66 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Models

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1.5 EXERCISES
1. (a) What is a one-to-one function? 9. f sxd − 2x 2 3 10. f sxd − x 4 2 16
(b) How can you tell from the graph of a function whether it
is one-to-one? 11. tsxd − 1 2 sin x 12. tsxd − sx
2. (a) Suppose f is a one-to-one function with domain A and 13. f std is the height of a football t seconds after kickoff.
range B. How is the inverse function f 21 defined? What is
the domain of f 21? What is the range of f 21? 14. f std is your height at age t.
(b) If you are given a formula for f,
f how do you find a
formula for f 21? 15. Assume that f is a one-to-one function.
(c) If you are given the graph of f,
f how do you find the graph (a) If f s6d − 17, what is f 21s17d?
of f 21?
(b) If f 21s3d − 2, what is f s2d?
3–14 A function is given by a table of values, a graph, a formula, 16. If f sxd − x 5 1 x 3 1 x, find f 21s3d and f s f 21s2dd.
or a verbal description. Determine whether it is one-to-one.
17. If tsxd − 3 1 x 1 e x, find t21s4d.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. 18. The graph of f is given.
f sxd
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1.5 2.0 3.6 5.3 2.8 2.0 (a) Why is f one-to-one?
(b) What are the domain and range of f 21?
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 (c) What is the value of f 21s2d?
4. (d) Estimate the value of f 21s0d.
f sxd
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1.0 1.9 2.8 3.5 3.1 2.9
y
5. y 6. y
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x 7 0
x / 1 x

7. y 8. y
19. The formula C − 59 sF 2 32d, where F > 2459.67,
expresses the Celsius temperature C as a function of the
x x Fahrenheit temperature F. Find a formula for the inverse
function and interpret it. What is the domain of the inverse
function?
 SECTION 1.5 Inverse Functions and Logarithms 67

20. In the theory of relativity, the mass of a particle with speed ␷ is 38. (a) e2ln 2
3
(b) e lnsln e d
m0
m − f svd −
s1 2 v 2yc 2 39–41 Express the given quantity as a single logarithm.
where m 0 is the rest mass of the particle and c is the speed of
39. ln 10 1 2 ln 5 40. ln b 1 2 ln c 2 3 ln d
light in a vacuum. Find the inverse function of f and explain
1 1
its meaning. 41..
4
41 3 lnsx 1 2d 1 fln x 2 lnsx 2 1 3x 1 2d2 g
3
2

21–26 Find a formula for the inverse of the function.

4x 2 1 42. Use Formula 10 to evaluate each logarithm correct to six
21.. f sxd − 1 1 s2 1 3x
2
21 22. f sxd − decimal places.
2x 1 3
(a) log 5 10 (b) log 3 57
23. f sxd − e 2x21 24. y − x 2 2 x, x > 12
1 2 e2x ; 43–44 Use Formula 10 to graph the given functions on a
25. y − lnsx 1 3d 26. y − common screen. How are these graphs related?
1 1 e2x
43. y − log 1.5 x, y − ln x, y − log 10 x, y − log 50 x
21 21
; 27–28 Find an explicit formula for f and use it to graph f , 44. y − ln x, y − log 10 x, y−e, x
y − 10 x
f, and the line y − x on the same screen. To check your work, see
whether the graphs of f and f 21 are reflections about the line.
45. Suppose that the graph of y − log 2 x is drawn on a coordi-
27. f sxd − s4 x 1 3 28. f sxd − 1 1 e2x nate grid where the unit of measurement is an inch. How
many miles to the right of the origin do we have to move
before the height of the curve reaches 3 ft?
29–30 Use the given graph of f to sketch the graph of f 21.
; 46. Compare the functions f sxd − x and tsxd − ln x by
0.1
29. y 30. y
graphing both f and t in several viewing rectangles.
1 When does the graph of f finally surpass the graph of t?
1 47–48 Make a rough sketch of the graph of each function.
0 2 x
0 1 x Do not use a calculator. Just use the graphs given in Figures 12
and 13 and, if necessary, the transformations of Section 1.3.
47. (a) y − log 10sx 1 5d (b) y − 2ln x

31. Let f sxd − s1 2 x 2 , 0 < x < 1.

48. (a) y − lns2xd (b) y − ln x | |
(a) Find f 21. How is it related to f ?
(b) Identify the graph of f and explain your answer to part (a). 49–50 (a) What are the domain and range of f ?
(b) What is the x-intercept of the graph of f ?
32. Let tsxd − s1 2 x .
3 3
(c) Sketch the graph of f.
(a) Find t 21. How is it related to t?
; (b) Graph t. How do you explain your answer to part (a)? 49. f sxd − ln x 1 2 50. f sxd − lnsx 2 1d 2 1
50
33. (a) How is the logarithmic function y − log b x defined?
(b) What is the domain of this function? 51–54 Solve each equation for x.
(c) What is the range of this function?
51. (a) e 724x − 6 (b) lns3x 2 10d − 2
(d) Sketch the general shape of the graph of the function
y − log b x if b . 1. 52. (a) lnsx 2 1d − 3
2
(b) e 2x 2 3e x 1 2 − 0
34. (a) What is the natural logarithm? 53 (a) 2 x25 − 3
53. (b) ln x 1 lnsx 2 1d − 1
(b) What is the common logarithm?
54. (a) lnsln xd − 1 (b) e ax − Ce bx, where a ± b
(c) Sketch the graphs of the natural logarithm function and the
natural exponential function with a common set of axes.
55–56 Solve each inequality for x.
35–38 Find the exact value of each expression.
55. (a) ln x , 0
55 (b) e x . 5
35. (a) log 2 32 (b) log 8 2
1
56. (a) 1 , e 3x21 , 2 (b) 1 2 2 ln x , 3
36. (a) log 5 125 (b) lns1ye 2 d
37 (a) log 10 40 1 log 10 2.5
37. 57. (a) Find the domain of f sxd − lnse x 2 3d.
(b) log 8 60 2 log 8 3 2 log 8 5 (b) Find f 21 and its domain.
68 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Models

58. (a) What are the values of e ln 300 and lnse 300 d? 65. (a) csc21 s2 (b) arcsin 1
(b) Use your calculator to evaluate e ln 300 and lnse 300 d. What
66.. (a) sin
66 21
(21ys2 ) (b) cos21 (s3 y2 )

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do you notice? Can you explain why the calculator has
trouble? 67.. (a)
67 cot (2s3 )
21
(b) sec21 2
CAS 59. Graph the function f sxd − sx 3 1 x 2 1 x 1 1 and explain 68. (a) arcsinssins5␲y4dd (b) cos (2 sin21 (13
5
))
why it is one-to-one. Then use a computer algebra system
to find an explicit expression for f 21sxd. (Your CAS will
69. Prove that cosssin21 xd − s1 2 x 2 .

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produce three possible expressions. Explain why two of
them are irrelevant in this context.)
70–72 Simplify the expression.
CAS 60. (a) If tsxd − x 6 1 x 4, x > 0, use a computer algebra sys-
tem to find an expression for t 21sxd. 70. tanssin21 xd 71. sinstan21 xd 72. sins2 arccos xd
(b) Use the expression in part (a) to graph y − tsxd, y − x,
and y − t 21sxd on the same screen.
; 73-74 Graph the given functions on the same screen. How are
61. If a bacteria population starts with 100 bacteria and doubles
these graphs related?
every three hours, then the number of bacteria after t hours
is n − f std − 100 ∙ 2 ty3. 73.. y − sin x, 2␲y2 < x < ␲y2;
73 y − sin21x; y−x
(a) Find the inverse of this function and explain its meaning. 74. y − tan x, 2␲y2 , x , ␲y2; 21
y − tan x; y−x
(b) When will the population reach 50,000?
62. When a camera flash goes off, the batteries immediately 75. Find the domain and range of the function
begin to recharge the flash’s capacitor, which stores electric
charge given by tsxd − sin21s3x 1 1d
Qstd − Q 0 s1 2 e 2tya d 21
; 76. (a) Graph the function f sxd − sinssin xd and explain the
(The maximum charge capacity is Q 0 and t is measured in appearance of the graph.
seconds.) (b) Graph the function tsxd − sin21ssin xd. How do you
(a) Find the inverse of this function and explain its meaning. explain the appearance of this graph?
(b) How long does it take to recharge the capacitor to 90%
of capacity if a − 2? 77. (a) If we shift a curve to the left, what happens to its
reflection about the line y − x? In view of this geo-
63–68 Find the exact value of each expression. metric principle, find an expression for the inverse of
63.. (a) cos21 s21d
63 (b) sin21s0.5d tsxd − f sx 1 cd, where f is a one-to-one function.
(b) Find an expression for the inverse of hsxd − f scxd,
64. (a) tan21 s3 (b) arctans21d where c ± 0.

1 REVIEW

CONCEPT CHECK Answers to the Concept Check can be found on the back endpapers.

1. (a) What is a function? What are its domain and range? 4. What is an increasing function?
(b) What is the graph of a function?
(c) How can you tell whether a given curve is the graph of 5. What is a mathematical model?
a function? 6. Give an example of each type of function.
2. Discuss four ways of representing a function. Illustrate your (a) Linear function (b) Power function
discussion with examples. (c) Exponential function (d) Quadratic function
(e) Polynomial of degree 5 (f) Rational function
3. (a) What is an even function? How can you tell if a function
is even by looking at its graph? Give three examples of an 7. Sketch by hand, on the same axes, the graphs of the following
even function. functions.
(b) What is an odd function? How can you tell if a function (a) f sxd − x (b) tsxd − x 2
is odd by looking at its graph? Give three examples of
(c) hsxd − x 3 (d) jsxd − x 4
an odd function.