Instructor: Dr.

Aslam Javed
Email: [email protected]
Office: D-Block, 1st Floor, Cabin 1-001
Reference Books:
 Linear Algebra with Supplemented Applications by Howard Anton/ Chris
Rorres, Edition 10.
 Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications by Bernard Kolman, David R.
Hill, Edition 9.
 Linear Algebra with applications by Otto Brestscher.
Assessments
Quizzes (5)  15%
Assignments (4)  10%
Class Participation  10%
Mid Term  20%
Final Term Dr. Maria Naseem
 45%
What do you think about Linear Algebra?

 Algebra is the art of solving equations and systems of equations.

 Linear algebra, then, is the art of solving system of linear equations.

Why We Study Linear Algebra in Computer Science?

When you take a digital photo with your phone or transform the image in Photoshop,
when you play a video game or watch a movie with digital effects, when you do a
web search or make a phone call, you are using technologies that build upon linear
algebra.
Linear algebra provides concepts that are crucial to many areas of computer science,
including graphics, image processing, cryptography, machine learning, computer
vision, optimization, graph algorithms, quantum computation, computational biology,
information retrieval and web search. Linear algebra in turn is built on two basic
elements, the matrix and the vector.
Dr. Maria Naseem
Deep Learning (Neural Networks)

Dr. Maria Naseem

Natural Language Processing – Vector Spaces

NLP is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to

Dr. Maria Naseem

understand, interpret, and interact with human language.

It involves teaching machines to process and analyze large amounts of natural
language data, such as text or speech, to perform tasks like translation, sentiment
analysis, and speech recognition.

•
Application Of Linear Transformation:

https://youtu.be/Cb4aoihvh-o?t=24
Some Topics of Linear Algebra:

 System of Linear Equations

 Matrices
 Gaussian Elimination and Gaussian Jordan Method
 Vector Spaces
 Matrix Transformation
 Cryptography
 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors and its applications to Machine Learning.

Linear Equation

An equation whose exponent or power is one is called linear equation.

Examples:

1. 2 x+1=0  One Variable

2. x +3 y=7  Two Variables
1
3. 2 x− y +3 z=−1  Three Variables
4. x 1−2 x2 −3 x 3 + x 4 =ln 2  Four Variables
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5. x 1+ x2 + x 3 +…+ x n=1  n Variables

Linear equation does not involve any products or roots of variables. All variables
occur only to the first power and do not appear as arguments of trigonometric,
logarithmic, or exponential functions.

Linear Equation in General

The equation
a 1 x 1+ a2 x2 +a 3 x 3 +…+ an x n =b (1)

which expresses the real quantity b in terms of the unknowns x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , … , x n and the
real constants a 1 , a2 , a3 , … , an is called a linear equation.

Q. The following equations are linear or nonlinear? If it is nonlinear which term in

each equation is making it nonlinear?

1. x +3 y 2=4
2. 3 x+ 2 y −xy=5
 3. sin x + y=0
4. √ x 1+ x 2 + x 3=1
5. 3 x+ 2 y =cos 2
Exercise 1.1 [Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications by Howard Anton]

1. In each part, determine whether the equation is linear in x 1 , x 2 and x 3.

a) x 1+ 5 x 2− √2 x 3=1

b) x 1+ 3 x 2 + x 1 x 3=2

c) x−2
1 + x 2+ 8 x 3=5

d) x 1=−7 x 2+ 3 x 3
3
e) x 15 −2 x2 + x 3=4

f) x 1−7 x 2+ ln x3 =1
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Solution of a Linear Equation

A solution to Linear Equation (I) is a sequence of n numbers s1 , s 2 , … , s n

which has the property that (I) is satisfied when x 1=s1 , x 2=s 2 , … , x n=s n are substituted
in (1).
For example: The equation 6 x 1−3 x 2+ 4 x 3=−13

has the solution

x 1=2 , x 2=3 , x 3=−4
Because on substituting these values, equation becomes identity i.e;

6(2)−3(3)+ 4(−4)=−13
or −13=−13

System of Linear Equation in two Variables

A system of linear equations in two variables x and y will have the form

{a1 x+ b1 y=c 1
a2 x+ b2 y=c 2
Here a i , bi , c i (i=1 ,2) are real numbers.

 To find a solution to a linear system, we already know two techniques called the

1. method of elimination
2. method of substitution
3. We are going to learn new systematic techniques for complex systems.

Note! Solution from any of these methods will remain same.

Example 1 Find the solution of the linear system by using method of elimination.

5 x + y=3
2 x− y=4
Solution

We want to eliminate y, so by adding both equations we get:

7 x=7 ⇒ x=1

Put value of x=1 in first equation Dr. Maria Naseem

5(1)+ y=3 ⇒ y=−2

So (1, -2) is solution of the given system.

Example 2 Find the solution of the linear system by using method of elimination.

x−3 y=−7(1)
2 x−6 y=7 (2)
Solution

We want to eliminate x, so by multiplying equation (1) by ``2’’ and subtracting from

(2), we get
2 x−6 y=−14
−2 x +6 y=−7
−−−−−−−−−−−−¿ 0=−21

which makes no sense. This means that the given system has no solution.

Consistent and Inconsistent Linear System

If the linear system has no solution, it is said to be inconsistent, if it has a solution. it
is called consistent.

So the system in example 1 is consistent and in example 2 is inconsistent.

Note!

A consistent linear system of two equations in two unknowns has either one solution
or infinitely many solutions--there are no other possibilities.

7. In each part, determine whether the given point is a solution of the linear system

{
2 x−4 y−z=1
x−3 y + z=1
3 x −5 y−3 z=1
a) (3, 1, 1) b) (3, -1, 1) c) (13, 5, 2)
(
13 5
d) 2 , 2 , 2 ) (17 , 7 , 5)

8. In each part, determine whether the given point is a solution of the linear system

{
x+ 2 y −2 z=3
Dr. Maria Naseem

3 x − y + z=1
−x+ 5 y −5 z=5

(5 8
a) 7 , 7 ,1 )
(5 8
b) 7 , 7 ,0 )
c) ( 5 , 8 ,1 )

(
5 10 2
d) 7 , 7 , 7 )
(
5 22
e) 7 , 7 , 2 )
Work to do:
Exercise 1.1 Q 1-10