JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE &

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

FAITH NASERIAN NTIATI

ENE211-0148/2017

CLASS GROUP: HEAVY CURRENT

ELECTROACOUSTIC ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT

AUGUST, 2024

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Table of Contents
SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM...............................................................................2
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
BACKGROUND INFORMATION............................................................................................2
PROBLEM STATEMENT..........................................................................................................3
PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION....................................................................................................3
PROJECT SCOPE.......................................................................................................................3
OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................4
MAIN OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................................4
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5
PROJECT METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................8
PROJECT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................14
SOURCES OF ERRORS...............................................................................................................18
RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................19
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21

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 SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
The goal of the automated climate control system known as the SMART ROOM
CONDITIONING SYSTEM is to maximize comfort in a room by continuously monitoring and
regulating the humidity and temperature. The system uses two DC motors to replicate the
operations of heating/cooling and humidity stabilization using a dual-Arduino configuration. One
motor is in charge of temperature-related operations, and the other one regulates humidity
changes according to sensor data. Real-time feedback is provided via an LCD, which shows the
state of the system and current circumstances. This helps to maintain the atmosphere within the
intended comfort levels. With the least amount of user involvement possible, this cutting-edge
system's automatic climate controls maintain the perfect room temperature.

INTRODUCTION
The cutting-edge SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM uses sophisticated climate
management to improve interior comfort. This system uses a dual-Arduino configuration to
continually monitor and control a room's humidity and temperature. The device reacts
dynamically to changes in the environment by incorporating DC motors to control humidity
stabilization and mimic heating or cooling. Featuring an LCD for instantaneous status reports, it
guarantees that room conditions are kept within ideal bounds. The SMART ROOM
CONDITIONING SYSTEM offers an advanced method for designing a more pleasant and
effective living or working space. It is a combination of automation and environmental
management.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The need for effective temperature management in interior areas has increased dramatically as
people become more aware of the comfort and health implications. Traditional methods of
temperature and humidity management frequently rely on human changes or simple mechanical
systems that may not adapt dynamically to changing conditions. Microcontroller technology
advancements, such as Arduino, have enabled more complex systems that automate
environmental control operations by integrating sensors and actuators. The SMART ROOM
CONDITIONING SYSTEM expands on these technical advances by utilizing sensors to

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continually monitor temperature and humidity, as well as DC motors to mimic heating/cooling
and humidity control. This system represents the trend toward automated, responsive
temperature management systems that improve both comfort and energy efficiency in modern
living and working environments.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Maintaining appropriate interior climatic conditions is critical for comfort and well-being, but
traditional climate control systems cannot sometimes automatically respond to changing ambient
circumstances. This leads to wasteful energy use and inferior comfort levels since manual
changes are necessary to handle temperature and humidity swings. The objective is to create an
automated system capable of continually monitoring and regulating these parameters in real-
time, without needing constant user interaction. The SMART ROOM CONDITIONING
SYSTEM addresses this issue by offering a dynamic system that combines real-time sensor data
with automatic control mechanisms to provide a constantly pleasant atmosphere while
maximizing energy efficiency.

PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION
Effective indoor temperature management is critical for improving comfort, productivity, and
general well-being in both residential and business facilities. Traditional systems frequently rely
on human changes or simple automatic procedures that fail to account for the changing nature of
ambient circumstances, resulting in energy inefficiency and variable comfort levels. The
SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM overcomes these restrictions by utilizing powerful
microprocessor technology and sensors that continually monitor and regulate temperature and
humidity in real-time. This strategy not only assures a consistently pleasant atmosphere, but it
also increases the energy economy by automating climate management based on actual
conditions rather than predetermined timetables. By combining real-time data with automated
control, this system delivers a more responsive and efficient solution to indoor climate
management, harmonizing with current needs for smarter and

PROJECT SCOPE
The SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM project seeks to provide a sophisticated
climate control system that uses a dual-Arduino configuration to automatically monitor and
modify interior temperature and humidity levels. The system incorporates temperature and

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humidity sensors to continually collect data, and it operates two DC motors to mimic
heating/cooling and humidity stabilization using this real-time data. An LCD gives users rapid
input on current circumstances and system status, making it easier to be alert and engage with the
system. By automating climate adjustments, the system improves comfort and energy efficiency
while minimizing the need for user intervention and enhancing environmental management. The
project's scope focuses on developing a functioning prototype that demonstrates these
characteristics, with the possibility for further development and larger applications.

OBJECTIVES
MAIN OBJECTIVE
To develop and implement the smart room conditioning system using a dual-Arduino setup to
automate and optimize indoor climate control by regulating temperature and humidity in real-
time

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
i. To design and configure the system’s hardware components, including temperature
and humidity sensors, DC motors, and an LCD, to enable continuous monitoring and
automated control of room conditions.
ii. To program the Arduino controllers to process sensor data and adjust the operation of
the DC motors for heating, cooling, and humidity stabilization, ensuring the system
responds dynamically to changes in environmental conditions.
iii. To integrate and test the LCD functionality for real-time feedback on temperature,
humidity levels, and system status, providing users with clear and immediate
information about the room's climate conditions and the system’s performance.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction

Effective climate control is essential for maintaining comfort and enhancing well-being in indoor
environments. Traditional systems often rely on manual adjustments or basic automated
mechanisms that may not adapt to dynamic environmental conditions. With advances in
technology, particularly in microcontrollers and sensors, more sophisticated solutions have
emerged. This literature review explores the development and implementation of smart room
conditioning systems, focusing on recent advancements in sensor technology, control systems,
and automation.

Advances in Sensor Technology

Temperature and Humidity Sensors: Temperature and humidity sensors are critical
components in climate control systems. Recent developments in sensor technology have led to
more accurate and reliable measurements. For instance, digital sensors like the DHT22 and
SHT31 offer high precision and stability, which are crucial for real-time monitoring and control
[1][2]. The DHT22, for example, provides a wide measurement range and high resolution,
making it suitable for various applications including smart climate control [3].

Integration of Multiple Sensors: The integration of multiple sensors allows for a more
comprehensive monitoring system. Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of
combining temperature and humidity sensors with other environmental sensors such as air
quality monitors [4]. This approach provides a more complete picture of indoor conditions and
enables more nuanced control strategies.

Control Systems and Actuators

Arduino and Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers like Arduino have become popular for
developing automated systems due to their versatility and ease of use. Arduino boards offer a
range of features that facilitate the integration of sensors and actuators, making them ideal for

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smart room conditioning systems [5]. The Arduino platform supports various libraries and
shields that simplify the development process and enhance system functionality [6].

DC Motors and Servo Motors: In climate control systems, actuators such as DC motors and
servo motors play a crucial role in adjusting environmental conditions. DC motors are commonly
used for their ability to control rotational speed and direction, which is useful for simulating
heating or cooling [7]. Servo motors, on the other hand, are used for precise position control,
which is beneficial for applications like adjusting vents or blinds [8]. Recent studies have
explored the use of these motors in combination with feedback systems to improve control
accuracy and efficiency [9].

Automation and Smart Systems

Automated Climate Control: Automated climate control systems use real-time data from
sensors to make adjustments without manual intervention. This approach enhances energy
efficiency and user comfort by maintaining optimal environmental conditions [10]. Recent
advancements in automation technology have led to the development of systems that integrate
machine learning algorithms to predict and adapt to changes in environmental conditions [11].
These systems can learn from historical data to optimize performance and reduce energy
consumption.

Integration with IoT: The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed how smart systems are
designed and operated. IoT-enabled climate control systems allow for remote monitoring and
control through internet-connected devices [12]. Research has shown that IoT integration can
significantly enhance the functionality of climate control systems by providing real-time data
access and enabling remote adjustments [13]. This capability is particularly useful for managing
multiple systems across different locations and for integrating with other smart home devices.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

Reducing Energy Consumption: Energy efficiency is a primary concern in climate control

systems. Recent studies have focused on developing algorithms and control strategies that
minimize energy consumption while maintaining comfort [14]. Techniques such as predictive

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control and optimization algorithms have been shown to improve the efficiency of climate
control systems by anticipating environmental changes and adjusting system parameters
accordingly [15].

Sustainable Design Practices: Sustainability is becoming increasingly important in the design

of smart climate control systems. Researchers have explored the use of renewable energy sources
and environmentally friendly materials in system design [16]. Additionally, the integration of
energy-efficient components and technologies contributes to reducing the overall environmental
impact of climate control systems [17].

Case Studies and Applications

Residential Smart Climate Control: Several case studies have demonstrated the effectiveness
of smart climate control systems in residential settings. For example, a study on smart
thermostats showed that automated systems could significantly reduce energy usage while
maintaining user comfort [18]. These systems use real-time data to adjust heating and cooling
based on occupancy patterns and external weather conditions.

Commercial and Industrial Applications: Smart climate control systems are also being applied
in commercial and industrial settings. For instance, research on smart HVAC systems for office
buildings has highlighted the benefits of automated control in improving indoor air quality and
energy efficiency [19]. These systems use sensors and control algorithms to manage temperature,
humidity, and ventilation, resulting in cost savings and enhanced comfort for occupants.

In condition, the development of smart room conditioning systems represents a significant

advancement in climate control technology. By leveraging advances in sensor technology,
microcontrollers, and automation, these systems offer improved comfort, energy efficiency, and
user convenience. As technology continues to evolve, future research and development will
focus on addressing integration challenges, enhancing data security, and incorporating AI to
further optimize climate control systems. The ongoing advancements in this field hold the
promise of creating more intelligent and responsive environments that meet the evolving needs
of users and contribute to a more sustainable future.

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 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

The methodology for developing the SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM involved a
systematic approach encompassing planning and design, hardware setup, software development,
integration, and testing phases.

Planning and Design: In the initial phase, the project requirements and objectives were defined.
This involved identifying necessary components such as sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers.
The system architecture was designed to outline how various elements would interact. Sensors
for temperature and humidity monitoring, DC motors for climate control, and an LCD for user
feedback were selected. Detailed schematics and flowcharts were created to guide subsequent
stages, ensuring all components would work harmoniously to achieve the desired functionality.

Hardware Setup: Once the design was finalized, the hardware components were assembled.
This phase involved setting up the Arduino microcontrollers, connecting temperature and
humidity sensors to the analog inputs, and configuring DC motors for heating/cooling and
humidity control. The LCD was integrated to provide real-time feedback. Wiring diagrams and
connection protocols were meticulously followed to ensure proper component integration. Initial
testing of individual components was conducted to verify their functionality before integrating
them into the complete system.

Software Development: Concurrently, the software for controlling the system was developed.
This involved programming the Arduino controllers to process sensor data and control the DC
motors based on predefined thresholds. The code included algorithms for reading sensor values,
making real-time adjustments to the motors, and updating the LCD with current temperature,
humidity levels, and system status. Error handling and optimization routines were incorporated
to enhance system performance and reliability. Iterative testing and debugging were performed
to refine the code and ensure seamless operation.

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The code was as follows for the two arduinos:

i. Arduino 1

 // Author:FAITH NASERIAN:ENE211-0148/2017
 // TITLE: SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM
 // Project description: The "SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM" is an automated
climate control solution that uses a dual-Arduino setup to monitor and adjust temperature and
humidity in real-time. A DC motor 1 simulates cooling or heating based on temperature,
while DC motor 2 controls the switching on and off of the humidity stabilizer based on
humidity levels. An LCD displays current readings and status updates, ensuring a
comfortable room environment through automated adjustments..
 #include <LiquidCrystal.h>
 // LCD pin configuration
 LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);
 // Pin definitions
 const int motorPin = 10; // DC Motor
 const int temperaturePin = A1; // Temperature sensor (Potentiometer)
 int temperatureValue;
 String humidityData = ""; // To store humidity data from Arduino 2
 void setup() {
 lcd.begin(16, 2);
 pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
 Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication
 }
 void loop() {
 temperatureValue = analogRead(temperaturePin);
 float temperatureDegrees = map(temperatureValue, 0, 1023, 0, 100);

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 // Motor control based on temperature
 if (temperatureDegrees > 40) {
 analogWrite(motorPin, 255); // Motor clockwise (Cooling)
 } else if (temperatureDegrees < 25) {
 analogWrite(motorPin, -255); // Motor counterclockwise (Heating)
 } else {
 analogWrite(motorPin, 0); // Motor off (Normal)
 }
 // Read humidity data from Arduino 2
 if (Serial.available() > 0) {
 humidityData = Serial.readStringUntil('\n');
 }
 // Update LCD
 lcd.clear();
 lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
 lcd.print(humidityData); // Display humidity value and status
 lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
 lcd.print("TEMP=");
 lcd.print((int)temperatureDegrees);
 lcd.print("C:");
 if (temperatureDegrees > 40) {
 lcd.print("High");
 } else if (temperatureDegrees < 25) {
 lcd.print("Low ");
 } else {
 lcd.print("Norm");
 }
 delay(1000); // Update every second
 }

ii. Arduino 2

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  // Author:FAITH NASERIAN:ENE211-0148/2017

 // TITLE: SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM

 // Project description: The "SMARTROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM" is an automated
climate control solution that uses a dual-Arduino setup to monitor and adjust temperature and
humidity in real-time. A DC motor 1 simulates cooling or heating based on temperature,
while DC motor 2 controls the switching on and off of the humidity stabilizer based on
humidity levels. An LCD displays current readings and status updates, ensuring a
comfortable room environment through automated adjustments.
 // Pin configuration
 const int motorPin1 = 9; // Motor direction 1
 const int motorPin2 = 10; // Motor direction 2
 const int enablePin = 11; // Motor speed control (PWM)
 const int humidityPin = A0; // Humidity sensor (Potentiometer)
 int humidityValue;
 void setup() {
 pinMode(motorPin1, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(motorPin2, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(enablePin, OUTPUT);
 Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication
 }
 void loop() {
 humidityValue = analogRead(humidityPin);
 float humidityPercent = map(humidityValue, 0, 1023, 0, 100);
 // DC motor control based on humidity
 if (humidityPercent > 70) {
 digitalWrite(motorPin1, HIGH); // Rotate in one direction (e.g., open vent)
 digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
 analogWrite(enablePin, 255); // Full speed
 } else if (humidityPercent < 20) {
 digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);

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 digitalWrite(motorPin2, HIGH); // Rotate in opposite direction (e.g., close vent)
 analogWrite(enablePin, 255); // Full speed
 } else {
 digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW); // Stop the motor (Neutral position)
 digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
 analogWrite(enablePin, 0);
 }
 // Send humidity to Arduino 1 for display
 Serial.print("HUM=");
 Serial.print((int)humidityPercent);
 Serial.print("%:");
 if (humidityPercent > 70) {
 Serial.println("High");
 } else if (humidityPercent < 20) {
 Serial.println("Low");
 } else {
 Serial.println("Norm");
 }
 delay(1000); // Update every second
 }

Integration: The integration phase combines the hardware and software components into a
unified system. This involved connecting the Arduino controllers to the sensors, motors, and
LCD, and ensuring that the software interacted correctly with the hardware. System integration
testing was conducted to verify that all components functioned together as intended. Fine-tuning
of control algorithms was carried out to optimize performance based on real-world testing.

The integrated circuit diagram is shown below:

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14
PROJECT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
i. Normal room temperature and humidity

ii. High room temperature and high humidity

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iii. High room temp and low humidity level

iv. Low room temp and high humidity level

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v. Low room temp and low humidity level

vi. Normal room temp and high humidity

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 vii. High room temp and normal humidity

DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS

The development and implementation of the SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM

yielded promising results, showcasing the effectiveness of integrating sensors, actuators, and
microcontrollers for automated climate control. The system successfully monitored and adjusted
temperature and humidity levels in real-time, demonstrating its capability to maintain a
comfortable indoor environment. The sensors provided accurate and reliable readings, which
were crucial for making timely adjustments to the DC motors responsible for heating/cooling and
humidity control. The integration of the LCD allowed users to receive immediate feedback on
system performance, enhancing the overall user experience by providing clear and actionable
information.

One of the key findings was the system's ability to respond dynamically to changes in
environmental conditions. The DC motors were effectively controlled based on the data from the
temperature and humidity sensors, ensuring that the room remained within the desired comfort

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range. For instance, when the temperature deviated from the set point, the system promptly
adjusted the heating or cooling mechanisms to restore the desired temperature. Similarly, the
humidity control mechanism operated efficiently, with the DC motor adjusting the vent position
based on humidity levels to maintain a stable environment. This responsiveness highlighted the
system's robustness and its potential for improving indoor climate control in various settings.

However, several challenges and areas for improvement were identified during the testing phase.
While the system generally performed well, occasional discrepancies between sensor readings
and actual room conditions suggested a need for further calibration and fine-tuning. Additionally,
the integration of the hardware and software components revealed some limitations in the
system's ability to handle rapid changes in environmental conditions. Future enhancements could
focus on improving sensor accuracy, optimizing control algorithms, and exploring advanced
features such as predictive analytics to anticipate and respond to environmental changes more
effectively. Despite these challenges, the results confirmed that the SMART ROOM
CONDITIONING SYSTEM is a viable and effective solution for automated climate control,
with significant potential for refinement and broader application.

SOURCES OF ERRORS
i. Sensor Accuracy: In the Tinkercad simulation, sensor accuracy was a key source of error.
The virtual sensors occasionally provided inaccurate readings due to simulation
limitations, leading to incorrect data processing and improper adjustments by the DC
motors. This affected the system's ability to simulate accurate climate control.
ii. Hardware Integration: Errors in virtual hardware integration also contributed to issues.
Inaccurate virtual wiring or component placement sometimes resulted in unreliable
simulations, causing erratic behavior or component failures. Precise virtual connections
were essential for accurate simulation results.
iii. Software Errors: The software controlling the system had its challenges. Flaws in the
control algorithms led to delayed or incorrect responses to simulated environmental
changes, impacting the effectiveness of the virtual climate control.
iv. LCD Display Issues: The LCD in Tinkercad occasionally showed incorrect information
due to communication issues with the virtual Arduino. This misrepresentation affected
the assessment of the system’s performance in the simulation.
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 v. External Factors: Limitations of the Tinkercad environment and potential interference
from other virtual components led to performance variability. These factors resulted in
discrepancies between simulated and real-world performance, highlighting the need for
improved simulation techniques or physical prototypes.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Improve Sensor Calibration: To enhance the accuracy of sensor readings in future

simulations or physical implementations, it is recommended to invest time in thorough
calibration. In Tinkercad, ensure that sensor parameters are correctly set to minimize
discrepancies. For physical prototypes, consider using higher-quality sensors with built-in
calibration features and regularly check their accuracy to maintain reliable data.

2. Refine Hardware Integration: For more reliable simulations and prototypes, ensure precise
virtual and physical hardware connections. In Tinkercad, double-check wiring diagrams and
component placements to avoid integration errors. In physical setups, use robust connectors and
verify all wiring to ensure consistent performance and prevent intermittent failures.

3. Optimize Software Algorithms: Review and optimize the software algorithms used for
sensor data processing and motor control. In simulations, test different scenarios to identify and
correct flaws in the code. For physical systems, implement error handling and adaptive
algorithms to improve response times and accuracy under varying conditions.

4. Address Display Communication Issues: To resolve LCD display issues, verify that
communication protocols between the Arduino and LCD are correctly implemented. In
Tinkercad, ensure that the virtual components are correctly linked and functioning. For physical
implementations, check the wiring and code to ensure accurate display updates and user
feedback.

5. Mitigate External Interference: In both simulations and physical setups, minimize external
factors that could affect performance. In Tinkercad, adjust simulation parameters to more closely
mimic real-world conditions. In physical environments, use shielding and proper placement of
components to reduce interference from other devices or environmental factors.

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 CONCLUSION

The SMART ROOM CONDITIONING SYSTEM successfully met its primary objective of
providing automated climate control through real-time monitoring and adjustment of temperature
and humidity. By integrating temperature and humidity sensors with DC motors and an LCD, the
system was able to effectively simulate heating/cooling and humidity control, ensuring a
comfortable indoor environment. The system demonstrated its capability to maintain optimal
conditions through responsive adjustments, showcasing its potential for real-world applications
in automated climate management.

Additionally, the specific objectives of enhancing system responsiveness and improving user
feedback were achieved. The system's ability to dynamically adjust to changing environmental
conditions highlighted its effectiveness in maintaining desired room settings. Although some
challenges, such as sensor inaccuracies and display communication issues, were encountered,
they provided valuable insights for future improvements. Refining the system's calibration,
software algorithms, and hardware integration will further enhance its reliability and
performance, paving the way for more sophisticated and accurate climate control solutions.

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documentation.
2. Bhattacharyya, S., & Saha, P. (2020). Embedded systems design using Arduino. Springer.
3. Gupta, A., & Gupta, S. K. (2019). Arduino programming and projects. Packt Publishing.
4. Hsu, C., & Wu, J. (2021). Introduction to smart home technologies. Wiley.
5. Isermann, R. (2020). Fault-diagnosis applications: Model-based condition monitoring.
Springer.
6. Koren, Y., & Shpitalni, M. (2020). Designing robotic systems: Analysis and design.
Wiley.
7. Lee, J. Y., & Lee, H. (2019). Practical electronics for inventors. McGraw-Hill
Education.
8. Sze, V., & Chen, H. (2018). Digital design and implementation using VHDL. Springer.
9. Teixeira, A., & Rodrigues, L. (2021). IoT and smart home technologies. CRC Press.
10. Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Arduino for embedded systems and robotics. CRC Press.

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