MOSFET AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION

STRUCTURE OF THE MOSFET

Two types of capacitances
 Gate capacitance
 Junction capacitance.
 Cgs,Cgd,Cgb
Csb,Cdb
INTERNAL CAPACITANCE OF
MOSFET
LOW FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE
CS AMPLIFIER
Oscillators:

1.FET based Phase shift oscillator,

2.LC and Crystal Oscillators
 OSCILLATORS

 An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that

produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a
sine wave or a square wave. Oscillators convert direct
current from a power supply to an alternating current
signal.
 Anoscillator provides a source of repetitive A.C. signal
across its output terminals without needing any input
(except a D.C. supply). The signal generated by the
oscillator is usually of constant amplitude.
A circuit which acts as a generator, generating output
signal which oscillates with constant desired frequency.
Oscillators are nothing but the amplifier circuits which
are provided with a positive or regenerative feedback
wherein a part of the output signal is fed back to the
input.

Here the amplifier consists of an amplifying active

element which can be a transistor or an Op-Amp.

Where A is the voltage gain of the amplifier and β is the

gain of the feedback network.
BARKHAUSEN CRITERION.


Feedback oscillator: which returns a fraction of the
output signal to the input with no net phase shift,

Relaxation oscillator: Instead of feedback, a relaxation

oscillator uses an RC timing circuit to generate a
waveform that is generally a square wave or other
nonsinusoidal waveform.
FET BASED RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
 LC OSCILLATORS

 The oscillatory circuit using L and C components are called the L-C
circuit, tank circuit or resonating circuit.
 Circuit consists of an inductive coil of inductance L connected in
parallel with a capacitor of capacitance C.

 The values of L and C determines the frequency of oscillations

produced by the circuit.
 These are used for high frequency range from 200KHz to few GHz.

 The most important point is that both the capacitor and inductor are
capable of storing energy—the capacitor stores energy in its
dielectric field whenever a potential exists across its plates while the
inductor stores energy in its magnetic field whenever current flows
through it.
1.let the capacitor be charged from a dc source with the
polarity as shown in figure.

2.A potential difference will be across the plates of the

capacitor because of the accumulation of electrons in
the lower plate of the capacitor.

3. The current starts flowing in the circuit, Maximum

current flows in the circuit when the capacitor is fully
discharged. Due to flow of current, magnetic field is set
up which stores the energy given by the electric field.

4. Thus, at the instant the capacitor gets completely

discharged, the electrostatic energy stored in the
capacitor gets converted into the magnetic field energy
associated with the inductor L.
5. When the capacitor is completely discharged, the
magnetic field begins to collapse and a counter or
back emf is developed which, according to Lenz’s law,
keeps the current flowing in the same direction. The
capacitor now starts getting charge but with opposite
polarity.
6.the energy associated with the magnetic field is again
converted into electrostatic energy.
LC OSCILLATOR
Basic form of LC oscillator circuit
1.LC oscillator consists of an amplifier and tuned LC circuit
as feedback network.

2.For the LC oscillator circuit, amplifier stage can be built by

using active devices like op-amp, bipolar junction transistor,
or FET.

3.The basic form of the oscillator is shown below with

amplifier gain A. The feedback network consists of
impedances Z1, Z2 and Z3 which can be either
 The amplifier circuit provides 180 degrees phase shift
while additional phase shift of 180 degrees is provided
by the feedback circuit to satisfy the condition of
oscillations.
 Consider the equivalent circuit of the LC oscillator in
which Ro is the output resistance of the amplifier and ZL
is the load impedance connected at the output of
amplifier.
 Hartley oscillator is a type of LC oscillator where the
tank circuit consists of two inductors and one capacitor.
...
 Colpittsoscillator is another type of LC oscillator where
the tank circuit consists of two capacitors and one
inductor. ...
 Clapp oscillator is just a modification of the
Colpitts oscillator.

 1. R1 and R2 give a potential divider
bias for the transistor Q1.
2.Re is the emitter resistor, whose
job is to provide thermal stability for
the transistor.
3.Ce is the emitter by pass
capacitors, which by-passes the
amplified AC signals.
4.Inductor L1, L2 and capacitor C1
forms the tank circuit.
5.When the power supply is switched ON the transistor starts
conducting and the collector current increases. As a result the
capacitor C1 starts charging

6.When the capacitor C1 is fully charged it starts discharging through

coil L1. This charging and discharging creates a series of damped
oscillations in the produced
7.The oscillations tank circuitin
and
theittank
is thecircuit
key. is coupled (fed back) to
the base of Q1 and it appears in the amplified form across the
collector and emitter of the transistor.
8.The output voltage of the transistor (voltage across collector and
emitter) will be in phase with the voltage across inductor L1.
 The Colpitts Oscillator
1.The Colpitts Oscillator design uses two
centre-tapped capacitors in series with a
parallel inductor to form its resonance tank
circuit producing sinusoidal oscillations.

2.The two capacitors, C1 and C2 are placed across a

single common inductor, L as shown.
Then
3.WhenC1, C2the
and Lpower
form the tuned
supplytankiscircuit.
firstly applied,
capacitors C1 and C2 charge up and then discharge
through the coil L. The oscillations across the capacitors are
applied to the base-emitter junction and appear in the
amplified at the collector output.
1.Resistors, R1 and R2 provide the
usual stabilizing DC bias for the
transistor.

2.capacitors act as a DC-blocking

bypass capacitors.

3.A radio-frequency choke (RFC) is

used in the collector circuit to provide
a high reactance and allows DC
signals.

4. The amount of feedback is

5. The frequency
determined of oscillations
by the ratio of C1 for and
a Colpitts oscillator is determined
by
C2.the resonant frequency of the LC tank circuit and is given as:
 Clapp Oscillator

1.The working of this circuit is almost identical to that of

the Colpitts, where the feedback ratio governs the
generation and sustainity of the oscillations.

2.Apart from the presence of an extra capacitor, all

other components and their connections remain
similar to that in the case of Colpitts oscillator.
Usually the value of C3 is chosen to be much smaller than
the other two capacitors. This is because, at higher
frequencies, smaller the C3, larger will be the inductor,
which eases the implementation as well as reduces the
influence of stray inductance.
CRYSTALL OSCILLTORS
APPLICATIONS
Definition:
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses
the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of
piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a
precise frequency.
Piezo Electric Effect

• The crystal exhibits the property that when a mechanical

stress is applied across one of the faces of the crystal, a
potential difference is developed across the opposite
faces of the crystal.

• Conversely, when a potential difference is applied across

one of the faces, a mechanical stress is produced along
the other faces. This is known as inverse Piezo electric
effect.
Crystal oscillators operate on the principle of inverse
piezoelectric effect in which an alternating voltage applied
across the crystal surfaces causes it to vibrate at its natural
frequency. It is these vibrations which eventually get
converted into oscillations.

These oscillators are usually made of Quartz crystal,

eventhough other substances like Rochelle salt and
tourmaline exhibit the piezoelectric effect because, quartz
is inexpensive, naturally-available and mechanically-strong
when compared to others.
Crystal will resonate at two different frequencies :

1.Series Resonant Frequency, fs which occurs when the

series capacitance CS resonates with the series inductance
LS.

At this stage, the crystal impedance will be the least and

hence the amount of feedback will be the largest.
Mathematical expression for the same is given as

2.The second one is the parallel resonant frequency (fp),

which occurs when the reactance of R-L-C branch is equal
to the reactance of capacitor Cm.

At this frequency, the crystal offers a very high impedance

to the external circuit and the frequency of oscillation is
given by the relation
 Crystal Impedance against
Frequency/ Frequency
response

1.At a particular frequency, the interaction of between

the series capacitor Cs and the inductor Ls creates a
series resonance circuit reducing the crystals impedance
to a minimum and equal to Rs. This frequency point is
called the crystals series resonant frequency ƒs and below
ƒs the crystal is capacitive.
2. As the frequency increases above this series resonance
point, the crystal behaves like an inductor until the
frequency reaches its parallel resonant frequency ƒp. At
this frequency point the interaction between the series
inductor, Ls and parallel capacitor, Cp creates a parallel
tuned LC tank circuit and as such the impedance across
the crystal reaches its maximum value.
3.Then we can see that a quartz crystal is a combination of
a series and parallel tuned resonance circuits, oscillating at
two different frequencies with the very small difference
between the two depending upon the cut of the crystal.
 Crystal Reactance against Frequency

1.The behavior of the capacitor will be capacitive both

below fS and above fp.
2.However for the frequencies which lie in-between fS
and above fp, the crystal’s behavior will be inductive.
3.Further when the frequency becomes equal to parallel
resonant frequency fp, then the interaction between LS
and Cp would form a parallel tuned LC tank circuit
 Pierce oscillator

• The inverter U1 provides the 180° phase shift in the loop.

• Capacitors C1 and C2, crystal X1 together provide an
additional 180° phase shift to the loop to satisfy the
Barkhausen phase shift criteria for oscillations.
• In general C1 and C2 values are chosen to be equal.
• The inverter U1 provides the 180° phase shift in the loop.
• Capacitors C1 and C2, crystal X1 together provide an
additional 180° phase shift to the loop to satisfy the
Barkhausen phase shift criteria for oscillations.
• In general C1 and C2 values are chosen to be equal.

Miller crystal oscillator