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CASE STUDY ON
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

SABESH ADITHYA V -727722EUEC153

SRIRAM K -727722EUEC178
YASWANTH ADITHYAA K -727722EUEC208
Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most promising topics for industry and research in the field of communications
engineering today. With the growth of the semiconductor industry and the availability of wireless communication, this
technology is increasingly available to consumers, allowing engineers to implement ever more daring projects such as
Smart Cities and Smart Farms enabled to use mini unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones intended for monitoring and
security.
The mesh network topology allows data exchange between all connected devices, named “nodes”, favoring the inclusion of
new components in its coverage area for possible expansions without additional configurations, providing greater coverage
without the need for a central device with large range has to cover all nodes, such as networks with star topology. The
concept of wireless mesh networks has been discussed for decades, but it has not yet been implemented on a considerable
scale.
This scalability can be achieved if deployed in conjunction with available IoT technology, and thus the most attractive
alternative to traditional centralized or tree-based network topologies, however, in the case of mesh networking, the
research community and industry are currently seeking to develop common standards and comprehensive research into the
options available for effective deployment.
Objectives

Background
With the rapid expansion of wireless networks and data-intensive applications,
communication systems require efficient, reliable data transmission across various
conditions and environments.
A key aspect of meeting these requirements involves the application of Digital Signal
Processing (DSP) techniques for modulation, demodulation, and error correction. This case
study explores how a leading telecommunications provider, TechCom Inc.,
Used DSP techniques to improve data transmission quality, increase network capacity, and
reduce error rates in its 5G network.
Enhance Data Throughput: Utilize advanced DSP techniques to support high data rates
for modern applications, such as HD video streaming and online gaming.
Reduce Error Rates: Implement error correction techniques to mitigate errors caused by
noise, interference, and fading in the communication channel.
Optimize Spectral Efficiency: Achieve efficient use of available bandwidth by leveraging
modulation techniques that maximize data-carrying capacity.
I.C Digital Modulation Terminology and Methods

Digital modulation results if a new message is chosen each Ts seconds (called the symbol interval) from a discrete
set and mapped one-to-one into a signal parameter value (amplitude, phase, etc.). If only two messages are possible,
the modulation is called binary. If M > 2 messages are possible, it is referred to as M-ary. It is convenient to denote
the message set as {0, 1} for binary whereas, for M-ary modulation, it is convenient to denote it as {0, 1,…, M − 1}.

If the carrier is sinusoidal, the amplitude, phase, or frequency can be varied in accordance with the message set, in
which case the modulation is referred to as amplitude-shift keying (ASK), phase-shift keying (PSK), or frequency-
shift keying (FSK), respectively. Other higher-order digital modulation schemes can also be employed.

For example, if both amplitude and phase are varied, the result is referred to as quadrature-amplitude modulation
(QAM). In phase modulation, a continuous phase change from one symbol interval to the next results in continuous-
phase modulation (CPM). A special case of binary CPM results when the phase changes linearly with a total phase
change in a symbol interval being π/2 radians, which results in minimum-shift keying (MSK).
DSP Techniques Used
1. Modulation Techniques
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):

TechCom used OFDM to divide a wideband channel into multiple narrower subcarriers, each carrying a part of the
data. This technique reduces interference between symbols and improves the system's resistance to multipath fading,
a common issue in wireless networks.
The OFDM technique allowed TechCom to increase data throughput by transmitting several data streams in parallel,
optimizing spectral efficiency and enabling high data rates.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM):

In conjunction with OFDM, QAM was used to modulate each subcarrier in the OFDM system. Higher-order QAM
(e.g., 64-QAM and 256-QAM) was used to transmit more bits per symbol, maximizing data capacity while
minimizing bandwidth usage.
TechCom implemented adaptive QAM modulation, allowing the network to adjust the modulation level based on
channel quality. This enabled high-order QAM when channel conditions were favorable and lower-order QAM when
conditions were less ideal, balancing throughput and reliability.
Demodulation Techniques
Coherent Detection with Pilot Signals:

To accurately demodulate received signals, TechCom used coherent detection, which involves synchronizing with
the phase and frequency of the incoming signal. Pilot signals were embedded within the transmitted data to aid in
synchronization and channel estimation.
The pilot-aided demodulation allowed the receiver to estimate and correct phase and frequency offsets, improving
signal accuracy and reducing errors.

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT):

In the OFDM system, demodulation was achieved using FFT, which converts the received time-domain signal into
the frequency domain. Each subcarrier could then be separately processed, demodulated, and combined to
reconstruct the original data.
By leveraging FFT, TechCom's DSP system efficiently demodulated complex OFDM signals, enabling high data
rates and improved error resilience.
Channel Estimation and Equalization
Adaptive Channel Estimation:

TechCom used DSP-based adaptive channel estimation to adjust transmission

characteristics in real time based on channel conditions. Pilot signals and DSP
algorithms enabled the system to estimate channel characteristics (e.g., path
loss, noise level) and adapt modulation and coding schemes accordingly.
Adaptive estimation improved system robustness, especially in mobile
environments where channel conditions are dynamic.

Equalization Techniques:

To counteract inter-symbol interference caused by multipath propagation,

TechCom implemented equalization techniques, such as Minimum Mean
Square Error (MMSE) equalization. This DSP technique adjusted received
signals to match expected values, improving the accuracy of data recovery.
Further Processing
1. 6G and Beyond

Higher Frequencies and Ultra-Dense Networks: Future 6G networks will operate at even higher frequencies (e.g.,
terahertz spectrum), which require advanced DSP techniques for efficient modulation, interference management, and
beamforming in ultra-dense networks.Sub-Millimeter Wave Communications: DSP will be essential for handling
high-frequency, short-range signals typical in 6G environments, allowing for extremely high data rates and low
latency for applications like holographic communication and extended reality (XR).

2. Machine Learning-Driven DSP

Adaptive Modulation and Coding with AI: DSP algorithms powered by machine learning can dynamically adapt
modulation and coding schemes based on channel conditions, optimizing performance and resource allocation in real
time.Predictive Channel Estimation: AI can enhance channel estimation and signal prediction, helping DSP systems
adjust more accurately to environmental changes, which is particularly beneficial in mobile and vehicular networks.

3. Quantum Communication Integration

Quantum Error Correction: As quantum communication technology matures, DSP will play a role in developing
quantum error correction algorithms, which will help integrate quantum and classical communication for secure data
transfer.Hybrid DSP-Quantum Systems: Emerging hybrid systems will use DSP techniques for classical data
transmission alongside quantum cryptography protocols, providing enhanced security in future networks.
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