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Tutorial - Predicates and The Logic of Quantified Statements

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16 views3 pages

Tutorial - Predicates and The Logic of Quantified Statements

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Tutorial

Predicates and the Logic of Quantified Statements

A. Truth Values and Truth Sets

1. A menagerie consists of 7 brown dogs, 2 black dogs, 6 gray cats, 10 black cats, 5 blue birds,
6 yellow birds, and 1 black bird. Determine which of the following statements are true and
which are false:
a. There is an animal in the menagerie that is red.
b. Every animal in the menagerie is a bird or a mammal.
c. Every animal in the menagerie is brown or gray or black.
d. There is an animal in the menagerie that is neither a cat nor a dog.
e. No animal in the menagerie is blue.
f. There are in the menagerie a dog, a cat and a bird that all have the same color.

2. Let 𝑹(𝒎, 𝒏) be the predicate “If 𝒎 is a factor of 𝒏𝟐 then 𝒎 is a factor of 𝒏,” with domain for
both 𝒎 and 𝒏 being 𝒁, the set of integers.
a. Explain why 𝑅(𝑚, 𝑛) is false if 𝑚 = 25 and 𝑛 = 10.
b. Give values different from those in part (a) for which 𝑅(𝑚, 𝑛) is false.
c. Explain why 𝑅(𝑚, 𝑛) is true if 𝑚 = 5 and 𝑛 = 10.
d. Give values different from those in part (c) for which 𝑅(𝑚, 𝑛) is true.

3. Let 𝑸(𝒙, 𝒚) be the predicate “If 𝒙 < 𝒚, then 𝒙𝟐 < 𝒚𝟐 ” with domain for both 𝒙 and 𝒚 being 𝑹,
the set of real numbers.
a. Explain why 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) is false if 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = 1.
b. Give values different from those in part (a) for which 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) is false.
c. Explain why 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) is true if 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 8.
d. Give values different from those in part (c) for which 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) is true.

4. Find the truth set of each predicate:


a. Predicate: 6/𝑑 is an integer, domain: 𝑍.
b. Predicate: 6/𝑑 is an integer, domain: 𝑍 + .
c. Predicate: 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ 4, domain: 𝑅.
d. Predicate: 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ 4, domain: 𝑍.

5. Let 𝑩(𝒙) be “−𝟏𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟎.” Find the truth set of 𝑩(𝒙) for each of the following domains:
a. 𝑍
b. The set of all even integers
c. 𝑍 +
6. Let 𝑨 be the set of all strings of length 3 consisting of a’s, b’s, and c’s. List all the strings in
set 𝑨 that satisfy the following conditions:
a. No string in set 𝐴 has more than one c.
b. Every string in set 𝐴 begins with alphabet b.

B. Equivalent Ways of Writing Universal and Existential Statements

7. Consider the following statement: ∀ basketball player 𝒙, 𝒙 is tall.


a. Every basketball player is tall.
b. Among all the basketball players, some are tall.
c. Anyone who is tall is a basketball player.
d. All people who are basketball players are tall.
e. Some of all the tall people are basketball players.
f. Anyone who is a basketball player is a tall person.

8. Consider the following statement: ∃𝒙 ∈ 𝑹 such that 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒.


a. The square of each real number is 4.
b. Some real numbers have square 4.
c. The number 𝑥 has square 4 for some real number 𝑥.
d. If 𝑥 is a real number, then 𝑥 2 = 4.
e. Some real number has square 4.
f. There is at least one real number whose square is 4.

C. Finding Counterexamples to Show that a Universal Statement is False

9. Find a counterexample for the following:


1
a. ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≥
𝑥
𝑎−1
b. ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑎
is not an integer.
c. ∀ positive integers 𝑚 and 𝑛, 𝑚 . 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚 + 𝑛
d. ∀ real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, √𝑥 + 𝑦 = √𝑥 + √𝑦

D. Negation of Universal and Existential Statements

10. Which of the following is a negation for “All Discrete Structures students are freshmen.”?
More than one answer may be correct:
a. There is a Discrete Structures student who is not a freshman.
b. All Discrete Structures students are not freshmen.
c. There is a freshman who is not a Discrete Structures student.
d. No Discrete Structures students are freshmen.
e. Some Discrete Structures students are not freshmen.
f. No freshmen are Discrete Structures students.

11. Write a formal negation for each of the following statements:


a. ∀ strings 𝑠, 𝑠 has at least one character.
b. ∀ computer 𝑐, 𝑐 has a CPU.
c. ∃ a documentary 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is over 7 hours long.
d. ∃ a baseball team 𝑦 such that 𝑦 has won at least 11 national awards.
e. ∀ real number 𝑥, if 𝑥 > 3 then 𝑥 2 > 9.
f. ∀ computer program 𝑦, if 𝑦 compiles without error messages, then 𝑦 is correct.

12. Write an informal negation for each of the following statements:


a. Some cats are not friendly.
b. All graphs are connected.
c. Some estimates are accurate.
d. Some propositions are ambiguous.
e. Every valid argument has a true conclusion.
f. All real numbers are positive, negative, or zero.

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