

Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive studies conducted in the study area on

the factors that affect prevention of GBV against women. While laws prohibiting GBV
exist in Ethiopia, their enforcement is hindered by societal norms and a lack of
enforcement through local legal structures. Therefore, this study aims to identify the
factors that affect the prevention of gender-based violence against women in Adama
City.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

General Objective
The general objective of the study was to assess factors that affect prevention of gender-
based violence against women in Adama city.

Specific objectives
To achieve the desired goal, the following specific objective was derived from the
general objective to identify GBV against women in Adama city.
 To identify the types of gender-based violence against women in Adama city
 To identify the places where gender-based violence against women frequently
happen in Adama city
 To evaluate factors that affect prevention of Gender based violence against women
in Adama city.

1.4 Research Questions

After the study completed, this research was answering the following questions.
 What are the types of gender-based violence women in Adama city?
 In where places gender-based violence frequently happen in Adama city?
 What factors affect prevention of gender-based violence in Adama city?

21
1.5 Significance of the Study
One of the key contributions of this study is in demonstrating how domestic knowledge
and values can be utilized to prevent gender-based violence against women. It also
highlights the role of local institutions, which have been established long before, in
collaboration with existing structures to promote women's wellbeing.

Moreover, the findings of this study will enhance stakeholders' understanding and aid
in the formulation of policy measures to support the prevention of gender-based
violence against women. Specifically, it will provide valuable insights to the police,
particularly the crime investigation group, on mechanisms to avoid or reduce incidents
of gender-based violence.

Furthermore, this study serves as a significant input for stakeholders such as women's
affairs departments and policy makers in outlining effective prevention strategies to
minimize gender-based violence. It also fulfills one of the requirements for the
researcher to be awarded a BA degree in Crime Prevention from Oromia Police
College.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study encompasses various aspects, including conceptual, spatial, and
temporal delimitations. Conceptually, the study focuses specifically on genderbased
violence (GBV) against women, with an emphasis on prevention strategies. It aims to
explore the factors that contribute to the prevention of GBV, providing a
comprehensive understanding of the issue. Spatially, the study is limited to a specific
geographic area, such as a particular city or region, where GBV against women is
prevalent. In this case, the study focuses on Adama city, examining the unique
challenges and vulnerabilities faced by women in that specific location. Temporally,
the study is conducted within a specific time frame, considering current trends and
developments related to GBV prevention. It aims to provide up to date three years
(2021-2023) and relevant information on the factors influencing the prevention of GBV
against women.

1.7 Definitions of Key Terms

Affect: indicates the state/conditions that hinder certain event not to happen
Factors: refers causes that enable/encourage typical phenomena to occur
Gender based violence is the practice of harassing women based on their sex Violence
against women is refers to the influence a woman’s faced in the community by different
body in different ways

Prevention: this refers to the way or means in which something is protected from any
danger or influences

Gender: refers the socially and culturally constructed expectations of what it means to
be a woman and man, while sex refers to the biological characteristics (genitals,
chromosomes and hormones that distinguish males from females

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Violence: is a means of control and oppression that can include emotional, social or
economic force, coercion or pressure, as well as physical harm.

Coercion: is forcing, or attempting to force, another person to engage in behaviors

against her will by using threats, verbal insistence, manipulation, deception, cultural
expectations or economic power.

This study aimed to assess the factors affect the prevention of gender-based violence
against women in Adama City. The specific objectives were to identify the types and
locations of gender-based violence, determine contributing factors to prevention, and
explore mechanisms for further prevention and improvement in Adama City.

The paper comprises of seven sections-Section 1 includes Introduction and objectives

, Section 2 - Review of Literature, Section 3 - Survey Design and Research
Methodology, Section 4 Data Analysis, Section 5 - Results and Findings, Section 6 -
Conclusion , recommendation and suggestion for further researcher and Section 7
includes References.

II. Conceptual Framework of Gender Based Violence

The conceptual framework also gives you an opportunity to specify and define concepts
within the problem (Kivunja, 2018). This paper has conceptualized the research model
with the help of the literature review as shown in figure 1 below social, culture,
political, institutional, individual and legal related factors are the independent variable,
while gender-based violence are the dependent variables, according to the association
of the variables. As a result, the following conceptual framework is developed based
on the abovementioned theoretical viewpoint.

Figure.1: The conceptual framework of factors affecting Prevention of GBV

against women.
23
III. Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design and Approach
Research Design
Research Design is a blueprint for fulfilling research objectives and answering
research questions. In other words, it is a master plan specifying the method and
procedure for collecting and analyzing the needed information. This study employed
descriptive designs/methods to describe the findings. Because the descriptive method
of research is vital to gather information about the present existing condition Williams,
(2007). In addition, since this study was focus on describing and evaluation of the factor
that affect prevention of gender-based violence against women, it was use descriptive
method which is the most appropriate.

Research Approach
On the basis and types of data gathered and the instrument used, the study was
utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data analysis research method of cross
sectional data collection method (with aim of triangulation) to produce a richer and
more complete report. This was because this method or procedure helps to collect,
analyze and mix both quantitative and qualitative data (Creswell, 2012). Creswell
further states that a researcher collects both quantitative and qualitative data, analyzes
them, and compares the results to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other.
The qualitative research method was used to explore attitudes, behaviors and
experiences of respondents through interviews. While quantitative research method
was used to generate statistics through using questionnaires for data collection and
future generalization.

3.2 Population of the Study

Population is a group of individuals who have one or more characteristics in common
(Kothari, 2005). Therefore; the target population for this study was 495 police members
currently working in the Adama city police administration. This population was utilized
for collecting quantitative data through questionnaires after determining the appropriate
sample size for inference. Additionally, qualitative data was gathered through focus
group discussions and interviews with participants from various organizations,
including the city Women's Affairs, the Criminal Justice Office (Prosecutor and Court)
and AWSAD (Women's Shelters). These groups were selected judgmentally based on
their relevance to the study's focus on factors affecting prevention of gender-based
violence in study area.

3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

Sample Size
Sample size determination is a crucial aspect of any study, and it is influenced by
factors such as the nature of the population and the study's objectives (Dawson, 2011).
While specific rules do not exist, the sample size is typically determined based on the
population being sampled. In this research, the study population comprises all
participants within the Adama City Police Administration. According to the statistical

24
data provided by the Adama City Police, there are a total of 495 police members across
the selected six sub-cities.

To determine the sample size, the formula developed by Godden (2004) at Park
University was utilized, as shown in equations (1) and (2) below.

𝑧 ∗ 𝑝 ∗ (1 − 𝑝)
𝑆𝑆 = … … … … … … … . . 𝑒𝑞 (1)
𝐶

Where,
SS: Sample size
Z: level of precision (which is 95%, Z ~ 1.96)
P: percentage of population picking a choice = 50%= 0.5
C: confidence interval in decimal (±0.04)

Hence
(𝑧 ) ∗ 𝑝 ∗ (1 − 𝑝) (1.96) ∗ 0.5 ∗ (1 − 0.5)
𝑆𝑆 = = 𝑆𝑆 = = 𝑆𝑆
𝑐 (0.04)
(3.8416) ∗ 0.5 ∗ 0.5 0.96
= 𝑆𝑆 = = 𝑆𝑆 = 60
(0.0016) (0.0016)

But sample size of finite population where the population is less than 50,000 is
determined by the equation below (2).
𝒔𝒔
𝑵𝒆𝒘𝑺𝑺 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝒆𝒒 (𝟐)
𝒔𝒔 − 𝟏
𝟏+
𝑵
Where
𝑆𝑆: First obtained sample size
New SS = Final (new) sample size
N: Population number
Therefore, the final sample size was determined as follows:
𝒔𝒔 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
𝑵𝒆𝒘𝑺𝑺 = 𝒔𝒔 𝟏 =𝑵𝒆𝒘𝑺𝑺 = 𝟔𝟎 𝟏 = 𝑵𝒆𝒘𝑺𝑺 = 𝟓𝟗
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑵 𝟒𝟗𝟓 𝟒𝟗𝟓

𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
𝑵, 𝒘𝑺𝑺 = (𝟏 = 𝑵𝒆𝒘𝑺𝑺 = 𝑵𝒆𝒘𝑺𝑺 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔~𝟓𝟒
𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟗) 𝟏.𝟏𝟏𝟗

Therefore, the sample size for this study was 54 participants from each of six
subcities police station. Hence, after sample size was drawn, this study utilize
systematic random sampling for each six sub-city based on their total population
25
(Danbela, Abbaa Geda, Lugo, Boku, Bole and Dabe sub-city) in Adama city police
administration and data was collected randomly from each police officer for data was
collected through questionnaires.

Sampling Techniques
This study was carried out both Sample techniques that is probably (Systematic
random sampling) to conduct questioners survey for quantitative data collection as well
as data analysis and non-probability (purposive sampling) for key informant interview
and focus Group discussion was employed due to the issue of the research (i.e. factor
affect prevention of gender-based violence).

This sampling technique is selected for a study because of some desirable. The number
of key informants usually ranges from 15 to 35 (USAID, 1996). Based on this a
researcher for the purpose of this study selected the numbers of KII interviewee’s was
(6) from Police (head, prevention, investigation and women & children affairs), (3)
from city Women affair, (4) from AWSAD (Women’s shelters), (3) from prosecutor
and judge (CJS), total of 16 discussants which are selected judgmentally by the
researcher as below table.

Furthermore, this study was used FGD which is a form of qualitative research where
questions are asked about participant perceptions attitudes, beliefs, opinion or ideas
about factors affecting prevention of GBV against women. The number of FGDs
participants usually ranges from 6 to 12. For this study, 9 participants (i.e. 3 from CJS,
3 from AWSAD (women’s shelters) and 3, from city women affairs) were selected.

3.4 Data Sources and Data Collection Instruments

Data Sources
The data for study was generated from both primary and secondary data so as to
address the overall objective of the study and research questions. The primary data
collection involved the use of questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions
with selected respondents, interviewees, and discussants, respectively. In addition to
primary data, secondary source of data such as books, journals, websites and other
related material (crime records (CR), police crime statistics reports covering a threeyear
period (2021 to 2023), police daily crime records, and the police annual plan and report
of the city) used to make the research complete.

Instrument of Data Collection

Questionnaires, key informant interviews and document reviews were used to collect
the data. Questionnaires have an advantage over some other types of surveys in that
they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the respondent and often would have
standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. The questionnaire contains
both open and close ended items. Data was collected by Afan Oromo language, and it
was translated to English language. The major tools that used to collect data are:

26
3.5 Methods of Data Analysis
Since this research incorporated mixed data, it involved the integration of both
quantitative and qualitative forms of data analysis.

Quantitative Data Analysis

A descriptive and inferential data analysis method was employed as the study’s main
technique. The data obtained through questionnaire was analyzed quantitatively used
descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, mean and std. deviation to
summarize and describe the main characteristics of the types, occurrences and
distribution related to GBV and for inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation
coefficients and multiple regressions to identify if there is a positive or negative
correlation between variables related to GBV prevention and significance impacts on
prevention GBV efforts with the aid of (SPSS) version 26 and the data after analyzed
was present in tables, graphs and figures to communicate with audiences easily.

Qualitative Data Analysis

The data collected from interviews was translated from Afan Oromo into English.
Subsequently, the themes were categorized in alignment with the research objectives.
Throughout this process, relevant conceptual and theoretical definitions, frameworks,
and perspectives were employed to thoroughly analyze the collected data and address
the issues under discussion. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative data was
triangulation, comparison and integrate to get a comprehensive analysis.

3.6 Data Reliability and Validity (Quality Assurance)

Reliability

3.6.1 Data Reliability

The researcher utilized Chronbach’s Alpha test to assess the internal consistency and
reliability of measurements in the questionnaire. Mugenda (2003) defines reliability as
the extent to which a research instrument consistently produces the same results or data
through repeated trials. The Chronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient typically ranges
from 0 to 1, with a coefficient closer to 1 indicating a higher level of internal
consistency among the items (variables) in the scale.

In the study, a pilot test was conducted on 12 respondents in Adama city to assess
the reliability of a Likert-type questionnaire with 36 items. The results revealed a high
level of internal consistency and reliability, as indicated by an overall Chronbach’s
Alpha coefficient of 0.823, surpassing the recommended threshold of 0.7.

Therefore, the level of alpha was reliable enough to proceed with the data analysis
and all items present a robust structure with no evident need for deletions and
modification.

27
 Table 1: Shows reliability statistics
Variables Chronbach’s Alpha Number of Items Status
(questions)
Institutional factors .823 7 Reliable
Social factors .845 4 Reliable
Cultural factors .856 5 Reliable
Political factors .884 7 Reliable
Legal related factors .711 7 Reliable
Individual factors .823 6 Reliable
Chronbach’s Alpha .823 36 Reliable

3.6.2 Validity (Quality Assurance)

Validity is the ultimate measure of how good our questions are as measures (De
Leuw, 2008). To a valid instrument the survey questions must measure the identified
dimension or construct of interest (C Zaja & Blair, 2005). Factor analysis is a statistical
technique that is used to assess the construct validity. Thus, the researcher has checked
the validity of the instrument using the KMO and Bartlett’s test.

Table 1: Shows validity test

KMO and Bartlett's test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .817
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 639.595
Df 15
Sig. 0.000

According to the table provided, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values are above
0.7, indicating that the data is suitable for factor analysis. Moreover, the Bartlett test
yielded a significance value of less than 0.05, suggesting that the correlation matrix
significantly differs from an identity matrix or indicates that there are meaningful
relationships or associations between the variables being studied.

IV. Finding and Result of Research

A total of 54 self-administered semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to the
police members of each six sub-city police department in Adama city. The purpose of
these questionnaires was to gather their opinions on factors affecting the prevention of
Gender-Based Violence (GBV).

28
All 54 questionnaires were successfully returned to the data collector, resulting in a
response rate of 100%. Regarding an interview woman from different sectors were
participated. The participants of an interviewee clearly share their ideas and the
practical knowledge for the prepared interview questions.

4.1 Types of Gender-Based Violence Against Women in the Adama City

Gender based violence against women is major obstacle on progress on achieving
development targets. Without addressing it, nobody has little chance of meeting
millennium development goals (WHO, Geneva, 2010). As indicated in chapter one of
this studies, one of the specific objectives was to identify the major types of gender
based violence against women in Adama city. Yet, this objective basically examined
that it is the widespread social problem by assessing the common types/ forms of
gender-based violence. This section presents the types of gender-based violence by
frequency and percentage.

Table 2: Shows the main types of gender-based violence against women

Types of violence Frequency Percent
Valid Physical violence 9 16.7
Sexual violence 21 38.9
Psychological violence 8 14.8
Economic violence 13 24.1
Labor abuse 3 5.6
Total 54 100.0

Regarding to table 2, participants were demanded list on types of GBV against women
frequently occurred in the study area. Accordingly, the majority 21 (38.9%) of
respondents were rated the most type of gender-based violence was sexual harassment
forms of violence cases were reported by women in a police station. Sexual harassment
is unwanted sex related behavior towards somebody, for example, touching somebody
or making suggestive remarks, especially by somebody with authority toward a
subordinate (Encarta dictionaries). According to my key informants (KIIs), sexual
harassment is common especially on young girls while they move from home to some
where they need to go. Interview from woman police affairs states:

“As a wife, women felt obliged to please their husband’s sexual desires. But women
may not want to have sex with him. They had to accept their demands, otherwise he
would force them. Then, he began kicking her out of the bed and insulting her. He used
to say: ‘I don’t need you, I have another woman’. Women can’t do anything, no choice.
By forcing or threatening women to have sex, husbands not only cause their wives to
feel emotionally, physically and sexually inadequate, but also create confusions about
their identity as women”.

29
This can be seen in Article 589 of the Federal Democratic Republic (FDRE)
Constitution, which provides for a maximum penalty of up to ten years in prison for
raping. However, marital rape (i.e., rape by husband) is not included in the article. In
addition, from the total sample respondents 13 (24.1%) of respondents were rated
economic violence, which is the lack of property right and decision making by women.
Women are culturally dependent on their husband, relatives of male sex and someone
closer to them by economy and decision making on their own and family matters. In
some cultures, female is not entitled to inherit properties of their parents and the wife
of a deceased husband could not claim for inheritance of property. Whereas 9(16.7%)
of respondents were rated Physical violence, 8(14.8) of respondents were rated
psychological violence while 3(5.6%) of respondents were rated labor abused.

Overall, the analysis indicates the existence of significant gender-based violence,

including gaps in legal protection and cultural norms that perpetuate harmful practices
against women.

The survey, supported by secondary sources, indicated that sexual violence is the most
common form of gender-based violence occurring in cities. This finding supported with
the research conducted by Kidanu (2013) on work-related violence and incosistent
condom use with non-paying partners among female sex workers, which highlighted
the prevalence of sexual violence among women in Adama city.

Furthermore, the secondary survey also revealed an increase in recorded cases of

gender-based violence against women over the past three years (2021-2023).
Additionally, nearly half of the surveyed women, estimated at 56 out of 120 (46.7%),
recognized gender-based violence as a significant issue in the area.

4.2 The Places where Gender-Based Violence Frequently Happen in Adama City
According to (WFP, 2018), gender-based violence against women is commonly
observed in urban areas due to several contributing factors. These factors include high
population density, rapid development coupled with social inequality, urban
anonymity, a vibrant nightlife and entertainment industry, as well as a high prevalence
of poverty and unemployment. Consequently, this study aims to identify the specific
locations within Adama city where gender-based violence occurs frequently.

Table 3: Shows the places gender-based violence frequently happen in Adama

city
Name of the places Frequency Percent
Valid At night club 21 38.9
At international hotels and 16 29.6
restaurant
At Workplace 2 3.7
At home 15 27.8
Total 54 100.0
30
As indicated in table 7 the participants of the study were demanded to explain the place
where frequently gender based violence against women were indicated that majority 21
(38.9%) and 16 (29.6%) of the total respondents replied that night clubs, international
hotels and restaurant are the area where shares the highest portions of the problems in
the study area. Whereas 15 (27.8%) of the total respondents responded that at home and
2 (3.7%) of the total respondents responded that at workplace respectively were the
place gender-based violence happened in the study area.

The findings from the focus group discussions (FGD) support these results, highlighting
nightclubs, hotels, and bars as primary locations for gender-based violence against
women in the study area. The FGD also mentioned that violence occur in workplaces,
schools, and occasionally in religious settings. The study suggests that gender-based
violence is most common in nightclubs, hotels, bars, and restaurants, followed by
incidents that occur within the home.

4.3 Evaluation of the Factors Affecting Prevention of Gender-Based Violence

This questionnaire is all about identifying factors affecting prevention of gender
based violence against women in Adama city police department.

Determinant Factors Impinge on Prevention of Gender-based Violence

This part focuses on respondent’s opinions related to determinant factors. Based on
the responses of respondents the descriptive analysis was performed to compare using
mean and standard deviation.
According to Zaidation (2009), the mean score below 3.39 is considered low; the mean
score from3.40 up to 3.79 is considered moderate and mean score above 3.8 is
considered high.
Table 4: Shows descriptive statistics result for determinant factors affect
prevention of GBV
Variables Mean Std. N
Deviation
Individual factors can affect the prevention of 3.80 1.139 54
gender based violence against women
Institutional factors can affect the prevention 3.87 1.150 54
of gender based violence against women
Cultural factors can affect the prevention of 3.89 1.223 54
gender based violence against women
Social factors can affect the prevention of 4.13 1.010 54
gender based violence against women
Political factors can affect the prevention of 3.83 1.270 54
gender based violence against women
The legal related factors the affect the 3.55 1.00 54
prevention of gender based violence against
women
31
The descriptive statistics provide insights into the perceptions of respondents regarding
various factors that can contribute to the prevention of gender-based violence against
women, can interpret the following:

Individual Factors
The mean score for individual factors affecting the prevention of gender-based
violence against women is 3.80, with a standard deviation of 1.139. This suggests that
individual factors play a highly affecting the prevention of gender-based violence, with
some variability among respondents' perceptions.

This finding aligns with the research by Gelles, et al, (2014), which suggests that
women who stay in abusive relationships often have lower levels of education, fewer
job skills, and are more likely to be unemployed. The lack of financial resources can
make it difficult for women to leave such relationships and seek help, leaving them
more vulnerable to gender-based violence.

Institutional Factors
The mean score for institutional factors is 3.87, with a standard deviation of 1.150. This
indicates that respondents perceive institutional factors to have a high significant
impact on the prevention of gender-based violence against women. The responses also
show some level of variability in perceptions. This idea was crosschecked by interview
KIIs participants from the City Women and Child Affairs Office claim that:

“When the women went to police officer or prosecutor to report the abuses committed
up on them, these organs don’t take the issues as series and not as an obligation to
respond”. Rather, they simply send them to women and child affairs office. They
humbly consider that the women’s matter is the role of our office only. But women’s
issue is not matter of our office only. It needs cooperation of all stakeholders and law
enforcement authorities”.

This statement suggests that there is a lack of coordination and willingness among
stakeholders and law enforcement authorities to address the issues raised by women
reporting abuses. This indicates a weakness in the system and inhibits effective efforts
to address and prevent gender-based violence.

Further, key informants (KIIs) and FGDs from judge and prosecutor raised that, many
police officials have viewed household violence as a private matter and please best left
behind closed doors. This has resulted in attitudes and systems that minimize police
responses and discourage specialized responses to women who are victims. KIIs
Participants from police crime prevention police officer state that,

“Without serious physical injury or homicide, interfering in the family’s affairs is not
important”. Because interfering in the family has resulted in disturbance of family. If
we interfere and bring the husband before court, he will be sentenced to imprisonment.

32
So, who can provide a wife and child? It is very problematic. So, most of the time, we
decided on it to leave”.

These findings highlight several areas of concern within the institution regarding the
prevention and combat of gender-based violence. They suggest a need for improved
policy implementation, allocation of resources, skills development, and coordination
among agencies, gender representation, and a shift in attitudes towards gender-based
violence.

Cultural Factors
With a mean score of 3.89 and a standard deviation of 1.223, cultural factors are seen
as having a high significant influence on the prevention of gender-based violence
against women. The slightly higher standard deviation suggests greater variability in
respondents' perceptions of cultural factors.

Furthermore, the data collected from the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) conducted in
Adama City women affairs reveals a high prevalence of gender-based violence in
various forms. This prevalence is attributed to aspects of the historical or cultural
structure of Ethiopian society that inherently encourage violence against women. To
illustrate the cultural acceptance or normalization of violence against women in
Ethiopian society, the text mentions a specific Ethiopian proverb:

"Dubartii fi harreen ulee jalaati," which translates into English as "Women and donkeys
love being battered." The inclusion of this proverb helps emphasize the cultural context
and attitudes towards gender-based violence specifically in Adama City.

Social Factors
Social factors are perceived to have a relatively higher impact on the prevention of
gender-based violence against women, with a mean score of 4.13 and a lower standard
deviation of 1.010. This indicates that respondents generally agree on the significance
of social factors in preventing such violence.

This idea was crosschecked by interview guide for police officers under appendix II
question No. 5 majority of the respondents replied that unequal power dynamics
between men and women in society are not considered as the main factor for the
prevention of GBV against women in the study area.

This finding implies that respondents do not consider the unequal power dynamics
between men and women in society to have a significant impact on preventing GBV.
This finding is supported by Cordon, et al, (2018), as their mention even though, in
Ethiopia laws prohibiting GBV exist, but there are substantial gaps in their enforcement
due to social norms and lack of enforcement through local legal structures which is
factors affect prevention of gender-based violence, particularly in the eastern part of
Ethiopia.

33
Political Factors
The mean score for political factors is 3.83, with a standard deviation of 1.270. This
suggests that political factors are highly influential in the prevention of gender-based
violence against women, but there is greater variability in respondents' perceptions in
this regard.

Legal-Related Factors
Respondents perceive legal-related factors to have a relatively moderate impact on the
prevention of gender-based violence against women, with a mean score of 3.55 and a
standard deviation of 1.00. This indicates that there may be differing opinions regarding
the significance of legal-related factors among the respondents. The KIIs from judge
and prosecutor they state that:

“Gender based violence is simple issue and temporary matter”. It may arise between
any families. Hence unless, the case was serious bodily injury or death, punishing the
husband is amounts to punishing all family. So, most of the time, we refer to
reconciliation for the betterments of family unit”. Because criminal code article 589 of
the Federal Democratic Republic (FDRE), which provides for a maximum penalty of
up to ten years in prison for raping. However, marital rape (i.e., rape by husband) is not
included in the article.

Overall, the data suggests that social factors are seen as having the highest impact, while
legal-related factors are perceived to have the lowest impact on the prevention of
gender-based violence against women. Cultural, individual, institutional, and political
factors fall in between, with varying degrees of significance according to respondents'
perceptions.

4.4 Inferential Data Analysis Results and Findings

Correlations of Each Independent Variable with Dependent Variable
In examining the correlation coefficients between various independent factors
(institutional, social, cultural, political, legal, and individual) that can influence the
prevention of gender-based violence in Adama city, valuable insights were gained.

The correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1, with 1 representing a perfect positive

correlation (both variables increase together), -1 indicating a perfect negative
correlation (as one variable increases, the other decreases), and 0 indicating no
correlation.

According to the Pearson correlation result, the association of independent variables

with prevention of gender based violence is presented in the above table. Here is the
interpretation of the findings, including the correlation coefficients and p-values:

34
 Table 5: shows Pearson Correlation result
Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pearson 1 .147 .923** .459** .174 .265 .572**
Correlation
Institutional Sig.(2-tailed) .289 .000 .000 .207 .053 .000
factors N 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
Pearson .147 1 .256 .165 .828** .391** .453**
Social Correlation
factors Sig.(2-tailed) .289 .062 .232 .000 .003 .001
N 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
Pearson .923** .256 1 .349** .129 .353** .548**
Cultural Correlation
factors Sig.(2-tailed) .000 .062 .010 .352 .009 .000
N 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
Political Pearson .459** .165 .349** 1 .187 .278* .556**
factors Correlation
Sig.(2-tailed) .000 .232 .010 .176 .042 .000
N 54 54 054 54 54 54 54
Legal Pearson .174 .828** .129 .187 1 .343* .394**
related Correlation
factors Sig.(2-tailed) .207 .000 .352 .176 .011 .003
N 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
Individual Pearson .265 .391** .353** .278* .343* 1 .482**
factors Correlation
Sig.(2-tailed) .053 .003 .009 .042 .011 .000
N 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
Prevention Pearson .572** .453** .548** .556** .394** .482** 1
gender- Correlation
based
violence
Sig.(2-tailed) .000 .001 .000 .000 .003 .000
N 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed).
**.Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Institutional Factors
The correlation coefficient of 0.572, with a p-value of 0.000, indicates a moderate
positive relationship between institutional factors and the prevention of gender-based
violence. This suggests that strong institutional support, such as policies, programs, and
resources, significantly contributes to the prevention of gender-based violence.
35
Social Factors
The correlation coefficient of 0.453, with a p-value of 0.001, suggests a moderate
positive relationship between social factors and the prevention of gender-based
violence. This implies that societal factors, including attitudes, norms, and community
support, play a significant role in addressing and preventing gender-based violence.

Cultural Factors
The correlation coefficient of 0.548, with a p-value of 0.000, indicates a moderate
positive relationship between cultural factors and the prevention of gender-based
violence. This suggests that cultural beliefs, traditions, and values have a notable impact
on the prevention of gender-based violence.

Political Factors
The correlation coefficient of 0.556, with a p-value of 0.000, suggests a moderate
positive relationship between political factors and the prevention of gender-based
violence. This indicates that the engagement of political institutions, policies, and
leadership is significantly associated with preventing gender-based violence.

Legal Factors
The correlation coefficient of 0.394, with a p-value of 0.003, indicates a weak positive
relationship between legal factors and the prevention of gender-based violence.
Although the relationship is weak, it is still statistically significant, suggesting that legal
frameworks and enforcement contribute to the prevention of gender-based violence,
despite other factors playing a more significant role.

Individual Factors
The correlation coefficient of 0.482, with a p-value of 0.000, suggests a moderate
positive relationship between individual factors and the prevention of gender-based
violence. This indicates that individual attitudes, behaviors, and actions, such as
promoting gender equality, have a significant impact on preventing gender-based
violence.

In summary, the results of the correlation analysis indicate that various factors are
moderately associated with the prevention of gender-based violence. Factors such as
institutional support, societal attitudes and community support, cultural beliefs and
values, political engagement, legal frameworks, and individual attitudes and actions all
show moderate positive relationships with the prevention of gender-based violence.
While the strength of the relationships may vary, all factors have a statistically
significant association with the prevention of gender-based violence.

Multiple Linear Regression Model

The multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between
gender-based violence (GBV) as the dependent variable and several independent
factors, including institutional, social, cultural, political, legal, and individual factors.

36
The equation used to represent the model is as follows:

Y = β0 + β1INS + β2SO + β3CU + β4PO + β5LE + β6IND + ε

In this equation, Y represents the dependent variable (gender-based violence), β0 is the

constant term, and β1, β2, β3, β4, β5, and β6 are the estimated regression coefficients
corresponding to the institutional, social, cultural, political, legal, and individual
factors, respectively. The term ε represents the error term.

This model was employed to analyze the impact and relationship between genderbased
violence and the various determinant factors. By estimating the regression coefficients,
the study aimed to understand the extent to which the independent variables influence
the occurrence or prevalence of gender-based violence.

Model Summary Test

Model summary table 4.15 describes the overall model and whether the model is
successful in predicting the dependent variable. It gives a value of R square, which
measures how much of the variability in the outcome is accounted for by the predictors.
Under this section, the researcher explains the coefficient of determination, model
generalization, model change statistics, and correlation assumptions of each predictor
variable and dependent variable.

Table 6: Shows model summary.

Model Summaryb

Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error Durbin-

Square of the Watson
Estimate

1 .827a .684 .644 .34709 1.878

a. Predictors: (Constant), Individual factors, social factors, Legal related

factors, Political factors, Cultural factors, Institutional factors

b. Dependent Variable: prevention of gender based violence

Table 4.15 presents the findings of a regression analysis conducted to predict the impact
of various factors on the prevention of gender-based violence against women. The
analysis reveals the following insights:

The model's R value of 0.827 indicates a linear relationship between the predictors
(individual factors, social factors, legal related factors, political factors, cultural factors,
37
institutional factors) and the dependent variable (prevention of gender-based violence
against women). The R value is 0.827, indicating a strong positive correlation.

The R-squared value of 0.684 indicates that approximately 68.4% of the variability in
the dependent variable can be explained by the predictors included in the study. The
remaining 32% of the variation is attributed to factors not considered in the analysis.

In this model, the adjusted R Square is 0.644, indicating that about 64.4% of the
variance in gender based violence is explained by the predictors.

The standard error of the estimate, which is .34709, represents the average difference
between the predicted values and the actual values of gender-based violence. A lower
value indicates a better fit of the model.

The predictors included in the model are individual factors, social factors, legal related
factors, political factors, cultural factors, and institutional factors.

Test of Model Adequacy (ANOVA)

ANOVA is a statistical method used to analyze different sources of variation. The SPSS
26 output in table 4.16 shows the results of ANOVA analysis on various factors
including institutional, social, cultural, political, legal, and individual factors which are
hypothesized to impact the prevention of gender-based violence against women.

Table 7: Shows ANOVA test result

ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares Df Mean F Sig.

Square
1 Regression 12.264 6 2.044 16.966 .000b

Residual 5.662 47 .120

Total 17.926 53

a. Dependent Variable: prevention of gender based violence

b. Predictors: (Constant), Institutional factors, social factors, Cultural factors,

Political factors, legal related factors, Individual factors)

38
The ANOVA table is divided into three sections: Regression, residual, and total.
In the Regression section, the Sum of Squares is 12.264, indicating the total variation
explained by the regression model. The degrees of freedom for regression are 6,
representing the number of predictors used in the model. The mean square is calculated
by dividing the sum of squares by the degrees of freedom and is equal to 2.044.

The F-value of 16.966, suggests a significant relationship between the predictors

(institutional factors, social factors, cultural factors, political factors, legal related
factors, individual factors) and the dependent variable (gender-based violence) in the
prevention of gender-based violence against women.

The "Sig." column represents the p-value associated with the F-statistic. In this case,
the p-value is .000, which is less than the commonly used significance level of .05. This
suggests that the regression model is statistically significant, indicating that the
predictors collectively have a significant relationship with gender-based violence.

The residual sum of squares is 5.662, with 47 degrees of freedom, resulting in a mean
square of .120. The residual mean square represents the unexplained variance in the
dependent variable that is not accounted for by the predictors. The total degree of
freedom in the analysis is 53.

Tests of Regression Coefficients: - (Evaluating Significance of Individual

Regression Coefficients)
Once we have established that the model is adequate, the next step is to examine the
significance of each coefficient in the model. Regression coefficients serve as estimates
of the unknown population parameters and provide insights into the relationship
between a predictor variable and the dependent variable. In linear regression,
coefficients represent the values that multiply the predictor values.

The β-value, or beta coefficient, provides insight into the relationship between each
predictor variable and the outcome (gender-based violence). A positive β -value
indicates a positive relationship between the predictor and the outcome, while a
negative β -value suggests a negative relationship. In this regression analysis suggests
that institutional factors, political factors, and individual factors have positive effects
on the prevention of gender-based violence, while social factors, cultural factors, and
legal related factors have negative or weak effects.

The regression equation, which includes all predictor variables, is given as:

GBV = 2.606+ 0.150 (INS) + -0.149 (SO) + -0.142 (CU) + 0.292 (PO) - 0.034 (LE) +
0.186 (IND)
Here, GBV represents gender-based violence, INS represents institutional factors, SO
represents social factors, CU represents cultural factors, PO represents political factors,
LE represents legal-related factors, and IND represents individual factors.

39
 1
Individual factors Legal Political Cultural Social Institution (Constant)

violence
Model
factors related factors factors factor al factors

Hypothesis Test
s
.186 -.034 .292 -.142 -.149 .150 2.606
B
Coefficients

.
.053 .059 .064 .046 .036 .038 .358
Err
Std
Unstandardized

H0: βj = 0 (no linear relationship)

.309 -.049 .444 -.261 -.374 .369
Coefficientsa

40
Beta
Coefficients
Standardized
T

a. Dependent Variable: Prevention of Gender based

3.542 -.577 4.545 -3.098 -4.131 3.921 7.287
Table 8: Shows test of coefficients

.001 .567 .000 .003 .000 .000 .000

Sig.

.883 .931 .704 .948 .818 .758

Toler.
Statistics

1.133 1.074 1.420 1.055 1.223 1.319

Collinearity

VIF
H1: βj ≠ 0 (a linear relationship exists between x and y)
Based on the above coefficients and their statistical significance, we can analyze the
hypotheses as follows:

Institutional Factors
The coefficient is positive (15.0%) and statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicating
that there is a significant linear relationship between institutional factors and the
prevention of gender-based violence. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis (H0) and
accept the alternative hypothesis (H1).

Social Factors
The coefficient is negative (-14.9%) and statistically significant (p < 0.05),
suggesting that there is a significant negative linear relationship between social factors
and the prevention of gender-based violence. Hence, we reject H0 and accept H1.

Cultural Factors
The coefficient is negative (-14.2%) and statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicating
a significant negative linear relationship between cultural factors and the prevention of
gender-based violence. Therefore, we reject H0 and accept H1.

Political Factors
The coefficient is positive (29.2%) and statistically significant (p < 0.05), suggesting
a significant positive linear relationship between political factors and the prevention of
gender-based violence. Hence, we reject H0 and accept H1.

Legal-Related Factors
The coefficient is negative (-3.4%), but it is not statistically significant (p = 0.567).
Therefore, we fail to reject H0, indicating that there is insufficient evidence to conclude
a linear relationship between legal-related factors and the prevention of gender-based
violence.

Further research is needed to explore the reasons behind this finding and consider
additional factors for a more comprehensive understanding of the role of legal factors
in preventing gender-based violence.

Individual Factors
The coefficient is positive (18.6%) and statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicating
a significant positive linear relationship between individual factors and the prevention
of gender-based violence. Therefore, we reject H0 and accept H1.

Auto-Correlation Test
To detect autocorrelation, statistical tests can be conducted. One commonly used test
is the Durbin-Watson: The Durbin-Watson statistic is used to detect the presence of
autocorrelation in the residuals of the model. It ranges from 0 to 4, where a value
between 1.5 and 2.5 suggests no relationship between the residual variable and the

41
independent variable. In this model, the Durbin-Watson statistic is 1.878, suggesting a
low possibility of autocorrelation which can’t affect the reliability of the regression
results.

Table 9: Shows Durbin-Watson Stat result

Type of Post-Regression Result
Assumption Test

Durbin-Watson stat 1.878

Linearity Test
Linearity is used to check whether all the estimates of regression including regression
coefficients, standard errors and tests of statistical significance are biased or not (Keith,
2006). There is no linearity problem on the data for this study residual follow at straight
line.

Figure 2: Shows linearity test

42
Normality Test
To test whether Normality regression assumptions are violated or not residual
diagnosis, normality test were conducted by (SPSS V 21,) analysis software. Normality
assumption is around the mean of the residuals is zero and used to determine whether
a data set is well modeled by a normal distribution or not and to indicate un underlying
random variable is to be normally distributed (Gujarati,2009). Researchers used
histogram methods of testing the normality of the data. If the residuals are normally
distributed about its mean of zero, the shape of histogram should be a bell-shaped and
regression standardized residual plotted between-3.3 and 3.3. From the figure below
data normality can be indicated.

Figure 3: Shows normal distribution histogram results

V. Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion
Based on the data analysis and findings, the investigator draws the following
conclusions; the major types of gender-based violence (GBV) against women in Adama
City were identified as sexual harassment, psychological violence, physical violence,
economic violence, and labor abuse. These findings were approved by the study

43
participants. In terms of the areas where GBV occurred, night clubs, hotels or bars, and
homes and workplaces were identified as the locations with the highest occurrences of
GBV-related crimes. Additionally, participants agreed that there is a significant
occurrence of GBV in and around religious areas.

The Pearson correlation analysis found significant and moderate correlations between
all six determinant factors (institutional, social, cultural, political, legal, and individual)
and the prevention of gender-based violence. These correlations were statistically
significant (p < 0.05), indicating the meaningful role of these factors in addressing and
preventing gender-based violence. The findings from the regression analysis further
supported these results. Institutional factors were found to have a positive relationship
(15.0%, p < 0.05) with preventing gender-based violence. However, social and cultural
factors displayed negative relationships, with coefficients of -14.9% (p < 0.05) and -
14.2% (p = 0.003) respectively. In contrast, political and individual factors were
positively associated, with coefficients of 29.2% (p < 0.05) and 18.6% (p < 0.05)
respectively. However, legal-related factors did not demonstrate a significant
relationship (-3.4%, p = 0.567). Further research is needed to explore the reasons behind
this finding and consider additional factors for a more comprehensive understanding of
the role of legal factors in preventing genderbased violence.

5.2 Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions above, the researcher recommends the following
actions to prevent gender-based violence against women in Adama city:
 Amend the Current Criminal Code of Ethiopia to include all forms of violence
against women, such as economic abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse, and
physical abuse.
 Engage the legal community responsible for implementing laws on gender-based
violence against women to ensure proper enforcement. Provide regular gender
sensitivity training and capacity-building for public officials, including police
officers, public prosecutors, and judges, to raise awareness of the criminal nature
of domestic violence and gender-based violence against women.
 Strengthen the commitment of Adama city law enforcement authorities to
effectively investigate, prosecute, and punish perpetrators of gender-based
violence. Treat gender based violence as a public issue rather than a private or
family matter. Interfere at any stage of violence to protect women and impose
appropriate punishment.
 The government should work towards abolishing discriminatory customs,
traditions, and practices that contribute to domestic violence and hinder women's
rights. Address harmful practices through public education programs and enforce
prohibitions, particularly in urban areas like Adama city. Reject any justification
of violence against women based on custom, tradition, or religion.
5.3 Suggestion for Future Researchers
Since this research is only limited to Adama city and researchers can use it as a
benchmark for the study of another similar research.

44
The scope of this study was cross-sectional, whereas the researchers were advised to
follow longitudinal to ensure that the findings were more comprehensive and the
research result contribution was maximized. Further research should also be conducted
using other variables that influence prevention of gender-based violence, such as
environmental factors, technological factors, alcohol and age-related factors. This
factor did not considered in this study so to pin out the exact factors affecting prevention
of gender-based violence in Adama city, and other similar organizations.

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