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 ljBfno jftfj/0f

/ cGo ljBfnonfO{ ljt/0f ug{] u/]sf] 5 . o;f] x'Fbf ljBfno jl/kl/,

ufpF / cGo ljBfnonfO{ ;d]t xl/ofnL afF8]sf] 5 .

xfdLn] s;/L ug{ ;Sg] <

88]Nw'/f lkmGg]sf]6sf] >L ;/:jtL lgDg dfWolds ljBfnoh:t}
cGo ljBfnoaf6 l;Sg] .
o; sfo{df ljBfyL{nfO{ g} ;xefuL u/fpg],
l;sfO;Fu hf]8]/ Project Work sf ¿kdf a]gf{ pTkfbg,
cª\s'/0f, x]/rfx / nfesf÷1fgsf ¿kdf ;fdflhs, kof{j/0f
/ lj1fgh:tf cGo ljifo;Fu hf]8\g],
ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffut cyjf sIffdf ;d"x lgdf{0f u/]/ jf
ljBfnosf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/]/ lhDd]jf/L
lbg] .
s'g} ;d"xn] kmnkm"n;DaGwL, s'g} s/];faf/L;DaGwL, s'g}n]
c¿ s'g} kg{] u/L ;d"x ljefhg u/]/ sfdsf] yfngL ug{] .
o:tf sfo{nfO{ l;sfO;Fu hf]8L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;d"xn] u/]sf]
k|ult / k|ltj]bgnfO{ cGt/;d"xdf cfbfgk|bfg u/]/ l;sfOdf hf]8\g
;lsG5 .

ljBfno jftfj/0f afnd}qL agfpg afnpBfg lgdf{0f ug{

;lsG5 . o;sf nflu cleefjsaf6} ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . k'gjf{;
gu/kflnsf !$, s~rgk'/l:yt hgzlQm lgDg dfWolds ljBfnon]
afnpBfg lgdf{0fsf nflu o:t} ;lhnf] pkfo lgsfNof] . afnpBfgsf
nflu cleefjsnfO{ la?jf lbg cg'/f]w u¥of] . a? To;sf nflu
cleefjsn] ljBfnodf /f]lklbPsf lj?jf 7"nf] ePkl5 To;df g]dKn]6
agfP/ h;n] /f]lklbPsf] xf] To;}sf] gfd n]lvlbg] /Lt a;fP .
To;kl5 cleefjsn] /QmrGbg, kfpnf]lgofnufot y/Ly/Lsf h8La'6L
/ ax'd"No la?jfx¿;d]t NofP/ /f]lklbg yfn] . clxn] of] pBfg
afnaflnsf /dfpg] 7fFp dfq x}g udL{sf a]nf 5xf/L ;d]t ag]sf]
5 . oL sfd xfdL h:t} lzIfsn] u/]sf x'g\ . u/] t ;lsg] /x]5
To;f] eP xfdLn] lsg gug{] <

l;h{gzLn ljBfno

o;n] s] ;xof]u u5{ <

;fdflhs kof{j/0f / lj1fgsf l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
ljBfnojl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f :jR5 / xl/ofnL /fVg ;lsG5 .
;xL Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsP cfo;|f]t aGg ;S5 -oy]i6 e"ld
ePsf] v08df, geP nfdf] ;dosf nflu s/f/df hldg lng
;lsG5 ._
s/];faf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / ;/;kmfO x'G5 .

v_ ljBfyL{ cg's"n sIffsf]7f

xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, ljBfyL{ cg's"nsf] sIffsf]7f plQs} dxTjk"0f{ kIf
xf] . ljBfyL{n] cfwfeGbf a9L ;do latfpg] ljBfno ejg / ToxfFl:yt
sIffsf]7fn] ljBfyL{sf] Wofg lvRg ;Sg'k5{ . sltko ljBfnodf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ tyf sIffsf]7fsf] cefj 5, ;fF3'/f] 5, t/ csf]{ ljsNk
geP;Dd ePsf sIffsf]7fnfO{ s;/L cg's"n agfpg] eg]/ ;f]Rg'
a'l4dfgL x'G5 . 8f]6Lsf] tnf/fl:yt >L eujtL dfWolds ljBfnosf
lzIfssf] a'l4nfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng'k5{ . ToxfF kof{Kt ejg
tyf sIffsf]7f 5}gg\ . t/, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] l;sfO pknlAw
d"Nofª\sgdf gd'gf ljBfnosf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ /
cGo 7fFpdf ;~rflnt ;dtf lzIff lgs]tg ljBfnox¿ klg o;sf
pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

o;af6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5 <

ljsNk vf]hL u/L ePs} cj:yf / ef}lts k"jf{wf/nfO{
cfjZostfcg's"n agfpg k|of; ug{] .
ef}lts kIf cfjZos xf], t/ k|d'v ;d:of eg] xf]Og eGg]
s'/f l:jsfg{] .
j}slNks sIffsf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{] .
kmlg{r/sf] ;d:of ePsf :yfgdf sd vlr{nf] ;fdu|L h:t} M
ufpFaf6 ;xof]u h'6fpg ;lsg], k/fnsf] u'Gb|L, ;'s'n ;ª\sng
u/]/ Joj:yf ldnfpg ;lsg] -afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu_ .
sIff ;hfj6 lzIfs–ljBfyL{ ldn]/ ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf;

 ljBfno jftfj/0f

ub{} ljBfyL{sf] l;h{gf ;ª\sng u/L leQfx¿ ;hfj6 ug{

;lsg] .

sIffsf]7f ;hfj6sf ;jfndf

/fd]5fksf] dGynL pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf afnaflnsfnfO{ h] lrq
agfpg hfg]sf 5g\ ;f]xL agfpg nufP/ ;ª\sng ug{] kl/kf6L 5 .
/fd|f] ;fdu|LnfO{ k'/:s[t ug{] rng klg 5 . o;/L ;ª\slnt ;fdu|LnfO{
;f]xL sIffsf]7fdf g} ;hfpg] rngn] ljBfyL{nfO{ klg pT;fx yKg] u/]sf]
/x]5 . ljifoj:t'cg';f/ ltg} ;fdu|LnfO{ g} z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf
sIffdf k|of]u u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .

o;n] s]–s] kmfObf k'Uof] <

lzIfsnfO{ ;lqmo / /rgfTds ;f]rdf j[l4 u/fpg],
lzIfsdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] af]em sd u/fpg],
ljBfyL{sf] j}olQms k|ltef k|:km'6g / /rgfTds ;Lkdf j[l4
/ k|f]T;fxg x'g],
x/fe/f sIffsf]7f / z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, ;ª\sng tyf
Joj:yfkg x'g],
sd vr{ / ldlxg]tdf g} z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] .

u_ ;/;kmfO / Joj:yfkg snf

ljBfnodf ejg sIffsf]7f kof{Kt t/ ;/;kmfO geP s:tf] b]lvPnf <
sNkgf u/f}F . o;sf] s'g} cy{ xF'b}g . u]6df k|j]z ubf{ g} dflg;sf]
dgl:ylt / wf/0ff agfpg u]6af6} b]lvg] ;/;/kmfOsf] cj:yfn] ;xof]u
k'¥ofpFb5 . To;}n] ;/;kmfO klxnf] ;t{ cyf{t\ dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o;sf]
Joj:yfkg cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu ;xh pkfo 5 . h'g sltko
ljBfnodf eO/x]sf] klg 5, sltn] l;Sg'k5{ .
>L ;]tLb]jL lgDg dfWolds ljBfno l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf lzIfs
ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng
;lsG5 . pgLx¿n] s'g} gf}nf] / cfZro{nfUbf] sfd u/]sf 5}gg\, t/
ljBfno ;kmf / :jR5 /fVg] u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] u/]sf] olt dfq xf]

l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ls ljBfnosf] 3G6L nfUg'k"j{ g} kfnf] k/]sf] sIff / kfnf] afFl8Psf]

;d"xn] ljBfnoaflx/sf] ;/;kmfO ug{] u5{g\ / sIffleq klxnf] 3G6L
nfUg'k"j{ afFl8Psf] kfnf]cGtu{t cfkm\gf] kfnf] kg{] ljBfyL{n] ;/;kmfO ug{]
u5{g\ . of] pgLx¿sf] lgoldt sfo{ g} xf] .

xfdLn] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

;/;kmfOsf] dlg6/ ug{] ljBfnosf lzIfsdWo]af6 Ps
lzIfsnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg],
sIffnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L kfnf] agfpg],
ljBfnodf 3G6L nfUg'k"j{ g} ;/;kmfO ug]{ / Joj:yfkg ug{]
cfbt a;fpg],
/fd|f] ug{] ljBfyL{sf] clen]v /fVg],
;/;kmfO ug{]dWo] cg'zfl;t / /fd|f] ug{] ljBfyL{, ;d"x /
sIffnfO{ k'/:s[t÷k|f]T;flxt ug{] .

o;n] s] kmfObf k'U5 <

ljBfno ;w}F :jR5 / ;kmf /xG5,
ljBfno / kl/jf/df ;/;kmfO ug{] cfbtsf] ljsf; x'G5,
ljBfyL{df cg'zf;g sfod eO/fV5,
cfkm}F ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 / ljBfyL{df sIffsf]7fsf]
ckgTj a9\5,
ljBfno sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an a9\5 / ljBfnosf] cGo sfdsf
nflu ;do lg:sG5 .

3_ z'4 lkpg] kfgL / zf}rfnosf] Joj:yfkg

lkpg] kfgL Joj:yfkg
ljBfnodf lbge/ afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;fd]n x'Fbf
lkpg] kfgL / zf}rfnosf] cfjZos k5{ . sltko ljBfnodf lkpg]
kfgLsf nflu wf/fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 sltko ljBfnodf cem} klg
lkpg] kfgLsf] cefj x'g] u/]sf] pbfx/0f klg 5g\ . o:tf ;d:of s]xL
ljBfnodf o;sf] ;dfwfg ug{] k|of; ePsf klg 5g\ .

 ljBfno jftfj/0f

h:t} M s]xL j}slNks pkfox¿

ljBfnodf wf/f k'¥ofpg g;s]sf :yfgdf ljBfyL{s} ;xof]udf
glhssf] wf/f, Ogf/af6 l6lkmgsf] ;dodf kfgL Nofpg] /
hf]xf] ug{],
kfgLsf] hf]xf] cyf{t\ :6f]/ u/L lkpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
cleefjs;Fu ;dGjo u/L j}slNks Joj:yfsf] vf]hL ug{] .
o;/L lkpg] kfgLsf nflu / cGo k|of]hgsf nflu tTsfn k"lt{
ug{ o:tf ljsNkx¿ tof/ ug{ ;S5f}F .

zf}rfno Joj:yfkg
zf}rfno Joj:yfkg cyf{t\ ;/;kmfO csf{] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . sltko
ljBfnodf ;w}F zf}rfno kmf]xf]/ x'g] h;n] lzIfs÷ljBfno lbSs
ePsf / x'g] s'/fx¿ klg cfpF5g\ . jf:tjd} To;f] ePsf klg 5g\ .
t/, o:tf zf}rfno ;/;kmfOnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] s]xL j}slNks pkfo
klg 5g\ .
;w}F zf}rfno ;kmf /fVg] a'l4 xfdLn] ;'v{]tsf] >L s[i0f ;+:s[t tyf
;fwf/0f pRr dfWolds ljBfnoaf6 l;Sg ;S5f}F . o; ljBfnodf 7"nf]
sfd s]xL ul/Psf] xf]Og, lzIfs / ljBfyL{n] Pp6} zf}rfno k|of]u ug{]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;/;kmfOdf ;r]t u/fPsf] 5 . zf}rfnosf]
;/;kmfO klg lzIfs ljBfyL{ b'j}n] u5{g\ .

Zff}rfno ;/;kmfO ug{] s]xL pkfox¿

Zff}rfnosf nflu kof{Kt kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{],
kfgLsf] ;d:of ePsf :yfgdf zf}rfno k|of]usf nflu jiff{sf]
kfgL / vfg pko'Qm gePsf] kfgL ;ª\sng u/L sfd rnfpg
;lsG5,
5fq–5fqfsf nflu 5'§f–5'§} zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf ug{],
;'v{]tsf] ljBfnon] h:t} lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf nflu 5'§f–5'§}
zf}rfno gagfpg] clg lzIfsn] tL zf}rfnox¿ ;kmf /fVg] .
zf}rfnodf kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{] / ;fa'g / kfgL ;a}
afnaflnsfx¿n] e]6\g / k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L /fVg'k5{ .

l;h{gzLn ljBfno

afun'ª lhNnfdf ;]tf]u'/fF; / lhjfO;Ln] ;xhLs/0f u/]sf

afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿n] zf}rfno / To;sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg u/]sf 5g\ .
pgLx¿n] afnaflnsfn] e]6\g ;Sg] u/L zf}rfnosf 9f]sfsf] 5]l:sgL,
wf/f afnaflnsfn] vf]Ng ;Sg] :yfgdf / zf}rfnodf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]
u/L ;fa'g, kfgLsf ef8fx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

ª_ ljleGg Snax¿sf] u7g

ljBfno jftfj/0f :jR5 / ;kmf /fVg / l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod}
/fVb} k|lt:kwf{ a9fpg ljleGg afnSna u7g ug{ ;lsG5, h:tf] M
;/;kmfO ug{] ;Gbe{df lu|g Sna cyf{t\ k|s[lt Sna, l;h{gf ;Lk
j[l4sf nflu leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ug{] 5'§} Sna, ;fdflhs ;xof]u
;b\efj j[l4 u/fpg /]8qm;, ljleGg ;d"x, h'lgo/ Snax¿ agfpg]
h:t}M km'6an Sna, elnan Sna lgdf{0f ug{] . To;nfO{ cGt/ljBfno
k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;n] ljBfnodf ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLrsf]
;b\efj, ;/;kmfO, Ifdtf ljsf;, ;DaGw lj:tf/h:tf If]qdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg ;xof]u u5{ . l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf s]xL ljBfnox¿df afnSnan]
/sd p7fP/ cfdf ;d"xnfO{ nufgL u/]sf 5g\ . xfd|f ljBfnodf
klg o:tf afnSna u7g / ltgsf] ;zQmLs/0f ug{ xfdL klg
;Sb}gf}F / <

o;n] cGo s:tf] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 <

:j–clek|]l/t u/fpg], ;+:yfut / ;d"xdf ldn]/ sfd ug{]
cEof; u/fpF5,
lzIfs–ljBfyL{aLr /fd|f] ;DaGw :yflkt u/fpF5,
ljBfno kl/;/sf] ;/;kmfO x'g]÷u/fpg],
l;h{gfTds, gjLgtd\ / jftfj/0fLo kIfsf] r]tgf j[l4 u5{,
cg'zfl;t / ;xeflutfd"ns sfd ug{ pT;flxt u/fpF5,
cfkm"n] hfg]sf] 1fg, ;Lk / ljifoj:t' ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLr
cfbfg–k|bfg ug{] / l;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpF5,
Snax¿ l;Sg] ynf]sf ¿kdf ljsf; x'G5g\,
;|f]t ;+/If0f / k|ltef k|:km'6gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 cflb .

 ljBfno jftfj/0f

@_ dgf];fdflhs jftfj/0f
ljBfno jftfj/0f :jR5 agfpg cGo jftfj/0feGbf dgf];fdflhs
jftfj/0fn] cem k|efjsf/L / dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . l;Sg] /
l;sfpg] qmddf ljBfyL{, cleefjs / lzIfsaLr ;sf/fTds cGt/;DaGw
/ ;xsfo{ x'g' cfjZos 5 . ljBfno /fd|f] x'gsf nflu of] t clgjfo{
;t{ g} xf] .
ljBfnosf] dgf];fdflhs jftfj/0f :jR5 x'gsf nflu ljBfyL{,
lzIfs / cleefjsaLr lqsf]0fLo 9fFrfsf] ;DaGw x'g cfjZos 5 .

ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{

lzIfs cleefjs
lzIfs cleefjs
-lqsf]0fLo ;DaGw_
o; k|sf/sf] lqsf]0fLo 9fFrfdf ;a};Fu ;dfg ;DaGw /fVg'k5{ .

s_ ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLrsf] ;DaGw
ljBfnonfO{ l;Sg] ynf]sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/fpg cyf{t\ ljBfno jftfj/0f
/ l;Sg] l;sfpg] jftfj/0fdf 5'6fpg gx'g] cyf{t\ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg{]
kIf eg]sf] ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfO/fVg' klg
dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . ljBfyL{df x'g] l;sfO :yfgfGt/0f k|lqmofdWo] ;xkf7L
cyf{t\ ;fyL l;sfO dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLrsf]
;DaGwn] 7"nf] sfd ub{5 .
ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLr ePsf] ;sf/fTds k|lt:kwf{ / cg'ej
cfbfgk|bfgaf6 klg ljBfyL{n] w]/} s'/fx¿ l;Sg ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu

l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ljleGg afnSna / ;d"x lgdf{0f ul/lbg], sIff cGt/;d"x lqmofsnfk,

To;}u/L ljBfno:t/sf] Sna cyjf ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L cfk;L ;b\efj /
1fgsf ljifox¿ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{] jftfj/0f agfpg ;lsG5 .
l;/xfsf] Ps ljBfnosL aflnsfn] kxf8L ;fyLnfO{ d}lynL efiff
l;sfPsL / pgn] ;fyLaf6 g]kfnL efiff l;s]sL 5g\ . o;sf] cy{
ljBfnodf ;fyL–;fyLaf6 klg /fd|f] l;sfO x'G5 . bfh'n] efOnfO{ /
lbbLn] alxgLnfO{ l;sfpg] ;+:sf/af6 klg l;sfO ;Dej 5 .

o;af6 s] ;xof]u k'U5 <

ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLr ;b\efj sfod x'g],
cfk;L ;xof]u / cg'ej, l;sfO cfbfgk|bfg x'g],
;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug],
;sf/fTds k|lt:kwf{ / k|ltef k|:km'6gdf ;xof]u k'Ug],
cg'zf;gnfO{ sfod /fVb} Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]uL,
;fd"lxs cEof;af6 ;dfwfg vf]Hg] afgLsf] ljsf; x'g] cflb .

v_ lzIfs–lzIfsaLrsf] ;DaGw
ljBfno jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg] ;Gbe{df ljBfnodf lzIfs–lzIfsaLrsf]
/fd|f] d]n, ;xof]uL / ;xof]u cfbfk|bfg csf{] cfjZosLo kIf xf] .
;d"x sfo{af6 dfq l;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . lzIfsx¿aLrdf
/fd|f] ;DaGw eP s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg sfo{:yndf g} lgsfNg
;lsG5 . lzIfsx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw sfod /fVg lzIfsx¿df ;xof]uL
efjgf / cfTdd"Nofª\sg ug{] afgL a;fNg'k5{ . lzIfsleq Pp6} p2]Zo,
l;Sg] / l;sfpg] x'g'k5{ .

;DaGw /fd|f] agfpg s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

;do–;dodf lzIfs :6fkmsf] a}7s /fVg] / lgoldt pkl:yt
x'g],
k|To]s lbg sIffsf]7f hfg'cl3 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu eP klg
sIffsf]7f / ljifoj:t' ;DalGwt ljifodf 5nkmn ug{],
Psn] csf{] lzIfssf] ;d:of, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pbfx/0f

 ljBfno jftfj/0f

;'Gg]÷;'gfpg] ;sf/fTds ;Nnfx u|x0f ug{] / l;Sg],

cfkm\gf cg'ej ;'gfpFb} c¿af6 cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos ljifoj:t'df
;Nnfx lng],
Ps–csf{df cfPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;dfwfg
vf]Hg],
Ps–csf{sf] sIff cjnf]sg ug{] / s[t1tfk"j{s a'em\g] / vf]hL
ug{] s'/fnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{] cflb .

o;n] s] u5{ <

;DaGwnfO{ ;w}F k|uf9 agfO/fV5,
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lgsfN5,
;d"xdf sfd ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpF5,
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ j[l4df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5,
cfk;L ;Ddfgsf] efjgfdf j[l4 x'G5 .

/fd]5fk dfsfb'dl:yt >L lji0f' hgHof]lt dfWolds ljBfnodf lzIfs–

lzIfsaLr, lzIfs–cleefjsaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw / ;d"x sfo{df Wofg
lbPsf sf/0f nueu ;a} lghL ;|f]tsf lzIfs eP/ klg lhNnfsf] gd'gf
ljBfnosf ¿kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . oxfF sf] 7"nf] < sf] ;fgf] < ;dfg
;Ddfgsf ;fy cfkm\gf] sfddf cyf{t\ lzIf0f lqmofsnfkdf ;l/s x'G5g\
/ b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ;d"xaf6} lgsfN5g\ . o; ljBfnodf
s'g} lzIfsdf d 7"nf], d dflyNnf] txsf] lzIfs x'F eGg] efjgf 5}g .
ljBfnodf lzIfs–cleefjs, lzIfs–Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] e]nf
dlxgfdf Psk6s, lzIfs / k|wfgfWofks e]nf !% lbgdf Psk6s /
sIfflkR5] lzIfs–ljBfyL{ e]nf xKtfdf Psk6s ug{] kl/kf6L a;fPsf] 5 .
of] ljBfno s]xL jif{cl3 lzIfs–lzIfsaLrsf] dgd'6fjsf sf/0f
lhNnfdf vQd :s'n, lzIfssf] lsrnf]n] lauf/]sf] :s'n eg]/ lrlgGYof] .
t/, To;}sf] kf7af6 l;Sb} ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf] ;xsfo{n] clxn] cfk;L
;DaGw /fd|f] dfq xf]Og, l;sfO:t/;d]t /fd|f] 5 . pxfFx¿ k|To]s lbg
klxnf] 3G6L nfUg'k"j{ g} cf–cfkm\gf sIffsf]7f;DaGwL b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf
af/]df 5nkmn ug{] / ToxLF leqaf6 ;dfwfg lgsfNg] cEof; ug{'x'G5 .

l;h{gzLn ljBfno

u_ lzIfs–cleefjsaLrsf] ;DaGw
ljBfno jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg / ;du| ljBfnosf] l;sfO:t/ dfly
p7fpg lzIfs–clefjssf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;w}F g} ;'dw'/ agfO/fVg'k5{ .
lzIfs tyf cleefjsaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ pkfox¿

s] sf nflu < s] ug'{k5{ < s] x'G5 <

lglZrt ljBfyL{sf]
Jojxf/af/] 5nkmn ug{
lglZrt ljBfyL{sf]
pknlAw :t/af/] cleefjs;Fu
5nkmn ug{ e]63f6

lglZrt ljBfyL{sf
ljBfnodf lgoldt
pkl:yltaf/] 5nkmn ug{

ljBfnosf] z}lIfs
k|ult / ;'wf/af/]
5nkmn ug{
ljBfnosf] ef}lts cleefjs
cleefjs lzIfs lzIfsaLr
k|ult ;'wf/af/] a}7s
5nkmn ug{ ;DaGwdf j[l4

ljBfnosf] cfufdL
of]hgfaf/] 5nkmn ug{

s'g} ljifodf
k|jrg lbg ;|f]tJolQmsf ¿kdf
cleefjssf] ;+nUgtf
sIff lzIf0fdf
;3fpg


 ljBfno jftfj/0f

o;sf nflu lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg'k5{

Ps–cfk;df ;Ddfg ug{],
lzIfs–cleefjs b'j}n] Ps–csf{sf] s'/f ;'Gg],
ljBfnosf lg0f{o lng'k"j{ cleefjssf] ;Nnfx lng] / lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg],
ljBfyL{sf k|ult ljj/0f / k|ultsf af/]df cleefjsnfO{
lg/Gt/ hfgsf/L u/fO{ 5nkmn ug{] / ;Nnfx lng] lbg],
lzIfsn] cleefjs;Fu aRrfsf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{] /
cleefjsnfO{ cfkm\gf] aRrfsf] x]/rfx / l;sfOk|lt ljZj:t
agfO/xg],
cleefjsnfO{ ;sf/fTds / /rgfTds sfo{df ;Nnfx lngsf
nflu lg/Gt/ ljBfnodf cfpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{],
cleefjs e]nf tyf cGtlqm{ofsf] cfof]hgf ug{],
cfk;df ePsf ;d:of / ;dfwfg ;f6f;f6 ug{], cfbfgk|bfg
ug{],
ljBfnodf lg/Gt/ pkl:yt eO{ ;Nnfx / ;'emfa lbg]
cleefjsnfO{ k'/:s[t ug{],
cleefjssf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg] / ;Daf]wg ug{],
lhDd]jf/L lbP/ cfTdLotfsf] af]w u/fpg],
ljBfno xfd|f] xf] eGg] efjgf hfu[t u/fpg],
3/b}nf] sfo{qmd ug{],
cleefjsx¿df lzIffk|lt hgr]tgf km}nfpg] k|s[ltsf hfu/0f
sfo{qmd ug{],
lgoldt e]63f6, 3/b}nf] u/L ;'emfa / ;Nnfx lng] /
Jojxf/df nfu" ug{],
cfly{s kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg],
cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfocfh{g
Pjd\ cGo ;DefJo pkfo ckgfpg k/fdz{ lbg] cflb .

3_ k|wfgfWofks–cleefjs÷ljJo; ;DaGw
ljBfnodf k|wfgfWofks / cleefjs÷ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;Fusf]

l;h{gzLn ljBfno

;DaGwn] t emg} 7"nf] dxŒj /fV5 . oL b'O{ kIfsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] ePsf]
ljBfno klg /fd|f] x'G5 . hxfF–hxfF ;DaGw /fd|f] 5}g ToxfF ljBfnosf]
;du| lzIff, sIffsf]7f / ljBfyL{;Dd g/fd|f] c;/ k'Ub5 . To;}n]
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / k|wfgfWofkssf] ;DaGwnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg
cfjZos 5 .

k|wfgfWofks / ljJo;sf] ;DaGw a9fpg lgDg ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{

cleefjssf] s'/f ;'Gg],
cleefjsaLr ;db"/L sfod /fVg] / ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{],
cleefjssf] ;lqmotf a9fpg] / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf
cleefjssf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf u/fpFb} ckgTjsf] efjgf
j[l4 u/fpg],
ljBfnosf] s'g} klg lg0f{o lnFbf To;k"j{ g} clgjfo{ ;"rgf
lbg] / ;xefuL x'g cg'/f]w ug{],
ljBfyL{sf] /fd|f] kIfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] / cfˆgf]
aRrfsf] l;sfO:t/sf af/]df rf;f] /fV5 eGg] ljZjf;
lbnfpg],
cfkm" cleefjs eP/ ;f]Rg] cflb .

olt ubf{–ub}{ klg ;DaGw /fd|f] x'g g;s] s] ug{] <

ldNg] d'2f (Agenda) x¿sf cfwf/df d]n vfg] ljifodf
;xsfo{ u/]/ cufl8 a9\g],
l;sfO:t/ ;'wfg{ / ljBfno ;'wf/df k|lta4 x'g], s'/f xf]Og
sfd u/]/ b]vfpg],

;xsfo{ ubf{–ub{} klg c;xof]u u/]df

;ldltsf] a}7sdf ;xL / unt 5'6\ofpg] lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{
cfdlGqt ;b:osf ¿kdf cfdGq0f ug{] / a}7sdf oyfy{ s'/f
/fv]/ cfkm\gf] dt a9fpg],
/fd|f] sfd / lg0f{osf nflu cGo lzIfs / ljBfyL{n] klg
;xof]u u5{g\ cGttM unt kIf k5fl8 k5{g\,

 ljBfno jftfj/0f

Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s sDtLdf dlxgfdf Psk6s af]nfpg],

lzIfsnfO{ cfjZos kbf{ dfq lg0f{o ul/lbg af]nfpF5g\ eGg]
a'emfO cleefjsdf cfpg glbg] cflb .
wflbªsf] Pp6f ljBfnodf ;a} bnsf g]tfnfO{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] ;Nnfxsf/ agfOPsf] 5 . dlxgfdf Psk6s ;Nnfx lng],
To;}cg';f/ sfd ug{] clg km]l/ csf{] dlxgf ;'emfa ;Nnfx lbg] kl/kf6L
5 .

k|wfgfWofks / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] x'g lsg

cfjZos 5 <
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg] ;jfndf ;|f]t klxrfg, kl/rfng /
Joj:yfkg ug{,
ljBfnosf nflu ;xL ;dodf ;xL lg0f{o lng lbg,
ljBfnosf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t h'6fpg,
ljBfnodf cfpg] x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg,
l;sfO:t/ a9fpg] pkfo vf]hL ug{ cflb .
/fd]5fksf] ks/af;l:yt >L k|ofu]Zj/ pRr dfWolds ljBfno
lgs} k'/fgf] ljBfno xf] . o; ljBfnodf ljutsf glthf x]bf{
;Gtf]ifhgs g} lyof] . t/, s]xL jif{af6 ljBfnodf k|wfgfWofks /
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltaLrsf] b"/L a9\b} hfFbf ljBfnosf] pknlAw
dfq 36]g b'O{aLr kfgL af/faf/sf] l:ylt aGof] . kIf, ljkIf / r/d
u'6aGbLsf sf/0f s]xL lzIfs unt cf/f]kdf lj:yflkt;d]t ag] . o;}sf
sf/0f ljBfyL{n] ;d]t nfdf] ;do ul0ft tyf lj1fgsf lzIfs kfPgg\ .
ljBfyL{sf] k7gkf7g;d]t k|efljt aGof] .

#_ ljBfno jftfj/0f /fd|f] geP s] c;/ k5{ <

ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ gcfpg]÷sIff 5f8\g],
ljBfyL{ lbgx'F ljBfno cfpg emsf{] dfGg]÷lgoldt gx'g],
5fqfx¿sf] ljBfyL{ cfpg] b/ sd x'g],
lzIfsn] klg k];fnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lhDd]jf/L u|x0f gug{],

l;h{gzLn ljBfno

lzIfsn] lzIf0fnfO{ b}lgsLsf ¿kdf dfq lng],

ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO tTk/tfdf sdL cfpg],
dgd'6fj÷c;xof]u a9\g],
lg/Gt/ ug{'kg{] sfo{df cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g],
ljBfno cJojl:yt aGg] cflb ;d:of a9\5g\ .

dflysf pbfx/0f / hfgsf/Laf6 tkfO{+sf] ljBfnodf klg

ljBfno jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug{] s]xL gofF ;f]r aGof] < of]hgf
agfpg'xf];\ . /, cfh}af6 nfUg'xf];\ .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

cWofo @
afnd}qL ljBfno

!_ afnd}qL sIffsf]7f
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{] <
gd'gf sIffsf]7f s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
ljBfno÷sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{n] s] rfxG5g\ <

@_ afns]lGb|t÷afnd}qL l;sfO

#_ lzIfs Jojxf/
afns]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu clxn]sf] tl/sf abNg] s;/L <

$_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L / ;hfj6

sIffsf]7fsf] ;hfj6 s;/L ug{] <
afnd}qL ljBfno lsg cfjZos <


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

afnd}qL ljBfno
k|To]s ljBfyL{n] cfkm"nfO{ ef}lts ¿kdf ;'/lIft ;+j]ufTds ¿kdf /dfpg],
dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf pRr dgf]an dx;'; u/fpg] jftfj/0f ePsf], :j:y
Jojxf/x¿ / u'0ffTds l;sfO tyf cleefjssf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ k|j4{g
ul/Psf] ljBfnonfO{ g} afnd}qL ljBfno elgG5 .

;/sf/L kl/efiffdf afnd}qL ljBfno

afnaflnsfdf x'g] j}olQms leGgtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ub{} afnaflnsfn] cfkm\gf]
ult / Ifdtfcg';f/ /dfOnf];Fu l;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljBfno,
afnd}qL ljBfnodf afnaflnsfcg's"nsf] l;sfO jftfj/0f tof/
ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fy} afnaflnsfx¿sf] cGt/lglxt Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ul/G5,
afnd}qL ljBfnodf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ef}lts, zf/Ll/s Pj+
dfgl;s b08;hfo x'g] / afnaflnsfnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ / gf]S;fgLaf6
arfpg] sfo{ x'G5 .

afnd}qL ljBfnosf ljz]iftf

x/]s afnssf] clwsf/ k|ltljlDat / cg'e"t x'g],
lzIfssf] Ifdtf, g}ltstf, jrga4tf Pjd\ Ifdtf:t/df
clej[l4,
;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{], cfb/ ug{] / ;dfgtfsf]
;'lglZrt ug{],
;Dk"0f{ afnsx¿nfO{ km/flsnf] cj:yfaf6 x]g{] / a'em\g],
dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s :jf:Yosf] ljsf; ug{],
afns]lGb|t tyf aflnsfd}qL Pjd\ n}ª\lus ;+j]bgzLntf,
;xh kx'Fr / u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] lzIff k|bfg,
u'0f:t/Lo l;sfO pknlAwsf] clej[l4,
afnaflnsfx¿sf] jf:tljs hLjgL;Fu cfwfl/t lzIff k|bfg,
ljljwtfk|lt nrs / ;Daf]wg ug{],
kl/jf/s]lGb|t / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t cflb kIf ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf] x'G5 .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

;du| ¿kdf x]g{] xf] eg] afnd}qL ljBfnodf M

-!_ afnd}qL sIffsf]7f
-@_ afns]lGb|t÷afnd}qL l;sfO
-#_ lzIfs Jojxf/
-$_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L / ;hfj6h:tf kIfx¿ ;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ .

!_ afnd}qL sIffsf]7f
lzIfs cyjf ;xhstf{n] z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ jf ljBfnodf lzIff lbg] sf]7f
g} sIffsf]7f xf] . hxfF l;sfO ;Dej x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/Psf]
x'G5 . l;sfO jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsg] cfjZos Joj:yf ePsf]
jf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] sIffsf]7fnfO{ gd'gf sIffsf]7f elgG5 . afnd}qL
jftfj/0f k|bQ ljBfnodf g} afnd}qL sIffsf]7f klg :yflkt x'G5 .

c_ sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg
l;sfOnfO{ k|efj kfg{] kIfx¿dWo] sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg klg Ps d'Vo
kIf xf] . l;sfOsf nflu pQd ;DefJo jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{
ckgfOg] ljlwsf ¿kdf sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgnfO{ a'lemG5 . z}Ifl0fs
p2]Zo, nufgL cflb /fd|f] eP klg k|efjsf/L / ljBfyL{cg's"n sIffsf]7f
Joj:yfkg gePdf lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g .
lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L agfO{ kf7\oqmdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf p2]Zo
xfl;n ug{ sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgdf Wofg k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 . kf7\oqmd
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ynf] sIffsf]7f xf] . sIff Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/df g}
ljBfyL{x¿df cg'zf;g, b}lgs hLjgdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ ;Lkx¿, cfk;L
;xof]u / ;dembf/L / ;xof]usf] efjgf, k|ltof]lutfTds / k|lt:kwf{Tds
efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] kIfx¿

sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts cj:yf– sIffsf]7fsf] k|sfz / xfjf cfbfg k|bfg
ug]{, kfgL gr'lxg], xfjfkfgLn] k|lts"n c;/ gkfg]{, ‰ofn 9f]sf nufpg
;lsg], aflx/L jftfj/0fn] k|lts"n c;/ gk'¥ofpg] u/L sIffsf]7f
Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

sIffsf]7f ;/;kmfO– lgoldt ;/;kmfO, sfuhsf 6'qmf kmf]xf]/

kmfNg] efF8f]sf] Joj:yf, eTs]sf] 7fpF lnkkf]t, pko'Qm /ª/f]ug cflb
kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
kmlg{r/sf] Joj:yf– ljBfyL{sf] pd]/ / cfjZostfg';f/ kmlg{r/sf]
Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
sfnf]kf6L– ;a} ljBfyL{n] b]Vg / k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] pko'Qm /ª /
cfsf/sf] sfnf]kf6Lsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg– x/]s z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;'/lIft /fVg]
:yfgsf] Joj:yf / k|of]u cl3 / kl5 /fVg] 7fpFsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{{ .
kf7\oqmd kf7\ok':tssf] ;'/Iff– sIffsf]7fdf kf7\oqmd kf7\ok':ts
/fVg / k|of]u ug{ ;'ljwfhgs x'g]u/L 8]S;sf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{{ .
sIff lqmofsnfk ug{ / ;d"xsfo{ ug{ cfjZos :yfgsf] Joj:yf –
pd]/, lnª\u, efiff–efifL, ?lr:t/, Ifdtf cflbsf] cfwf/df ;d"x ljefhg
u/L lzIf0f ug{ / clegofTds sfo{sf nflu sIff plrt 5÷5}g x]/L
To;cg';f/sf] k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{ .
cg'zf;g– sIffsf]7fdf plrt cg'zf;g 5÷5}g Wofg lbg'k5{ .
afun'ªsf s]xL ljBfnodf cg'zf;g sfod /fVg sIffsf] cfkm\g}
lgod agfOPsf] 5 . oxfF ljBfyL{nfO{ cg'zf;gsf nflu ;r]t u/fpg
sIff dlg6/n] e"ldsf v]Ng] / sIffdf ;/ ;dodf gcfP …dlg6/n] g}
slt aHof] ;/ <Ú eg]/ ;f]lwlbg] u5{g\ .

ePsf cEof; s] 5g\ <

sxLF st} h] 5 To;}nfO{ …rn]ufÚ eg]/ Wofg glbPsf] klg kfOG5 .
t/, sxLF eg] pxL ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ ;xL / /rgfTds ;f]rn] Joj:yfkg
u/]sf] klg b]Vg kfOG5 . kmf]xf]/ km\ofFSg] efF8f] ahf/af6 k};f vlr{P/
lsGg} k5{ eGg] 5}g . ufpF3/df a'g]sf 8f]sf 8fnf cleefjs l/hfP/
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 .
afUn'ªsf] hgk|]d pRr dfWolds ljBfnon] ljBfnodf g} ;ª\u|xfno
:yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L / ;hfj6 s]xL lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{
g} k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] jftfj/0f agfP/ ;ª\sng ug{] / s]xL cleefjsnfO{
;d]t lgdf{0f ug{ nufPsf] pbfx/0f 5 .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

afUn'ª lhNnfd} ;]tf]u'/fF; afnljsf; ;]jfsf] ;xhLs/0fdf

afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df ul/Psf] cEof; lgs} pbfx/0fof]Uo 5g\ . s]xL
sfuhsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg] / aRrf clg aRrfsf] cleefjsnfO{ ;Fu}
cf6{ ug{ nufpg] clg ltg} lrq jf j:t' /fd|f] 5fg]/ sIffdf ;hfpg]
u/]sf] kfOof] .
yf]/} a'l4n] lzIfssf] sfdnfO{ klg xn'sf t agfof] g}, cleefjsnfO{
klg cfkm\gf] pkl:yltn] uj{ dx;'; u/fof] . o;n] z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgdf{0f÷;ª\sng dfq xf]Og, sIffsf]7f ;hfj6df ;d]t kmfObf k'Uof] .
of] t pbfx/0f dfq} xf] . o:tf pbfx/0f cGo If]qdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
kmf]xf]/ km\ofFSg] 8f]sf] / sIffdf /fVg 8fnf]x¿ cleefjs;Fu dfu]/
;ª\sng ug{ lsg g;lsg] <

gd'gf sIffsf]7f s:tf] x'g'k5{ <

ljBfyL{nfO{ Go"gtd ;'ljwf k|flKtsf nflu kmlg{r/sf] Joj:yf
ePsf],
:jR5 xfjf / k|sfz k|jfx x'g] em\ofnx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf],
z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug]{ jf sIffsf]7fsf leQfx¿ z}lIfs
;fdu|Ln] /ª\uLg / cfsif{s ¿kdf ;hfPsf],
kmlg{r/sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg, k|To]s ljBfyL{n] Pscsf{nfO{ b]Vg
;Sg], h:t} …UÚ cfsf/sf] a;fO Joj:yfkg,
lzIfs–ljBfyL{ cg'kftcg';f/sf] Joj:yfkg h:t}M ##M! eGbf
a9L ljBfyL{ gePsf] sIffsf]7f,
;a} ljBfyL{;Dd lzIfs k'Ug ;Sg] vfnsf] kof{Kt vfnL 7fFp
/ ;db"/Lsf] Joj:yf ePsf],
:jR5 lkpg]kfgL, sfnf]kf6L jf ;]tf]kf6L, b/fh, kmf]xf]/ ˆofFSg]
efF8f / cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ pko{'Qm :yfgdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf],
sIffsf]7fdf lzIffd"ns kf]:6/, kDNk]6x¿ Jojl:yt ¿kdf
6fFl;Psf],
sIffsf] ;/;kmfOh:tf s'/fsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]],
sIffnfO{ ;docg's"n k'glg{df{0f ug{] jftfj/0f ePsf],
ljBfno jftfj/0fnfO{ Wjlg k|b"if0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] cflb .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

hfh/sf]6sf ljBfnox¿df sIffsf]7fdf P]gf /fv]/ ljBfyL{sf

;/;kmfO ;'lgZrt u/]sf 5g\ . s] xfdL o;f] ug{ ;Sb}gf}F t < o:tf
cGo tl/sfx¿ tkfO{+n] klg ;f]Rg lsg g;Sg] <

cf_ sIffsf]7fsf] vfsf (Layout of a Classroom)

g]kfnsf sltko k|fylds ljBfnosf sIffsf]7fsf] gfk tyf cfsf/ /
ltgLx¿df k|sfzsf] Joj:yf tyf xfjfsf] cfjt–hfjt ;Gtf]ifhgs xf]nf,
t/ sltkodf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . sltko sIffsf]7fx¿df kmlg{r/ xf]nfg\,
t/ sltkodf u'Gb|L÷;'s'n dfq 5g\ . sIffsf]7fsf] l;sfOnfO{ /f]rs
tyf pQ]hgfk"0f{ agfpg sIffsf]7fleq ePsf kmlg{r/ jf u'Gb|L÷;'s'n
;se/ /fd|f] Jojl:yt lsl;dn] /fVg'kb{5 . sIffsf]7fdf kmlg{r/ tyf
;/;fdfgnfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf /fVg'kb{5 M
sfnf]kf6L÷;]tf]kf6L (White Board)
z}lIfs ;fdu|L /fVg] b/fh
8]:s, a]Gr÷6]an, d]r÷u'Gb|L, r6fO÷lksf{
ljBfyL{x¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|bz{g ug]{ kmlg{r/ .

8fnf] /
a'n]l6g af]8{ ;]tf]kf6L s'rf]

;d"x s ;d"x v

lzIfssf] 6]an
;d"x u ;d"x r

;d"x 3 ;d"x ª
k':tsfno :6f]/
s'gf

;|f]tM lzIfs ;|f]t ;fdu|L, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/


 afnd}qL ljBfno

sIffsf]7fdf lgDg s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{, h:t} M

ljBfyL{x¿sf] a;fO tl/sf
;fgf ;d"x–;d"xdf sfo{ ug{ ldNg] Joj:yf
´\ofn 9f]sfsf] l:yltnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{
xfjfsf] cfjt hfjtdf Wofg lbg'kg]{
sIffleq ljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk ug]{ 7fpFsf] Joj:yf
sIffsf]7fleqsf] 7fpFsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u
k|sfzsf] Wofg lbg'kg]{

O_ afnaflnsfx¿ s] rfxG5g\ <

g{ / lh
5nkmn u ljrf/ To;}n] 1f;' x'G5g\
/
' f cg
f] s
cfkm\g ug{ cu|;/ 'ej lng,
k|s6 x'g
;x
efu
fg /

L x'g
{
ug
';Gw f0f
cg k/LI

pg
k|o l;Sg

f kf
f]u
u/]/

k|z+;

lg
k|lqmo 0f{o lng f/L
lhDd]j g ug{
fdf ; ] x
d / a
x'g fj]z lng


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

5nkmn ug{ / cfkm\gf] s'/f ljrf/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5g\,

lh1f;' x'G5g\ To;}n] cg'ej lng cu|;/ x'g rfxG5g\,
;xefuL x'g rfxG5g\,
k|z+;f kfpg rfxG5g\,
lhDd]jf/L lng / axg ug{ rfxG5g\,
lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z x'g rfxG5g\,
k|of]u u/]/ l;Sg rfxG5g\,
k/LIf0f / cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxG5g\ .

lhDd]jf/L s;/L lbg] t <

sIff cg'zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf nflu dlg6/ / ;x–dlg6/sf]
Joj:yf ldnfOlbg] / o;nfO{ ljBfyL{aLr cfnf]kfnf] u/fpg],
ljleGg cg'ejsf nflu vf]h sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg], k|f]h]S6
js{x¿ lbg], ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ / ;d"xsf] g]t[Tj lng] /
lhDd]jf/L axg ug{sf nflu lzIfsn] ;xhLs/0f ug{],
afnSnax¿ lgdf{0f ug{] / ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ h:t}M xflh/L
hjfkm, lrqsnf, jSt[Tjsnf cflb ug{, ;xefuL x'g / h; lng lbg],
ljBfnosf ljleGg lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] /
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xof]u lng],
sIffsf]7fleqsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg], h:tf ljifodf
lhDd]jf/L lbP s] x'G5 <

O{_ ljBfno÷sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{n] s] rfxG5g\ <

s_ ef}lts ;'ljwf -lbge/ latfpg cfkm"cfkm"nfO{ cg's"n x'g]_
v_ :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / arfj6sf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf]
-k|fylds pkrf/ Joj:yf / ;fdu|L, ;/;kmfO, z'4 lkpg]
kfgL, zf}rfno, b08/lxt jftfj/0f cflb_
u_ lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofdf ;'wf/
3_ aflnsfd}qL jftfj/0f
ª_ afnaflnsf, cleefjs / ;d'bfosf] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf
r_ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0f .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

s_ ef}lts ;'ljwf -lbge/ latfpg cfkm"nfO{ cg's"n x'g]_

l;Sg] jftfj/0fsf nflu klxnf] k|fyldstfdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ x'g'kg{]
ljBfyL{sf] rfxgf x'Fbf]/x]5 . o;sf nflu pgLx¿sf] ck]Iff–
ljBfno ejg / sIffsf]7fsf] pknAwtf,
kof{Kt 8]:sa]Gr cyf{t\ kmlg{r/,
lkpg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf,
zf}rfno / kof{Kt kfgLsf] Joj:yf,
v]Ng] rp/, v]n ;fdu|L / kof{Kt z}lIfs ;fdu|L,
k':tsfno / kof{Kt k':tssf] Joj:yf,
sDKo'6/ / Nofax¿sf] Joj:yf ePsf] cflb .

v_ :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / arfj6sf pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf]

k|fylds pkrf/ Joj:yf / ;fdu|L, ;/;kmfO, z'4 lkpg] kfgL, zf}rfno,
b08/lxt jftfj/0f h:t}M –
cfwf/e"t cf}iflw pkrf/sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L ePsf]
-k|fylds pkrf/ afs; ePsf]_,
lgoldt ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf],
ljBfnodf ljt/0f x'g] lkpg]kfgL ;kmf, z'4 / lgd{nLs[t
ul/Psf],
zf}rfno / zf}rfnodf kof{Kt kfgLsf] Joj:yf,
b08 ;hfo, ufnLunf}h, b'Jo{jxf/ / w'dkfg gx'g] jftfj/0f,
sIffsf]7fdf a9L udL{ / hf8f] gx'g],
sIffsf]7f pHHofnf] / xfjfsf] /fd|f] k|aGw ePsf],
ljBfno jl/kl/ kvf{n jf 3]/faf/ ul/Psf] zfGt jftfj/0f,
e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds ljBfno ejg cflb .

u_ lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofdf ;'wf/

ljBfyL{n] cfkm\gf] rfxgfcg';f/sf] l;sfO k|fKt ug{df lzIf0fl;sfO
k|lqmofdf klg ;'wf/ x'g'kg{] rfxgf /fVg] u5{g\ . o:tf rfxgfx¿df –
lzIfs lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfno cfpg],
ljBfnodf k"/f ;do k9fO x'g'kg{],


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u u/]/ lzIf0f ug{'kg{],

cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{'kg{],
u[xsfo{ lzIfsn] lgoldt ¿kdf hfFr u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg'kg{],
5nkmn / k|of]ufTds ljlwaf6 k9fO x'g'kg{],
ljBfyL{sf] dgf]efjgf a'em]/ k9fpg'kg{],
sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljz]if ;do / Wofg lbg'kg{] cflb .

3_ aflnsfd}qL jftfj/0f
n}lª\us lje]b cGTo ul/Psf] jftfj/0f klg l;Sgsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
jftfj/0fsf ¿kdf kb{5 . vf;u/L ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
aflnsfd}qL jftfj/0fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg
ljifodf Wofg lbg'k5{ –
ljBfnodf n}lª\us lje]b x6fpg],
s]6f–s]6Lsf nflu 5'§f–5'§} zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf ug{],
dlxnf lzlIfsfsf] Joj:yf ug{],
lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofdf s]6fs]6LaLr lje]b g/fVg],
ljBfnoleq jf aflx/ s]6LnfO{ lh:Sofpg] / of}ghGo lx+;fh:tf
s'/fdf aGb]h nufpg],
k|To]s %÷& lbgdf aflnsfsf ;d:of ;f]w] s] x'G5 <
;'emfa tyf ph'/L k]l6sf /flvlbP s] x'G5 < cflb .

ª_ afnaflnsf, cleefjs / ;d'bfosf] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf

o; ;DaGwdf ljBfyL{sf] rfxgf lgDgcg';f/ x'G5g\ –
afnaflnsf :jod\ cg'zfl;t x'g'kg{],
;dodf ljBfno cfpg],
ljBfnosf] gLlt lgod kfng ug{],
ljBfnodf afnSna u7g ug{] / ;lqmo u/fpg'kg{],
cleefjs / lzIfsaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw x'g'kg{],
kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw /fd|f] x'g'kg{],
cleefjsn] ljBfyL{sf] k|ult ljj/0f ;do–;dodf a'´g'kg{],
ljBfno / ;d'bfoaLrsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] x'g'kg{] cflb .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

r_ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0f
blnt, hghflt, ckfª\u / ul/aL k[i7e"ldsf afnaflnsf tyf cGo
afnaflnsfx¿sf aLrdf s'g} e]befj x'g glbg] .

blnt lje]b x6fpg s] ug{] <

;r]tgfd"ns tyf 5'jf5'tlj/f]wL cleofg rnfpg], ljBfyL{df blnt
lje]bsf af/]df ;dfhdf ljutdf b]lvPsf s'';+:sf/, ablnFbf] kl/j]z /
sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] . blnt eGg] s';+:sf/ dfq
xf] pgLx¿df klg cGo u}/blnteGbf a9L Ifdtf x'G5 eGg] pbfx/0f
lbg] / blnt lje]b cGTosf nflu ljBfyL{ e"ldsfaf/] cGtlqm{of,
jSt[Tjsnfh:tf sfo{qmd u/] s] x'G5 <
lzIfsn] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{], k5fl8 kfl/Psfx¿nfO{
yk Wofg k'¥ofpFb} pgLx¿nfO{ cufl8 a9\g, k|ult ug{ yk xf};nf k|bfg
ug{] . ljBfyL{ cfrf/;+lxtfdf lje]b/lxt k|fjwfg g5'6fpg] .

hghflt lje]b x6fpg s] ug{] <

;r]tgfd"ns cleofg rnfpg], ljBfyL{df lje]bsf af/]df ablnFbf] kl/j]z
/ cfOPncf]sf k|fjwfg / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿af/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg] . cGo hfltx¿eGbf km/s 5}gg\ eg]/ :yfgLo:t/df hghfltn]
u/]sf k|ult pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lbg] / x/]s sfo{qmd tyf cj;/x¿df
;dfj]zL ;xeflutf u/fP s] xf]nf <
lzIfsn] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{] / k5fl8 kfl/Psfx¿nfO{
yk Wofg k'¥ofpFb} pgLx¿nfO{ cufl8 a9\g, k|ult ug{ yk xf};nf k|bfg
ug{] . ljBfyL{ cfrf/;+lxtfdf lje]b/lxt k|fjwfg /fVg] / o;df ljBfyL{
lzIfs ;a}nfO{ ;lDem/xg]] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] .

dlxnf lje]b x6fpg s] ug{] <

;r]tgfd"ns tyf dlxnf lx+;flj/f]wL cleofg rnfpg], ljBfyL{df
dlxnfnfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0f, ;docg';f/ cfPsf] kl/jt{g / sfg'gL
k|fjwfgsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] . s'g sfo{ dlxnf lx+;f;Fu
;DalGwt x'G5g\ / To;f] ul/Pdf s:tf] ;hfo x'G5 < ;r]t u/fpg] .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL ph'/L lbg ph'/Lk]l6sf ljBfnodf g} /fVg] / To:tf

ljifosf] ;Daf]wg ug{] .
;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{] / 5fqfx¿nfO{ lh:Sofpg]h:tf
:jefj lg?T;flxt ug{] . xKtfdf Psk6s 5fqfx¿df cfPsf] ;d:of
a'em\g 5nkmn tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ug{] . dlxnf lx+;f lje]b
cGTosf nflu ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsfaf/] cGtlqm{of, jSt[Tjsnfh:tf sfo{qmd
u/] s] x'G5 <

kxf8] / dw];Lh:tf lje]b x6fpg s] ug{] <

d]nldnfk / cfk;L ;b\efjsf kIfnfO{ dxŒj lbg] . ;a} g]kfnL xf}F
To;}n] Ps csf{af6 l;Sg] l;sfpg] kIfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] . dw];Laf6
kxf8] / kxf8]af6 dw];Ln] cf–cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf efiff / ;+:s[lt l;Sg
l;sfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf kIfnfO{ sIffsf lqmofsnfk;Fu hf]8\g] .
o:tf ljleGg lje]bx¿ x6fpg tkfO{+x¿n] :yfgLo:t/df s]xL t
kSs} ug{'ePs} 5 . o:tf lje]b x6fpg oL t pbfx/0f x'g\ . tkfO{+x¿n]
klg yk /rgfTds sfo{ ug{ ;lsFb}g / <

p_ ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgaf6} sIffsf]7f s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <

oL pNn]lvt ljBfyL{sf] rfxgf k"/f x'g ;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljBfno jf
sIffsf]7f afnd}qL aGg ;S5 . sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df kof{Kt
;|f]t ;fwg k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . o; cj:yfdf ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgaf6}
s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPnf < eGg] k|Zgx¿ klg cfpg ;S5 . o;
cj:yfdf–
ePs} ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug{ /rgfTds a'l4sf] k|of]u ug{],
sIffsf]7fdf ‰ofn / k|sfzsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5,
z}lIfs ;fdu|L Joj:yfkg tyf k|bz{gLsf nflu ;fdfGo pkfo
ckgfpg ;lsG5,
ePs} 8]:sa]GrnfO{ afnaflnsf a:g ;xh x'g] k|s[ltsf]
agfpg],
lzIfs ljBfyL{;Dd ;xh kx'Fr x'g]u/L kmlg{r/sf] Joj:yfkg
ug{ ;lsG5,


 afnd}qL ljBfno

ljBfyL{n] x]g{ ;xh x'g] / ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] sfnf]kf6Lsf]

Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5,
aRrfsf] sfkL lstfa /fVg ldNg] b/fhsf] Joj:yf ug{
;lsG5,
;do x]g{ ;Sg] u/L leQ]38Lsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5,
sIffsf]7fdf lkpg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5,
lr;f] x'g] ;d:of x6fpg k/fnsf u'Gb|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{
;lsG5 cflb .
o;df tkfO{+n] cfkm\gf] a'l4 / ljj]ssf] k|of]u ug{] xf] . ;f]Rg'xf];\
tkfO{+;Fu klg o:tf y'k|} pkfox¿ x'g ;S5g\ .

pm_ sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f l;sfO cg's"n÷afnd}qL÷l;sfOd}qL agfpg

ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksn] Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg{] kIfx¿ –
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;Sgsf nflu ;'/lIft / cf/fdbfoL jftfj/0fsf]
l;h{gf,
n}ª\lusd}qL jftfj/0f sfod ug{]
cGtlqm{of tyf Jo:ttfsf nflu clek|]/0ff,
kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg / ;DaGw sfod,
sIffsf]7fdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg tyf j}olQms leGgtfsf]
Vofn ug{],
pko'Qm l;sfO jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ lzIfs;Fu} sfd u/]/
pT;flxt agfpg]
;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{, lg/Gt/ l;sfOsf nflu df]8n
aGg],
cfjZostfg';f/ ;Nnfx / ;'emfa lbg],
pbfx/0fLo lzIf0fnfO{ dxŒj lbg], cEof; u/fpg],
lgoldt lzIfs :6fkm a}7s a;L 5nkmn ug]{,
lzIfssf] sIffsf]7fsf] sfo{bIftf cjnf]sg u/L ;dodf g}
/rgfTds k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{,
kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf / cGo ;Gbe{
;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ljBfnodf cg'zf;g, ;Rrl/qtf, lzi6tf sfod ug{ cfjZos

sfo{ ug]{,
lzIfsx¿nfO{ lzIf0fdf s'g} ;d:of k/]sf] eP ;f]Wg] / ;d:of
;dfwfgdf ;xof]u ug{],
/fd|f] lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsnfO{ Key teacher sf ¿kdf k|of]u
ug]{] . h:t}M l/8 g]kfnsf] ;f]n' / tfKn]h'ªsf ljBfnox¿df
Key teacher x¿ 5g\ . To:t}, b}n]vdf klg o; sfo{nfO{
k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ cufl8 a9]sf pbfx/0f 5g\ .
cfjZos ;|f]t h'6fpg], cflb .

@_ afns]lGb|t÷afnd}qL l;sfO
afnaflnsfsf] ?lr, Ifdtf, cfjZostf kl/j]z tyf ljsf;qmd /
ljz]iftfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ul/g] l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ afns]lGb|t
cyf{t\ afnd}qL l;sfO k|lqmof elgG5 . afnd}qL lzIf0fljlw tyf
afnd}qL ljBfnosf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L lzIf0fl;sfOsf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/Psf] cj:yf eg] xfd|f ljBfnox¿df la/n} kfOG5 .
lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf k|j]z;Fu} n6\7L;d]t lnP/ hfg], n6\7L gnu] klg
cfkm"n] eg]em}F ljBfyL{x¿n] sfd gu/]df g/fd|/L emkfg{] ub{5g\ . xfd|f
ljBfnox¿df afnd}qL ljlw k|of]u u/]/ lzIf0fl;sfO ug{] kl/kf6L
a;fpg 7"n} k|of; ug{'kg{] cfjZostf 5 .

afnd}qL lzIf0fl;sfOsf ljz]iftf–

of] k|lqmof lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t x'G5,
o; k|lqmofdf l;h{gfTds tyf ;xefuLd"ns ljlw Pjd\
k|lqmofsf] dfWodaf6 l;sfO ug{] ul/G5,
x/]s lqmofsnfkdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf]
x'G5,
afnaflnsfsf x/]s lqmofsnfk / k|lqmof s]Gb|laGb'df x'G5g\,
sIffdf PsLs[t Pjd\ k|j4{gfTds lqmofsfnfk ;dfj]z x'G5,
pRr l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/fpg] k|of; eO/xG5,
of] afnd}qL ljBfnosf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u xf] .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

afnd}qL l;sfO k|lqmofdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lzIfssf] /xG5 .

lzIfsn] g} s:tf] k|lqmof ckgfpg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{] x'Fbf lzIfsn]
cfkm"nfO{ afns]lGb|t l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ cg'z/0f ug{ / cfkm\gf] Jojxf/
kl/jt{g ug{' g} d'Vo kIf xf] . ljBfyL{s]lGb|t l;sfO k|To]s afnaflnsfsf]
dgf]efjgf, ?lr, Ifdtf / ljsf;qmd tyf ljz]iftf a'em]/ cufl8 a9\g]
kIfaf6 ;'? x'G5 .
h:t}M v/fof] / s5'jfsf] syfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ a'emfpg b'j}sf]
lrq / To;df b'j}sf] rfnaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] / To;n] lbg vf]h]sf]
;Gb]z ljBfyL{df :yfGt/0f ug{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|bz{g ub{} ljBfyL{nfO{
Wofgs]lGb|t u/fP/ ljifoj:t'df k|Zg ug{] / pQ/ ljBfyL{nfO{ lbg ;lqmo
u/fpg] >L hLjgHof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno, bz/yk'/sf lzIfs
b'uf{axfb'/ xdfnsf] k|lqmof ;/n tyf ljBfyL{s]lGb|t 5 .

s] ug{'x'G5 t pxfF <

x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{nfO{ g} ;lqmo u/fpg],
z}lIfs ;fdu|Llagf sIffsf]7fdf k|j]z g} gug{],
k"j{tof/L;lxt sIffdf k|j]z ug{],
ljBfyL{sf] dgf]efjgf, ?lr / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df lzIf0f,
j}olQms Ifdtfsf] sb/ ug{],
;dfg Jojxf/, b08/lxt lzIf0f, k|f]T;fxg k4lt ckgfpg],
j}olQms Ifdtfsf] klxrfg ub{} JolQmTj ljsf;df hf]8 lbg],
ljBfyL{–lzIfsaLrsf] ;DaGwn] ljBfyL{df cfpg] lxlRsrfx6
lg?T;flxt ug{] cflb .
>L hLjgHof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno, bz/yk'/sf lzIfsx¿n]
u/]sf] afnd}qL lzIf0f k|lqmof c¿ ljBfnox¿df klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ .
afUn'ªsf] >L hgk|]d pRr dfWolds ljBfno, >L cd/ k|fylds
ljBfno, l;n] cu{nnufotn] klg u/]sf 5g\ .
xfdLn] afns]lGb|t l;sfO k|lqmofsf dfWodaf6 afnd}qL l;sfOnfO{
d"t{ ¿k lbg d"ne"t ¿kdf lgDg kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ –
sIffsf]7fsf] ;'wf/ / afnd}qL a;fO Joj:yfkg
;xeflutfd"ns lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t l;sfO,


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

;'wfl/Psf] sIff ;do tflnsf,

afnd}qL l;sfO ;fdu|L,
cleefjssf] ;+nUgtf / ;lqmotf,
z}lIfs of]hgf tyf lzIfsdf k"j{tof/L cflb .
afnd}qL ljlwdf lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmof afns]lGb|t l;sfO;Fu hf]8]/
x]g{'k5{ . o;df lgDg ljlw ckgfpg ;lsG5 –
/rgfTds ljrf/af6 lzIf0fl;sfO,
;xeflutfTds / ;xof]ufTds l;sfO,
vf]h, ljZn]if0f / cfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO (Critical thinking),
;d:of ;dfwfg,
l;h{gfTds tyf ljljwtfo'Qm ljrf/sf nflu k|f]T;fxg .
o; ljlwx¿n] ;defj, s?0ff, c¿sf] kL8f / b'Mvdf cfkm" klg
efjljef]/ x'g], ;+oldth:tf rf/ kIfsf] ljsf; ug{ / /fli6«o:t/df
lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf kIfx¿df Wofg s]lGb|t ub{5 .

#_ lzIfs Jojxf/
afnd}qL ljBfnosf] cª\us} ¿kdf lzIfs Jojxf/ kb{5 . afnd}qL
ljBfno agfpg] d'Vo / k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] kIf lzIfs g} xf] .
afnd}qL ljBfnosf] kIfnfO{ bla{nf] agfpg e"ldsf v]Ng] lzIfssf]
Jojxf/ cyf{t\ e"ldsf /fd|f] x'g cfjZos 5 . lzIfs l;sfO k|lqmofsf]
;xof]uL, ;xhstf{ / dfu{bz{s xf] . h;n] b]vfPsf] Jojxf/af6 l;sfO
k|efljt x'g] u5{ .
lzIfssf] Jojxf/ l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;fyLsf] ¿kdf / cK7\of/f] /
;d:of kbf{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg] ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf x'g pko{'Qm x'G5 .
ljBfno cyjf sIffsf]7fdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] ;DaGw / b"/L hlt
glhs /xG5, l;sfO k|lqmof klg Tolt g} ;xh aG5 . l;sfO k|lqmofdf
s]xL lzIfssf] Jojxf/s}} sf/0f ljBfnosf] l;sfO pknlAw klg /fd|f]
b]lvPsf pbfx/0f 5g\ .
;'v{]t bz/yk'/sf] >L hLjgHof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfs
b'uf{axfb'/ xdfn lzIfs–ljBfyL{aLrsf] ;DaGw / lzIfs Jojxf/sf]
af/]df :ki6 x'g'x'G5 . ljBfyL{s]lGb|t k4lt / ljBfyL{k|lt cfb/ ug{]


 afnd}qL ljBfno

z}nLn] l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ lgs} ;xof]uL agfPsf] 5 . zq's} aRrf eP

klg /fd|f] lzIff lbP/ aRrfsf] eljio /fd|f] agfpg] / p;sf] /fd|f]
l;sfOaf6 cleefjsnfO{ kZrfQfk u/fP/ cleefjss} dg lhTg ;lsg]
pxfFdf a'emfO 5 .
o;sf] dtna lzIfs xdfnn] s'g} ljBfyL{nfO{ e]befj gu/L ;a}
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ub{} j}olQms Ifdtfsf] sb/ u/]/ lzIf0f
ug{'x'G5 . o:t} ;f]n'v'Da'sf] v'Dh'ª dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿ klg
ljBfyL{sf] ;xof]uL, ;xhstf{ / l;sfO k|lqmofdf /dfpg] ;fyLsf ¿kdf
Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{'x'G5 .

o:tf Jojxf/n] s] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 <

l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpF5,
lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLrsf] ;DaGw / b"/L glhs agfO/xG5,
ljBfyL{df ;ª\sf]r / lxlRsrfx6 x6fpF5,
l;sfO k|lqmofdf ljBfyL{nfO{ pT;'s agfO/xG5,
cg'zf;g, cfb/ / /fd|f] cfbt a;fN5,
lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf u|x0f u5{,
pRr pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5,
sIffdf l;sfO k|lqmofleq cGtlqm{of a9fpFb} ljBfyL{df l;Sg]
OR5f a9fpF5 cflb .

lzIfssf] Jojxf/ s:tf] x'g'k5{ <

afnd}qL ljBfnodf lzIfs afnaflnsfsf] ;xof]uL xf] . afnaflnsf;Fu}
/dfpg] / /dfpFb} l;Sg] l;sfpg] jftfj/0f afnd}qL ljBfnodf ;'lglZrt
x'G5 . o:tf ljBfnodf lzIfsn] ljrf/sf] sb/ ug{], ljBfyL{k|lt x]/rfx,
dfof / cfb/ ug{]nufot tnsf sfo{x¿ ug{'k5{ –
ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtfcg';f/ l;sfpg]÷;xof]u ug{],
l;sfpg pT;'s / k|lta4 x'g],
k"j{tof/Lsf ;fy sIffdf k|j]z ug{],
ljBfyL{nfO{ pTk|]l/t ul//xg],
;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f /fVg],


 l;h{gzLn ljBfno

cfTdljZjf;L k];fk|lt k|lta4 x'g],

;dfg Jojxf/ ug{], b08 / ;hfo glbg],
cGtlqm{ofTds z}nLaf6 l;Sg pTk|]l/t ug{] cflb x'g'k5{ .
l;sfO k|lqmofsf qmddf lzIfssf] Jojxf/÷e"ldsf s:tf]
x'g'knf{ < tkfO{+ cfkm}F klg yk sfo{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

lzIfssf] e"ldsf
xfdL lzIfs w]/} k|sf/sf 5f}F . xfdLnfO{ s] ug{], s] gug{] < s] u/]sf
5f}F, s] u/]sf 5f}gf}F < xfdL cfkm}FnfO{ yfxf 5 . xfdL /fd|f] ug{] klg
5f}F, gug{] klg 5f}F . cN5] klg 5f}F, hfFul/nf klg 5f}F . h] eP klg
xfdL hfFul/nf, /fd|f] / ug{] x'g}k5{ . lsgeg] ;dfhsf ljZjfl;nf kfq
xfdL xf}F, xfdLeGbf csf{] 5}g . afnaflnsfsf] eljio agfpg] lhDd]jf/L
cleefjsn] xfdLnfO{ lbg'ePsf] 5 . xfdL afnaflnsfsf] eljio lgdf{tf
xf}F .
l;Sg] / l;sfpg] qmddf lzIfssf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
lzIfssf] e"ldsf ;w}F ;xof]uL / l;sfOnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] k||s[ltsf]
x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu lzIfsn] lgDg kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .

ckfª\u tyf sdhf]/

afnaflnsfsf] afnaflnsfnfO{
cfjZostf ljz]if Wofg
k|fyldstf
afn;xeflutfsf]
e]befj/lxt
k|f]T;fxg

zf]if0f, lzIfssf]
e"ldsf l;h{gzLntf
b'Jo{jxf/ljxLg

afnaflnsfsf]
cg'zf;g cfTdljZjf;
l;Sg] l;sfpg] ;~rf/df hufpg]
z}nL Wofg lbg]


 afnd}qL ljBfno

sf7df8f}+sf] afkmnl:yt 1fgf]bo dfWolds ljBfnosf k"j{k|wfgfWofks

wg~ho zdf{ clwsf/Ln] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOnfO{ pknlAwd"ns agfpg
lzIfssf e"ldsfsf af/]df ;xsdL{;Fu /fo ;Nnfx lng] / ;'emfa
lng]lbg] k|lqmof cfkm" /xFbf;Dd cEof; ug{'eof] . ;a}eGbf a9L lzIfsn]
pgLx¿nfO{ dfof ug{] / pgLx¿sf] cfjZostfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f u/]/
To;sf] lg¿k0f ug{ cu|;/ b]lvg'eof] . pxfFn] cfkm" / cfkm\gf ;xsdL{nfO{
afn;xeflutfsf] k|f]T;fxg, l;h{gzLntf, afnaflnsfsf] cfTdljZjf;,
cg'zf;g / zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ljxLgh:tf kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofPsf
sf/0f /fd|f] ljBfnosf] gd'gf aGg ;xof]uL lzIfssf] e"ldsfn] dxŒjk"0f{
;xof]u k'¥ofof] .
csf{] 8f]6Lsf] tnf/fl:yt eujtL dfWolds ljBfnodf lzIfssf]
o:tf ;xof]uL e"ldsfn] of] ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] rfk a9]sf] 5 .
oxfF l;Sg] / l;sfpg] sfo{df lzIfs–ljBfyL{ Pp6} kl/jf/sf ¿kdf
b]lvG5g\ . sl/a b'O{ ;o ljBfyL{ / clwsf+z lzIfs klg ljBfyL{;Fu}
a:g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . ljBfno ;doaflx/ klg ljBfyL{sf] ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{] / l;Sg] l;sfpg] qmddf g} lzIfs ljBfyL{sf] ;do vr{
x'G5 . oL b'j} b[i6fGtn] lzIfs l;Sg] l;sfpg] / ljBfno pknlAws]lGb|t
k|lta4tfnfO{ phfu/ u5{ .

of]Uo lzIfsdf oL kIfx¿ x'g'k5{

st{Jok/fo0f, k];fdf ;Gt'i6, cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug{], k];fk|lt
akmfbf/, nugzLn, tflndk|fKt, kf7of]hgf agfP/ k9fpg],
ljBfyL{df cGt/lglxt k|ltefnfO{ k|:km'l6t ug{ ;Sg], ;dodf
:s'n cfP/ k9fpg], lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;Sg],
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] plrt k|of]u ug{], sIffdf hfg'k"j{ /fd|f] tof/L
ug{], cfkm"nfO{ ;w}F ;lqmo / cWoogzLn agfpg], ljifoj:t'df
;Ifd, lh1f;', cg'zfl;t, ljBfyL{n] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] JolQmut
;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fdf k|oTgzLn x'g],
ljBfyL{sf] dgf]efjgf a'emL ;f]xLcg';f/ Jojxf/ ug{], ljBfyL{sf]
?lrcg';f/ k9fpg], ljifoj:t'cg';f/ km/s–km/s tl/sfn]
k9fpg hfGg], k9fPsf ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ x'g'kg{],


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

afnaflnsfnfO{ k|]d ug{], :ki6jQmf, Gofok|]dL, ljBfyL{sf]

eljiok|lt ;+j]bgzLn, rl/qjfg\, k];fk|lt lgi7fjfg\, hfFul/nf],
afnd}qL lzIf0f tl/sf ckgfpg], dg, jrg / sd{n] lzIf0f
ug{], l;s]sf] s'/f Jojxf/df nfu" ug{], ;xL tl/sfn] d"Nof+sg
ug{], d[b'efifL, ultzLn, ;bf l;Sg tTk/ x'g] cflb .

afns]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu s] ug{] <

lzIfsx¿ cfkm\gf] sIffdf ;dodf pkl:yt x'g] .-lzIfssf]
xflh/L /]s8{, cjnf]sg / ljBfyL{, lzIfs / cleefjsx¿;Fu
;Dks{ /fVg] ug{'k5{ ._
lzIfsx¿n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsfcg';f/sf] 1fg x'g] lsl;dsf] tflnd
lng] . -o;}sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n ul/Psf]
xf] ._
lzIfsx¿nfO{ lzIf0f cEof;sf d'Vo If]qdf ;'wf/sf nflu
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;xof]u vf]hL ug{] .
>Jo–b[Zo tyf cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|L lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf
k|of]u ug{] .
lzIfsn] kf7of]hgf tof/ u/L To;sf] cg'z/0f ug{] / km/s
Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbO{
kf7of]hgf tof/ u/]/ sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ug{] -h:t} M s]6Lx¿,
ckfª\utf ePsf] afnaflnsf, la/fdL, s'kf]lift, cNkeflifs /
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf aflxl/Psf ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg]_ .
l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tyf d'Vo cjwf/0ff
a'emfpgsf nflu lzIfsn] ax';ª\Vos afnaflnsfn] af]Ng]
efiff k|of]u ug{] .
lzIfsx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf k|Zg tyf
cGtlqm{of ug{] .
lzIfsx¿n] cf}krfl/s cyjf cgf}krfl/s tl/sfaf6 lgoldt
cyjf ljz]if ;dodf z}lIfs;qleq g} ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfO
pknlAwsf] dfkg ug]{ .
afnclwsf/ tyf afn ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf lzIfs tflnd lng] .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

lzIfsn] kf7of]hgf tof/ ubf{ / lzIf0f lqmofsfnk ;~rfng

ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] .
ljBfnosf] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf lqmofsnkfdf ljBfyL{x¿ ;lqmo
¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] h:t} M afnaflnsfx¿sf] Sna of
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] .
l;sfO jftfj/0fn] afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm\gf] clwsf/ / bfloTjk|lt
;';"lrt x'g] . h:t} M sIffsf]7fsf] lqmofsnfkdf efu lng],
k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] / b'Jo{jxf/ / x]kfOaf6 ;+/If0f x'g] jftfj/0f
agfpg] .

afns]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu clxn]sf] tl/sf abNg] s;/L <

afns]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu w]/} s]xL ug{] kb}{g . lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{
afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf cfkm"nfO{ Ps ;xof]uL ePsf] a'emfOsf]
ljsf; u/] klg k'U5 . o;;Fu} lzIfsn] –
afn :jefjnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL afns]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw cfTd;ft\
ug{],
ljleGgvfn] v]n ljlw, clego ljlw, ;d"x sfo{, kl/of]hgf
ljlw cflbnfO{ hf]8 lbg] / a9LeGbf a9L ljBfyL{nfO{ g} ;lqmo
u/fpg],
k|To]s sIffsf]7fdf /dfpFb} l;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{],
lzIf0f k|lqmofdf z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{],
/rgfTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; u/fpg],
dfgl;s b08;hfo lbg] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo ug{],
k|hftflGqs cg'zf;gsf] ljsf; u/fpg] cflb .

$_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L / ;hfj6

lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpFb} z}Ifl0fs p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ sIff
lzIf0fdf k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L elgG5 . kof{Kt z}lIfs
;fdu|L / To;sf] ;hfj6n] l;sfO k|lqmofsf nflu pTk|]/s e"ldsf
v]Nb5 eg] l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpg;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
afnd}qL ljBfnon] z}lIfs ;fdu|L / To;sf] Joj:yfkg /


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

;hfj6nfO{ klg ljz]if Wofg lbPsf] x'G5 . o;y{ l;sfO k|lqmofsf nflu
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u cem} klg w]/} ljBfnodf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t/,
s]xL ljBfnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u / To;sf] dxŒj a'em]sf] kfOG5 .

emfkfsf] ;'?ª\ufl:yt l;+xb]jL lgDg dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n]

z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;ª\u|xfno g} agfP . k|wfgfWofks 8Da/ km'ofFnn] lzIfs
:6fkmsf] ;xof]u lnP/ ljBfnod} z}lIfs ;fdu|L sfo{zfnf ;~rfng
ug{'eof] . ;lhnf] pkfo, o; sfo{zfnfdf cleefjsn] afF;, sf7 /
k/fnsf k/Dk/fut ;fdu|L agfOlbP . To;;Fu} cfkm"x¿;Fu ePsf 7]sL,
dbfgL, 9'ª\u|f], sb{, r'n];L, xk{]h:tf b}lgs k|of]udf cfpg] cf}hf/ /
efF8fs'F8f ;ª\u|xfnonfO{ pkxf/ lbP .
t/af/ v'F8fnufot kmnfdsf s]xL ;fdu|L vl/b ul/of] . o:tf]
a'l4n] ;xh ¿kdf ljBfnodf g} z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;ª\u|xfno aGof] .
o:t}, afUn'ªsf] hgk|]d pRr dfWolds ljBfnon] klg ljBfnodf g}
;ª\u|xfno agfPsf] 5 . o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ j:t'x¿sf] kl/ro lbg /
ljifoj:t'cg';f/sf] lzIf0fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;3fp
k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

hfFul/nf lzIfssf] pbfx/0fM lzIfssf] uf]hL g} z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] e08f/

kj{tsf] yfk7fgfl:yt yfk7fgf dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfs -lghL
;|f]tsf lzIfs_ u0f]z zdf{ kf}8]naf6 klg s]xL l;Sg ;lsG5 . pxfF
df}lns z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug{] / k|of]u ug{] ug{'x'G5 . pxfF :6sf]6
/ k]G6sf uf]hLdf g} z}lIfs ;fdu|L af]s]/ lxF8\g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] uf]hLdf
z}lIfs ;fdu|L 6'6\b}g .
pxfF cfkm\g} ;fydf #÷$ y/Lsf snd, af]8{ dfs{/, l8S;g/L,
xft]n]G;, ud, s}FrL, Sofns'n]6/, k]lG;n, k]k/, Unf;s6/, nfO6/,
AofG8]h, k]hs;, d}gaQL, sDkf;, l6k]S;, r'Das, l;of] 3fuf] cflb
;fdu|L cfkm}F ;ª\sng u/]/ /fVg'x'G5 . ljBfnon] vl/b ul/lbg'k5{ eGg]
kIfdf x'g'x'Gg . pxfF lghL ;|f]taf6 g} sd d"No kg{] / ;j{;'ne ¿kdf
kfOg] ;fdu|Laf6 g} z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f ug{'x'G5 . /, ljifocg';f/
sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ug{'x'G5 .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

z}lIfs ;fdu|L eGgfn],

x/]s ljifosf] kf7\ok':ts,
d"No gkg{] / sd d"No kg{] ;fdu|Lx¿,
lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{af6 lgld{t jf ;ª\slnt ;fdu|Lx¿,
sIffsf]7fsf leQfx¿df kf7\oqmd;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx¿
k|bz{g,
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿– lzIfssf nflu kf7\ok':ts, kf7\oqmd,
lzIfs lgb{]lzsf, ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf cflb ;fdu|L .

pbfx/0fsf nfluM
sIff @ nflu sIffsf]7f ;hfj6;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿M
sfnf]kf6L
nfOgdf a;]sf] lrq
;/:jtLsf] tl:a/ -sfnf]kf6LeGbf dfly /fVg]_
hgfj/x¿sf] lrq
g]kfnL j0f{dfnf rf6{
r/fx¿sf] lrq
;fdfGofy{s zAbfy{sf] ;"rL
kmnx¿sf] lrq
ljk/Ltfy{s zAbsf] ;"rL
km"nx¿sf] lrq
ks]6 rf6{
ljBfyL{–lgld{t ;fdfg k|bz{g ug]{ ¥ofs
) b]lv !)) ;Ddsf] rf6{
) b]lv @) ;Ddsf nflu ;lrq pbfx/0f
lbg / dlxgfsf] gfdsf] ;"rL
leGgx¿sf] pbfx/0f
3/sf] lrq
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd v'n]sf] Pp6f ;fgf] kl/jf/sf]
;b:ox¿ ePsf] lrq
;fdflhs d"No / cfbz{x¿ emNsg] gf/fx¿


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

sIffsf]7fsf] ;hfj6 s;/L ug{] <

sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f /f]rs tyf pQ]hgfk"0f{ agfpg sIffsf]7fnfO{
ljleGg lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿n] ;hfpg'kb{5 . sIffsf]7fsf] ;hfj6af6 g}
ljBfyL{x¿n] w]/} s'/f l;Sg ;s"g\ . o; k|sf/sf] sIffsf]7f ;hfpg
lgDg kIfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿–M
ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 ljBfyL{dfkm{t\ / lzIfs cfkm}Fn] lzIf0f
;fdu|Lx¿ ;ª\sng ug]{ .
tL ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ljifocg';f/ 5'6\ofpg] / 5'6\ofOPsf
;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ klg sfuhaf6 lgld{t ;fdu|L, rf6{, tl:a/,
kmnfl6g Psflt/ /fVg] / 7f]; j:t'x¿af6 agfOPsf ;fdu|Lx¿
csf]{lt/ /fVg] .
sIffsf]7fsf] ;+/rgf cjnf]sg ug]{ / s'g–s'g leQfdf s:tf]–
s:tf] ;fdu|L /fvL sIffsf]7f ;hfpg ;lsG5, To;sf] ;fdfGo
vfsf tof/ ug]{ .
x/]s leQf Ps÷Ps ljifol;t ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx¿af6 ;hfpg]
cyjf ljleGg ljifosf nflu sIffsf]7fsf] s'gfx¿nfO{ l;sfO
s'gfx¿ (Learning Corners) sf] ¿kdf ;hfpg] . h:t} M
k"j{;fIf/tf cjwf/0f uGtL / k"j{n]vg ;Lk ljsf; If]q,
:jfjnDag l;sfO If]q, lgdf{0ffTds l;sfO If]q, efiff ljsf;
If]q, ul0ft l;sfO If]q, clego If]q, l;h{gfTds If]q, lj1fg
l;sfO If]qdf l;sfO If]q 5'6\ofpg] / o;} If]qcg';f/sf]
;fdu|L ;hfP/ /fVg] . of] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ afUn'ªsf clwsf+z
afnljsf; s]Gb|df o:tf] cEof; ul/Psf] 5 .
‰ofndfly nfDrf] vfnsf] / ‰ofn–‰ofnsf] aLrdf t];f]{
vfnsf] rf6{x¿, tl:a/ cflb /fVg] .
7f]; ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|bz{g ug{ sf7sf] km\Nofs /fvL tVtf
(Rack) agfpg] .
k|bz{g ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ lbglbg} ;kmf ug]{÷u/fpg] .
ljleGg ljifox¿df kf7sf] k|ult ePcg';f/ k|bz{g ul/Psf
lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ abNb} hfg] . k|of]u ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿
e08f/0f ug]{ .


 afnd}qL ljBfno

ljBfyL{x¿n] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|bz{g ug{ Pp6f 5'§}

tVtf (Rack) tof/ ug]{ / ljBfyL{ lgld{t ;fdu|Lx¿ kfn}kfnf]
k|bz{g ug]{ .
;fdfGotof sfnf]kf6Ldfly / bfofF–afofF ljBfyL{x¿sf] lg/Gt/
¿kdf b[li6 kl//xg] x'gfn] To; :yfgdf ;a}nfO{ sfd nfUg]
/ ;w}Fsf nflu sfd nfUg] ;fdu|L /fv]df /fd|f] x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, sfnf]kf6Lsf] dflylt/ ;/:jtLsf] tl:a/
/fVg] . bfofFlt/ sIffut uLt, afofFlt/ sfo{ pQ/bfloTj
tflnsf (Job Responsibility Chart) sfnf]kf6L;Fu} z}lIfs
;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]u/L kmnfl6g af]8{ /fVg] cflb .

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] dxŒj

lzIf0fdf /lx/x]sf] k/Dk/fut df}lvs ;~rf/ 36fpg,
l;sfOnfO{ d"t{ ¿kdf 7f]; wf/ a;fNg,
lzIfsnfO{ cfkm\gf] lzIf0f cy{k"0f{ / k|efjsf/L agfpg,
lzIfsnfO{ cfkm\gf] k]zfk|lt bIftf a9fO :yfoL / bL3{sfnLg
agfpg,
ljBfyL{df 1fg;Lk / clej[l4sf] Jojxfl/s ljsf; u/fpg,
lzIf0fsf sl7g kf7x¿nfO{ ;/n ¿kdf k|:t't ug{,
ljBfyL{nfO{ lzIf0fk|lt k|]l/t ug{,
sd vr{df :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{,
ljBfyL{nfO{ lqmofzLn agfO{ cGt/lglxt Ifdtfsf] k|:km'6g ug{
u/fpg,
ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg,
lzIf0f sfo{df Ps¿ktf Nofpg,
kf7\oqmdsf p2]Zox¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf k"0f{ u/fpg,
;fdflhs dfu / ljBfyL{sf] rfv cg'¿k lzIf0f ug{ cflb .

%_ afnd}qL ljBfno lsg cfjZos <

afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO ult, cg'ej / Ifdtfcg';f/sf] l;sfO
Joj:yfnfO{ plrt ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{,


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

afnaflnsfn] rfF8f] l;Sg], n]Vbf÷k9\bf dfgl;s tgfj x'g],

l;sfO ?lrs/ x'g] tyf lbuf] x'g], k"/f ;do ljBfnodf
latfpg]h:tf /fd|f kIfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{,
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ljsf; ug{,
afnaflnsfn] l;Sg] jftfj/0f afnd}qL agfpg lzIfssf]
e"ldsf ;"rgfstf{, ;xhstf{, pTk|]/s / ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOk|lt
lh1f;' agfpg] JolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{,
ljBfno / ;d'bfoaLrsf] ;DaGw, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf,
afnaflnsfsf] d"Nofª\sg k4lth:tf tŒjx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg,
afnaflnsfx¿sf] cGt/lglxt Ifdtfsf] k|:km'6g ug{ cflb .

afnd}qL ljBfno s;/L agfpg] < tkfO{+sf] lbdfudf afnd}qL

ljBfnosf] s:tf] vfsf cfof] < ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg slQ
klg l9nf gug{'xf];\ .


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

cWofo #
z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f
/ k|of]u

!_ sd d"Nosf lzIf0f ;fdu|L ;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f k|lqmof

s_ ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df s] ug]{ <
v_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]uM s]xL ljBfnox¿df ePsf
cEof;x¿
@_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u
#_ sd d"No / d"No gkg{] ;fdu|Lx¿
$_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;hfj6÷Joj:yfkg
l;sfO If]qcg';f/sf] ;fdu|L ;hfj6 ljBfnox¿df
ul/Psf] cEof;


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

z}lIfs ;fdu|L o:t} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] k|s[ltsf ;s];Dd :yfgLo:t/df k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]uaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . :yfgLo
z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|efjsf/L / sd d"Nodf lgdf{0f x'g] x'Fbf ;xh dfGg
;lsG5 .
z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf] bfloTj lzIfssf] xf] . lzIf0fl;sfOdf
cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ / ck]lIft pknlAw k|fKt ug{ / l;sfO
k|lqmof k|efjsf/L agfpg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ckl/xfo{ 5 . cfkm\gf]
ljifo÷sIffsf]7f k|efjsf/L agfpg / k|of]udf NofOg] ;fdu|L÷z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / ;ª\sng lzIfss} bfloTjleq kb{5 .

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] juL{s/0f

z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ lgdf{0fsf cfwf/df ;fdGotofM lgDg efudf juL{s/0f
u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
lzIfs cfkm}Fn] lgdf{0f ug{'kg{],
ljBfyL{sf] ;xof]u lnP/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg],
afx\o ;|f]taf6 lng'kg{] jf ;ª\sng ug{'kg{] .

csf{] b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{

vl/b u/]/ Nofpg'kg{],
:yfgLo:t/df g} ;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] .

ah]6sf lx;fa÷cfwf/df
d"No kg{] / sd d"Nodf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg],
d"No gkg{] ;fdu|Lx¿ .
o;/L ljefhg u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|L sltko ljBfnodf
cem} klg lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
sxLFst} lzIfssf] hfFu/sf] cefjdf, st} z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf af/]df
/fd|f] 1fg / ;fdu|L lgdf{0fnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf lng] afgLsf] ljsf; x'g
g;Sbf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u sd 5 .


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

!_ sd d"Nosf lzIf0f ;fdu|L ;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f k|lqmof

k|sf/, d"No,
k|of]ustf{sf] lzIfs,
;fGble{stf, ;|f]t
cfjZostf ljBfyL{, ;d'bfo

p2]Zo l8hfOg
lgdf{0f

k[i7kf]if0f
sIff lzIf0fdf k|of]u

sltko lzIfsdf z}lIfs ;fdu|L eg]sf] ahf/df kfOg] / lsg]/

NofOg] ;fdu|L dfq x'g\ eGg] wf/0ff klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ kl5Nnf]
;dodf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]unfO{ ;xh ¿kdf lnP/ lzIfs
cfkm}Fn] lgdf{0f ug{] / cfkm}Fn] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;fdu|L a9L k|efjsf/L ePsf]
cg'ejx¿ klg 5g\ .

s_ ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{ s] ug{] <

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] ;DaGwdf
ljBfnodf cGtlqm{of ug{],
x/]s z}lIfs;qsf] ;'?df jif{el/sf] z}lIfs of]hgf x/]s
lzIfsx¿af6 tof/ kfg{ nufpg] / o;/L tof/ x'g] of]hgfleq
cfjZos kg{] ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg]{,
;s];Dd :yfgLo:t/d} pknAw x'g ;Sg] lagfk};fsf tyf
Go"g d"Nosf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u, ;ª\sng Pjd\ e08f/0fsf
;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sfof{Gjog ug{] .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ :yfgLo:t/df g} lgdf{0f ug{ / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5

eGg] pbfx/0f ljBfnox¿ / lzIfsx¿sf] hfFu/n] b]vfPsf klg 5g\ .
/fd]5fksf] dGynL pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf k"j{k|fylds txsf afnaflnsf,
cfwf/e"t txsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ df6f] tyf sfuh / cf6{af6 z}lIfs
;fdu|L lgdf{0f u/fpg nufpg] u5{g\ . To:t}, sfo{ nlntk'/sf s]xL
ljBfnon] klg of] cEof; u/]sf 5g\ . ;'g;/Ldf z}lIfs ;fdu|L d]nfs}
cfof]hgf u/]/ klg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng u/]sf pbfx/0f 5g\ .

v_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u M s]xL ljBfnox¿sf cEof;x¿

bz/yk'/ ;'v{]tl:yt >L hLjgHof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n]
z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f tyf k|of]udf lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{'ePsf] 5 .
ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks nf]saxfb'/ vqLn] ;xsdL{nfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgdf{0fsf nflu k|f]T;fxg tyf cGo Joj:yfkgsf] kf6f]df ;lqmotfk"j{s
;xof]u ug{'x'G5 . ljBfnodf ul/Psf s]xL k|of;x¿–
z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;ª\sngdf sd d"No kg{] / d"No g} gkg{]
;fdu|LnfO{ hf]8,
l9sL, /f]6]lkª, ljleGg /ªsf] n7\7L -58L_ x¿, xFl;of, 3/
/ 3/df k|of]u ul/g] 3/fo;L ;fdu|Lx¿, n'F8f]sf] u§L ljleGg
jg:kltsf kfth:tf ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng,
ljBfyL{af6 ;ª\sng x'g] ljleGg ;fdu|L,
cleefjs;Fu ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;fdu|L ;ª\sng
tyf Joj:yfkg cflb 5 .
To;}u/L afUn'ªsf] l;n] cu{nl:yt cd/ k|fylds ljBfnodf
k|wfgfWofks k/dfgGb uf}td / wjnflul/ pRr dfWolds ljBfno
/ftdf6fsf s[i0fbQ kGtsf] ;lqmotfdf :yfgLo:t/df g} z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f ug{] / clgjfo{ ¿kdf sIffsf]7fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|L
k|of]u ug{] jftfj/0f ldnfOPsf] 5 . pxfFx¿sf] k|of; o:tf] 5 –
:yfgLo ;fdu|LnfO{ g} z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf],
:yfgLo:t/df kfOg] ds}sf vf]of, 9'ª\ufsf 6'qmf, afF;sf] 58L
cyf{t\ n¶L, Knfl6:ssf vfnL af]tn, af]tnsf lasf{] cflb
k|of]u u/L z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ul/Psf],


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

:yfgLo :t/df kfOg] k/fnsf] k|of]uaf6 ljleGg ;fdu|Lsf]

lgdf{0f,
sf7sf 6'qmfx¿af6 cª\s;DaGwL 1fg u/fpg uf]6Lx¿ lgdf{0f,
afF;sf n¶Lx¿nfO{ ljleGg /ªdf /ª\ufO{ k|of]u, 9'ª\uf÷lu6LnfO{
/ª\ufP/ k|of]u,
nK;Lsf] bfgf, ljleGg kmnkm"nsf bfgfx¿, cf?sf bfgf
cflbnfO{ /ª\ufP/ ;fdu|L tof/,
s'6h:tf kmflnPsf ;fdu|L pkof]u u/L cIf/ lrgfpg cIf/kQL
/ af]8{sf] lgdf{0f / ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{] ul/Psf],
ljBfyL{af6 g} /fd|f ;fdu|Lx¿ l;h{gf, tL ;fdu|Lx¿ 5gf]6
u/L pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] / 5flgPsf ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u / k|bz{g ug{],
df};dcg';f/ kfOg] ljleGg pTkfbgnfO{ kf7\oqmdcg';f/
tfnd]n ldnfP/ k|ToIf j:t' g} b]vfpFb} z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf
¿kdf k|of]u ug{] ul/Psf] . h:t} M ;fdflhs ljifo / lj1fg
ljifodf km;L{, sfFqmf cflbnfO{ cufl8 b]vfP/ To;sf] aLh /
ltgLx¿sf] agf]6af/] l;sfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
csf{] lxdfnL lhNnf ;f]n'v'Da'l:yt v'Dh'ª dfWolds ljBfnodf
klg k|fylds txsf O~rfh{ bof/fd dxh{gsf] ;lqmotfdf
k|fylds txsf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ s]xL
k|of;x¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . o; ljBfnodf –
sd d"No kg{] / d"No gkg{] ;fdu|L lgdf{0fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf]
5,
lzIfsaLr ;xsfo{, Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ 5nkmn ub{} ljBfnodf
g} z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf] cEof;,
z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f;DaGwL tflnd ljBfno kl/jf/aLr
cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg ug{] ul/Psf],
z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0fdf ljBfyL{nfO{ klg ;lqmo agfpFb}
;xsfo{ ug{] / k|ltefsf] ljsf; u/fpg],
k|f]h]S6 js{ lbP/ klg ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] cflb
k|of; ul/Psf 5g\ .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

o:t}, kfFry/ lhNnfsf] ;'lDgdf rf}sl:yt ;'lDgdf lgDg dfWolds

ljBfno, l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] jf;'sLb]jL k|fylds ljBfno / ;]tLb]jL lgDg
dfWolds ljBfnon] klg z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ dxŒj lbPsf 5g\ . oL
ljBfnox¿n] z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]udf u/]sf] cEof; –
l;sfO ;d"x lgdf{0f u/]/ ;d"xut l;h{gfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L
ljBfyL{af6 g} ;fdu|L lgdf{0f u/fO{ k'gM sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u,
:yfgLo:t/df kfOg] vfnL af]tnsf] k|of]u, /ª;DaGwL 1fgdf
a];f/sf] k|of]u u/]h:t} ljleGg vfB ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u,
u]8fu'8Lx¿ e6df;, wfg, ux'Fh:tf cGgkftsf] ;ª\sng u/L
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u,
ds}sf] vf]of, nK;Lsf bfgf, afF;sf 58Lx¿ ;ª\sng /
To;af6 ul0ftLo tyf ;fdflhs, lj1fg / cGo ljifosf
ljifoj:t'cg';f/ k|of]u,
k/fnsf] k|of]uaf6 ljleGg ;fdfu|L, a:g] rs6L cflb lgdf{0f
tyf k|of]u ug{] ul/Psf 5g\ .
oxL cEof; Onfd lhNnfsf] a/af]6]l:yt b'uf{ k|fylds ljBfnodf
klg b]Vg kfOG5 . oxfFsf lzIfsx¿n] :yfgLo :t/df kfOg] ;fdu|Lx¿ h:t}M
cGgsf gd'gf, sf7, afF;, 9'ª\uf, df6f], u]8fu'8Laf6 cfkm}Fn] lgdf{0f ug{
;lsg] ;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . log} ;fdu|LnfO{ l;h{gfTds z}nLaf6
sIffsf]7f ;hfpg] / lzIf0f lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
xfdL klg o:tf ;fdfGo / sd vr{df ;fdu|L lgdf{0f u/]/ z}lIfs
;fdfu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;S5f}F . o:tf ;fdu|L sd vr{ / ;fdfGo
ldlxg]taf6 lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5f}F . o:tf s]xL cEof;n] tkfO{+ xfd|f] z}Ifl0fs
lqmofsnfknfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t k'U5 . oxL
;fgf] cEof; h;n] xfd|f] l;sfOnfO{ klg ;xh agfpF5 . oxL a'l4
xfdLn] rflxF lsg nufpg g;Sg] lg < cjZo ;lsG5 .

@_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

s_ rs af]8{
;fdfGotofM ljBfnodf ;a}eGbf a9L k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L
v/Lkf6L jf sfnf]kf6L xf] o;}nfO{ rs af]8{ klg elgG5 . o:tf rs


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

af]8{x¿ afh/df ljleGg k|sf/sf kfOG5g\ . h:t}M

l:y/ -:yfoL_ rs af]8{– sIffsf]7fdf sf7 jf l;d]G6af6
leQfdf :yfoL ¿kdf agfOPsf] .
lrqfTds rs af]8{– sIffaflx/ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg], lrq
em'G8\ofpg] u/L agfOPsf] sf7sf] rs af]8{ .
a]g{ ;lsg] rs af]8{– a]g{ ;lsg] k|s[ltsf] df]6f] v;|f] sk8fsf]
k|of]uaf6 agfOPsf] rs af]8{ .
u|flkms af]8{– ul0ft, lj1fgh:tf ljifox¿ lzIf0f ug{ af]8{df
u|flkms agfOPsf] u|flkms af]8{ .
DofUgf af]8{– ;–;fgf r'Das k|of]u ug{ ldNg] k|s[ltsf]
rsaf]8{ .
csf{] b[li6n] o;nfO{
;fwf/0f rs af]8{,
r'DasLo rs af]8{ / a]g{ ;lsg] rs af]8{ klg elgG5 .
o;n] sIffsf]7fdf cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|L gePsf] cj:yfdf
Reflective learning sf cfwf/df s'g} klg ljifoj:t'nfO{ a'emfpg
;xh agfpg d2t k'¥ofpF5 .

rs af]8{ lgdf{0f ug{] tl/sf

;fdGotofM # lkm6 rf}8fO / % lkm6 nDafO ePsf] rf/}lt/
bx|f] sf7sf] k|m]d agfpg],
sf7sf] k|of]u u/]sf] ePkl5 /fd|f];Fu lrNofP/ ldnfO{ Kjfnx¿
gx'g] u/L To; k|m]ddf sf7 ldnfpg],
l;d]G6sf] eP l;d]G6s} k|m]d agfO{ To;df l;d]G6 ldnfP/
/fd|/L lrNofpg],
To;dfly ;]tf] rsn] n]Vg ldNg] sfnf] /ªsf] agfpg sfnf]
/ª jf 6r{nfO6, /]l8of]df k|of]u u/]kl5 k'gM k|of]u ug{
gldNg] Aof6«Lleqsf] w'nf]n] /fd|f];Fu /ª\ufpg], To;nfO{ sfnf]sf]
;§f xl/of] /ª klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
rs af]8{ d]6\g e'jfbf/ sk8f cyjf 8:6/ k|of]u ug{] /
o;nfO{ a]nf–a]nf /ª\ufO/xg] .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿

rs af]8{ sIffdf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] b]Vg] u/L /fVg],
/flvPsf] rs af]8{ sfnf] jf xl/of] /ªsf] x'g'kg{],
rs af]8{df n]Vg sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{n] b]Vg ;Sg] cfsf/sf]
cIf/df n]Vg'kg{],
kf7;Fu ;DalGwt t/ cfjZos s'/fx¿ dfq rs af]8{df
n]Vg'kg{],
rs af]8{df n]Vbf n]Vg] / af]Ng] ;Fu;Fu} ug{' /fd|f] x'g],
n]lv;s]kl5 n]v]sf] g5]lsg] u/L lzIfs pleg'kg{],
k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 /fd|f];Fu d]6\g÷;kmf ug{ la;{g'x'Fb}g .
o:tf k|sf/sf agfpg ;lsg] / agfOPsf rs af]8{x¿
kfOG5g\ .

v_ kmnfl6g af]8{
kmnfl6g sk8f k|of]u u/L agfOg] sk8fsf] af]8{ g} kmnfl6g af]8{ xf] .

kmnfl6g af]8{sf] lgdf{0f

cfjZostf -kmnfl6g af]8{_ cg';f/sf] kmnfl6g sk8f, sfuh
-sf8{ af]8{ sfuh jf afSnf] sfuh_ km]lesn jf ud, lsnf
/ 3gh:tf ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug{],
;fdfGotofM # lkm6 rf}8fO / $ lkm6 nDafOsf] kmnfl6g sk8f
/ o;} cfsf/sf] sf8{af]8{ sfuh jf afSnf] sfuh tof/ ug{],
tof/ ul/Psf] kmnfl6g sk8fnfO{ /fd|/L tGsfP/ sf8{ af]8{
sfuh jf afSnf] sfuhdf 6fF:g],
o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] kmnfl6g af]8{nfO{ pko{'Qm 7fpFdf sIffdf
sfnf]kf6Lh:t} u/L sfF6Ln] c8\ofpg] .
o;nfO{ csf{] tl/sfaf6 klg agfpg ;lsG5,
sk8f, b'O{j6f uf]nf] sf7sf] n¶L, sfF6L, 3g / l;of] wfuf]
;ª\sng ug{],
kmnfl6g af]8{ sqf] agfpg] To;}cg';f/sf] kmnfl6g sk8f
sf6\g],


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

sk8fnfO{ tndfly b'j}lt/ sf7 l5/fpg ldNg] u/L OFhf/3/

h:t} agfP/ l;nfpg],
o;nfO{ 3gsf] ;xfotfn] lsnf 7f]s]/ leQfdf 6fF:g],
ca k|of]usf nflu kmnfl6g af]8{ tof/ eof] .
oL b'j} kmnfl6g af]8{ ;lhnf] / 5l/tf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L dflgG5 .
cfjZostfcg';f/ 7"nf] ;fgf] agfpg ;lsP klg # lkm6 rf}8fO /
% lkm6 nDafO ;fdGotofM pko'Qm dflgG5 . kmnfl6g af]8{ ;s];Dd
el8\snf] / ;]tf] /ªsf] k|of]u gug{' g} /fd|f] x'G5 .

u_ k|bz{g af]8{
ljleGg ;"rgfx¿, lj1lKt, lrqx¿, kqklqsfsf c+zx¿ / l;sfO,
hfgsf/L tyf ;"rgfd"ns ljifoj:t'x¿ k|bz{g ug{ ljBfnodf /flvg]
af]8{ g} k|bz{g af]8{ xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0f lgDgcg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5,
cfjZostfcg';f/sf] cfsf/ tof/ ug{] . h:t}M ;fdfGotof %
lkm6 nDafO / ;f9] # lkm6 rf}8fO ePsf] k|m]d tof/ ug{],
To; k|m]ddf KnfOp8 ldnfpg],
KnfOp8sf] ;§f -vr{sf cfwf/df_ sf7, s8f sfuh, l6g jf
Knfl:6ssf] k|bz{g af]8{ agfpg ;lsG5 .
k|m]d tof/ eO;s]kl5 kfgLn] glehfpg] :yfg rog u/L
leQfdf /fVg],
tof/ ul/Psf] af]8{df aflx/af6 hfnLsf] se/ nufO{ tfNrf
nufpg ldNg] agfpg] .
k|bz{g af]8{dfkm{t ljBfno tyf l;sfO ultljlwnfO{ Ps}k6s ;a}df
ljleGg ;"rgfx¿, lj1lKt, lrqx¿, kqklqsfsf / l;sfOnfO{ k|:t't ug{
;lsG5 .

3_ df]8]n÷gd'gf ;fdu|L
lzIf0fl;sfOsf nflu sIffsf]7fdf cfjZos kg{] j:t'x¿sf] gSsn agfO{
k|of]u÷k|:t't ug{] / jf:tljs j:t'nfO{ ;+/If0f tyf ;'/If0f u/L /flvg]
;fdu|L g} df]8]n÷gd'gf ;fdu|L xf] .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

df]8]n÷gd'gf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f

Eofu'tf, ;k{, rd]/f]h:tf hLjnfO{ km/dflngdf 8'afP/ ;'/lIft
/fVg], o;nfO{ gd'gf÷Specimen elgG5 .
la?jfsf kftx¿, h/f cflbnfO{ sfuhdf /fvL kfgL ;'sfP/
;'/lIft ug{],
kxf8, ;u/dfyf, gbL, /]nuf8L, k[YjL, xjfOhxfh, kz'kltsf]
dlGb/ cflbsf] gd'gf agfpg],
gd'gf agfpFbf sfuh, /ª, df6f], afn'jf, kmnkm"n tof/ ug{],
cfjZostfcg';f/ gd'gfsf] tof/L ug{],
sIffdf n}hfg ;lsg], b]vfpg ;lsg], :ki6, t'?Gt} glau|g] /
cfsif{s agfpg'k5{ .
lzIfsn] ;xhLs/0f ub{} ljBfyL{nfO{ tof/ ug{ nufpg
;lsG5 .
o:tf ;fdu|Ln] lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf ljifoj:t'sf]
cfjZostfcg';f/ gd'gf k|bz{g ub{} ljifoj:t'df :ki6 agfpg
d2t u5{ . of] sIffsf]7fdf ;xh} n}hfg / b]vfpg ;lsg],
:ki6, t'?Gt} glau|g] / cfsif{s x'g] x'Fbf ljifoj:t'df ljBfyL{sf]
Wofgs]lGb|t ug{;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

ª_ rf6{
sIff lzIf0f ubf{ ljifoj:t'nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg lrqx¿,
tflnsfh:tf z}lIfs ;fdu|L g} rf6{ xf] . rf6{ klg ljleGg lsl;dsf
x'G5g\ .

!_ j[If rf6{
s'g} klg tYofª\s jf ljifonfO{ ¿vsf] cfsf/h:tf] agfO{ k|:t't
ug{ ;lsg] agfpg'nfO{ j[If rf6{ elgG5 . o;n] s'g} klg ljifonfO{
k|:6 b]vfpg juL{s/0f ug{, To;leq ;d]l6g] kIfx¿nufotnfO{ k|:6;Fu
b]vfpg ;lsG5 . h:t}M afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkgsf kIfx¿ b]vfpg]
j[If rf6{ .


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

:s]r M ch'{g >]i7

@_ ;ª\u7gfTds rf6{
;ª\3;+:yfsf] sfof{nosf] k|zf;lgs jf z}lIfs lgsfosf] ;ª\u7g s:tf]
5 egL /]vflrqaf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf rf6{nfO{ ;ª\u7gfTds rf6{
elgG5 . h:tf] M

#_ tflnsfa4 rf6{
ljifoj:t' jf kf7:fFu ;DalGwt ljleGg s'/fx¿ tflnsfdf /fVg'nfO{
tflnsfa4 rf6{ lgdf{0f elgG5 . o;n] Ps}k6s w]/} ljifosf] hfgsf/L
lbg ;lsG5 . vf;u/L tYofª\s s'g} ljifosf] km/s–km/s hfgsf/LnfO{
tflnsfa4 u/L b]vfpg o;sf] lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

lzIff dGqfno

lzIff ljefu

If]qLo lzIff lgb{]zgfno

lhNnf lzIff sfof{no

ljBfno k|zf;g, of]hgf sfo{qmd, tYofª\s, lg/LIf0f tyf

cfGtl/s k|zf;g tyf cfGtl/s lqmofsnfk tyf tflnd zfvf
k/LIff zfvf cgf}krfl/s lzIff zfvf
;|f]tJolQmx¿

of]hgf tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk tyf n]vf

tYofª\s zfvf cgf}krfl/s lzIff kmfF6 kmfF6

lgdflj÷dflj k|flj k/LIff k|zf;g tyf ;DklQ :6f]/

k|zf;g kmfF6 k|zf;g kmfF6 kmfF6 / btf{÷rnfgL kmfF6
-…uÚ ju{sf] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, xfn %( lhNnfsf] ;ª\u7gfTds tflnsfdf cfwfl/t_

$_ juL{s/0f rf6{
s'g} klg kf7 jf ljifosf] cWoogdf ljleGg ljifoj:t'nfO{ juL{s/0f
u/]/ b]vfpg'kg{] x'G5 . o:tf ljifonfO{ tflnsf jf rf6{df b]vfpg'nfO{
juL{s/0f rf6{ elgG5 . h:t}M


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

ljsf; If]q cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof / n}lª\s cg'kft

@)%* @)^*
ljsf; If]q hg;ª\Vof Ü n}ª\lus hg;ª\Vof Ü n}lª\s
cg'kft cg'kft
k"jf{~rn %#,$$,$&^ !#=! ((=( %*,#$,!*@ @!=( (#=)
dWodf~rn *),#!,^@( #$=& !)$=* (&,!#,&)@ #^=% !))=)
klZrfdf~rn $%,&!,)!# !(=& (@=^ $(,$%,!() !*=^ *&=)
dWo klZrfdf~rn #),!@,(&% !#=) ((=@ #%,*$,#*^ !#=% (#=)
;'b'/ klZrfdf~rn @!,(!,##) (=& (*=@ @%,$#,#$( (=^ (@=)
g]kfn @,#!,%!,$@# !))=) ((=* @,^^,@),*)( !))=) !))=)
-/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] k|f/lDes glthf cg';f/_

%_ u|fkm
u|fkm k]k/df s'g} klg ldNbf] ljifox¿sf] t'ngfTds ljj/0ffTds,
;ª\VofTds, ljsf;fTds / cGo ljljw ¿kdf lglZrt lgodsf cfwf/df
:ki6 agfpg b]vfpg'÷k|:t't ug{'nfO{ u|fkm elgG5 .

g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff

ljBfno lzIff ljZjljBfno lzIff

cfwf/e"t tx -!–*_ dfWolds tx -(–!@_

:gfts tx :gftsf]Q/ tx kL=Pr=8L= tx


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

s'g} klg ljifo÷ljifoj:t' 5f]6f] ;dodf :ki6 ¿kdf b]vfO lzIf0f

l;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsg] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf
u|fkmnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . vf; u/L ul0ft, cy{zf:q, lj1fg, lzIff,
e"uf]nh:tf ljifox¿df u|fkmsf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
u|fkmsf] lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg'kg{] kIfx¿–
u|fkm ;fdGotofM u|fkm k]k/df g} b]vfpg'k5{ .
u|fkm agfpFbf lglb{i6 lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug{'k5{ .
u|fkmsf sf]7fx¿sf] dfGotf / lgb{]zg :ki6 x'g'k5{ .
u|fkmnfO{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5–

s_ :tDe lrq (Bar chart)

u|fkm af/ jf :tDe -vDaf_ sf ¿kdf b]vfOg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ af/ u|fkm
jf :tDe u|fkm elgG5 . of] u|fkmx¿dWo] k'/fgf] / k|rlnt u|fkm klg xf] .

:tDe lrq lgdf{0f ug{] ljlw

tYofª\snfO{ :tDesf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/g] lrqnfO{ :tDe lrq
(Bar chart) elgG5 . of] k|of]u cfO/xg] ;fdfGovfnsf] lrq xf] .
hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f, s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg / ljt/0fh:tf ljleGg
tYofª\sx¿ k|bz{g ug{ of] lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . :tDe lrq 7f8f] /
t];f]{ u/L b'O{ lsl;daf6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

:tDe lrq agfpFbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

:tDesf] prfO k"/} ;ª\Vof c6fpg] u/L lgwf{/0f ug'{'kb{5 .
hltj6f ljifo 5g\ Tolt g} j6f :tDex¿ x'g'kb{5 .
k|To]s :tDesf] rf}8fO a/fa/ / Ps :tDeb]lv csf]{
:tDeaLrsf] b"/L ;dfg x'g'kb{5 .
7f8f] :tDe lrqdf t];f]{] cIf (X-axis) df k|sf/ hgfpg]
ljifo / 7f8f] cIf (Y-axis) df ;f]sf] af/Daf/tf /flvG5 .
:tDe lrqnfO{ aS;df /fvL To;leq :s]n n]Vg' kb{5 .
ax'–:tDe lrq ePdf ;ª\s]t klg lbg'kb{5 .
gd'gfM


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

!@) !!)
!!%

!))
!))
()

*)
^) ^) ^)
^) %%
%) %)
$) $)
$)

@)

)
sIff ( sIff !) sIff !! sIff !@
5fq 5fqf hDdf

s'g} klg tYonfO{ o;/L u|fkmdf cleJoQm u/]/ a'emfpg

;lsG5 . To;kl5 ljBfyL{nfO{ tYo lbP/ u|fkmdf cleJoQm ug{
nufpg ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{n] cfkm}F of] u|fkm tof/ u5{g\ .

v_ /]vflrq (Line graph)

ljleGg tYofª\sx¿sf] lg/Gt/tf b]vfpg, kf/:kfl/s ;DaGw b]vfpg,
cfo–Joosf] ;DaGw b]vfpg, k|To]s jif{sf] ljj/0f atfpg of] u|fkm
agfpg ;lsG5 . of] u|fkm ;a}eGbf ;lhnf] / k|efjsf/L tl/sf klg xf] .
tfkqmd, jiff{ / hg;ª\Vof j[l4, cflb kIf;Fu ;DalGwt
tYofª\sx¿nfO{{ /]vflrqåf/f k|:t't ubf{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ljBfnosf]
lbge/sf] tfkqmd, jif{sf] cf};t jiff{, xfjfsf] ult, ufpFdf lzz'x¿sf]
jflif{s hGdb/, jflif{s pTkfbg j[l4 b/, jflif{s ¿kdf ljBfno 5f8\g]
b/ cflb tYofª\snfO{{ /]vflrq agfO{ JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

o; k|sf/sf] u|fkmdf X cIfdf ;do / Y cIfdf ;dosf] kl/jt{g

cg';f/ rnsf] dfg /flvG5 / tL laGb'x¿ ;Lwf /]vfn] hf]l8G5g\ .
PseGbf a9L rnx¿ klg Pp6} u|fkmdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 . gd'gfM

@))

!@)
!%)
!%) !$@
!#%

!)%
!))
(%

%)
)^#÷^$ )^$÷^% )^%÷^^ )^^÷^& )^&÷^* )^*÷^( )^(÷&)

u_ j[Qlrq÷rqmlrq÷kfO{ rf6{ (Pie chart)

tYofª\sx¿sf] s'n /flznfO{{ ltgLx¿sf] dfgsf] cg'kftdf j[Qdf ljefhg
u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] lrqnfO{{ kfO{ rf6{ (Pie-chart) cyjf j[Qlrq
elgG5 . cyf{t\ ljleGg ljifo / hfgsf/L jf s'g} klg ljifoj:t'nfO{
j[Qsf/ ¿kdf k|bz{g ug{ agfOg] u|fkm g} j[Q u|fkm xf] .
b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L tYofª\ssf] t'ngf ug{ o;nfO{{ k|ltztdf
b]vfpg ;lsG5 . o; lrqdfkm{t hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6, vr{, cfDbfgLh:tf
tYofª\snfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ Wheel chart klg elgG5 .

lgdf{0f ug]{ ljlw

j[Qsf] s]Gb|Losf]0f #^)) x'g] ePsfn] ;Dk"0f{ /flznfO{{ #^)) dfg]/
k|To]s v08sf] sf]0f kQf nufOG5 . To; dfgcg';f/ nfO{ j[Qdf efu
nufOG5 . o;sf nflu k"/f j[QnfO{{ !))Ü Ö #^)) jf !Ü Ö #=^)


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

u/L tYofª\ssf k|To]s lx:;f (Items) nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sf]0fx¿

lgsfNg ;lsG5 . cyf{t\ k|To]s lx:;fn] k|fKt ug]{ sf]0fsf] gfk kQf
nufpg tnsf] ;"q k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
lx:;fn] hgfpg] sf]0f Ö lx:;f Š #^))
s'n kl/df0f

kfO{ rf6{ lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

kfO{ rf6{ lvRbf pko'Qm gfksf] cw{Jof; lnP/ j[Q lgdf{0f
ug{] .
tYofª\snfO{ l8u|Ldf abn]/ ;f]xLcg';f/ j[Qv08 lvRg] .
;fOhsf cfwf/df qmd ldnfP/ j[Qv08 lvRg] .
a]Unfa]Un} /ª jf lrx\g k|of]u u/L j[Qv08x¿nfO{ 5'6\ofpg] .

j[Qlrqsf nflu k|ltztnfO{ l8u|Ldf kl/0ft ug{] tl/sfM

!)) k|ltzt Ö #^))
)
! k|ltzt Ö #^) Ö #=^)
!))
To;sf/0f ! k|ltzt a/fa/ #=^)

l8u|Ldf abNbfM
lxdfn & k|ltzt Ö & Š #=^) Ö @%=@)
kxf8 $# k|ltzt Ö $# Š #=^) Ö !%$=*)
t/fO{ %) k|ltzt Ö %) Š #=^) Ö !*))
gd'gfM

hg;+Vofsf] agf]6

t/fO{ -%)Ü_
kxf8 -$#Ü_
lxdfn -&Ü_


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

3_ lrqfTds u|fkm
s'g} klg ljifoj:t'nfO{ lrqsf dWodaf6 ;ª\s]tfTds ¿kaf6 a'emfpg
k|of]u ul/g] u|fkmnfO{ lrqfTds u|fkm elgG5 . o;n] ;ª\s]tåf/f
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lhnf];Fu a'emfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
o:tf] u|fkmsf dfWodaf6
s'g} klg j:t' lrGg jf 5'6\ofpg ;Sg]5g\,
ljj/0faf/] k|:6 aGg ;xof]u ldNg]5 . h:t}M

;+s]t cª\u÷efu
!)
*
( ! d'Vo h/f
@, # ;xfos h/f
$, % kft
&
% kft /
^, &
^ $ sf08aLrsf] efu
!! * km"nsf] s]Gb| efu
#
(, !) aflx/L kq
@
! *, (, !) km"n÷kmn
!! sf08

#_ sd d"No / d"No gkg{] ;fdu|Lx¿

:yfgLo ;|f]t tyf ;fwgaf6 g} pknAw ug{ ;lsg] h'g d"No gkg{]
k|s[ltsf / s'g} d"Nolagf g} k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] k|sf/sf ;fdu|L /
To;af6 lgld{t ;fdu|LnfO{ :yfgLo:t/df k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] z}lIfs ;fdu|L
elgG5 . o;nfO{ ljBfnoj/k/ / ;d'bfodf g} ;ª\sng / lgdf{0f ug{
;lsG5 . lzIfsn] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ sd d"No kg{] j:t'x¿sf]
5gf]6 ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . slknj:t'sf] ;/:jtL ljBfnosf lzlIfsx¿ o:tf
;fdu|L af6f]df e]6] klg NofpF5g\ . s]6fs]6LnfO{ ;ª\sng ug{ cx|fpF5g\ .


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

pgLx¿sf] ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug{] cfkm\g} pkfo 5g\ . clg xfdLrflxF o;f]
ug{ ;Sb}gf}F / <

xfdLn] klg ug{ ;lsg] –

9'ª\ufsf 6'qmfx¿, sf7sf ;fgf 7"nf 6'qmfx¿, nK;Lsf bfgfx¿,
cf?sf bfgf, cGo kmnkm"nsf u]8fu'8Lx¿ ;ª\sng u/L
ljleGg /ªn] /ª\ufP/ cª\sul0ft;DaGwL 1fg lbg z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;S5f}F .
ljleGg jg:kltsf kft ;ª\sng ug{] / To;nfO{ sfuhdf
6fF;]/ kfgL ;'sfP/ ;+/lIft ug{] / lj1fg / ;fdflhs
ljifo;DaGwL 1fgsf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{
lsg g;Sg] <
df6f], afn'jf, l;;L, l6gsf a§fx¿, v]/ uPsf Aof6«L sfuhsf
6'qmfx¿ ;ª\sng u/L o;af6 ljleGg cfsf/ j:t' / uf]nfsf/,
3gfsf/, s0f, wft';DaGwL ljifosf] 1fg lbnfpg z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;S5f}F .
;nfO{sf a§f, h'Qf, rKkn, cGg / ljleGg u]8fu'8L, afF;sf
58L÷6'qmf, lgufnf], 9'ª\uf, df6f], sd]/f], h'6, sk8fsf 6'qmf
;ª\sng u/L ljifo ;Gbe{cg';f/ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g / <
r'/f]6sf a§fx¿, sfd gnfUg] 86k]g, hn]sf] lrd, r'/fsf
6'qmfx¿, e';, v/fgL cflb lagfd"No k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;fdu|Lx¿
;ª\sng u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
af]tnsf lasf{]x¿, Knfl:6ssf af]tn, s'6, sf6{'g cflb
k|of]uaf6 ljleGg ljifoj:t' l;sfpg ;xof]uL ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf
k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] x'G5 / <
z}lIfs ;fdu|L ljifocg';f/ km/s–km/s cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}u/L
l;sfOsf qmddf k|of]u ul/g] o:tf z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{
;xh agfpg] ub{5 . t/, lzIfsn] ljifocg';f/sf] kf7\oj:t';Fu ldNg]
z}lIfs ;fdu|L / ljBfyL{sf] tx -sIffut_ cg';f/sf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

vf;u/L ;fgf afnaflnsf / tNnf] txsf lzIf0fsf nflu z}lIfs

;fdu|L cem a9L cfjZos kb{5, lsgeg] pgLx¿nfO{ l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf
cfslif{t ug{ / ljifoj:t'df k|:6 agfpg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]u
cTofjZos hlQs} x'G5 .

lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfksf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L

-k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu_
k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfx¿ ;'ljwfhgs÷;xh ¿kdf a:g
/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] kof{Kt 8]S; / a]Grx¿,
;fgf sIffsf nflu leQfdf ;kmf ¿kdf n]lvPsf ;ª\Vof /]vf
/ j0f{dfnf,
ljZjsf] gS;f, g]kfnsf] gS;f, Pl;ofsf] gS;f / :yfgLo
7fpF÷lhNnfsf] gS;f cflb leQ] rf6{x¿,
lrNnf] sfnf]kf6L / kof{Kt rsx¿ cyjf x\jfO6 af]8{ /
dfs{/x¿,
lzz' sIff lzIfs, ljifo lzIfsx¿sf nflu cf–cfkm\gf] ;fdu|L
/fVg] b/fh jf afs;x¿,
snfsf nflu /ªx¿, hf/ / a|;x¿,
lj1fg ljifosf nflu–ljleGg lsl;dsf efF8fx¿, af;sx¿,
gfKg k|of]u ul/g] l;lnG8/x¿, gfKg] lkmQfx¿, sdfgL
t/fh'x¿, l:k|ª Aofn]G;, d}gaQL, 6r{, Unf]a, cfs[lt 7"nf]
kf/L x]g{ ldNg] sfFrx¿, leQ] 38L, ydf{]ld6/, P]gfx¿ cflb .
ul0ft lzIfssf nflu– Pafs;, u0fgf ug{sf nflu k|of]u
ul/g] j:t'x¿, HofldtLo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;]6, gfKg] lkmtfx¿, l:k|ª
Aofn]G;, sfnf]kf6Ldf k|of]u ug{ ldNg] HofldtLo pks/0fx¿
/ Sofns'n]6/x¿,
k|To]s afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu kf7\ok':ts, skL, rf/ nfOg
ePsf] sfkL, cltl/Qm vfnL sfuhx¿, k]lG;n, snd cflb .
;kmf zf}rfnox¿, s]6Lx¿sf nflu 5'§} zf}rfno,
k|To]s afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr ePsf] ;kmf lkpg]kfgLsf]
Joj:yf,


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

;fgf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu v]n ;fdu|L,

/fd|f] k|fylds pkrf/ afs; cflb .

cGo cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿

;fª\uLlts pks/0fx¿,
6]lnlehg / lel;cf/,
;"Idbz{s oGq, ;fdfGo b"/bz{s oGq,
l;8L Kn]]o/,
k|To]s sIffsf]7fdf leQ]38L,
7"nf gfksf sfuh, /ªx¿, rs, ldlxg df6f] cflb .
sIffsf]7fdf ljh'nLsf] cfk"lt{,
s}FrL, ud, l:6n, sfuh, s'6 cflb .

$_ >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|L
;'g]/, b]v]/ jf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k|of]u u/L 1fg xfl;n ug]{ ;xof]uL
;fdu|LnfO{ >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|L elgG5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu}
lzIf0fl;sfOdf klg >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9]sf] 5 .
cfw'lgs ;~rf/df k|ljlwsf] k|of]u÷>Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf;n]
lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|L
k|efjsf/L lzIf0f / lbuf] l;sfOsf cfwf/ ag]sf 5g\ . 6]lnlehg, lkmNd,
lel8of], l;8L, dlN6ldl8of, sDKo'6/ cflbnfO{ >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf
lnOG5 . oL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 l;sf?sf OlGb|ox¿ a9L ;lqmo x'g]
ePsfn] l;sfO :yfgfGt/0f l56f] / lbuf] x'g] u5{ .

>Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u

k/Dk/futnfO{ cfw'lgs lzIf0f l;sfOdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ .
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;hLj agfpg / ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ .
lzIf0fnfO{ ;/n Pjd\ k|efjsf/L agfpg .
l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ :yfoL / bL3{sfnLg agfpg .
gb]v]sf j:t' 36gf, jftfj/0f cflbsf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt tyf
hfgsf/L u/fpg .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

cd"t{ 1fgnfO{ d"t{ agfpg .

lzIfsnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{k|lt a9L ;r]t, ;hu / Odfgbf/
agfpg .
j}olQms leGgtfsf cfwf/df lzIf0f ug{ .
l;sf?s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw / lqmofsnfknfO{ a9fjf lbg
Motion lrqx¿ ;xh ¿kdf k|bz{g u/L l;sf?nfO{
cfjZos 1fg k|bfg ug{ .
uLt, ;ª\uLt gf6s, cfjfh tyf b[Zox¿ ;xh ¿kdf k|bz{g
u/L hLjGt agfpg .
Online tyf web based z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ .
>Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]un] lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg'sf ;fy} lbuf];d]t agfpg] ePsfn] lzIf0fl;sfOdf o;sf] k|of]u
lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

%_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;hfj6÷Joj:yfkg

z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f tyf ;ª\sng u/]/ dfq klg x'Fb}g . o;sf]
;hfj6÷Joj:yfkg klg plQs} cfjZos x'G5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;xL
Joj:yfkg÷;hfj6n] lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xL ;dodf ;xL / cfjZos
;fdu|L lgsfNg;d]t ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
dflyNnf] sIffsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf z}lIfs ;fdu|L sltko
sIffsf]7fdf leQfdf g} em'G8\ofP/, 6fF;]/ /fVg ;lsG5 eg] sltko
sIffdf g} b/fhsf] Joj:yf u/]/ ;'/lIft ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M
ljZjsf] gS;f, g]kfnsf] gS;f, lhNnf / e"uf]n;DaGwL
hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|s[ltsf ;fdu|LnfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] leQfdf
6fF:g÷Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
lj1fg ljifodf ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ sIffsf] s'g} Ps If]qdf
;'/lIft ug{ / s]xL To:tf clt;'/Iff ug{' g{] ;fdu|L Nofa?dsf]
Joj:yf u/L /fVg'k5{ .
ul0ft, ;fdflhs / lj1fgh:tf ljifosf ;fgf–;fgf ;fdu|L
b/fhsf] Joj:yf u/L /fVg ;lsG5 .
kf7of]hgf, z}lIfs Sofn]G8/, kf7\oqmd, ;Gbe{;fdu|L cflb


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{ pko'Qm x'g] u/L :6fkm sIfdf /fVg

;Sg'x'G5 .
o;/L l;sfO lqmofsnfksf ;dodf cfjZos ;fdu|L ;xh} k|of]u
ug{ ;Sg] u/L / tL s]xL ;fdu|L sIffsf]7fdf k|bz{g u/L ljBfyL{sf]
l;sfOnfO{ nfe k'Ug] ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofO{ ;hfj6 ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL
cu|h ljBfnosf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ cu|;/ b]lvPsf ljBfnox¿n]
o;nfO{ /fd|f] dxŒj lbP/ sIffsf]7fsf] ;hfj6nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfPsf
klg 5g\ .
xfdL, oL dfly pNn]lvt kIfdf Wofg lbPs} sf/0f bz/yk'/
;'v{]tsf] hLjgHof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno / DofUbL a]gLsf] a]gL
;fd'bflos pRr dfWolds ljBfnonfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{
;S5f}F . xfdLn] o:tf ljBfnoaf6 klg l;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿n] z}lIfs
;fdu|L lgdf{0f / ;hfj6df o:tf ljifox¿sf] cEof; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;hfj6÷Joj:yfkgdf t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g} sxfF /fVg]
eg]/ ;]l6ª ug{ klg t ;lsG5 . dg nfu] &÷& lbgdf ;]l6ª kl/jt{g
u/] s] x'G5 < pkfo t xfdL cfkm}F klg lgsfNg ;S5f}F lg ¤

c_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;hfj6÷Joj:yfkg -;fgf sIffx¿sf nflu_

z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u / ;hfj6df ;a} sIffsf nflu cfjZos
5 . cem ljz]if u/L ;gf tx÷sIffsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfOdf
k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg t z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ;hf6 / k|of]un] 7"nf] cy{
/fVg] u5{ . t/, vf; u/L g]kfnsf] lzIff Tof] klg tNnf] sIffdf ljz]if
Wofg lbg'kg{]df ev{/ dfq Wofg hfg yfn]sf] 5 .
afUn'ª lhNnfsf s]xL uflj;sf afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df ;]tf]u'/fF;
afnljsf; ;]jfn] ;xof]u÷;xhLs/0f u/]/ o:tf kIfx¿df /fd|f] Wofg
lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;]tf] u'/fF;n] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df
;fgf txsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L÷z}lIfs ;fdu|L
lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h;n] l;sfO lqmofsnfk /
;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;df ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . afnaflnsf /dfO{–/dfO{ ljBfno
cfpg] jftfj/0f ag]sf] 5 . o;n] ljBfyL{ / cleefjs b'j}nfO{ nfe
k'u]sf] 5 . oL s]Gb|x¿df l;sfO If]qcg';f/sf] ;fdu|L ;hfj6sf] cEof;


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;xh ¿kdf k|of]u ug{] / k'gM ;'/lIft ug{] jftfj/0f
ag]sf] 5 .
-s_ efiff ljsf; If]q– o; l;sfO If]qdf syf k':ts, lrq syf,
cIf/ n]vg cEof; k'l:tsf, afnsyf, cª\s tyf cIf/sf] 1fg x'g]
k'l:tsx¿, kmnfl6g af]8{, r/fr'?ª\uL, kz'kIfLsf lrq cfs[ltx¿ cflb .
-v_ ul0ft l;sfO If]q– o; l;sfO If]qdf ;fwf/0f tyf ljleGg
/ª, cfsf/, dflg;, hgfj/, kz'kIfLsf] cfs[lt, cª\s khn, /ª\uLg
8f]ldgf] of af]8{ u]d, Ans, ljleGg ;fOhsf sf6{'g, ljleGg ;fOhsf
6fj/, rfª nufpg], ljleGg lsl;dsf vf]nf}gf, kfª\u|f uf8L, 6]lnkmf]g,
/]l8of] cflb v]nf}gf, 7"nf]–;fgf] nfdf]–5f]6f], afSnf]–kftnf] sf7sf 6'qmfx¿
/ :yfgL:t/df pknAw x'g] laofF, sf7 tyf 9'ª\ufsf ;–;fgf 6'qmfx¿
cflb .
-u_ clego If]q– o; l;sfO If]qdf gSsn u/]/ v]Ng] v]nf}gfx¿
h:tf] k'tnL, efF8fs'6L, k;n ug{] ;fdfGo ;fdu|L, es'08f], ljleGg
;fOhsf] sfuh, l;Ssf k};fx¿, hgfj/, kmnkm"n, t/sf/Lsf] lrq P]gf
cflb .
-3_ l;h{gfTds l;sfO If]q– o; l;sfO If]qdf ;fwf/0ftofM qm]g,
sfuhsf] kfgf, pGg]–a'Gg], k6\ofpg], RofTg], 6fF:g], 5'6\ofpg], ldnfpg]
v]nf}gfx¿, rfª nufpg], df6f] d'5\g], lrq agfpg], ljleGg ;fOhsf
9'ª\uf, 5]:sf, sf7sf 6'qmf, lrqx¿ ud, af]6la?jfsf] lrq, hgfj/sf]
lrq, dfnf ufF:g], lgufnf]sf] 6'qmf, t/fh', 9s cflb . /ª, Ans, cfsf/
;fOh ldnfpg] 5'6\ofpg], ljleGg /ªsf] sfuh, df6f], kfgL, afn'jf
cflb .
-ª_ lgdf{0f l;sfO If]q– khn, pGg]–a'Gg], ldnfpg], 5'6\ofpg]
Ans, 8f]ldgf] cflb .
-r_ :jfjnDag l;sfO If]q– o; If]qdf :jfjnDag ;Lk l;Sg
k|s[ltsf v]nf}gfx¿ h:t}M 6fFs nufpg], df]hf nufpg], h'Qf nufpg],
t'gf nfpg], km:g/ nufpg], n'uf nufpg] ;Lksf nflu cfjZos
;fdu|Lx¿ cflb .
-5_ lj1fg l;sfO If]q– o; l;sfO If]qdf df6f], kfgL, afn'jf,
9'ª\uf, ljleGg lsl;dsf af]6la?jfsf] kft, kmnkm"n, af]6la?jf, /ª,


 z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u

a'?;, hgfj/sf] lrqx¿, 8f]ldgf], khn, Ans, dflg;sf lrqx¿, t/fh',

hgfj/, r/fr'?ª\uLsf] lrqx¿ cflb .
-h_ k"j{;fIf/tf cjwf/0f, uGtL cjwf/0f / k"j{n]vg ;Lk
ljsf; If]q– o; l;sfO If]qdf ;–;fgf 9'ª\uf, ds}sf vf]of, cª\s
khn, 8f]ldgf], ;–;fgf anx¿, l/ª, cafs;, cª\s :6fG8, t/fh', lkmtf,
gfktf}n ug{] ;fdu|L, cª\s Ans, ljleGg kmnkm"nsf laofF, hgfj/,
kz'kIfL / cGo lrqx¿ sf7sf 808Lx¿, ;fbf sfuh, k]lG;nx¿ :s]n,
jf6/anx¿ cflb .

cf_ l;sfO If]qcg';f/sf] ;fdu|L ;hfj6 ljBfnox¿df ul/Psf] cEof;

sd d"No kg{] / d"No g} gkg{] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u s]xL
ljBfnox¿df klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ . OR5fzlQm ePsf lzIfsn] ul//x]s}
5g\ . >L ;]tLb]jL lgDg dfWolds ljBfno sfpn], bf]nvfsL lzlIfsf
gjLgf v8\sfn] z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]udf ul//x]sf] cEof; –
:yfgLo If]qdf kfOg] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf]] ;ª\sng / k|of]u
ul/x]sf] . h:t}M vf]of, 5\jfnL, ds}, nK;Lsf] laofF, afF;,
k'/fgf sk8f, sf]sfsf]nfsf] lasf{], l;dL / cGo u]8fu'8L .
;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ afnaflnsfx¿sf
nflu ;xh kx'Fr ePsf] . h:t}M ;fdflhs ljifosf] l;cs
;DalGwt lqmofsnfk df6f]sf] sfddf afnaflnsf :jod\nfO{
sfnf] df6f] Nofpg nufO{ To;nfO{ rfd|f] kf/]/ s'6L ljleGg
;fdu|L agfP/ pQm ;fdu|L ;'s]kl5 /ftf] df6f] / sd]/f] nufO{
/ª\ufpg pgLx¿nfO{ g} lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
sfuhsf] sfddf sfuh /ª\uLg sfuh ud, 6]k, :s]n, s}FrL
cflb ;fdu|L ;ª\sng u/]/ 5kfO, lrqsnfdf klg ;fdu|L
pknAw u/fO{ lzIfsn] lgb{]zg lbP/ lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fO{
sIffsf]7fdf k|bz{gL ug]{ ul/Psf] . h:t}M ;ª\uLtdf dfbn,
v}Fh8L, em\ofnLh:tf ;ª\uLt ;fdu|Lx¿ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
k|of]u ug{ lbg] / afnuLtn] eflifs ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg]
lzIfsn] xfpefp;lxt afnuLt l;sfpg] .
k|of]ufTds lqmofsnfkdf nflu xfdL :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx¿ kfgLsf]


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

af]tn, cG8f, g'g, v/fgL aflaof]sf] 8f]/L d}gaQL sf7sf

6'qmf 3fF; l;;fsndsf 6'qmf df6f] 9'ª\ufh:tf ;fdu|Lx¿
;ª\sng u/]/ k|of]u ug{] ul/Psf] . /, lj1fgsf af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fpg xfjfsf] zlQm / cfjZostf /ª, :jfb uGw
ePsf j:t'x¿, xfjfsf] k/LIf0f, j:t'sf] 5fof stflt/ k5{
h:tf w]/} k|of]ufTds lqmofsnfk u/fpg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
ul0ft ljifodf t/fh', 9'ª\uf, l;Gsf, nK;L, l;;L, rgfsf
u]8fu'8L, kfth:tf ;fdu|L h'6fO{ hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, efu,
leGg HofldtLo cfs[lt, tf}nh:tf ljifoj:t'sf af/]df lzIf0f
ug{] ul/Psf] .
;Dk"0f{ lsl;dsf z}lIfs ;fdu|L afnaflnsfn] 5'g, e]6\g
/ b]Vg ;Sg] :yfgdf /fVg] / afns]lGb|t ljlw ckgfOPsf]
kfOG5 .
of] t pbfx/0f dfq x'g\ . cGo 7fpFsf ljBfno / afnljsf;
s]Gb|df klg of] cfjZos 5 / s]xLn] cjnDag ul//x]sf klg 5g\ .
o:tf pkof]uL sfo{x¿ glhssf ljBfnox¿n] klg cfkm\gf] ljBfno /
lzIfsn] klg cGo ljBfnosf] o:tf pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L sfo{sf] yfngL
cfh}af6 yfNg] ls <
o;}u/L d"Nojfg\ ;fdu|L klg ;xh} lzIfsn] a'l4 nufpg ;s]
h'6fpg ;lsG5 eGg] Pp6f gd'gf emfkf lhNnfsf] a]n8fFuLl:yt ;/:jtL
lgDg dfWolds ljBfnoaf6 l;Sg ;lsG5 . oxfFsf lzIfsn] cleefjs;Fu,
:yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu 3/fo;L sfdsfhdf k|of]u x'g] / nf]k x'g nfu]sf
k'/fgf ;fdu|Lx¿ ljgfd"No ;ª\sng u/]/ ljBfnodf g} ;ª\u|fxnsf]
:yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;Gbe{cg';f/ o;}nfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0f
l;sfO;Fu klg hf]8\g] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] a'l4 xfdLdf rflxF lsg
gcfpg] < xfdL klg o:t} ug{ cGo a'l4 lgsfNg ;Sb}gf}F / <

s] k};f k/]sf / w]/} k};f lt/]sf dfq} z}lIfs ;dfu|L x'g\ t <
xfdL cfkm} klg t agfpg / k|of]u ug{ ;S5} lg Û To;f] eP yf]/}
hfFu/ lsg grnfpg] <


 lzIf0f snf

cWofo $
lzIf0f snf
!_ lzIf0f snf
c;n lzIfs aGg s] ug{] <
lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
kl/of]hgf sfo{÷If]q e|d0f
k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf nflu ljljwtf Joj:yfkg

@_ lzIf0f r/0fut cj:yf

c_ lzIf0fsf] k"j{lqmofTds cj:yf
cf_ lzIf0fsf] cGtlqm{ofTds cj:yf
sIffsf]7fsf] ljljwtf klxrfg ug]{ tl/sf
sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO :t/ ;'wfg{ s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg -CAS s] xf] <_
;'wf/fTds lzIf0fsf tl/sfx¿
O_ lzIf0fsf] pQ/–lqmofTds cj:yf
l;sfO:t/ p7fpg ;kmn ljBfnox¿n] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbP <


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

!_ lzIf0f snf
lzIffzf:qL j6{gsf cg';f/ lzIf0f eg]sf] pTk|]/0ff, ;Nnfx, lgb{]zg
Pjd\ xf};nf k|bfg ug{' xf] . o;y{ lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf cfkm"n] hfg]sf
l;s]sf 1fgsf s'/fx¿ atfpg] k|lqmof dfq geO{ l;sf?n] l;Sg]
jftfj/0f tof/ ug{' xf] . lzIfs–ljBfyL{aLrsf] cGtlqm{ofTds jftfj/0f
tof/ ub{} l;sf?df l;Sg] pTk|]/0ff, ;Nnfx, cfjZos lgb{]zg Pjd\
xf};nf k|bfg ug{] sfo{ g} lzIf0f xf] .
l;Sg] l;sfpg] qmddf lzIfs–ljBfyL{ b'j} ;lqmo x'g'kb{5 . l;sfO
;kmn agfpg hlt;Sbf] l;sf?df ef]s hfUg ;Sg] jftfj/0f / lzIfsdf
ef]s hufpg] ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'kb{5 . lzIfsdf x'g] o:tf] snf g}
jf:tjdf lzIf0f snf xf] .
o:tf kIfx¿ klxn] g} cfP t/ sltko 7fpFdf ljBfnox¿df cem}
klg of] cjwf/0ff nfu" ePsf] kfpg ;lsFb}g . ljBfnodf klg cem}
n]Sr/ ljlw cyf{t\ lzIfsn] cfkm" 1fg afF8\g] JolQmh:tf] ¿kdf lzIfs
s]lGb|t ljlwdf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . t/, ljBfnodf o:tf]
k|j[lQdf la:tf/} ;'wf/ klg cfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
h'g ljBfno / ljBfnosf] l;sfO:t/ dfly p7]sf] 5 / /fd|f]
k|ult b]Vg kfPsf 5f}F . tL ljBfnon] jf:tjd} gjLgtd cjwf/0ff
/ cEof; u/]sf] b]Vg ;S5f}F . oL o:tf l;sfO:t/ dfly p7]sf
ljBfnox¿df lzIfs sIffsf]7fdf hfg'eGbf klxn] ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|:6
agfpg ljifoj:t'df cfkm"nfO{ k"j{tof/L /fVg'x'G5, of]hgf agfpg'x'G5 .
o;sf/0f pxfFx¿ ljBfyL{df l;sfO ;Dej x'g]k|lt plQs} 9'Ss klg
x'g'x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu DofUbLsf] a]gL ;fd'bflos pRr dfWolds
ljBfno / ;'v{]tsf] hLjgHof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno, afUn'ªsf]
u0f]z dfWolds ljBfno, ;f]n'v'Da'sf] v'Dh'ª dfWolds ljBfno To:t}
u/]/ afUn'ªs} hgk|]d pRr dfWolds ljBfno / l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf]
jf;'sLb]jL k|fylds ljBfnon] k/Dk/fjfbL lzIf0f Tofu]/ gjLgtd
cjwf/0fdf lzIf0f k|lqmofsf] cEof; ug{] / k/Dk/fut k4ltaf6
cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ yfNg'ePsf] 5 . o;} sf/0f l;sfO:t/df ;'wf/
;Dej ePsf 5g\ .


 lzIf0f snf

oL ljBfnox¿df lgDg tof/L u/]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 –

k|To]s lzIfsn] ljifoj:t'df k"j{tof/L ug{'x'G5,
of]hgfa4 lzIf0fsf nflu kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f,
z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u,
j}olQms Ifdtf klxrfg u/L lgbfgfTds lzIf0f,
ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]s k/LIffsf nflu pknlAw k|flKtsf] nIo
lgwf{/0f / k|lta4tf u/fpg],
cleefjs;Fu l;sfO:t/af/] lg/Gt/ 5nkmn,
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0f cflb .

ca ;f]rf}F t, oL ljBfnon] u/]h:t} xfdLn] klg ug{ ;Sg] ls

g;Sg] <
xfdLn] klg cfkm"n] ul//x]sf] lzIf0fnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg
;S5f}F . ug{] lzIfsn] g} xf] . lzIffdf kl/jt{gsf d'Vo ;+jfxs eg]sf]
lzIfs g} xf] . afnaflnsfx¿sf] eljio s:tf] agfpg] eg]/ lhDd]jf/L
lzIfsnfO{ g} lbPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf ;a}eGbf a9L ljZjf; ug{] g}
lzIfsnfO{ xf] . To;}n] lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] k];f / ;]jfk|lt hlxn] klg
lqmofzLn / ;hu eO/xg' / cfkm\gf] lzIf0f ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'
lzIfssf] bfloTj xf] .
k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf nflu lzIfsn] cjnDag ug'{kg{] kIfx¿
j}olQms leGgtfsf] klxrfg ug{],
ljBfyL{sf] ;lqmo l;sfOdf hf]8 lbg],
lqmofsnfk ug{ oy]i6 ;do k|bfg ug{],
dfofn' jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{],
pko'Qm l;sfO jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{],
k|:t'lt ;xL ljifoj:t'df x'g'kg{],
k|efjsf/L of]hgfdf hf]8 lbg],
;dosf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf÷;b'kof]u ug{],
lzIf0fdf l;h{gzLntf x'g'kg{],
k|z:t cGtlqm{of ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ k|bfg ug{],
r'gf}tLk"0f{ / :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds l;sfO jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{],


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ljBfyL{x¿df ;sf/fTds cg'zf;g sfod ug{],

k[i7kf]if0f cfbfg–k|bfg ug{],
lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] k|of]udf nrstf b]vfpg] .

c;n lzIfs aGg s] ug{] <

Pp6f c;n lzIfs aGg pm k]zfk|lt ;w}F k|lta4 / lg/Gt/ l;sfOsf]
OR5fzlQm ePsf] x'g'k5{ . lzIf0f ;]jf o:tf] ;]jf xf] oxfF l;Sg] /
l;sfpg] b'j} Ps;fy cufl8 a9\g] k|lqmof xf] . ljBfno ;a}sf] l;sfO
ynf] xf] . o;y{ c;n lzIfs l;sfpg] dfq xf]Og, l;Sg] JolQm klg
xf] . To;} lzIf0fdf cfkm"nfO{ ;w}F ck8]6 u/fO/fVg'k5{ . c;n lzIfsn]
oLnufot lgDg sfo{ ug'{k5{ .
ljifoj:t'cg';f/sf] lzIf0fl;sfO jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{],
lzIfs–ljBfyL{aLrsf] ;DaGw glhs / ;'dw'/ agfpg],
lzIfs l;sfO k|lqmofsf nflu ;xof]uL ;xhstf{ / dfu{bz{ssf
¿kdf k|:t't x'g],
lzIf0fnfO{ ;'wf/fTds / lgbfgfTds agfpg],
l;sf? / ljBfyL{nfO{ l;Sgsf nflu k|]l/t u/fO/fVg],
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof of]hgfdf cfwfl/t agfpg],
lzIfsn] pknlAwsf] nIo agfO{ k|ultpGd'v lzIf0f ug{],
lzIf0fnfO{ k|hftflGqs z}nLdf ;~rfng ug{] hxfF ljBfyL{nfO{
cfkm}F l;Sg] rfxgf j[l4 x'g ;sf];\,
;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwg / ;dosf] k|of]uaf6 nlIft pknlAw k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg] of]hgf / /0fgLlt tof/ ug{],
ljBfyL{sf] ax'cfolds / j}olQms k|ltefsf] sb/ ug{]÷k|f]T;fxg
ug{],

lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg d'Vo t l;sf? cyf{t\ ljBfyL{df l;Sg] ef]u
hufpg ;Sg'kb{5 . h;df ljBfyL{n] sIffsf]7f / sIffsf]7faflx/ l;Sg]
qmddf l;Sg] ljifoj:t'df Psfu|tf cyf{t\ cfsif{0f /xg ;Sof] eg] dfq
l;sfO ;Dej aGb5 . lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgM


 lzIf0f snf

sIffdf kf7sf] ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd ;lqmo ¿kdf afnaflnsfnfO{

;xefuL u/fcf}F . x/]s l;sfOd"ns sfo{df afnaflnsfnfO{
;lqmo ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpg'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{sf] :t/cg';f/ lzIf0f ug{'k5{ . sIffsf]7fleq x/]s
lqmofsnfk Hofb} ;/n jf Hofb} sl7g b'j} x'g'x'Fb}g .
afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO:t/ a'´]/ To;}cg';f/sf] lzIf0f ug{'kb{5 .
h:tf]M ;fgf sbdx¿ p7fpFbf Pjd\ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf bf]xf]¥ofpFbf
tyf ;ª\ul7t ubf{ l;sfO a9L pknlAwd"ns x'G5 .
cEof; ug]{ ;do lbg] u/f}F o;n] l;sfO :yfoL x'g] ;Defjgf
a9fpF5 .
l;sfOdf ;Gt'lnt k4lt cjnDag u/f}F
;Dk"0f{ sIff 5nkmn, ;d"x sfo{, bf}Ft/L 5nkmn / Psn
cEof;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbcf}F / To;df lzIfs ;xhstf{ agf}F .
cEof;sf nflu ;do a9fcf}F, l;sfO cEof;sf nflu ;do
a9fpg lzIfsx¿n] k|efjsf/L of]hgf g} tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
l;sfOsf nflu ;fdu|L tof/ u/f}F, k|of]u u/f}F / sIffsf]7fnfO{
cfsif{s agfcf}F . sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f cfsif{{s agfpg
l;sfO ;fdu|L klg cfsif{s x'g'kb{5 . h;n] afnaflnsfnfO{
sIffdf al;/xF' h:tf] jftfj/0f agfOlbG5 .
l;sfO ;fdu|df afnaflnsfsf] kx'FrnfO{ ;'lgZlrt u/f}F .
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/ / z}nLsf ;fdu|Laf6 l;Sg]
cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .
b}lgs kf7sf] cy{k"0f{ tl/sfn] k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg] . h:t}M
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] k'/fgf] 1fgnfO{ gofF kf7x¿sf] l;sfO
cjlwdf hf]8]/ yk l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
sIffdf df}lvs lqmofsnfk;Fu} k9fO / n]vfOsf] klg ld>0f
u/fcf}F .
:jtM:k"mt{ l;Sg] / ;Lk ljsf;df hf]8 lbcf}F .
pTk|]/0ff hufcf}F . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf pknlAwnfO{ ;Ddfg
u/]/, cfTdljZjf; hufpg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg
u/]/ pTk|]/0ff a9fpg ;Sg'x'G5 .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

cfkm}F vf]Hg] / l;Sg] afgL a;fnL lbpF h:t}M kl/of]hgf sfo{,

If]q e|d0faf6 1fgsf] vf]hL ug{ pTk|l/t u/f}F .

kl/of]hgf sfo{÷If]q e|d0f

If]q e|d0f÷kl/of]hgf sfo{df klxn] of]hgf agfOG5 . To;kl5 tYo–
tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/G5 . kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] of]hgf
/ k|ltj]bgdf ;fdfGotof lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g cfjZos x'G5 M

kl/of]hgf sfo{÷If]q e|d0f of]hgfdf ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ s'/fx¿

cWoogsf] ljifo
p2]Zo
cjlw
ljlw
:yfg
e]6\g] dflg;
cfjZos ;fdu|L
nfut
;|f]t

kl/of]hgf sfo{÷If]q e|d0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v x'g'kg]{ s'/fx¿

zLif{s
k[i7e"ld
p2]Zo
ljlw
kQf nufOPsf s'/fx¿
lgisif{ / ;'emfa

kl/of]hgf sfo{sf r/0fx¿

s_ tof/ kfg{] r/0f M kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ sfd r'gf}tLk"0f{
/ hl6n klg 5 . o;sf nflu ;j{k|yd ljBfyL{nfO{ tof/ kfg'k{ b{5 .
To;}n] lzIfsn] ;j{k|yd kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 .


 lzIf0f snf

v_ cfjZostf kQf nufpg] r/0f M o;nfO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]

bf];|f] t/ cK7\of/f] r/0f dflgG5 . o; r/0fdf s'g–s'g zLif{sx¿df
ljBfyL{sf] ?lr 5 To:tf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f u/fpg'k5{ .
kl/of]hgfsf ;DefJo zLif{sx¿sf ljifodf ljBfyL{sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] .
pQm zLif{sx¿df ljBfy{f]{ clek|]/0ff hfu[t ug{'k5{ . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
k|lqmofdf kl/of]hgf sfo{n] s;/L / s:tf] ;xof]u u5{ eGg] ljifodf
l;ª\uf] sIffnfO{ atfpg] .
u_ kl/of]hgfsf] ;fdfGo 9fFrf lgdf{0f ug]{ M o; r/0fdf
k|To]s ;d"xaf6 cfkm\gf] cWoog If]qsf] lj:t[t of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/G5 .
kl/of]hgfsf] ;+/rgf / If]q lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . To;kl5 sfo{gLlt to
ul/G5 . ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ sfdsf nflu lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/G5 .
3_ tYo–tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ M o; r/0fdf of]hgfcg';f/
If]q e|d0f jf cGo dfWodaf6 ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L ltgnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf]
;+/rgf 9fFrfdf ;ª\ul7t ug]{ sfd ul/G5 .
ª_ k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f M o; r/0fdf k|fKt tYofª\sx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/G5 .
r_ k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ M o; r/0fdf pQm k|ltj]bg k|:t'tLs/0f
ul/G5 . of] sfo{ sIffdf g} ug{ klg ;lsG5 / sIffaflx/ ;fj{hlgs
¿kdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfkm}F l;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
ul/lbg] kIf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . sltko s'/fx¿ k|bz{g÷k|bz{gLaf6
l;Sg ;xh x'G5 . To:t}, s[lifsf ljifoj:t' s'g} lbg /fd|f] cg'ejL
s[ifsaf6 lsg glbg] < To:t}, :jf:Yosf ljifoj:t' :yfgLo :jf:Yo rf}sL,
x]Nykf]:6sf sd{rf/Laf6 lbg ;lsG5 . ;dfhsf cGo kj{, ;fdflhs d"No
dfGotfsf ljifodf ;dfh;]jL, cu|h / cg'ejLaf6 cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg
ubf{ s] lau|G5 < xfdL o:tf pkfox¿ lgsfNg ;Sb}gf}F t <

xfdLn] xfd|f] ;]jfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg ;S5f}F . o;sf nflu xfdLn]

la;{g} gx'g] s'/fx¿M
ljifoj:t'df lzIfs cfkm\g} k"j{tof/L,
l;sf?sf] ?lr / rfxgfsf] klxrfg,


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

lzIf0f / lzIf0f k|lqmofsf] of]hgf -of]hgfa4 lzIf0f_,

j}olQms wf/0ffsf] sb/ / k|f]T;fxg,
lzIfs l;sfOsf nflu ;xhstf{,
lgbfgfTds lzIf0f,
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u,
ljBfyL{nfO{ g} cfkm\gf] nIodf k|lta4 agfpg] cflb .
s'g} klg ljBfnodf sIffsf]7fleq lzIf0fl;sfOsf qmddf
ljBfyL{x¿k|lt b]vfpg] Jojxf/ ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . xfdL lzIfss}
Jojxf/n] klg l;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg] of gagfpg] eGg] Pp6f kIf
xf] . sIffsf]7fdf ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ub{} l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
lzIfsn] lgDg sfo{df Wofg lbg'k5{ M
;a} hfthflt, wd{, ;+:s[ltsf ljBfyL{k|lt ;dfg / ;Ddfghgs
Jojxf/ ug]{,
k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf lrGg] / ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{,
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lr, Ifdtf jf v'aL km/s–km/s x'g] x'Fbf
ljleGg lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
sIffsf]7fdf 5fq5fqfsf] a;fO ldnfpg],
;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿ cfkm}FnfO{ l;Sg] cj;/ lbg] /
lzIfsn] k|efjsf/L ;xhLs/0f ug]{,
;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ ;a} k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutf
u/fpg],
;a} lqmofsnfkdf ;a}n] ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ lgod agfpg],
ljBfno tyf sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f ;a} ljBfyL{sf nflu v'nf,
/dfOnf], ;xh / ;'/IffTds agfpg],
lzIf0fl;sfOsf qmddf cfjZos k/] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfk\mg}
dft[efiff jf eflifsfdf n]Vg nufpg], cg'jfb ug{ nufpg],
lzIfsn] x/]s efiff tyf eflifsfsf] plQs} sb/ ug]{, ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug]{,
sIffdf eflifs ;dfg Jojxf/ :yflkt u/fpg lzIfsn]
sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{x¿af6} sIffsf]7f lgod agfO{ ;f] lgodsf]
kfngf u/fpg] .


 lzIf0f snf

sIffsf]7fdf ;d'bfo lgdf{0f u/fpg], cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf

;a}nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg],
ljBfnodf ljleGg ;d'bfoaf6 afnaflnsfx¿ cfPsf x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] efiff ;+:s[lt km/s–km/s x'G5 . sltko l;sfOsf qmddf
efiff / ;+:s[lts} sf/0f klg sl7gfO k5{ . o:tf sIffsf]7fdf b]lvg]
eflifs sl7gfOsf] ;dfwfg ug{ k|f=8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnfn] …lzIffsf
j}slNks lrGtgÚdf o;/L ;'emfpg'ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnL efiffdf k9fpg] t/ s]6fs]6Ln] g]kfnLdf ga'em]df
pgLx¿sf] efiffdf ;DemfOlbg],
s]xL zAb g]kfnLdf / s]xL zAb s]6fs]6Lsf] efiffdf eGg] .
h:tf] du/ ;d'bfodf k9fpFbf s/\o" eGg],
g]kfnLdf cg'R5]b k9\g] / To;nfO{ s]6fs]6Lsf] dft[efiffdf
;fyLx¿nfO{ eGg nufpg],
s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\g} efiffdf s] a'lemof] egL sIffleq} jf
eflifs ;d'bfodf 5nkmn ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] .
Psn, b'O{ jf ax'n efiffefifLsf s]6fs]6L k9\g] ljBfnodf
eflifs :yfgfGt/0f ljlw ckgfpg] . o;sf nflu :yfgLo
efiffk|]dLx¿nfO{ To:tf ;fdu|L agfpg clek|]l/t ug{],
låefiff lzIf0f ljlw nfu" ug{] . o;sf nflu Ps csf{;Fu
l;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg låeflifs hf]8L ;d"x agfOlbg] .
;x–efiff lzIf0f nfu" ug{] . o:tf] lzIf0f ljlw nfu" ubf{ ;a}n]
Ps–csf{;Fu Ps;fy ;a} efiff l;Sg] tl/sf ckgfpg] . h:tf]
g]kfnLdf dfG5], g]jf/Ldf …dg'Ú, cjlwdf …nf]ugÚ egL ;a}n]
Ps;fy l;Sg] .
s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] dft[efiffdf sljtf, sxfgL, lgaGw n]vfpg],
k|ltof]lutf u/fpg] .
lxHh], cGtfIf/Lh:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .
jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutf u/fpg] .
n3' kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug{] .
;–;fgf eflifs kl/of]hgfx¿ n]Vg nufpg] .
Ps–csf{sf] efiff l;Sg] Assignment lbP x'G5 cflb .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf nflu ljljwtf Joj:yfkg

xfdL lzIfsn] l;sfO k|lqmof k|efjsf/L agfpg w]/} s'/fdf ljrf/
k'¥ofpg} k5{ . lsgeg] xfdL ;dfhsf /f]ndf]8]n klg xfF} . To;}n]
;d'bfo÷;dfhaf6 cfPsf ;a} k|sf/sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ?lr /
rfxgfcg';f/sf] lzIff lbg] / lzIf0f ug{'kg{] afWofTds cj:yf klg
5 . o;y{ o:tf] ljljwtfk"0f{ ;dfh / ToxfFaf6 cfPsf afnaflnsfx¿df
lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ xfdLn] lgDg kIfx¿df Wofg
k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

s_ lzIf0fsf] tof/L ug{'xf];\

hftLo, hghflt, ;+:s[ltsf lx;fan] ;Gt'ng x'g] u/L
ljBfyL{x¿sf] e"ldsf to ug]{,
sIffdf ePsf ljleGg k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb}
;fdu|L tof/L ug]{,
;fdu|L ;a}sf nflu ;xh x'G5 ls x'Fb}g ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ .
;a} k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] s'/f ;'lglZrt
ug'{xf];\ .

v_ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu sIffsf]7f jftf/0f cg's"n agfpg'xf];\

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf lrGgsf nflu cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug]{,
ljBfyL{x¿sf] gfd hfGg'xf];\ / ;xL pRrf/0fsf ;fy
;Daf]wg ug'{xf];\ .
sIffsf]7faflx/ klg pgLx¿;Fu v'nf / cfTdLo Jojxf/
ug'{xf];\ .
ljBfnosf] :6fkmsf]7fdf klg pgLx¿n] lgw{Ss eP/ e]6\g
/ cfkm\gf s'/fx¿ eGg] jftf/0f agfpg'xf];\ .
cfkm\gf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ;xof]uL tl/sfn] cGtlqm{of ug'{xf];\ .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfk;df 5nkmn, cGtlqm{of ug]{ cj;/sf]
l;h{gf ug]{,
;a} k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;d"x
lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .


 lzIf0f snf

;a}nfO{ kfn};Fu g]t[Tj ug]{ cj;/ lbg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfo{sf] k|:t'lt ug]{ cj;/ lbg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{sf] cfjfhnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg]
sIffdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] cfk;L ;xeflutfsf] kl/l:ylt
agfpg'xf];\ h;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{df bfloTj af]w x'G5 .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm\gf cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ df}sf
lbg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ljrf/sf] sb/ ul/g] / pko'Qm
eP :jLsfl/g] s'/fdf ljZjf; lbnfpg'xf];\ .
wd{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf gug'{xf];\ .

ljBfno tyf sIffsf]7fdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{ lzIfsn]

cfTdd"Nofª\sg ?h';"rLsf] k|of]u u/L cfkm\gf] sfo{df ;w}F ;'wf/ Nofpg]tkm{
cu|;/ x'g cfjZos klg x'G5 . o:tf] sfo{af6 ljBfnosf ljBfyL{s]lGb|t,
afnd}qL l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf eO{ aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g] b/
36\g] / l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ cfpg'sf]] ;fy} lzIfs :jod\sf] k];fut
ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 .
xfdL lzIfsn] dgg ug{}kg{] s'/f cfhsf] ;dfhn] rfx]sf] lzIff
s:tf] xf] < / xfdL s;/L÷s:tf] lzIff lbO/x]sf 5f}F < o;}nfO{ cfrfo{>L
klysn] cfkm\gf] lqe'hLo lzIffdf k|:t't u/]sf] cjwf/0ff dgg ug{
;fGble{s 5 .
…k|rlnt lzIffn] h'g gful/s tof/ kf/]sf] 5 ltgLx¿n] ug{]
/fhgLlt, ;fdflhs sfdx¿ cf]/fnf] nflu;s]sf 5g\ . h;/L o'un] gofF
cfofdsf] dx;'; u5{, h;/L lzIffn] gofF s'/f lbg vf]H5, To; k|sf/sf]
cfofd, To; k|sf/sf] s'/f cfhsf] lzIffn] lbg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . dfgjLo
ljsf; ug{sf lgldQ o; 9fFrfnfO{ km]/abn u/]/ tLgj6f e'hf ePsf]
lqe'hLo lzIff agfpg' cfjZos 5, h;sf] v'§f klg xf];\, xft klg
xf];\ / dl:tis klg xf];\ .Ú
…v'§f eg]sf] oyfy{ w/ftndf b[9tfk"j{s, ;Ifdtfk"j{s cufl8
a9\g], xft eg]sf] s'zntfk"j{s sd{ ub{} zflGt :yfkgfdf xft]dfnf]
u/L lqmofzLn x'g ;Sg] / dl:tis eg]sf] bfofF / afofF dl:tissf]


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

;Gt'ng;fy ;Gt'lnt ljrf/ k|jflxt ub{} dfgjLo r]tgfnfO{ k|jflxt ug{

;Sg] x'g'k5{ .Ú
cfrfo{>L klyssf cg';f/ dflg;df r]tg, cjr]tg / cr]tg
tLg dl:tis x'G5g\ . dg'iosf tLgj6} dl:tisnfO{ ;lqmo ug{], tLgj6}
dl:tissf] k|ltef vf]Ng] dfWod g} c;nL lzIff xf] .
klyssf] cjwf/0ffh:t} cfhsf] lzIff sd{k|lt ljZjf; ug{] sfd
ug{ ;Ifd / bIf pTkfbg x'g cfjZos 5 . o;df lzIfssf] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf /xG5 .

z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lsg <

lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lzIfs ;w}F of]hgfa4 ¿kdf cl3
a9\g'k5{ . To;}n] lzIfsn] lzIf0f ug{' jf sIffsf]7fdf hfg'k"j{ z}Ifl0fs
of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . To;df lzIf0fsf qmddf ckgfpg] snf / lzIf0fkl5
ug{'kg{] sfo{x¿ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf /flvPsf] x'G5 .
z}Ifl0fs of]hgfn] lgDg kIfdf ;3fpF5 M
lzIf0fsfo{sf] k"j{tof/L,
lzIf0fsfo{nfO{ lglZrt nIodf k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{ cfwf/,
lzIf0f lqmofsnfksf] kyk|bz{s,
k|fKt kf73G6f, lzIffyL{sf] dfgl;s af}l4s:t/ kf7\oqmdsf
lgb]{zg Pjd\ ljljw z}lIfs / ef}lts jftfj/0fsf cfwf/df
tof/ kfl/g] of]hgfsf] ;dli6t cfwf/,
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] Jojl:yt cfwf/,
ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf, cle?lr, cfjZostf, ;dfhsf] rfxgfcg'¿k
lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng k|lqmofsf] vf]lhPsf] dfWod,
z}lIf0fs ;kmntfx¿sf] ;DefJotfx¿sf] vf]hL, cGof]nx¿sf]
lg/fs/0f, lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{af6 ;Gt'li6 tyf ;sf/fTds
k|ltkmn k|flKtdf ;xfos cflb .

z}Ifl0fs of]hgfn] s] ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 <

z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ p2]Zod"ns, ;kmn, of]hgfa4 / Jojl:yt
agfpg,


 lzIf0f snf

;do, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u / kl/kfng ug{,

kf7\oqmdn] ck]Iff u/]sf] 1fg, ;Lk / ;'em cflbsf] k|flKtdf
;xfos,
/fli6«o cfjZostf, ;fdlhs rfxgf / ljBfyL{sf]
cfjZostfcg's"n lzIf0f ug{,
j:t'ut, Jojl:yt / ;'lglZrt lzIf0f,
z}lIfs nufgLsf] cTolws ;b'kof]u,
pknAw ;do / kf7\oqmdn] lgb]{z u/]sf ljifoj:t'x¿aLr
lgoGq0f, ;Gt'ng / tfnd]n ldnfO{ ;kmn lzIf0f ug{,
pko'Qm ;fdu|L rog u/L pko'Qm lzIf0f k|lqmof ckgfpg
cflb .
xfdL w]/} lzIfsdf lnlvt z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f u/]/ lzIf0f
ug{] lzIfs clt Go"g 5f}F . clnlvt z}Ifl0fs of]hgfaf6 k9fpg] lzIfs
s]xL / lagftof/L, lagfof]hgf sIffsf]7fleq l5g]{ lzIfs cln w]/} 5f}F .
jf:tjdf of] ljBfyL{ l;sfOsf nflu / xfdL cfkm}F lzIfssf nflu
klg kmfObf ub{}g . s]xL lzIfsn] z}Ifl0fs of]hgf agfpg] / To;nfO{
sIffsf]7f;Dd l5/fpg] sfd ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxfFx¿nfO{ o;n] /fd|f]
;xof]u ldn]sf] cg'ej 5 . o:tf] ;xhtf ;To klg xf] . xfdL af6f]lag}
lxF8\g vf]Hof}F eg] s] x'G5 < ;f]Rg'xf];\ t .
hLjgHof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno ;'v{]tsf lgdflj lzIfs b'uf{
xdfn, uf]s'08]Zj/ afndlGb/ pdflj wgs'6fsf k|wfgfWofks uf]kfn
/fO{, jL/]Gb| pdflj g'jfsf]6sf lzIfs ch{'g kGt;Fu z}lIfs of]hgf /
To;}cg';f/ lzIf0f ubf{ lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L ePsf] cg'ej 5 . o:tf
cg'ejx¿ c¿ s]xL lzIfsx¿;Fu klg 5g\ .

@_ lzIf0fsf] r/0fut cj:yf

lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lzIf0fsf r/0fx¿sf af/]df lzIfs
;r]t x'g'kb{5 . h;df lzIfsn] lzIf0f ug{' jf sIffsf]7fdf hfg'k"j{
ug{'kg{] tof/L, lzIf0fsf qmddf ckgfpg] snf / lzIf0fkl5 ug{'kg{]
sfdx¿ kb{5g\ . lzIf0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/nfO{ lglZrt
9fFrfcg';f/ kl/jt{g ug'{ ePsfn] o;sf nflu lzIfsn] sfo{sf] r/0fa4


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

¿kdf cg'z/0f ug{'k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df oxfF lzIffljb\ lkmlnk 8ANo'

HofS;gsf cfwf/df cfwfl/t eO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-c_ lzIf0fsf] k"j{lqmofTds cj:yf,
-cf_ lzIf0fsf] cGtlqm{ofTds cj:yf /
-O_ lzIf0fsf] pQ/ lqmofTds cj:yf .
oL # r/0fdf lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] lzIf0f snfnfO{ Jojl:yt /
of]hgfa4 ¿kdf tof/L ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

c_ lzIf0fsf] k"j{lqmofTds cj:yf

o; cj:yfdf lzIfsn] cy{k"0f{ l;sfOsf nflu cfkm" sIffsf]7fdf hfg'k"j{
ug{] tof/LnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . cyf{t\ sIffsf]7df hfgsf nflu ul/g]
tof/LnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o; r/0fdf lzIfsn] lgDg sfo{ ug{'x'G5 .
lzIf0fsf p2]Zosf] ls6fg ug{],
z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / 5gf]6 ug{] -ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt
cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] tof/L_,
kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f -ljifoj:t'sf] ;ª\u7g / k|:t'tLs/0fsf]
qmda4tf ldnfpg]_,
lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos kg{] pko{'Qm /0fgLlt /
o'lQmx¿sf] 5gf]6 . To;sf nflu cfkm\gf] tof/L ug{],
d"Nofª\sg k|ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{] -ljifoj:t' cg';f/sf] d"Nofª\sgsf
tf}/tl/sf ls6fg ug{] .

lzIf0f ljlwsf] 5gf]6

lzIf0fsf] qmddf lzIfsnfO{ cfk"mn] cWoog u/]sf] ljifoj:t'k|lt ;kmntf
k|fKt ug]{ sfo{ Hofb} sl7g eP tfklg k];fut bIftf clej[l4 ug]{
qmddf kl/>d / lg/Gt/ ldlxg]t h¿/L 5 . k|efjsf/L l;sfOsf nflu
pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlw 5gf]6 klg dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o;sf nflu lgDg
ubf{ s'/fx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ M
z}Ifl0fs p2]Zox¿
ljifoj:t'sf] :j¿k
kf7 zLif{ssf] :j¿k


 lzIf0f snf

ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/

k|fKt ef}lts ;'ljwf
ljBfnodf k|fKt dfgjLo ;+;fwg
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf
lzIfssf] :t/, Ifdtf / ;lqmotf
jftfj/0fLo tYo / ;fdu|Lx¿
ljBfnosf] cj:yf / l:ylt
;d'bfo;Fusf] ;xof]u / ;dembf/L
sIff ;ª\u7g / ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
cltl/Qm tyf ;x–lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dfof]hg

cf_ lzIf0fsf] cGtlqm{ofTds cj:yf

o; cj:yfdf lzIf0fsf p2]Zo k"/f ug{ k"j{r/0fdf to ul/Psf ljlw
/ ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{] ul/G5 . of] r/0fdf cfkm"n] /fv]sf nIo k"/f
ug{sf nflu sIffsf]7fdf uO{ lzIf0f ug{] r/0f cyf{t\ cj:yf xf] . of]
cj:yf sfof{Tds cj:yf jf k"j{tof/Lsf] sfof{Gjog ug{] cj:yf klg
xf] . o; r/0fdf lzIfsn] Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg{] kIfx¿–
of]hgfa4 lzIf0f– sIffsf] cfsf/ lgwf{/0f ug{], l;sf?sf]
lgbfg ug{] .
ljifoj:t'df lqmof–k|ltlqmof / cGt/lqmof ug{] – z}lIfs ;fdu|L
k|of]u / cfsif{0f, lzIf0f l;sfOsf /0fgLltsf] /f]hfO÷5gf]6
ug{] / To;sf] k|of]u ug{] .
d"Nofª\sg ug{] / tTsfn k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{] .

xfdLn] lzIf0f ul//xFbf

sIffdf kf7sf] ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd ;lqmo ¿kdf afnaflnsfnfO{
;xefuL u/fcf}F . x/]s l;sfOd"ns sfo{df afnaflnsfnfO{
;lqmo ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpg'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{sf] :t/cg';f/ lzIf0f ug{'k5{ . sIffsf]7fleq x/]s
lqmofsnfk Hofb} ;/n jf Hofb} sl7g b'j} x'g'x'Fb}g .
afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO:t/ a'´]/ To;}cg';f/sf] lzIf0f ug{'kb{5 .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

h:tf]M ;fgf sbdx¿ p7fpFbf Pjd\ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf bf]xf]¥ofpFbf

tyf ;ª\ul7t ubf{ l;sfO a9L pknlAwd"ns x'G5 .
cEof; ug]{ ;do lbg] u/f}F o;n] l;sfO :yfoL x'g] ;Defjgf
a9fpF5 .
l;sfOdf ;Gt'lnt k4lt cjnDag u/f}F .
;Dk"0f{ sIff 5nkmn, ;d"x sfo{, bf}Ft/L 5nkmn / Psn
cEof;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbcf}F / To;df lzIfs ;xhstf{ agf}F .
cEof;sf nflu ;do a9fcf}F, l;sfO cEof;sf nflu ;do
a9fpg lzIfsx¿n] k|efjsf/L of]hgf g} tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
l;sfOsf nflu ;fdu|L tof/ u/f}F k|of]u u/f}F / sIffsf]7fnfO{
cfsif{s agfcf}F . sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f cfsif{{s agfpg
l;sfO ;fdu|L klg cfsif{s x'g'kb{5 . h;n] afnaflnsfnfO{
sIffdf al;/xF'h:tf] jftfj/0f agfOlbG5 .
l;sfO ;fdu|df afnaflnsfsf] kx'FrnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/f}F .
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/ / z}nLsf ;fdu|Laf6 l;Sg]
cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .
b}lgs kf7sf] cy{k"0f{ tl/sfn] k'g/fjnf]sg u/fpg] . h:t}M
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] k'/fgf] 1fgnfO{ gofF kf7x¿sf] l;sfO
cjlwdf hf]8]/ yk l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
sIffdf df}lvs lqmofsnfk;Fu} k9fO / n]vfOsf] klg ld>0f
u/fcf}F .
:jt:k"mt{ l;Sg] / ;Lk ljsf;df hf]8 lbcf}F .
pTk|]/0ff hufcf}F . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf pknlAwnfO{ ;Ddfg
u/]/, cfTdljZjf; hufpg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg
u/]/ pTk|]/0ff a9fpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
cEof; M l;sfOnfO{ ;/n agfpg d'VotM ljBfyL{nfO{ g} ;lqmo
agfpg lzIfs l;h{gzLn eg] x'g}k5{ . u'NdLsf] tD3f;l:yt l;4afaf
pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf lzIf0f lqmofsnfk l;h{gzLn
5g\ . ;Dej eP;Dd pgLx¿ kf7 cyf{t\ l;sfpg rfx]sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{
:yfgLo ;fdu|L;Fu hf]8\g] u5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu af]6la?jfsf h/faf/]
l;sfpg k/] cl3Nnf] lbg g} ljBfyL{nfO{ cfkm\gf] 7fFpdf kfOg] / ;xh}


 lzIf0f snf

Nofpg ;lsg] ;–;fgf lj?jfsf] ;a} efu Nofpg nufpF5g\ . sIffdf

To;af/] afnaflnsfnfO{ g} eGg nufpF5g\ / clGtddf l;sfpg rfx]sf]
ljifoj:t' hf]8]/ lzIfsn] k|i6\ofOlbg] u5{g\ . o:t}, gd'gf wg'iffsf]
3f]83fF;l:yt /fli6«o lgDg dfWolds ljBfnodf klg b]Vg kfOG5 .
o;;Fu} lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg klg ug{
;Sg'k5{ .

sIffsf]7fsf] ljljwtf klxrfg ug]{ tl/sf

ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;fdflhs, kfl/jfl/s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts /
cfly{s k[i7e"ld yfxf kfpg],
;+j]ufTds cj:yf klxrfg ug{],
ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOsf] ult kQf nufpg],
ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ q'l6 If]q klxrfg u/L s'g eflifs kl/jf/af6
cfPsf] xf] hfgsf/L lng],
ljBfyL{x¿sf] b}lgs lqmofsnfksf] cjnf]sg u/L ;fyLx¿;Fusf]
Jojxf/, vfhf vfg] k|lqmof÷z}nL, ;ª\ut, ;d"x lgdf{0f, v]Ng]
;d"x cflbsf] cjnf]sg ug{],
sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] a;fOsf] cj:yf klxrfg ug{],
sIffdf af]n]sf], z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf n]v]sf] ;'Gg], b]Vg], k|lqmof
s] s:tf] 5 klxrfg ug{],
u/]/÷b]Vg] / ;'Gg] Ifdtfsf] klxrfg k|lqmof ckgfpg], o;sf
nflu :jf:YosdL{af6 ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 .
;':t dgl:ylt, alx/f, cfTds]lGb|t ;+j]ufTds c;Gt'ng
ePsfx¿sf af/]df tflndk|fKt JolQm jf tT;DaGwL
lrlsT;sx¿sf] ;xof]u, ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ lng] .

sIffsf]7fdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ s]xL tl/sfx¿ –

e]befjk"0f{ jfSo, zAbsf] k|of]u / To; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/
gb]vfpg],
czQm, ckfª\u, hftLo, n}ª\lus, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts cflb
lx;fan] e]befjd'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{,


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;dfgtf tyf ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{

ljifodf ljBfno kl/jf/ / ljBfyL{x¿aLrdf 5nkmn u/fO{
To;k|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg],
lzIfsn] ;a}k|lt ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f /fVg],
ckfª\u, cNkb[li6, ;':t >j0f ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] klxrfg
u/L a;fO Joj:yf pgLx¿ cg's"n agfpg],
sdhf]/, czQm, ckfª\u, b[li6ljxLg, cflbk|lt ;xof]u ug]{
jftfj/0f agfO{ ;xof]u ubf{ k|z+;f ug]{,
sIff÷ljBfno lqmofsnfkdf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;xeflutf u/fpg]
/ kl/l:yltcg';f/ sdhf]/, czQm, cflbnfO{ pgLx¿n] u/]sf
sfo{sf] k|z+;f ub}{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{,
ljBfyL{x¿sf] kfl/jfl/s, cfly{s cflb k[i7e"ldsf] hfgsf/L
/fvL ;xof]u / ;b\efj /fVg],
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+j]ufTds cj:yf a'emL dgf];fdflhs
ljlwcg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug]{,
afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut ljleGgtfsf] sb/ ug]{,
;xof]ufTds sIff÷ljBfno jftfj/0f agfpg],
;xof]ufTds l;sfOnfO{ a9jf lbg],
sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0fl;sfOdf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;dfg, pRr /
;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ lzIf0f ljlw tyf tf}/tl/sfx¿
cjnDag ug]{,
ljBfnodf eod'Qm l;sfO jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug]{,
ljBfno jf sIffsf]7fdf hfgL jf ghfgLsg s'g} kIfkft
ePsf] 5 ls < n]vfhf]vf ug]{ cflb .

sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO:t/ ;'wfg{ s] ug{ ;lsG5 <

clxn] g]kfnsf] lzIff÷lzIf0f ;'wf/ ug{ sdhf]/Lsf] sf/0f vf]lhP
klg s]xL xb;Dd ;'wf/ x'g ;S5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsdf sdhf]/
ljBfyL{sf] sdhf]/Lsf] sf/0f vf]hL ug{] tTk/tf cfjZos 5 . hfGg]
ljBfyL{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] t/ sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf sdhf]/Lx¿sf] sf/0f
vf]hL ug{] kl/kf6L gePsf sf/0f ljBfyL{x¿aLr l;sfO pknlAwx¿


 lzIf0f snf

km/s kb{} uPsf pbfx/0f 5g\ . o:tf k|sf/sf] cj:yfdf lzIfsn]

lgbfgfTds lzIfs k|lqmof cjnDag ug{ ;lsP sdhf]/ ljBfyL{df klg
l;sfO:t/ ;'wf/ x'g ;S5 . lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf l;sfOdf s] s:tf
;d:of÷cK7\of/fx¿ k/]sf 5g\ < vf; ;d:of s;/L cfPsf] xf] < kQf
nufpg] . ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿ vf]hL, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿af/]
lrGtg ug{] / To;}cg';f/ ;'xfpFbf] ;dfwfg lgsfn]/ ;xof]u ug{'k5{ .
o;sf nflu glthf ljZn]if0f / sfof{Tds cg';Gwfg u/]/ ;'wf/ ug{
;lsG5 .

lzIfsn] Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg{] kIfx¿–

sIffdf cg'kl:yt eP/ ljifoj:t' 5'6fPsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
yk ;do / ;dfof]hgsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{] .
;Lk tyf ;"rgfx¿ a'em\g / ;lDemg sl7gfO ePsfx¿
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ ;xof]u ug]{ .
sfdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbFbf hfGg] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;do
Iflt gxf];\ eGg]k|lt ;hu /xg] .

sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s]xL pkfox¿ –

s_ ;xof]u cfjZos kg{] ljBfyL{sf] klxrfg ub{} ;d:of kQf
nufpg] .
o;sf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug{] –
– sIff lzIf0fs} ;dodf pgLx¿sf] l;sfO cjojx¿sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{,
– JolQmut ¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;d:of pgLx¿af6 g} a'em\g],
– ;d:ofsf ljifodf ljBfyL{sf cfdfa'af / c¿ lzIfs;Fu klg
a'em\g],
v_ sIff lzIf0fsf ;dodf pgLx¿sf] 8]:sglhs uP/ ljifoj:t'df
cltl/Qm ;do lbg],
u_ ljBfno ;dokZrft\ s'g} ;do dflyNnf] sIffsf lbbL,
bfOx¿sf] ;xof]u lng k|f]T;fxg ug{] / ;xof]u lng nufpg],
3_ s'g} klg ljifosf] lzIf0f ug{' cufl8 ljBfyL{af6 cfwf/e"t


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ljifosf] hfgsf/L lng] / To;;Fu ;Gbe{ ldNg] ;lhnf]

ljifoj:t'af6 ;'? ug{] .
h:t}M ul0ft ljifosf ljifoj:t'sf] lzIf0f ;'? ubf{
ljBfyL{sf] k|f/lDes a'emfO hfFRgsf nflu hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg
/ efu g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLdf pgLx¿sf] :t/ hfFRg'k5{ /
hf]8–36fp cfpFb}g eg] efu gl;sfpg] .
ª_ g]kfnL / cª\u]|hL ljifodf ;fdfGo :k]lnªsf] 9fFrf / d"ne"t
zAbx¿sf] ;lhnf] kIfaf6 klxrfg u/fpg] .
h:t}M ;xkf7Lx¿;Fu pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo lrqdf cfwfl/t
k':ts k9\g lbg ;lsG5 . n]vfOsf] ult sd÷l9nf] ePsf
ljBfyL{x¿df ult ldnfpg cEof; u/fpFb} ;'wfg{ ;xof]u ug{] .
r_ s'g} ljBfyL{sf] >Jo–b[Zodf ;d:of eP klxrfg ug{] . /,
pgLx¿nfO{ cufl8 a:g 7fpF lbg] jftfj/0f ldnfpg] t/ o;f]
ubf{ c¿ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;s];Dd yfxf glbg] .
5_ lzIfsn] afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpg k|of; ug{] .
sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ cltl/Qm ;do / k|f]T;fxg ubf{ sdhf]/
ljBfyL{ xf] eGg] cg'e"lt u/fpg x'Fb}g .
h_ sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf] sdhf]/Lsf] sf/0f klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf
pkfo / lgbfgfTds lzIf0fsf ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
To;af6 cfPsf ;'emfanfO{ klg sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .
l;sfO:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu cGo s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ lg/Gt/
gjLgtd snfsf] vf]hL ug{] afgL a;fNg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg
vf; u/L l;sfO:t/ a9fpg lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL pko'{Qm
x'G5 . o;n] ljBfyL{sf] oyfy{ d"Nofª\sg u/L ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fnfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

CAS s] xf] <

lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{
d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/G5 .


 lzIf0f snf

of] k|0ffnLdf ltly–ldlt tf]s]/ lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng gu/L

k|To]s lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk;Fu} cfjZostfg';f/ ljBfyL{
d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
of] ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff r9fpg lg0f{o lng]eGbf klg ljBfyL{n]
l;Sg g;s]sf] s'/f k'gM s;/L l;sfpg] eGg] s'/f;Fu
;DalGwt 5 .
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg cgf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
o;df ljleGg ;do / kl/l:yltdf d"Nofª\sg cgf}krfl/s
¿kdf eO/xG5 / To;cg's"n d"Nofª\sgsf ljleGg dfWod /
;fwgsf] pkof]uåf/f ul/G5 .
o; d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLdf ljBfyL{sf] n]vfO, k9fO / cGo
lqmofsnfksf] cjnf]sg ul/G5 . To;}u/L lnlvt hfFr, df}lvs
k|Zgf]Q/, cGtjf{tf{ tyf ljBfyL{ sfo{ ;~rlosf cWoogaf6
klg ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLdf ljBfyL{n] l;s]sf /
gl;s]sf s'/fsf cfwf/df lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] lzIf0f ljlw
/ tf}/tl/sf klg hfFr u/]/ cfjZostfg';f/ ;'wf/ Pjd\
kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o;n] Formative evaluation df hf]8 lbG5 .

ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO cj:yf ;'wf/ tyf sIff]Gglt b'j}sf nflu pkof]u

ug{ ;lsG5 . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgn] s] u5{ t <
d"Nofª\sgsf ljleGg dfWod / ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{x¿sf]
nuftf/ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .
d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ljBfyL{s]lGb|t / k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfOsf
nflu k|of]u ug]{ .
h]x]gbf/ ljBfyL{sf nflu k|f]T;fxg / sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf nflu
ljz]if d2t k'¥ofpg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgoldt ljBfno cfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug{] .
k7gkf7g / clGtd k/LIffdf k]mn ePsf sf/0f aLr}df ljBfno


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

5f]8\g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof Go"g u/fO{ clwstd afnaflnsfnfO{

k|fylds lzIff k"/f u/fpg] .
ljBfyL{df k/LIffsf] ;Gqf; sd u/fpg] .
sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof Go"g u/fpg] .
o; d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf dfWodaf6 pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf]
gLltnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofn] k7gkf7g;Fu} ljBfyL{x¿sf]

l;sfOsf] :t/ kQf nufO{ sd l;s]sf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ;'wf/fTds
lzIf0f jf JolQmut ¿kdf ljz]if Wofg lbO{ l;Sg k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .
d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofsf] clen]v klg /fVg'k5{ . kf7ut cfwf/df ljBfyL{n]
sIffdf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ lglZrt ul/Psf] 9fFrfcg';f/ dfkg ug{
;lsG5 -lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg kmf/d cg';"rL ! / @ df
x]g{'xf]nf_ .
kf7ut cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] sIffdf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ cg';"rL !
cg';f/sf] kmf/fddf tf]lsPsf dfkb08sf cfwf/df Psb]lv tLgj6f;Dd
/]hf (√) lrx\g nufpg] ug{'kb{5 . clt pQd l;s]sfnfO{ tLgj6f /]hf
(√ √ √), pQd l;s]sfnfO{ b'O{j6f (√ √ ) / ;fdfGo l;s]sfnfO{ Pp6f
/]hf (√) lbg] ug{'k5{ .
k|To]s kf7df /]hf lbgsf nflu lgDglnlvt dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/
dfGg] M

qm=;++ dfkb08 clt pQd pQd ;fdfGo

!= sIff sfo{ -sIff ;xeflutf_ √ √ √ √√ √

@= kl/of]hgf sfo{ √√√ √√ √

#= Jojxf/ kl/jt{g √√√ √√ √

$= l;h{gfTds sfo{ √√√ √√ √

%= xflh/L √√√ √√ √


 lzIf0f snf

s_ kf7ut cfwf/df /]hf lbO;s]kl5 x/]s q}dfl;sdf /]hfsf cfwf/df

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] s, v, u >]0fLdf 5'6\ofpg]

&) k|ltztb]lv !)) k|ltzt;Dd – s >]0fL

$) k|ltztb]lv ^( k|ltzt;Dd – v >]0fL
$) k|ltzteGbf tn – u >]0fL

v_ kf7ut /]hfx¿sf] k|ltzt lgsfNg] tl/sf

-ljBfyL{n] kfPsf hDdf /]hf_
/]hf k|ltzt Ö x !))
-hDdf k9fO ePsf kf7 ;ª\Vof x #_
pbfx/0f M
s'g} Ps ljifodf k|yd q}dfl;s;Dd k9fO eO;s]sf kf7 ;ª\Vof Ö^
s'g} Pp6f ljBfyL{n] pQm ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] /]hf ;ª\Vof Ö!%
;"qcg';f/ lx;fa ubf{,
!%
/]hf k|ltzt Ö ^ x # x !))
pQm ljBfyL{sf] /]hf k|ltzt Ö *#=#
To;sf/0f, pQm ljBfyL{sf] >]0fL …sÚ eof] .
b|i6JoM dflysf] k|lqmofaf6 …vÚ / …uÚ >]0fL klg lgsfNg ;lsg] .
-;|f]tM k|wfgfWofkssf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd kf7\oqmd tyf sfof{Gjog k'l:tsf_

cfbz{ zf}nsf] cEof;

nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] /fd|f ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf] ;"rLdf kg{] cfbz{;f}n
pRr dfWolds ljBfno a'ª\dtLdf @)^& b]lv lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k4lt
-Sof;_ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF sIff ! b]lv ( ;Dd Ps;fy Sof;sf]
k|of]u yflnPsf] xf] .
o; ljBfnodf ;/sf/L dfkb08eGbf km/s vfnsf] d"Nofª\sg
k4lt agfPsf] 5 . oxfF klxnf] q}dfl;scufl8 b'O{k6s o'lg6 6]:6
lnOG5 . h'g @%–@% cª\ssf] x'G5 . To:t}, cGo lqmofsnfknfO{ %)
k|ltzt cª\sef/ lbOPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] sIffut ;xeflutf, u[xsfo{,


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

kl/of]hgf sfo{ / Jojxf/ kl/jt{gnfO{ !)–!) tyf l;h{gzLntf / sIff

pkl:yltsf nflu clwstd %–% cª\s 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 .
o;af6 ljBfyL{n] kfpg] s'n cª\snfO{ ljifocg';f/ @) b]lv @%
k|ltztdf 9flnG5 . &% jf *) k"0ff{ª\ssf] csf{] lnlvt k/LIffsf]
cª\snfO{ hf]8]/ s'n k|fKtfª\s lgsfNg] ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] q}dfl;s
/ jflif{s k/LIffdf klg ;f]xL ljlwaf6 d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 eg] tLgj6}
k/LIffsf] cf};t k|fKtfª\ssf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] sIff]Gglt ug{] ul/Psf]
5 . tLgj6} k/LIffsf] k|ult ljj/0f cleefjsnfO{ k7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
lzIfsn] b}lgs ¿kdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljljw kIfsf ;ª\s]tnfO{ 8fo/Ldf
gf]6 ub{5g\ . sdhf]/L b]lvPdf ljBfyL{sf] ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ul/G5 .
kf7ut ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fOG5 .
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgsf ljifodf l;h{gzLntfdf ljBfyL{sf cltl/Qm ;Lksf]
IfdtfnfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 eg] ljBfyL{sf] cfr/0f, ldlxg]t, ldng;fl/tfh:tf
u'0fsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf] cª\s lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
…Sof;Ú nfu" ePsf] ;'?sf lbgdf lzIfsn] sfo{af]em a9]sf] dx;';
u/] klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf lzIfsn] ;xh ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . …Sof;Ú
nfu" ePotf ljBfyL{sf] pkl:ylt b/ a9]sf] / ljBfno 5f8\g] b/ Go"g
x'Fb} uPsf] lzIfsx¿sf] egfO 5 . ;a} txsf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOpknlAw
b/ klg a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . -;|f]tM lzIfs dfl;s, jif{ $, k"0ff{ª\s $%, k';
@)^*_
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg / ;'wf/fTds lzIf0faLr cGof]Gofl>t
;DaGw /xG5 . ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg cyf{t\ glthf ljZn]if0fkl5
;'wf/fTds sbdx¿ rflnG5g\ . ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fdf ljBfyL{x¿sf vf;
cfjZostfx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L jf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿ kQf nufO{ To;df
;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] pkrf/fTds lzIf0f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng
ul/G5 . To;kl5 ;~rfng ul/Psf] lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkaf6
ljBfyL{df ck]lIft ;'wf/ cfof] ls cfPg eg]/ d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .

;'wf/fTds lzIf0fsf tl/sfx¿

;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ubf{ lzIfsx¿n] s] s:tf pkfo jf tl/sfx¿ o;/L
ckgfpg ;lsG5 .


 lzIf0f snf

!= ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fnfO{ lgbfg (Dignosis) df cfwfl/t

agfpg'kb{5 . ljBfyL{x¿df l;sfOdf sl7gfO pTkGg
x'g'sf w]/} sf/0fx¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ubf{
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'g ljifodf s] sf/0fn] sl7gfO ePsf] xf]
;f] s'/fsf] lgbfg ug'{kb{5 . ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fnfO{ lgbfgdf
cfwfl/t agfOg'kg]{ x'Fbf lgbfg / ;'wf/ ;Fu;Fu} / lg/Gt/
;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
@= ljBfyfL{x¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ff k|bfg u/L lzIf0f ug'{kb{5 . ljBfyL{x¿
l;sfOk|lt pTk|]l/t geP/ klg ;d:of k}bf x'g ;Sb5 .
pTk|]/0ffsf nflu 3/kl/jf/, ;fyL–;ª\uL, ljBfno–lzIfs
cflbsf] Jojxf/ tyf jftfj/0fn] k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ x'Fbf ;d"x
lgdf{0f, sIff sf]7fsf] Joj:yfkg, z}Ifl0fs k|lqmofdf ;d]t
ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
#= ;'wf/sf pko'Qm k|fyldstf qmdx¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf /x]sf cfwf/e"t sl7gfO jf ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg gu/Lsg c¿ ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g sl7g x'g] ePsfn]
lzIfsn] ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ubf{ pko'Qm k|fyldstf qmd
lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .
$= ljBfyL{–s]lGb|t ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a9LeGbf
a9L ;lqmo agfpg'kb{5 . jf:tjdf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfkm}Fn]
cfk\mgf sl7gfOx¿ kQf nufO{ ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ vf]hL u/]df
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf pknlAw k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] lzIfsn]
;se/ ljBfyL{sf] ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . vf;u/L
>Jo–b[Zonufot ljleGg k|sf/sf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u,
cjnf]sg, clego / v]n ljlwx¿df hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .

l;sfO k|lqmofdf lzIfsn] Wofg k'¥ofO/fVg'kg{] kIfx¿

lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfngsf qmddf sIffsf]7f / sIffsf]7faflx/
l;sfO k|lqmofdf lzIfsn] Wofg k'¥ofO/fVg' kg{] s]xL tYox¿ 5g\ .
o;nfO{ l;sfOsf l;4fGtsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . lzIf0fsf qmdf lzIfsn]
Wofg k'¥ofO/fVg'kg{] s]xL kIfx¿–


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

s_ af}l4s Ifdtf
l;sf?sf] Ifdtfdf ljleGgtf x'G5 . Ps ljBfyL{sf] af}l4s Ifdtf csf{]
ljBfyL{sf] af}l4s Ifdtf km/s–km/s x'G5 . o;y{ ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf
klxrfg u/L To;}cg';f/ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{'k5{ .
ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtfsf] klxrfg ug{'kb{5,
sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf nflu yk ;do lbg'k5{,
:jultsf] l;sfO / cEof;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg'k5{,
lgbfgfTds lzIf0f l;sfOdf hf]8 x'g'k5{,
l;sfO ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L ;fd"lxs ¿kdf l;Sg] jftfj/0f
agfpg'k5{,
;x–lzIf0f / cGtlqm{ofTds l;sfOnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ .

v_ clek|]/0ff
ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOk|lt pTk|]l/t u/L l;sfOk|lt nufj a9fO/xg, pT;flxt
agfpg pTk|]/0ff cfjZos kb{5 . o;sf nflu lzIfsn] pTk|]/0f a9fpg]
ljleGg pkfox¿sf] k|of]u ug{'kb{5 . h:t}M
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf] sb/ ug{] / k[i7kf]if0f lbg],
tTsfn lbg ;lsg] pTk|]/0ffx¿ – :ofaf;L ;Ddfg lbg] .

u_ cfsfª\Iffsf] :t/
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / cfsfª\Iffaf/] hfgsf/L u/fO/xg'kb{5 .
ljifoj:t', ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / cfsfª\IffaLr tfnd]n ldnfpg] snf
lzIfsdf x'g'k5{ ta dfq l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .
l;sfOk|lt cfsfª\Iff a9fpg lzIfsn] k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ k|of]u ug{
;Sg'x'G5 .

3_ l;sf?sf] k|j[lQ
ljifoj:t'sf af/]df ljBfyL{x¿df /x]sf] dgf]efjgf jf wf/0ffnfO{ g}
l;sf?sf] k|j[lQsf] ¿kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 . o;y{–
lzIf0f ubf{ ljifoj:t' / ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|j[lQaLr d]n vfP jf
gvfPsf] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .


 lzIf0f snf

ljBfyL{sf] k|j[lQ;Fu d]n vfPdf ;lqmo k|ltlqmof / d]n gvfPdf

lgliqmo k|ltlqmof b]vfpg] x'Fbf To;sf] ljrf/ u/L lzIf0f cufl8
a9fpg'k5{ .
pgLx¿sf] dgf]efjgfsf] sb/ u/L lzIf0f cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ .

ª_ l;sfOsf] cj:yf
lzIf0f k|lqmofdf l;sfO cj:yfsf] klxrfg ubf{ l;Sg nfu]sf] s'/f,
ljifoj:t'nfO{ cy{k"0f{ / ;fy{s agfpg ;Dang / k[i7kf]if0fsf] k|of]u
ub{} lzIf0f u/fpg'kb{5 .

l;sfOdf k|efj kfg{] tTjx¿

lzIfssf] Jojxf/
;fGble{s l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿
JolQmut ljleGgtfsf] 1fg
lzIf0f k|s[lt
l;sfO k|lqmof / pknlAw
cfjZos tof/L
;Gt'lnt lzIf0f lqmofsnfk
;Dangsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u
l;sf?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf

O_ lzIf0fsf] pQ/ lqmofTds cj:yf

sIffsf]7fleq jf sIffsf]7f ;dflKtkl5 sIffsf]7faflx/ ug{] sfo{ cyf{t\
lzIf0fkl5 ckgfpg'kg{] kIfx¿ o; cj:yfcGtu{t kb{5g\ . ck]lIft
l;sfO pknlAwx¿ s]–slt k|fKt eP, k|of]u ug{ vf]lhPsf] ;fwg, ;|f]t
/ lqmofsnfkn] s]–slt / s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] o;sf] k"0f{ hfgsf/L
k|fKt ug{'sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ r/0fx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf÷ck|efjsfl/tf, cf}lrTo
/ cgf}lrTotfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{] ul/G5 . o; r/0fdf lzIfsn] lgDg
sfo{x¿ ug{'kb{5 –
ck]lIft ljlzi6 p2]Zox¿ k|fKt eP gePsf] kQf nufpg
d"Nofª\sg ug{],


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ck]lIft ljlzi6 p2]Zo k|fKt eof] ePg egL k/LIf0f ug{]

;fwg to ug{] / k/LIf0f k|fKt ug{] qmddf ;Gt'i6 x'g g;lsP
k'gM k|flKtsf nflu lzIf0f l;sfOsf] /0fgLlt / ;fdu|Lx¿
kl/dfh{g ;d]t ug{],
k"j{cfjZostfaf/] k'gM ;'wf/fTds of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .
ljBfyL{ pknlAw / ;du| pknlAwx¿ lzIfs tyf cleefjs;Fu
cfbfgk|bfg ug{] .

l;sfO:t/ p7fpg ;kmn ePsf ljBfnox¿n] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbP <

/fd|f] ug{] lzIfs / ljBfnon] s;/L l;sfO:t/ a9fPsf xf]nfg\ < eGg]
cfdlzIfs cleefjsx¿n] vf]hL ug{] ug{'x'G5 . o;sf ;/n pkfo
5g\ hf] s]xL /fd|f] u/f}F eGg] lzIfs cleefjx¿n] ul//xg'ePsf] 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu DofUbLsf] a]gL ;fd'bflos pRr dfWolds ljBfno,
afUn'ªsf] cd/e"ld k|fylds ljBfno / u0f]z dfWolds ljBfno
To;}u/L 88]Nw'/fsf] a}hgfy pRr dfWolds ljBfno, /fd]5fksf] lji0f'
hgHof]lt dfWolds ljBfno dfsfb'd . oL pbfx/0fLo ljBfnox¿ x'g\ .
To:t}, ;'v{]tsf] hLjgHof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno / s[i0f ;+:s[t
tyf ;fwf/0f pRr dfWolds ljBfno, ;f]n'v'Da'sf] v'Dh'ª dfWolds
ljBfnoh:tf ljBfno ;fd'bflos ljBfno eP klg lghL tyf ;+:yfut
ljBfnoeGbf sd 5}gg\ . oL ljBfnox¿n] l;sfO:t/ psf:g log}
kIfx¿df ljz]if Wofg lbP M
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL / k[i7kf]if0f,
lgoldt ¿kdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k|ultsf af/]df cGtlqm{of,
ljBfyL{ / lzIfsaLr k[i7kf]if0fsf] cj;/ k|bfg,
afns]lGb|t l;sfOdf hf]8 lbg] afnd}qL Jojxf/,
ljBfno, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3,
ljBfyL{, lzIfsx¿aLr 5nkmn / ;dembf/Låf/f ljBfnosf]
dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o,
x/]s If]qdf kf/blz{tf / ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf;,
/fd|f] l6djs{ lzIfs–lzIfsaLr / cleefjs;Fu ;xof]u
cfbfg–k|bfg / ;xsfo{,


 lzIf0f snf

aRrfsf] ;sf/fTds kIfsf] phfu/ ub{} hfg] z}nLsf] ljsf;,

lzIfsdf lg/Gt/tf / lqmofzLntf Pjd\ gofF–gofF lzIf0f
tf}/tl/sfsf] vf]hL / sfof{Gjog,
gjLgtd\ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u,
lzIfs / cleefjs a;]/ glthf ljZn]if0f ug{] / ;'wf/sf
/0fgLlt tof/ ug{],
sfdsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf nflu lzIfs–ljBfyL{df ;+of]hs tf]Sg] cflb .
cGo ljBfnon] klg o:tf ljifodf Wofg k'¥ofpg ;s]
l;sfO:t/ psf:g ;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 .

l;sfO:t/ ;'wfg{ xfdLn] Wofg lbg'kg{] kIfx¿–

lzIfs k];fk|lt k|lta4 / ;]jfd'vL aGg'k5{,
ljBfyL{sf] ;Lk / k|ltefsf] ;Daf]wg / ;Ddfg ug{'k5{,
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ clgjfo{ ug{'k5{,
lzIfs ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ clgjfo{ agfpg'k5{,
lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / cleefjssf] lqkIfLo ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg'k5{,
lzIfsn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f ug{ x/bd k|oTg ug{'k5{,
afnaflnsfsf] k|ult / ;'wf/sf] kIf cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fO/fVg'k5{,
ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f ug{],
hfGg] / sd hfGg] ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f
ug{], t/ ljBfyL{nfO{ of] hfgsf/L lbg' x'Fb}g,
;fyL ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L k|:t'tLs/0f ;d"x lgdf{0f u/]/ lzIf0f ug{],
ljBfno 5f8\g], lgoldt gx'g] b/ 36fpg lzIfsx¿n] JolQmut
¿kdf sfo{ut cg';Gwfg -Action Research_ u/L To;sf]
lgbfg ug{] / ;d:of xn ug{],
kf7of]hgf / k"j{tof/Lsf ;fy lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ g} l;Sg
k|l/t ug{],
lzIfs k];fk|lt nugzLn aGg],
l;sfOdf ljBfyL{nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg vf]hd"ns l;sfOnfO{
k|fyldstf lbg],


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

gofF–gofF ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{],

lzIfsn] ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{],
cfkm"n] hfg]sf s'/f c¿af6 l;Sg] tTk/tf / afgLsf] ljsf; ug{],
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO:t/ klxrfg u/L lzIf0f ug{],
k|of]ufTds / vf]h ljlwnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbg kl/of]hgf sfo{
lbg] / cg';Gwfgd"ns agfpg],
ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOk|lt k|f]T;flxt ug{] / ljifoj:t'nfO{
3/;dfh;Fu hf]8\g],
ljBfyL{n] hfg]sf s'/fsf] sb/ / ;Ddfg ug{] cflb .
z}lIfs:t/ psf:gsf nflu 8f]6L hgf}nLsf] >L u0f]z dfWolds
ljBfnon] klg o:tf s]xL kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . oxfF ljBfyL{
egf{sf ;dodf cleefjs clgjfo{ cfpg} kg{], jflif{s of]hgf agfpFbf
cleefjsnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] / csf{] jif{ To;sf] ;dLIff ug{], jif{sf]
b'O{k6s ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f, cleefjs / lzIfsaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw
sfod 5 .
lzIfsx¿aLr /fd|f] l6djs{, Pscsf{nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{] / ;a}sf]
nugzLntfsf sf/0f ljBfnosf] l;sfO:t/ ;'wf/ x'Fb} uPsf] k|wfgfWofks
lul//fh cj:yL atfpg'x'G5 .
o; ljBfnodf dlxgfdf Psk6s clgjfo{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldlt / lzIfssf] a}7s a:g] u5{ . ljBfnodf aRrfsf] lzIffsf nflu
s'g} ljjfb gx'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . Ps–csf{sf] ;Ddfg ug{],
lzIfsaLr gofF ljifo / cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug{] cEof; 5 . To;}u/L
ljBfyL{sf] k|ult ljj/0fsf af/]df ljifout lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks /
cleefjsaLr 5nkmn / ;'emfa ;ª\sng ug{] / To;nfO{ l;sfO:t/
;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fsf lgldQ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg]
cEof; klg 5 . xfdLn] klg oL o:tf kIfx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg ;Sof}F
eg] jf:tjd} xfd|f] ljBfnodf klg ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5f}F . s] xfdL klg
o:tf sfo{ ug{ c;Ifd 5f}F / <
aRrfsf] ;/sf/ xfdL xf}+ . aRrfsf] gLlt x}g eljio agfOlbg]
xfdL lzIfs g} xf}+ . To;f] xf] eg] xfd|f] Jojxf/df, xfd|f] lhDd]jf/Ldf,
xfd|f] gLltdf lzIfs l;h{gzLntf lsg gc6fpg] <


 ef}lts k"jf{wf/÷;|f]t Joj:yfkg

cWofo %
ef}lts k"jf{wf/÷;|f]t
Joj:yfkg

ef}lts k"jf{wf/;DaGwL s:tf ;d:of 5g\ <

;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf /fHo÷;/sf/sf] d'v gtfSg'kg{] s'/f s]–s]
x'g ;S5g\ <
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f÷Joj:yfkgdf xfdLn] cjnDag ug{
;Sg] pkfox¿
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsNk s] x'g ;S5 <
ljsNksf nflu sIffsf]7fsf] cefj x6fpg] ;Gbe{df xfdL s]
ug{ ;S5f}F t <
cEof;M …cfn'–Kofh ;ª\sng sfo{qmdÚ
yk xfdLn] ug{ ;Sg]


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ef}lts k"jf{wf/÷;|f]t Joj:yfkg

b]ze/ g} ljBfnodf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;d:ofsf ;jfn lgs} cufl8
cfpg] u5{ . /fHon] lzIffdf u/]sf] nufgLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] c+z
lzIfssf] tna eQfdf vr{ x'G5 . To;}u/L sd{rf/L k|zf;g x'Fb}
ljBfnodf cfpg] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf nflu qmdzM sd x'g' :jfefljs
klg xf] . ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf qmddf clxn];Dd ljBfnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0fdf cfjZostf k"/f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oBlk cfjZos ejg /
cGo k"jf{wf/ k"/f ug{ g;lsP klg ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf nflu /fHon]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf nflu a;{]lg vr{ ul//x]sf] 5 / s]xL xb;Dd kl/k"lt{
ePsf 5g\ .

!_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/;DaGwL s:tf ;d:of 5g\ <

ejg cefj sIffcg';f/sf sIffsf]7fsf] cefj,
zf}rfnosf] cefj, 5fq5fqf zf}rfno 5'§f5'§} lgdf{0f x'g
g;s]sf],
vfg]kfgLsf] cefj, ;/;kmfOsf nflu kfgLsf] cefj,
kmlg{r/sf] cefj, ljBfyL{sf nflu 8]S; a]Gr, af]8{sf] cefj,
x\jfO6af]8{, ANofsaf]8{, k|bz{gaf]8{sf] cefj,
ljBfno k"jf{wf/ ;'/Iffsf nflu tf/af/ ug{ g;lsPsf],
ejgdf em\ofn9f]sfsf] cefj,
s/];faf/L km"naf/L lgdf{0f ug{ g;lsPsf],
sIffut ¿kdf cfjZos ;fdu|L ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf
nflu b/fh, 6]an cflbsf] cefj,
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] cefj cflb .

o:tf cefj k"lt{sf nflu ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿

klg 5g\ .
;/sf/L ;|f]t,
:yfgLo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
ljBfyL{ z'Ns,
u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 k|fKt cfo,


 ef}lts k"jf{wf/÷;|f]t Joj:yfkg

Jofj;flos ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 k|fKt cfo,

ljBfnosf] lghL ;|f]t,
lzIffs/af6 k|fKt cfo,
rGbfbftfaf6 k|fKt cfo,
C0f ;|f]t,
clgjfo{ >dbfgaf6 k|fKt cfo,
:j}lR5s >dbfgaf6 k|fKt cfo,
j}b]lzs ;|f]t,
wfld{s ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 k|fKt cfo cflb .

xfdL;Fu o:tf y'k|} ;d:of / cefjx¿aLr ;dfwfgsf ;|f]tx¿ klg

/x]5g\ . t/, x/]s cefjsf aLr klg cefjk"lt{ / ;Defjgfx¿ klg
;Fu} x'g]5g\ . o;sf nflu ;fdfwfg ug{] ljlwsf] vf]hL ug{] / ;dfwfgsf
ljsNk klg 5g\ . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ljsNk vf]hL ug{] afgLsf] ljsf;
ug{'kb{5 .
xfdL lzIfsh:t} s]xL lzIfsn] /fHo;Fu s;/L ;xof]u lng] /
sltkon] cfkm}Fn] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{] eGg] kIfsf] vf]hL u/L ;dfwfg
lgsfn]sf pbfx/0f klg 5g\ . o;sf w]/} pkfox¿ 5g\ . s]xL lzIfsn]
eGg'ePsf] 5, …;]jf ;'ljwf lzIfssf] tTk/tf / d]xgtcg';f/ cfkm}F
vf]Hb} cfpF5 . xfdLn] ;'ljwf vf]Hg kb{}g, lbg] lgsfo g} xfdLnfO{ vf]Hb}
cfpF5 .Ú
afUn'ªsf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L gGbnfn kf}8]nn] klg o;}
zAbnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg' x'GYof]– …xfdL;Fu ejg b]pm eGb} w]/} ljBfnox¿
cfpFy] . t/, dfUg} gcfPsf] ljBfnonfO{ lbpF lbpF nfu]/ af]nfP/ g}
ejgsf] lgsf;f lbof}F . o;sf] Pp6} sf/0f lyof]– ejg cefj eP klg
p;sf] l;sfO:t/ /fd|f] lyof] w]/} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;kmn u/fpFYof], k9fO /fd|f]
lyof] . afUn'ªsf] cd/ k|fylds ljBfnosf] ef}lts lgdf{0f dfu gu/]
klg cfjZos 7fg]/ lhlzsf cfkm}Fn] lbof}F .Ú
o;n] s] b]vfof] eg]–
/fd|f] ug{] lzIfs÷ljBfnonfO{ ;|f]t ;fwg cfkm}Fn] vf]h]/ cfpFbf]
/x]5,


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

/fd|f] ug{] lzIfs÷ljBfnosf] ;Ddfg x'Fbf]/x]5 . of] tl/sfaf6

klg ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf ;3fp k'Ubf]/x]5 .

@_ ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf /fHo÷;/sf/sf] d'v tfSg'kb}{g, s;/L <

sf7df8f}F b]zsf] /fhwfgL, lzIff dGqfno / lzIff ljefu;Fu glhssf]
b"/Ldf /x]sf] ljBfno, ;'ud 7fpFdf /x]sf] ljBfno afkmnl:yt ;fd'bflos
ljBfno, 1fgf]bo dfWolds ljBfnodf klg z}lIfs k"jf{wf/÷sIffsf]7fsf]
cefj lyof] . ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks wg~ho zdf{ clwsf/Lsf] ;|f]t
Joj:yfkgsf] sf}zn km/s lyof] .
…cleefjs–ljBfno ;fem]bf/LÚ / …ljBfyL{df ckgTj u/fpg] tl/sfÚ .
of] ljBfnosf] cfkm\g} tl/sf /x]5 . cleefjs ljBfyL{nfO{ ef}lts
k"jf{wf/sf] cefj÷;d:ofaf/] a'emfP, nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf ;xdlt u/fP/
ljBfyL{÷cleefjsaf6 ljBfyL{ z'Ns geg]/ rGbf /sd ;ª\sng u/]/
sIffsf]7f lgdf{0f, kmlg{r/ ykh:tf ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug{'ePsf] /x]5 .

;'v]{tsf] Ps ljBfnosf] cEof;

;'v{]tsf] s[i0f ;+:s[t tyf ;fwf/0f pRr dfWolds ljBfno Oqfdn]
klg ef}lts k"jf{wf/ cefjnfO{ ;dfwfg u/]sf] pbfx/0f 5 . ljBfnosf
k|wfgfWofks u]x]Gb|k|;fb bxfnsf] snf km]l/ 5'§} /x]5 . pxfF
ljBfnosf nflu cfkm\gf] / ljBfnosf] kx'Fr ePsf] 7fpF;Dd ;xof]u
dfUg]÷rGbf dfUg] cyf{t\ dfu]/} eP klg Joj:yfkg ug{] . …cfkm\gf]
nflu dfUg nfh x'G5 t/ ;a}sf] enfOsf nflu, ljBfyL{sf nflu
dfUg s'g} nfh x'Fb}g, ;lsG5 eg] dfuf}FÚ pxfFsf] o:tf] wf/0ff /x]5 .
ljBfyL{ / ljBfno /fd|f] agfpg ;lsG5 eg] ;8sd} a;]/ dfUg klg
lxlRsrfpg x'Fb}g eGg'x'Fbf]/x]5 pxfF . clxn] pxfFsf] ljBfno ;fd'bflos
ljBfno eP/ klg k|To]s sIffsf]7fdf l;;L Sofd]/f h8fg 5 .
o:tf pbfx/0f w]/} 5g\ . s]xL u/f}F eGg] ;f]r af]s]sf / o:tf
ljrf/sf vf]hL ePsf lzIfsn] ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . ldlxg]t / tl/sf
a'em\g] w]/} ljBfno÷lzIfsn] u/]s} 5f}F . of] t pbfx/0f xf], o:tf w]/}
pkfox¿ 5g\ . o:tf w]/} pkfo tkfO{+x¿df klg x'g;S5, ;f]rf}F / s]xL
gofF u/f}F .


 ef}lts k"jf{wf/÷;|f]t Joj:yfkg

o;sf] dtnj ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5–

lzIfsn] ePs} k"jf{wf/af6 ljBfno / ljBfyL{sf nflu /fd|f]
ug{'kg{] /x]5 . o;n] ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFbf]
/x]5 . ;|f]tn] vf]hL ug{] jftfj/0f agfpg'k5{,
cleefjs ljBfyL{nfO{ a'emfpg ;s] :yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6 g}
;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] /x]5,
;|f]t k|fKt x'g] :yfg, h:t}M ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu
;DaGw lj:tf/ u/L ;xof]u dfu ug{] / rGbf cflb ;ª\sng
u/]/ klg xn ug{ ;lsG5 .
8f]6Lsf] tnf/fl:yt eujtL dfWolds ljBfno gd'gf ljBfno xf] .
b'u{d lhNnf eP klg o; ljBfnodf k9fO /fd|f] 5 . o;}sf/0f o;
ljBfnodf cf;kf;sf ^ lhNnfsf ljBfyL{ k9\g cfpF5g\ . sl/a b'O{
;ohgf ljBfyL{ ljBfnosf] xf]:6ndf a:5g\ . oxfFsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/
;/sf/LeGbf :yfgLo cleefjssf] / hg>dbfg / ;xof]u h'6fP/ lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ljBfnodf ljBfyL{af6 z'Ns lnPsf] 5}g . t/, xf]:6n z'Ns
/ rGbf ;ª\sngaf6 lzIfs Joj:yfkg / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f
ul/Psf 5g\ . ;xof]u h'6fpg ;Sg'sf] sf/0f pxfFx¿n] cleefjssf]
dg lhTg ;Sg'ePsf] /x]5 . /fd|f] ug{] lzIfs÷ljBfnonfO{ k};f / cGo
h:tf];'s} ;xof]u lbg cleefjs tof/ x'Fbf/x]5g\ eGg] oxfFaf6 klg
a'em\g ;lsG5 .

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f÷Joj:yfkgdf xfdLn] cjnDag ug{ ;Sg] pkfox¿–

ljBfno ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf;
u/fpg],
cfGtl/s tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;|f]t ;ª\sng ug{],
cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/]/ k"/f ub{} hfg],
:yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgs} ;d'lrt k|of]u ug{],
lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 u/L ;+/If0fsf tl/sf ckgfpg],
ePs} ;fdu|Lsf] Jojl:yt k|of]usf] Joj:yf ug{],
ljBfyL{df ;fdu|L ;+/If0fsf nflu ckgTjsf] ljsf; u/fpg],


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; u/L ePs} ;|f]tnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{],

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3 /
lzIfsaLr lqsf]0ffTds ;dGjoaf6 ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug{],
of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg],
tNnf] txb]lv dflyNnf] lgsfo;Ddsf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf
u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yf;Fu ;dGjo ug{],
;a}n] lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s sfd ug{],
c;n zf;g (Good Governance), ;]jf / ;dk{0fsf]
efjgfn] ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 cflb .

#_ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsNk
l;sfO:t/ ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{df pko'{Qm k"jf{wf/ klg Pp6f kIf xf] .
t/ k"jf{wf/sf] cefj g} 7"nf] ;d:of eg] xf]Og . :yfgLo:t/df
;'ljwfo'Qm ejg agfpg g;Sbf ToxLFg]/ ljsNk vf]hL ug{ ;S5f}F .
h;sf nflu–
:yfgLo:t/df k|fKt x'g] afF; / sf7 ;ª\sng ug{ ;S5f}F,
cleefjs;Fu hg>dbfg lnP/ To;af6 g} ;fdfGo sIffsf]7f
agfpg ;S5f}F .
pbfx/0fsf nflu s]xL 7fpFdf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿n] afF;sf]
6f6Lsf] sIffsf]7f lgdf{0f u/]/ klg /fd|f] k7fgkf7g u/]sf 5g\ . t/,
of] pQd ljsNk eg] xf]Og . t/ …gx'g' dfdf eGbf sfgf] dfdf g}
eP klg hfltÚ eGg] pvfgh:t} s]xL ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;S5f}F . km]l/
of] pkfo vQd} eGg klg x'Fb}g . ;dtf lzIff lgs]tg hf] …Ps ;o
?k}ofFÚsf] :s'n eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] ;a} ef}lts ;+/rgf afF;af6 lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgf ;fdfGo eP klg oxfF k7gkf7g eg]
pbfx/0fLo / /fd|f] ljBfyL{ pTkfbg x'G5g\ .

ljsNksf nflu sIffsf]7fsf] cefj x6fpg] ;Gbe{df xfdL s] ug{ ;S5f}F t <
sIffsf]7f cefjsf ;Gbe{df cleefjsnfO{ To;sf] k9fOdf kg{]
k|efj /fd|/L a'emfpg],
:yfgLo:t/df s] ug{ ;lsG5 < cleefjs;Fu 5nkmn ug{] .


 ef}lts k"jf{wf/÷;|f]t Joj:yfkg

slknj:t'sf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ bf]ifL b]v], ljBfyL{ / cleefjsn]

lzIfsnfO{ . / ;a}y/Lsf] emu8f u/fP cyf{t\ pgLx¿aLr 5nkmn rNof]
/ ;dfwfgsf] af6f] lgl:sof] . l;/fxfdf klg o:t} ul/of] . o;sf] dtnj
cefjaLr klg ;Dej 5 . Tof] 5nkmn / ;xsfo{af6 ;dfwfg ;Dej
5 eGg] g} xf] .
;xof]usf nflu clkn ug{],
cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOlbPdf l;sfO:t/ a9fpg] nIo tof/
u/]/ cleefjsnfO{ l;sfO:t/ a9fpg]k|lt ljZjf; lbnfpg],
:yfgLo:t/df pknAw ug{ ;lsg] ;fdfGo ejg lgdf{0f 9'ª\uf
df6f]s} eP klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 of afF; sf7sf] sfd
rnfpg ;lsg] sIffsf]7f lgdf{0f ug{] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{],
cleefjssf] ljZjf; lnP/ lgdf{0fsf nflu hg>dbfg h'6fpg],
sIffsf]7f cefj / o;sf] dxTj a'emfpFb} ;+/If0fsf nflu
;a}df ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg] cflb .

xfdL h:t} lzIfsx¿n] u/]sf pbfx/0fM …cfn'–Kofh ;ª\sng sfo{qmdÚ

1fgbf dfWolds ljBfno x]6f}F8fdf Ps j[4 ;dfh;]jL lxdsfGt zdf{sf]
a'l4n] ljBfnodf cIfosf]if :yfkgfsf nflu /fd|f] ;xof]u k'Uof] . cIfo
sf]if v8f ug{sf nflu ;'?df zdf{n] cfkm"n] b'O{ xhf/ Ps ;o ?k}ofF
ljBfnonfO{ lbg] atfpg'eof] . olt k};fn] cIfosf]if s;/L vf]Ng] < eGg]
k|Zg klg p7\of] . To;kl5 zdf{n] g} ljBfyL{nfO{ x/]s z'qmaf/ cfkm\gf]
efG5faf6 cfn' jf Kofh Nofpg nufpmF . Tof] geP Ps ?k}ofF /fVg
nufpmF eGg] k|:tfj ug{'eof] .
To; k|:tfjdf ;a}sf] dg ldNof] / ljBfnon] Tolt g} /sd yk]/
rf/ xhf/ b'O{ ;o ?k}ofF yk]/ cIfo sf]if :yfkgf ul/of] . To;kl5
x/]s z'qmaf/ ljBfyL{x¿n] 3/af6 cfn'–Kofh Nofpg yfn] . of] sfo{
:j]lR5s lyof] . glhssf k;n]n] ahf/ d"NoeGbf Ps ?k}ofF sd lbP/
:s'ndf hDdf ePsf] cfn'–Kofh lslglbg yfn] .
cIfo sf]if sfo{qmd cfn'–Kofhdf dfq ;Lldt /x]g . lzIfs–
ljBfyL{af6 k'/fgf lsnf÷sfF6L, kmnfdsf 6'qmf / x]6f}+F8fsf ^ j6f
xf]6]ndf ljBfnosf gfddf 7"nf aflN6gx¿ /fv]/ …sf]N8 l8«ª\;Úsf


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

af]ntsf lasf{] klg ;ª\sng ug{ yflnof] . o:tf ;a} lrhsf] laqmLaf6
p7]sf] /sdaf6 cIfo sf]if 7"nf] xF'b} uof] .
To;kl5 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf (
;b:oLo …1fgbf a[xt\ z}lIfs sf]if ;ldltÚ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf
btf{ u/fOof] . ljleGg JolQmsf] ;xof]udf %)–%) xhf/ ?k}ofFsf tLgj6f
pk–sf]if;d]t agfOof] – k"0f{eb| 9'ª\ufgf :d[lt sf]if, ;'zLnf kf08]
z}lIfs k'/:sf/ sf]if / of]uaxfb'/ P08 s'GtL :d[lt sf]if .
o;kl5 ljBfnon] cIfo sf]ifsf lglDt kfFr xhf/ Pssf] cfhLjg
;b:otfsf] Joj:yf u¥of] . cIfo sf]ifdf cfhLjg ;b:of lng]sf] ;ª\Vof
a9\b} uof] / g;f]lrPsf] cIfo sf]if v8f ePsf] 5 . /rgfTds ;f]r /fv]
;|f]t h'6fpg c;Dej /x]5 t < -;|f]tM lzIfs dfl;s, jif{ $, k"0ff{ª\s $&_

yk xfdLn] ug{ ;Sg]

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lzIfs–cleefjs ;ª\3sf]
;lqmotfdf cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg],
cfly{s ;|f]tnfO{ lbuf] agfpg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu cGtlqm{of ug]{,
cfly{s ;|f]tsf] ;Defljt If]q klxrfg ug]{,
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] tf]s]cg';f/sf] z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{,
z}lIfs tyf ;fdflhs ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L cfly{s
¿kdf ljBfnonfO{ ;d[4zfnL t'Nofpg],
ljBfnonfO{ k|fKt cg'bfgsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug]{,
cfly{s Joj:yfkgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg],
ljBfnosf] cfly{s k|0ffnL b'?:t /fVg],
k|rlnt P]g sfg'gadf]lhd cfly{s n]vfk/LIf0f jf ;fdflhs
k/LIf0f u/fpg] .

dflysf s]xL pbfx/0fn] ;|f]t gePsf] eGg] t x}g /x]5 lg Û

xfdLn] ;|f]t h'6fpg xfd|f] ljj]snfO{ slt k|of]u u/]sf /x]5f}+ eGg] kf]
/x]5 t Û s] ljBfno lxtsf nflu cleefjssf] dg lhTg] xfdL;Fu
s'g} pkfo 5}g < tfls ljBfnosf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t h'6fpg
;lsof];\ .


 :jd"Nofª\sg

cWofo ^
:jd"Nofª\sg

:jd"Nofª\sg lsg <

s_ lzIfssf] :jd"Nofª\sg
v_ ljBfyL{sf] :jd"Nofª\sg
u_ k|wfgfWofkssf] :jd"Nofª\sg
3_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] :jd"Nofª\sg
ª_ cleefjssf] :jd"Nofª\sg


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

:jd"Nofª\sg
:jd"Nofª\sg eg]sf] cfTdd"Nofª\sg xf] . cfkm}Fn] cfkm\gf] d"Nofª\sg ug{]
k|lqmof xf] . ctM cfkm}Fn] cfkm\gf nflu cfkm}Faf6 ul/g] d"Nofª\sg g}
:jd"Nofª\sg xf] . of] oyfy{k/s klg x'G5 . o;n] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{
k|ultsf nflu ul//x]sf] sfo{df nIocg';f/ slt u/] < slt ug{ afFsL
5 < s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < slt ug{ ;lsG5 < cflb kIfdf cfkm}FnfO{
d"Nofª\sg ug{ l;sfpFb5 .
:jd"Nofª\sgdf cfkm}Fn] cfkm\gf]af/]df ul//x]sf ;an kIf / b'a{n
kIfx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{] k4lt klg xf] . o;sf] cy{ :jd"Nofª\sg eg]sf]
cfkm}Fn] cfkm}FnfO{ lrGg] k|lqmof klg xf] . :jd"Nofª\sg oyfy{sf] af]w
u/fpg] k|lqmof xf] . cfkm}Fn] cfkm}FnfO{ 9fF6g\ ;Dej 5}g . o;n] JolQm jf
;+:yfnfO{ cfkm\gf] w/ftn b]vfpF5 / nIodf k'UgnfO{ d2t k'¥ofpFb5 .
o;y{ :jd"Nofª\sg eg]sf] nIotkm{ pGd'v s'g} klg JolQm jf
;+:yfnfO{ cfˆgf] w/ftn klxrfg u/fO{ cufl8 a9\g] k|lqmof g} :jd"Nofª\sg
xf] . o;n] nIo;Dd k'Ugsf nflu h'lQmx¿;d]t atfOlbG5 . o;nfO{ xfdL
cfˆgf] w/ftn cfkm}F kQf nufpg] pQd pkfosf ¿kdf klg lng ;S5f}F .
ljBfnodf ul/g] :jd"Nofª\sgn] l;sfO:t/ / ;du| ljBfnosf]
z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] d"Nofª\sg cf–cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 u/fpg] ub{5 . o;n]
;du| l;sfO:t/ / pknlAw sxfF k'u]sf] 5 < eGg] kQf nufO{ cufl8
a9\g ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . :jd"Nofª\sg ljBfnodf ;a} kIf lzIfs,
k|wfgfWofks, cleefjs / :jod\ ljBfyL{n] klg ug{'kb{5 .

:jd"Nofª\sg lsg <

cfkm"n] ul//x]sf] sfdsf] pknlAwaf/] cfˆgf] w/ftn kQf nufpg,
lgikIf / :jLsfo{ d"Nofª\sg ug{,
yk sfdsf nflu ug{'kg{] sfdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug{,
cfkm"n] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] dfkg ug{,
cfufdL lbgdf ug{] sfdsf] of]hgf agfpg,
bfloTjaf]w / cfTdaf]w a9fpg,
cfkm}Fn] cfkm}FnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{,
cfkm\gf] sfdk|lt Psfu|tf / nufj sfod /flv/xg cflb .


 :jd"Nofª\sg

s_ lzIfssf] :jd"Nofª\sg
lzIfsn] lzIf0f l;sfOsf qmddf cfkm"n] ul/x]sf l;sfO k|lqmofdf
k|fKt pknlAwsf] cfkm}Fn] dfkg ug{] sfo{ g} lzIfssf] :jd"Nofª\sg
xf] . o;n] ;dofg';f/ kl/jlt{t kf7\oqmd, lzIf0f ljlw, z}lIfs
;fdu|Lnufotdf cfkm"nfO{ ck8]6 u/fpFb} k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf h'lQmx¿
klxNofpg lzIfsnfO{ lqmofzLn agfO/fV5 .
lzIfssf nflu cfkm\g} Ifdtf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg /
nIok|flKtsf nflu cfkm\gf] tfTsfnLg w/ftn kQf nufpFb} To;kl5
rfNg'kg{] sbdaf/] ;r]t u/fpg] ;fwgsf ¿kdf :jd"Nofª\sgnfO{ lng
;lsG5 . lzIfsn] cfkm}Fn] cfkm\gf] d"Nofª\sg ug{' g} :jd"Nofª\sg
ePsfn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'wfg{;d]t ;Sg'x'G5 .
lzIfsn] ljifoj:t'df cfkm\gf] slQsf] cg'ej 5 < sIffdf hfg'k"j{
ljifoj:t'k|lt k"j{tof/L u5{' ulb{gF < cfkm"df z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f
ug{] / sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ug{] hfFu/ / ;Lk 5÷5}g < o:tf kIfdf
cfkm\gf] d"Nofª\sg cfkm}Fn] ug{'k5{ . To;}u/L sIffsf]7f ljBfyL{s]lGb|t
lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t 5÷5}g <
To:t} lzIfsn] sIffnfO{ l;h{gzLn / pT;fxj4{s agfpg gofF
tl/sf vf]hL ug{] tTk/tf, ljBfyL{x¿n] /fd|f] sfd u/]afkt k|z+;f /
k|f]T;fxg ug{'k5{ . lzIfsn] ljifo;Fu ;Gble{s, ;dofg's"n kl/jlt{t
gofF–gofF k|ljlw / lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ rfxgfnufot ljBfyL{sf]
k|ultsf ljifodf cleefjs;Fu 5nkmn ug{ cfjZos 5 .
o:tf kIfx¿df lzIfs cfkm}Fn] slQsf] Wofg k'¥ofPsf] 5 < cfkm"nfO{
cfkm\g} s;Ldf afFw]/ x]g{'k5{ . o:tf kIfdf cfkm\gf] w/ftn kQf nufpg
:jd"Nofª\sg ug{}k5{ . o;sf nflu cg';"rL–# sf] k|ZgfjnLsf] ;xfotf
lng ;Sg'x'g]5 .

v_ ljBfyL{sf] :jd"Nofª\sg
ljBfyL{sf nflu klg :jd"Nofª\sg cfjZos 5 . o;n] ;kmntfsf nflu
lg/Gt/ 3r3RofpFb} cfTdhfu/0fsf] af6f] klxNofOlbG5 . ljBfyL{n]
cWoognfO{ clGtd cyf{t\ k/LIffsf] ;dodf dfq dxŒj lbg] u5{g\ .
o;n] ubf{ w]/} ljBfyL{ c;kmn x'g], ;kmn ePsf ljBfyL{ klg sdhf]/


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

x'g] ub{5g\ . o; sf/0f lg/Gt/ cfTdhfu/0f a9fpFb} k9fOk|lt s]lGb|t

u/fpg :jd"Nofª\sg ug{ cfjZos 5 .
ljBfyL{n] cfkm\gf] :jd"Nofª\sg ug{] qmddf cfkm"n] k9fOnfO{ klxnf]
k|fyldstfdf /fVg] u/]sf] 5÷5}g < ;DalGwt ljifo lzIfs;Fu cfkm\gf
sdLsdhf]/L x6fpg ;f]wk'5 / ;Nnfx lng] ug{'k5{ . To:t}, cfkm\gf]
k9fOsf af/]df 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿÷cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg],
l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug{], cg'zfl;t aGg] kIf ljBfyL{sf] ;kmntfsf nflu
geO{ gx'g] ljifo xf] .
To;}u/L ;fyLefO;Fu nf]slk|o / ldng;f/ aGg], pTs[i6 ljBfyL{
aGg] / hLjgsf] nIo lgwf{/0f ug{] ;jfndf cfkm"n] cfkm}FnfO{ k|Zg
ug{'k5{ / s]–s] u5{' eGg] kIf vf]lhg'k5{ . o;sf cfjZos k|ZgfjnLsf
nflu cg';"rL–$ df x]g{'xf]nf .

u_ k|wfgfWofkssf] :jd"Nofª\sg
k|wfgfWofks lzIfs dfq xf]Og, ljBfnosf] k|zf;sLo JolQm klg xf] .
ljBfnosf] g]t[Tj k|wfgfWofksn] ug{] x'Fbf k|wfgfWofks x/]s b[li6sf]0fn]
cAan x'g cfjZos 5 . k|wfgfWofksdf g]t[Tj Ifdtf, b"/blz{tf, ;+odtf,
z}lIfs of]Uotf, hgkl/rfngnufotsf snfsf}zn cfjZos x'G5 .
To;}n] oL ;a} kIfdf cfkm"nfO{ cAan agfO/fVg cfkm\gf] cfkm}Fåf/f
ug{] d"Nofª\sg :jd"Nofª\sgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . cfkm\gf]
Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ klxrfg :jd"Nofª\sgn] ug{] x'Fbf k|wfgfWofksn] klg
:jd"Nofª\sg ul//xg'kb{5 .
k|wfgfWofksn] k|zf;sLo of]Uotf / Ifdtf a9fpg] sfo{df cfkm"nfO{
;l/s u/fpg], cleefjs, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf]
;dGjo, cleefjs ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf af/]df hfgsf/L
u/fpg] / ;'wf/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{], k/LIffsf] ljZn]if0f ug{] u/]sf]
5÷5}g < h:tf kIfdf cfkm"nfO{ ;hu u/fO/xg'k5{ .
To;}u/L ljBfnsf] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf cleefjs, lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{
;+nUgtf u/fpg], ck]lIft nIo k|flKtsf nflu ljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu 5nkmn / ;xof]usf] clkn ug{], ljBfno tyf lzIfs,
sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v Jojl:yt ug{], lzIfsx¿nfO{ l;sfO pknlAwsf


 :jd"Nofª\sg

af/]df :jd"Nofª\sg ug{ / ;'wf/ ug{ clek|]l/t ug{] / cfly{s

kf/blz{tfh:tf kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5 .
o;;Fu} cleefjs / lzIfs;Fu ;db"/L sfod /fVg] / cfkm"nfO{
lg/Gt/ l;sfO / cg'ej;Fu hf]8\g] ;jfndf slQsf] tTk/tf b]vfpg]
u/]sf] 5' < eGg] h:tf ljifo cfkm"df slQsf] 5 eg]/ x]g{ e'Ng'x'Fb}g .
o:tf ljifodf :jd"Nofª\sg ug{ cg';"rL–% df lbPsf] k|ZgfjnL x]g{'xf]nf .

3_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] :jd"Nofª\sg

ljBfnosf] ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u tyf lgb{]zg lbg] lgsfo
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt xf] . clxn] ljBfno ljsf;sf nflu
;a}h;f] lg0f{o lng] clwsf/ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ lbPsf]
5 . o;y{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;w}F ljBfno ljsf;df lqmofzLn
/xg'kb{5 . /, cfkm"nfO{ ljBfnosf cleefjssf ¿kdf cy{o'Qm agfpg
klg cfjZos 5 .
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] :jd"Nofª\sg ul//xg'k5{ .
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ljBfnosf] ;du| Joj:yfkg x]g{] xf] .
To;}n] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ljBfnosf] of]hgf lgdf{0f, ljBfnosf]
nIo lgwf{/0f, ljBfnosf] ;'wf/sf ljifodf lgoldt 5nkmn ug{] / a}7s
a:g], a}7sdf u/]sf lg0f{o sfof{Gjog, d"Nofª\sg ub{} ;'emfa lng]lbg]
/ ;dLIff ug{'k5{ .
To:t}, lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] kf/bzL{ d"Nofª\sg u/]/ k|z+;f /
k'/:sf/sf] l;kmfl/; ug{] ljBfno ;'wf/ / cfkm\gf] afnaRrfsf] lzIffsf
af/]df cleefjs;Fu k/fdz{ lng] lbg] kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
ljBfnosf] ;|f]t vf]hLh:tf kIfdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;}n] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] klg
:jd"Nofª\sg ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu :jd"Nofª\sgsf nflu
cg';"rL–^ k|ZgfjnL x]g{'xf]nf .

ª_ cleefjssf] :jd"Nofª\sg
afnaflnsfsf] klxnf] kf7zfnf 3/kl/jf/ xf] . afnaflnsfn] w]/} s'/f
3/kl/jf/af6 g} l;S5g\ . o;y{ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f cfbz{ x'g'k5{ .


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

aRrfsf] l;sfOnfO{ dxŒj lbg' / cfbz{ jftfj/0f to ug{' cleefjssf]

st{Jo klg xf] . cfkm\gf afnaRrfnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u / k|f]T;fxg
lbg] dx;'; cleefjsnfO{ x'g'k5{ .
cleefjsn] cfkm\gf aRrfsf] k|ultsf af/]df lzIfs;Fu 5nkmn
ug{'k5{ . o;n] cfkm\gf aRrfsf] ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ u/fpFb5 . oLnufot
cleefjsn] cfkm"nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg o:tf w]/} k|Zgx¿ cfkm"nfO{ ;f]Wg]
ug{'k5{ . o;n] cfkm\gf] d"Nofª\sg ul/x]sf] klg x'G5 .
cleefjsn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] Jojxf/, cfgLafgLsf] cWoog ug{],
cfkm\gf afnaRrfnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg], aRrfx¿ lgoldt / ;dodf g}
ljBfno k'u]gk'u]sf] x]g{, aRrfsf] l;sfO / k|ultsf af/]df ljBfnodf
lzIfs;Fu lg/Gt/ a'em\g] / ;'wf/sf nflu k/fdz{ lng cfjZos x'G5 .
To:t}, cleefjsn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] dgkg{] s'/f, dgsf s'/f,
b'MvkL8fnfO{ glhsaf6 a'em\g] / ;dfwfg ul/lbg] ug{'k5{ . pgLx¿sf]
v';L / b'MvL x'g] sf/0f vf]hL ug{], pgLx¿sf] rl/qaf/] hfgsf/L lng]
cleefjssf] bfloTjleq k5{ .
cfkm\gf] aRrfsf] eljiodf s:tf] ePsf] x]g{ rfx]sf] xf] To;df
aRrfsf] ?lr, eljiosf] nIo / cfkm\gf] nIoaf/] km/s / ;dfgtf
a'em\g] / nIo k|flKtdf k'Ugsf nflu aRrfnfO{ ;sf/fTds k[i7kf]if0f
lbg] u/]sf] 5÷5}g < h:tf kIfdf cleefjsn] klg Wofg lbg'k5{ . o:tf
kIfdf cleefjsn] klg :jd"Nofª\sg ug{ cfjZos 5 . :jd"Nofª\sgsf
nflu k|ZgfjnLsf] ;xfotf lng cg';"rL–& df x]g{'xf]nf .

s] xfdL cfˆg} k/LIff cfkm}+ lnG5f}+ < d slt l7s 5' < d}n]
u/]sf sfdx¿ slQsf] k|efjsf/L ePsf 5g\ < slxn]sflx+ cfkm}+n]
cfkm}+nfO{ hfFRg' klg k5{ . :jd"Nofª\sg cfkm+}n] cfkm}+nfO{ hfFRg]÷k/LIff
lng] tl/sf xf] . cfk"mnfO{ p2]Zodf s]lGb|t ug{ cfh}af6 :jd"Nofª\sg
yfNg'xf];\ .


 dgg u/f}F

cWofo &
dgg u/f}F

s_ ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ gcfP s] ug{] < ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof

a9fpg s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
v_ k|wfgfWofks / cleefjsaLr s;/L ;DaGw /fd|f]
agfpg] <
u_ l;sfO:t/ dfly p7fpg s] ug{] <
3_ ljBfnodf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ cg'zf;g s;/L
sfod /fVg ;lsG5 <
ª_ ljBfnodf lg0f{o lng'kbf{ s;/L lng] <
r_ ljBfno / sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f l;sfOd}qL
agfpg s] ug{] <


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

s_ l;sfO:t/ dfly p7fpg s] ug{] <

ljBfyL{nfO{ g} :jd"Nofª\sg ug{ nufpg],
l;sfO:t/ ;'wfg{] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug{ nufpg],
klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf l;sfO:t/ slt 5 To;af6
csf{] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf slt k'¥ofpg] <
To;sf nflu s]–s] ug{] <
tf]lsPsf] hlt k'Ug] cfwf/ s]–s] x'g\ < -oL s'/fx¿
ljBfyL{af6 g} tof/ ug{ nufP/ sld6d]G6 ug{ nufpg] /
Psk|lt ljBfnodf a'emfpg nufpg], To;df cleefjsnfO{
klg hfgsf/L u/fpg]_
cleefjs;Fu lg/Gt/ hfgsf/L lng] lbg] jftfj/0f agfpg],
k|ult ljj/0f cleefjsnfO{ af]nfP/ a'emfpg], ljBfyL{sf]
pknlAw:t/sf af/]df cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]
tl/sfx¿M
df}lvs
– JolQmut e]63f6sf ;dodf,
– 3/b}nf] sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]/,
– cleefjs e]nfsf] cfof]hgf u/]/,
– ljBfnosf] jflif{s sfo{qmdsf ;dodf,
– sdhf]/ ljBfyL{sf cleefjsnfO{ ljBfnodf af]nfO{
5nkmn u/]/ .
lnlvt
– k|ult ljj/0f lnlvt ¿kdf pknAw u/fO{ cleefjssf]
k|ltlqmof lnP/,
– k/LIff glthf lnlvt ¿kdf pknAw u/fP/,
– k/LIffsf pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ cleefjsnfO{ g} x]g{ nufP/,
– kqfrf/åf/f .
k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug{], k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{],
/fd|f] ug{] cleefjs / ljBfyL{ b'j}nfO{ ;Ddfg / k'/:s[t ug{],
oxL k|lqmof ckgfPsf sf/0f ;'v{]tsf] s[i0f ;+:s[t tyf ;fwf/0f
pRr dfWolds ljBfnon] clxn] -z}lIfs ;q @)&)÷)&! df_ af]l8{ªsf


 dgg u/f}F

dfq @ ;o ^) hgf ljBfyL{ cfkm\gf] ljBfnodf egf{ u/fpg ;kmn

ePsf] 5 . oxfF af]l8{ªsf] eGbf /fd|f] l;sfO:t/ 5 .
k|frfo{ u]x]Gb|k|;fb bxfnn] sIff ( / !) sf x/]s ljBfyL{nfO{
l;sfOk|lt k|lta4tfkq tof/ ug{ nufpg] / pgLx¿sf] JolQmut
ljj/0f tof/ ug{ nufO{ cleefjs;Fu lg/Gt/ k/fdz{ ug{] jftfj/0f
ldnfpg'ePsf] /x]5 .
o;af6 l;sfO–
z}lIfs ;'wf/ Nofpg nIok|flKtsf] of]hgf agfP/ nfUg'kg{] /x]5,
glthf ljZn]if0f ug{'kbf{]/x]5,
ljBfyL{ cfkm}FnfO{ l;sfOk|lt k|lta4 agfpg],
ljBfyL{nfO{ klxn] / kl5Nnf] glthfsf] t'ngf / ljZn]if0f u/]/
/fd|f] u5{' / ug{'k5{ eGg] OR5fzlQm hufOlbg'kg{] /x]5 .

v_ k|wfgfWofks / cleefjsaLr s;/L ;DaGw /fd|f] agfpg] <

cleefjsf] s'/f ;'Gg], ;a} cleefjsaLr ;dfg ;DaGw /fVg]
/ ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{],
cleefjs ;lqmotf a9fpg] / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cy{k"0f{
;xeflutf u/fpg] / ckgTjsf] efjgf j[l4 u/fpg],
s'g} klg lg0f{o lng'k"j{ clgjfo{ ;"rgf lbg] / ;xefuL x'g cg'/f]w ug{],
ljBfyL{sf] /fd|f] kIfsf af/]df atfpg] -cfkm\gf] afnaflnsfsf]
l;sfO:t/sf af/]df rf;f] /fV5 eGg]df ljZjf; lbnfpg]_,
cfkm" cleefjs eP/ ;f]Rg] cflb .

olb ;DaGw /fd|f] x'g g;s] M

ldNg] d'2fsf cfwf/df d]n vfg] ljifodf ;xsfo{ u/]/ hfg],
l;sfO:t/ ;'wf/ / ljBfno ;'wf/df k|lta4 x'g] s'/f xf]Og,
sfd g} u/]/ b]vfpg],
k|wfgfWofks / Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf ;xL sfd ubf{–ub{} klg
c;xof]u ePsf–
;ldltsf] a}7sdf ljBfyL{ / ;xL unt 5'6\ofpg] lzIfsnfO{
cfdlGqt ;b:osf ¿kdf cfdlGqt ug{],


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

ljBfyL{nfO{ klg ljBfnosf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{,

/fd|f] sfd / lg0f{osf nflu cGo lzIfs / ljBfyL{n] ;dy{g
;xof]u u5{g\ / cGttM unt ug{]x¿ k5fl8 kb{} hfG5g\,
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s lg/Gt/ af]nfpg], sDtLdf dlxgfdf
Psk6s af]nfpg] -cfjZos k/]sf a]nf lzIfssf nflu lg0f{o
ul/lbg dfq a}7s a:g'k5{ eGg] a'emfO cleefjsdf cfpg
glbg]_ cflb .

u_ ljBfyL{ gcfP s] ug{] < ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof a9fpg s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
cleefjssf] 3/df g} lzIfs k'u]/ ljBfyL{ ljBfno guPsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg],
cleefjsn] ljBfno k7fP/ klg gcfPsf] jf cleefjsn] g}
gk7fPsf] xf] olsg ug{],
cleefjsnfO{ ;r]t agfpg]÷a'emfpg],
Ps lbg ljBfno guP s] x'G5 < xfdLn] cleefjsnfO{
a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{ .
ljBfno cfpF–cfpF x'g] k|sf/sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{] .
h:t}M 1fgf]bo dfWolds ljBfno afkmnsf lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{ gcfP 3/b}nf] ug{] / hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;Fu} ljBfnodf
kl5 ljBfyL{sf] klxrfg u/L ljBfnodf cfslif{t ug{ ljBfyL{
/dfpg] k|sf/sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{] u/]sf] 5 . h;sf/0f
oxfF s'g} klg ljBfyL{ cfsl:ds cj:yfdf afx]s cg'kl:yt
x'Fb}gg\ .
cfly{s sf/0f jf 3/sf] x]/rfx ug{'kg{] sf/0f cfpg g;s],
3/df g} a;]/ 1fg;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifodf kl/of]hgf sfo{
(Project Work) lbg],
-ljBfyL{ lstfjaf6 dfq xf]Og / ljBfnodf dfq
l;S5g\ eGg] xf]Og, p;n] @) k|ltzt sIffsf]7fdf / afFsL
*) k|ltzt sIffsf]7f aflx/af6} l;S5g\ ._
cleefjs;Fu clwstd ;DaGw a9fpg], ljBfyL{sf k|ultsf
af/]df 5nkmn ul//xg],


 dgg u/f}F

cleefjsdf l;sfO:t/÷k9fO /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg]

-lg/Gt/ k|ult d"Nofª\sg / k|ltj]bg a'emfpg]_,
cg'zf;gsf] Vofn u/fpg],
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{sf k|ultsf af/]df atfpFb} k|ulttkm{ cu|;/
ePsf s'/f hfgsf/L u/fO/xg],
ljBfno cfpg g;Sg'sf cGo sf/0fx¿ vf]hL u/L To;sf
lg/fs/0fsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{] cflb .

3_ ljBfno / sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0f l;sfOd}qL agfpg s] ug{] <

lzIfs lgoldt x'g],
;a} afnaflnsfx¿k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/;lxt ljBfyL{s]lGb|t
lzIf0f ug{],
sIffsf]7f z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] k"0f{ x'g'kg{],
ckfª\ud}qL lzIf0f x'g'kg{],
ef}lts ;'ljwf ;DkGg sIffsf]7f / ljBfno ejg÷ePsf]
ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg x'g'kg{],
lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltaLr /fd|f]
;DaGw ;dGjo x'g'kg{],
lzIfs k"j{tof/L;lxt sIff÷lzIf0fdf hfg'kg{] / l;sfOdf
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lqmo agfpg'kg{],
afndgf]lj1fg a'lem …dfofÚ lbO{ v';L;fy lzIf0fl;sfO, clego,
v]n, vf]h cflb ljlwaf6 lzIf0f ug{],
ljBfno ejg 3]/faf/ ePsf] x'g'kg{],
5fq5fqf zf}rfno 5'§f5'§} / kfgLsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf x'g'kg{],
sIffsf]7fdf plrt 7fpFdf em\ofn 9f]sf / cfjfthfjt ug{
ldNg] kmlg{r/sf] Joj:yfkg,
sIffsf]7fdf a's sg{/sf] Joj:yf,
kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf] Joj:yfkg,
a;fO Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg],
sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf k|fyldstf lbg]÷yk ;do lbg],
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] oyf]lrt Joj:yf / k|of]u,


l;h{gzLn ljBfno

b08/lxt cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{],

;xeflutfd"ns l;sfO jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{] cflb .

ª_ ljBfnodf lg0f{o lng'kbf{ s;/L lng] <

lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{
;+nUg u/fpg],
;s];Dd ;j{;Ddltdf lg0f{o ug{]÷u/fpg],
a]nf–a]nf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3,
lzIfs, a'l4hLjL, lzIffk|]dLsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s u/]/ ;xdlt
lgsfNg],
ljBfno;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;a} ;+:yf, lzIfs, :yfgLo ;/f]sf/sf]
5nkmn, cGtlqm{of / ;'emfasf cfwf/df lg0f{o lng],
ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsf, afnSna tyf x/]s sIffdf
cfjZos 5nkmn / cGtlqm{of u/]/,
;dfhsf ljleGg sfo{qmddf ;d]t ljBfnosf] ultljlw /
sfo{qmdsf] ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fP/,
ljutdf lnPsf lg0f{osf] ljZn]if0f ub{} jt{dfg kl/l:yltsf]
d"Nofª\sg u/]/,
lg0f{o lng'k"j{ eljiodf cfpg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds
kl/0ffdsf] ljZn]if0f Pjd\ cfFsng ub{} ;xL lg0f{o lng],
;a}sf] dgf]efjgf a'em]/ lg0f{odf k'Ug], olb s;}sf] lrQ
ga'em]df lg0f{o lng} kgf{sf sf/0f atfP/ ;xdt u/fpg kxn
ug{],
lg0f{o ;j{;Ddltdf ug{] cfk;L ;dembf/Ldf lng] / cu|h /
ljifodf bVvn ePsf;Fu k/fdz{ lnP/ lg0f{o lng] .

-r_ ljBfnodf lzIfs / ljBfyL{ cg'zf;g s;/L sfod /fVg ;lsG5 <
lzIfs :6fkm, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs cleefjs
;ª\3 tyf ljBfyL{aLr lg/Gt/ cGtlqm{ofaf6 gLlt lgdf{0f /
cg'udg ug{],
lzIfs :jod\n] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/L cg'z/0f ug{] u/]/,


 dgg u/f}F

d"Nofª\sg, cfTdd"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0fsf] dfWodaf6,

cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L lg/Gt/ k'gM :d/0f u/fpFb} hfg],
x/]s /fd|f] sfddf k|z+;f ug{],
pnª\3g ug{] ljBfyL{nfO{ lg/Gt/ sfplG;lnª ug{],
ckgTjsf] ljsf; u/]/÷u/fP/
xKtfdf Psk6s lzIfs :6fkmaLr 5nkmn a;fpg]÷ug{],
kflIfs ¿kdf afn Snasf] a}7s u/fpg] / 5nkmn ug{],
k|To]s lbg laxfg !) ah]sf] k|fy{gfsf] cGTodf cg'zf;g
;DaGwdf @ ldg]6sf] k|jrg÷sfplG;lnª ug{],
lhDd]jf/L af]w ug{] u/fpg] / ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy Jojxf/
k|bz{g ug{]÷u/fpg], cflb .

cg'zf;g sfod /fVg ul/Psf s]xL cEof;x¿

ljBfnodf cg'zf;g sfod ug{] ;jfndf ;'v{]tsf] >Ls[i0f ;+:s[t
tyf ;fwf/0f pRr dfWolds ljBfnon] ljBfyL{ cg'zf;g sfod
u/fpg ;sf/fTds kIfaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ lg/Gt/ sfplG;lnª ug{], cfkm\gf]
cWoogdf k|lta4tf u/fpg] / ljBfyL{sf] k|ultnfO{ cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg]h:tf kIfn] cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg÷g}ltstfsf ;jfndf ;r]t
u/fpg d2t k'u]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L k|To]s lbg laxfg !) ah]sf] k|fy{gfsf] cGTodf cg'zf;g
;DaGwdf 5f]6f] k|jrg÷sfplG;lnªn] /fd]5fksf] lji0f'hgHof]lt dfWolds
ljBfnodf cg'zf;g sfod u/fpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
To:t}, ckgTjsf] ljsf; u/]/÷u/fpg] / lzIfs :6fkm, ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3 tyf ljBfyL{aLr lg/Gt/
cGtlqm{of tyf cg'udgaf6 sf7df8f}+sf] afkmnl:yt 1fgf]bo dfWolds
ljBfnon] lzIfs–ljBfyL{ cg'zf;g sfod /fVg ;Ifd ag]sf] 5 .
o:t}, pbfx/0f 8f]6Lsf] h}gf]nLl:ylt u0f]z dfWolds ljBfnodf
cfTdd"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0fsf] dfWod Pjd\ cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L
lg/Gt/ k'gM:d/0f u/fP/ ljBfyL{–lzIfs cg'zf;g Jojl:yt u/]sf
pbfx/0f 5g\ . xfdLn] lsg g;Sg] rfxgf hfUof] eg] c;lhnf] 5}g .


 cg';"rLx¿

cg';"rL –!
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg clen]v kmf/fd
-d"Nofª\sg dfkb08sf cfwf/df /]hf nufpg]_

sIff M ==================== ljifo M ==============================

z}lIfs ;qM ======================

qm=;++ ljBfyL{sf] gfd kf7=== kf7=== kf7=== kf7=== kf7=== kf7=== kf7===

sIff lzIfs M ==============================================

?h' ug]{ M =============================== k|=c=sf] b:tvt M====================

b|i6Jo M o; l;sfO clen]vsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf

af/]df pgLx¿sf cleefjsnfO{ ;do ;dodf hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{5 .


 cg';"rL –@
ljBfyL{ k|ult ljj/0f -sIff $–%_
z}Ifs ;q =================

ljBfnosf] gfd M >L================================= ljBfyL{sf] gfd M ============================= sIff M ======== /f]n g+============
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg cfjlws pknlAw:t/ lnlvt tyf
>]0fL -s, v, u_ df}lvs k/LIffsf] cfwf/df cª\s lbg]
k|yd q}dfl;s bf];|f] q}dfl;s
ljifo k|yd bf];|f] jflif{s d"Nofª\sg
jflif{s k"0ff{ªd"\sNofª\sg d"Nofª\sg hDdf
q}dfl;s q}dfl;s k"0ff{ª\s k"0ff{ª\s
k|fKtfª\s k|fKtfª\s k|fKtfª\s
!)Ü #)Ü ^)Ü


g]kfnL
cª\u|]hL
ul0ft
;fdflhs cWoog
l;h{gfTds snf
lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f
:jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff
:yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff
hDdf

sIff lzIfs M =================================== ?h' ug]{ M ============================= k|=c=sf] b:tvt M===========================

 cg';"rL–#

lzIfssf] :jd"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|ZgfjnL

d cfkm\gf] ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu k|fl1s tyf af}l4s b[li6sf]0fdf
slt of]Uo / cg'ejL 5' <
d;Fu ePsf] tflnd cyf{t\ d}n] k|fKt u/]sf] tflnd slQsf]
;b'kof]u u/]sf] 5' <
s] d sIffdf hfg'k"j{ k"j{tof/L u5{' <
s] k"j{tof/L ug{ lnlvt kf7of]hgf klg agfpF5' <
s] d}n] agfPsf] kf7of]hgf k|efjsf/L 5 < d o;nfO{
Jojxf/df n}hfG5' <
s] d}n] u/]sf] tof/L cfkm\gf] ljifosf] 1fgk|lt ddf cfTdljZjf;
5 <
s] d;Fu z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ug{] hfFu/ / ;Lk
5 <
s] d}n] sIffsf]7fdf ljifo ;'xfpFbf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{]
u/]sf] 5' <
s] d}n] lzIf0f ug{] ljifosf] p2]Zo, lzIfs lqmofsnfk /
d"Nofª\sgsf ljifo :ki6 u/]sf] 5' <
d s] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIffsf ljljw lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg
u/fpF5' <
d}n] k9fPsf] ljifok|lt ljBfyL{sf] cle?lr 5 <
d}n] k9fPsf] ljifo ljBfyL{x¿n] slQsf] dg k/fpg] u5{g\ <
s] d}n] ljBfyL{x¿sf /fd|f] sfdsf] k|z+;f / k|f]T;fxg lbg]
u/]sf] 5' <
d ljBfyL{x¿sf] gh/df slQsf] nf]slk|o 5' < ;j{]If0f u/]/
x]g{] u/]sf] 5' <
d s] sIffdf ljBfyL{sf] dgf]lj1fgcg';f/ lzIf0f ug{] u/]sf]
5' <


d ljBfyL{x¿sf] ax'cfoflds kIfsf] klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd 5' <
s] d;Fu ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 lzIf0f ug{] OR5fzlQm 5 <
s] d d]/f] sIffnfO{ l;h{gzLn / pT;fxj4{s agfpg gofF
tl/sf vf]hL u5{' <
ljifo ;Gbe{, ;dofg's"n kl/jlt{t gofF–gofF k|ljlw / lzIf0f
ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ s] d ;Ifd 5' <
s] d cfkm"nfO{ ljifoj:t'df of]Uo agfpg kf7\oqmd, lzIfs
lgb{]lzsf / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog u5{' <
s] d;Fu cfpg] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;xkf7L;Fu 5nkmn
ug{] u5'{ <
s] d]/f] ;a} lzIfs ;fyLx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw /fd|f] 5 <
s] d}n] kfPsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf sfo{x¿ ;dodf g} ;Dkfbg ug{]
u/]sf] 5' <
s] d ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf ljifodf cleefjs;Fu 5nkmn ug{]
u/]sf] 5' <
s] d ljBfnosf] cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk jf sfo{qmddf ;xof]uL
e"ldsf v]Ng] u5{' <
s] d]/f] ;fdflhs cfr/0f 7Ls 5 <
s] d;Fu k|fljlws 1fg / kx'Fr 5 <
s] d dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y 5' <
s] d}n] cfkm\gf] eljio lzIf0f If]qdf g} b]v]sf] 5' < cflb .


 cg';"rL–$

ljBfyL{sf] :jd"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|ZgfjnL

s] d ;dodf g} ljBfno hfg], cg'zfl;t aGg] u/]sf] 5' <
s] d}n] k9fOnfO{ cfkm\gf] klxnf] k|fyldstf 7fg]sf] 5' <
s] d cfkm\gf u'?nfO{ >4fefj u5{' <
s] d lbgx'F u'?sf] cf1f kfng ug{] / lbPsf] u[xsfo{ u/]/
a'emfpg] u/]sf] 5' <
s] d ;DalGwt lzIfs;Fu cfkm\gf sdLsdhf]/L x6fpg
;f]wk'5 / ;Nnfx lng] u5{' <
s] d cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;fdu|Lx¿, kf7\ok':ts, skL snd
;'/lIft ug{] u/]sf] 5' <
sdhf]/ ljifo s;/L ;'wfg{] eGg] ;f]r agfPsf] 5' <
s] d}n] cfkm\gf] k9fOsf af/]df 3/kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿÷cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpF5' <
s] d}n] k|To]s k/LIffdf /fd|f] cª\s kfpg] u/]sf] 5' <
s] lzIfsn] dnfO{ ljBfnodf dg k/fpg'x'G5 <
s] d ;fyLefOsf aLrdf nf]slk|o / ldng;f/ 5' <
s] d nx}nx}df nfu]/ s'ntdf jf g}lts ktg, rl/qxLg
sfddf t nfu]sf] 5}g <
s] d ;fyL;Fu emu8f ug{] c¿sf] gsf/fTTds l6Kk0fL t
ulb{gF <
s] d}n] l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug{] u/]sf] 5' <
s] d ljBfnodf cg'zfl;t 5' <
s] d}n] d]/f sdhf]/Lx¿ ;'wf/ ug{] u/]sf] 5' <
d}n] d]/f k9fO / rl/q ljsf;sf nflu ug{'kg{] s'/fsf] ;"rL
agfPsf] 5' <
s] d pTs[i6 ljBfyL{ aGg ;s]sf] 5' <
s] d}n] d]/f] hLjgsf] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5' < cflb .


 cg';"rL–%

k|wfgfWofkssf] :jd"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|ZgfjnL

s] d}n] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf nflu cfjZos of]Uotf / Ifdtf
a9fpg] sfo{df ;l/s x'g] u/]sf] 5' <
s] d;Fu lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/sf] cg'ej, of]Uotf / Ifdtf 5 <
s] d}n] ljBfno ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos of]hgf k|:tfj tof/
u/]sf] 5' <
s] d;Fu cleefjs, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu
/fd|f] ;dGjo u5{' <
s] d}n] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lbPsf] sfo{ k"/f ug{]
u/]sf] 5' <
s] d cleefjs ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;'wf/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{] u5{' <
s] d}n] k/LIffsf] ljZn]if0f ug{] u/]sf] 5' <
s] d ljBfnosf] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf cleefjs, lzIfs /
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] u5{' <
s] d ljBfnosf] jflif{s z}lIfs of]hgf, cw{jflif{s / ;fKtflxs
of]hgfx¿ agfpg] u5{' <
s] d}n] lglZrt ;doleq ljBfnosf] z}lIfs:t/ o:tf] agfpF5'
eGg] nIo /fv]sf] 5' <
ck]lIft nIo k|flKtsf nflu ljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu 5nkmn / ;xof]usf] ckLn ug{] u/]sf] 5' <
s] ljBfnonfO{ ;d'bfosf] g} l;sfO ynf]sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{]
s'g} of]hgf agfPsf] 5' <
s] d ljBfnonfO{ k9fOeGbf klg l;sfO ynf]sf ¿kdf ljsf;
ug{ ;S5' <
s] d cfkm\gf] ljBfno tyf lzIfs, sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v
Jojl:yt ug{] u5{' <


s] d lzIfs ;fyLx¿sf] sIff cjnf]sg ug{] / cfjZos
;'emfa lbg] / ;xof]u ug{] u5{' <
s] d}n] k|To]s dlxgf lzIfs÷:6fkmx¿;Fusf] a}7s u/L cfPsf
;'emfacg';f/ sfd ug{] u/]sf] 5' <
s] d}n] lnPsf tflndx¿sf] ;b'kof]u u/]sf] 5' <
s] d lzIfs ;fyLx¿nfO{ l;sfO pknlAwsf af/]df :jd"Nofª\sg
ug{ / ;'wf/ ug{ clek|]l/t u5{' <
s] d}n] lzIfs ljBfyL{sf] cfrf/;+lxtf pgLx¿s} ;+nUgtfdf
agfpg nufO{ sfof{Gjog u/fPsf] 5' <
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg kf/bzL{ /
Gofof]lrt ¿kdf ug{] u/]sf] 5' <
ljBfnosf] z}lIfs jftfj/0f cg'zf;g / u'0f:t/df j[l4 ug{
d}n] s] u/]F <
d]/f] cfkm\gf] sfdk|lt ;d'bfosf] b[li6sf]0f s:tf] 5 <
s] d}n] lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfdsf] ljefhg u/fO{ lhDd]jf/L
lbPsf] 5' <
cfly{s kf/blz{tfdf s] d hf]8 lbG5' <
s] d}n] cfkm\gf] :jd"Nofª\sg Jofjxfl/s agfPsf] 5' <
s] d}n] ljBfyL{sf] dgf]lj1fg a'em\g] u/]sf] 5' <
ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfno l;sfO ynf] xf] / d}n] cg'zfl;t aGg'k5{
eGg] cg'e"lt u/fpg] u/]sf] 5' <
cleefjs / lzIfs;Fu ;db"/L sfod /fVg] ;jfndf s] d
;r]t 5' <
s] d lzIfssf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg] / ;sf/fTds kIfaf6 x]g{] u5{' <
lzIf0fl;sfOsf qmddf lzIf0fnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf cfjZos kg{]
s'/fx¿sf] kl/k"lt{ u/fpg d]/f] k|of; slQsf] lrQa'em\bf] 5 <
cfkm"nfO{ lg/Gt/ l;sfO / cg'ej;Fu hf]8\g] ;jfndf slQsf]
tTk/tf b]vfpF5' < cflb .


 cg';"rL–^

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] :jd"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|ZgfjnL

s] xfdLn] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf agfPsf 5f}F <
xfdLn] ljBfnosf] nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5f}F <
s] xfdL x/]s of]hgf agfpFbf ljBfyL{, lzIfs cleefjsx¿nfO{
;xefuL u/fpF5f}F <
s] xfdL ljBfnosf] ;'wf/sf ljifodf lgoldt 5nkmn / a}7s
a:g] u5f}{+ <
s] xfdLn] a}7sdf lg0f{o u/]sf ljifo sfof{Gjog, d"Nofª\sg
ub{} ;'emfa lng]lbg] / ;dLIff ug{] u/]sf 5f}F <
xfdL lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] kf/bzL{ d"Nofª\sg u/]/ k|z+;f /
k'/:sf/sf] l;kmfl/; u5f{}+ <
s] xfdL ljBfnosf] clen]v r':t b'?:t /fVg] u5f{}+ <
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs, sd{rf/Lsf] xf};nf a9fpg
xfdLn] s] u¥of}F <
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf cfpg'k"j{ u/]sf k|lta4tf k"/f u¥of}F <
ljBfnosf] ljsf; / ;'wf/sf nflu ;fRr} s]–s] u¥of}F <
ljBfnosf] ef}lts tyf z}lIfs ultljlwsf af/]df cleefjs
jf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu lgoldt 5nkmn ug{] u5f{} <
ljBfnosf z}lIfs pknlAwsf af/]df k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs /
ljBfyL{;Fu s] xfdLn] 5nkmn ug{] u/]sf 5f}F <
s] xfdL lzIff P]g lgodsf] cWoog u/L cfkm\gf] sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/sf] af]w u5f}{+ <
xfdLn] lzIfssf] sIff cjnf]sg ug{] / cfjZos ;'emfa /
;xof]u u5f{}+ <
s] xfdLn] ljBfno ;'wf/ / cfkm\gf] afnaRrfsf] lzIffsf
af/]df cleefjs;Fu k/fdz{ lng]–lbg] ug{] u/]sf 5f}F <
s] xfdLn] ljBfnosf] ;|f]t vf]hL / klxrfg ub{} ljBfnonfO{
l;sfO ynf] agfpg /fhgLltd'Qm If]q agfpg ;Sof}F t <


 cg';"rL–&

cleefjssf] :jd"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|ZgfjnL

s] d}n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] Jojxf/, cfgLafgLsf] cWoog ug{]
u/]sf] 5' <
s] d aRrfsf] vfglkg / :jf:Yosf af/]df ;r]t 5' <
s] d}n] aRrfsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L Joj:yf ul/lbg] /
lgoldt l;sfOsf af/]df hfgsf/ 5' <
cfkm\gf afnaRrfnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg d s] u5{' <
cfkm\gf aRrfn] lzIfs, ;fyLefOx¿;Fu s:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ <
s] d lgu/fgL /fV5' <
s] d]/f aRrfx¿ lgoldt / ;dodf g} ljBfno k'U5g\ <
s] d cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ lzIfsn] lbPsf] u[xsfo{ u/] gu/]sf]
x]5{' <
s] d cfkm\gf] aRrfsf] l;sfO / k|ultsf af/]df ljBfnodf
lzIfs;Fu lg/Gt/ a'em\g] / ;'wf/sf nflu k/fdz{ lnG5' <
d]/f 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] dgkg{] s'/f, dgsf s'/f, b'MvkL8fnfO{
glhsaf6 a'em\g] / ;dfwfg ul/lbg] u/]sf] 5' <
cfkm\gf aRrf v';L / b'MvL s] sf/0fn] x'G5g\ eg]/ sf/0f
vf]hL ug{] u5{' <
d d]/f 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ldNg] ;fyLx¿ s:tf 5g\ < pgLx¿sf]
rl/qaf/] hfgsf/L lng] u5{' <
d}n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] u/]sf /fd|f sfddf sltk6s xf};nf
lbPsf] 5', s] dnfO{ yfxf 5 <
s] aRrfnfO{ gsf/fTs Jojxf/ ug{ xF'b}g eGg] yfxf 5 <
d cfkm\gf] aRrfsf] eljiodf s:tf] ePsf] x]g{ rfxG5', ;f]r]sf]
5' < aRrfsf] ?lr, eljiosf] nIo / cfkm\gf] nIoaf/] km/s
/ ;dfgtf 5÷5}g s] d}n] a'emsf] 5' <
s] d aRrfnfO{ nIo k|flKtdf k'Ug ;sf/fTds k[i7kf]if0f lbg]
u/]sf] 5' <

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 cWoog ;fdu|Lx¿

cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| -@)^*_, j}slNks k|fylds lzIff, cgf}krfl/s k|fylds

lzIff sfo{qmd kf7\oqmd, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ .
cfhsf] lzIff ;fKtflxs -@)&)_sf ljleGg c+sx¿ .
pkfWofo, k|f=8f=/fdk|;fb, kf}8]n, cfgGb, yfkf, uL/dfg cflb -@)^&_, zflGt,
dfgjclwsf/ / gful/s lzIff ;DaGwL lzIfs k]zfut ljsf;, gd'gf
df]8\o'n ;fdu|L, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ .
sf]O/fnf, 8f= ljBfgfy -@)^$_, lzIffdf j}slNks lrGtg, ;fdflhs cg';Gwfg /
;fdu|L ljsf;sf nflu k|fl1s d~r -Pkmf]–g]kfn_ .
lrqsf/, of]u]Gb| -;g\ @))^_, g]kfndf ljBfno jftfj/0fsf] ;'wf/, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
lzlj/–g]kfn -PSsf–g]kfn_, sf7df8f}+ .
hgd'vL lzIff ;/f]sf/ d~r, lzIff ;d"x g]kfn -@)^!_, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf
nflu l;sfO, sf7fdf8f}+ .
wfdL Zofdl;+x, utf}{nf ldggfy cflb, ;+of]hg uf}td, ;"o{k|;fb -@)^# bf];|f]
;+:s/0f_, g]kfndf k|fylds lzIff, k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg k|fylds lzIfs tflnd,
bf];|f] ;]d]i6/ k|lzIffyL{ ;|f]t ;fdu|L, z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL
eQmk'/ .
kf}8]n, lul//fh -@)^)_, z}lIfs k|ljlw, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, ef]6flx6L sf7df8f}+ .
kf}8]n, 8f= cfgGb -@)^&_ lzIffsf cGt/;DalGwt d'2fx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s,
l8NnLahf/, sf7fdf8f}+ .
kf}8]n /fdrGb|, zdf{ l8NnLk|;fb, zdf{ zf/bf cflb -@)^(_, afnaflnsf /dfpg]
ljBfno, lrN8«]g–g]kfn, kf]v/f .
kf=lj=s]= -@)^^_, ljBfno :t/Lo d"Nofª\sg ;xof]uL k'l:tsf, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ .
jfnf{] Pl8g / k/fh'nL, /fdrGb| -@)^*_, afnd}qL sIffsf]7f l;h{gzLn l;sfO,
Unf]an PS;g–g]kfn, dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f}+ .
zdf{, lr/~hLjL / zdf{, lgd{nf -zdf{ P08 zdf{ @)%&_, z}lIfs k|zf;g, Pd=s]=
klAn;;{ P08 l8l:6«AJo'6;{, ef]6flx6L sf7df8f}+ .
zfx, /fdgf/fo0f / ljgoL ljj]s -@)&)_, ljBfnodf :jd"Nofª\sg, njs'z ckm;]6
k|];, cgfdgu/ .
lzIfs dfl;s jflif{s ;+u|x -)^* / @)^(_
lzIfs dfl;s -@)&)_ sf ljleGg cª\sx¿ .
lzIfs dfl;s / lzIff gLlt tyf cEof; s]Gb| -@)&)_, u/] lzIfsn] g} ;S5g\,
nlntk'/ .
lzIff dGqfno, -@)^( / @)&)_, z}lIfs ;"rgf, sf7df8f}+ .


lzIff ljefu -@)^&_, u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f¿k,
;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ .
lzIff ljefu -@)^&_, k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|sf ;xof]uL sfo{stf{sf nflu tof/
ul/Psf] k'gtf{huL tflnd k'l:tsf, ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ .
lzIff ljefu -@)^&_, k|f/lDes afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] /fli6«o Go'gtd dfkb08
dfu{bz{g k'l:tsf–@)^&, ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ .
lzIffsf nflu /fli6«o cleofg g]kfn -@)&)_, d}n] rfx]sf] l;Sg] jftfj/0f, nlntk'/
g]kfn .
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| -@)^$_, lzIfs k]zfut ljsf; gd'gf df]8\o'n ;fdu|L,
ljifout :jcWoog ;fdu|L, ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ .
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| -@)^*_, ljifout ;|f]t ;fdu|L, ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ .
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| -@)^^_, k|wfgfWofkssf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd,
kf7\oqmd tyf sfof{Gjog k'l:tsf, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ .
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb| -@)^#_, cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIf0f k|lzIf0f, k|fylds
lzIfsx¿sf nflu ;|f]t ;fdu|L efu –!, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ .
;"of]{bo z}lIfs k|lti7fg -@)&)_, …lzIfsn] rfx]df ug{ ;S5g\Ú cleofg cGtu{t
5fofª\sg ul/Psf ljleGg ljBfnosf j[Qlrq tyf ;+slnt ;j{]If0f kmf/dx¿,
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+ .
Sunrise Edcation Foundation (2015), Teachers Can Make a Difference
(TCMD) Bulletin, Difference Issues, Kathmandu.
Regmi, Tikaram (2012), Art of Teaching, Chitrawan Printers (P.) Ltd., Chitwan.
www.tcmd.org

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