BASIC MATHEMATICS (SEM-1)

Author: Jyoti j Ratnani, Lecturer, Government Polytechnic Mumbai.

INDEX
Table OF Contents Page No.

Syllabus…………………………………………………………………………………..2
Chapter 1 Algebra…………………………….……………………..…………………4
1.1 Logarithm……………………………….……….……………..…………………….4
• Material ……………………….……………………………..………………4
• Question Bank…………………………………..……………….……..…13
• Solution………………………………………………………………….…18
1.2 Matrices……………………………………….……………………..……………..48
• Material ……………………….………………………….….....…………48
• Question Bank…………………………………..………..….…….….…68
• Solution………………………………………………………………..….72
1.3 Partial Fraction……………………….………………………………….….…….125
• Material ……………………….………………………….………………125
• Question Bank…………………………………..………...…..……..…140
• Solution……………………………………………………..…..…….…143

Chapter 2 Trigonometry…………………………………………………..…………..187
Material …………………………….…………………………….…...….187
Question Bank…………………………………………………….……..213
Solution……………………………………………………………..…….219
Chapter 3 Straight Line……………………………………………..……...…………257
Material …………………………….…………………………..……..…. 257
Question Bank………………………………………………….………..262
Solution……………………………………………………….….……….267
Chapter 4 Differential Calculus…….……………………………………………….298
4.1 Functions……………………………………….………..…………….......……298
Material ……………………….…………………………….….……298
• Question Bank…………………………………..………….…...…315
• Solution…………………………………………………………..…323
4.2 Limit……………………………………….………………………………..…….374
• Material ……………………….…………………………….………374
• Question Bank…………………………………..………….……..383
• Solution……………………………………………………………..322
4.3 Derivatives……………………….…………………………………………….…502
• Material ……………………….…………………………….………502
• Question Bank…………………………………..………….……..522
• Solution……………………………………………………………..530

Chapter 5 Statistics……….….………………………………………………………589
Material …………………………….…………………………….…….589
Question Bank……………………………………………………..…..602
Solution………………………………………………………………….614

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1
Unit - I Algebra

 Logarithm: Concept and laws of logarithm.

 Matrices: Matrices, algebra of matrices, transpose, value of determinant of

matrix of order 3x3, adjoint and inverse of matrices.
Solution of simultaneous equations by matrix inversion method.

 Partial Fractions: Types of partial fraction based on nature of factors and

related Problems

Unit - II Trigonometry

 Trigonometric ratios of allied angles, compound angles, multiple angles (2A,

3A), submultiples angles. (without proof)

 Factorization and De factorization formulae. (without proof).

 Inverse Trigonometric Ratios and related problems.

 Principle values and relation between trigonometric and inverse trigonometric

ratios

Unit - III Straight Line

 Straight line and slope of straight line: Angle between two lines,
Condition of parallel and perpendicular lines.

 Various forms of straight lines: Slope point form, two-point form, Double
intercept form, General form.

 Perpendicular distance from a point on the line.

 Perpendicular distance between two parallel lines

2
Unit - IV Differential Calculus

 Functions : Concept of function and simple examples.

 Limits: Concept of limits without examples.

 Derivatives:
Rules of derivatives such as sum, Product, Quotient of functions.
Derivative of composite functions (chain Rule), implicit and
parametric functions.
Derivatives of inverse, logarithmic and exponential functions.

 Applications of derivative:

Second order derivative without examples, Equation of tangent and

normal, Maxima and minima, Radius of curvature.

Unit - V Statistics

 Range, coefficient of range of discrete and grouped data.

 Mean deviation and standard deviation from mean of grouped and
ungrouped data.
 Variance and coefficient of variance.
 Comparison of two sets of observation

3
 Chapter: 2. Logarithm

Syllabus Contents:

2.1 Definition of logarithm

2.2 Laws of logarithm

2.3 simple examples based on laws

Topics:

1. Definition of logarithm
2. Laws of logarithm
3. simple examples based on laws

❖ Introduction

▪ Logarithmic functions are the inverses of exponential functions, and

any exponential function can be expressed in logarithmic form.

▪ Similarly, all logarithmic functions can be rewritten in exponential

form.

▪ Logarithms are really useful in permitting us to work with very large

numbers while manipulating numbers of a much more manageable
size.

▪ Every exponential function f(x) = a x, with a > 0 and a ≠ 1. is a one-

to-one function, therefore has an inverse function?

(f-1).

▪ The inverse function is called the Logarithmic function with base a and
is denoted by 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂

4
❖ Use (Applications) of logarithm in real life:

1. The magnitude of an earthquake is a Logarithmic scale.

The famous "Richter Scale" uses this formula:
𝑴 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝑨 + 𝑩
Where A is the amplitude (in mm) measured by the Seismograph and
B is a distance correction factor.
2. Loudness is measured in Decibels (dB for short):
Loudness in 𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝑷 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 )

Where p is the sound pressure.

3. Acidity (or Alkalinity) is measured in pH:
𝒑𝑯 = −𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 [+𝑯]
Where H+ is the molar concentration of dissolved hydrogen ions.

❖ LAWS OF INDICES:
𝑎𝑚
(a) Quotient of power : 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛

(b) Product of power : 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛

(c) Power of a power: (am )n = 𝑎mn

(d) Power of a product : (𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛

𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
(e) Power of a quotient: (𝑏) = 𝑏𝑛

(f) Root of power : √𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚

𝑛

(g) Zero exponent: 𝑎0 = 1(𝑎 ≠ 0)

1
(h) Negative exponent: 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛

5
❖ DEFINITION OF LOGARITHM:
If ax = y then x = log a y; a, y ∈ R+ &x ∈ R is called logarithm of 𝑦 to the base a and is
read as "If a raise to 𝑥 is equal to 𝑦 then 𝑥 is equal to log of 𝑦 to the base 𝑎′′ .
Here 𝑎 & 𝑦 are both positive real numbers and 𝑥 is any real number.

Note:

(i) Logarithm of positive numbers is defined.

(ii) Logarithm of negative numbers is not defined.

(iii) Logarithm of zero is not defined.

OR

❖ Definition of logarithm

The exponent of the power to which a base number must be raised to equal a
given number.
e.g.: 2 is the logarithm of 100 to the base 10(2 = log10 100).

Or

Let 𝒂 be a positive number with 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏. The logarithmic function with base 𝒂,

Denoted by loga is defined by:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒚 = 𝒙 <=> 𝑦 = 𝒂𝒙
Clearly, is the exponent to which the base a must be raised to give 𝒙.

For example:

Exponential form

Logarithm form

6
 Inverse of the log:
The exponential function is the inverse of the logarithm function. So they
are called the Inverse Function. Both the functions work together.

Exponent Argument

Base

ax = y is the inverse of logay = x.

Here the base should be same as ‘a’ is the base here. Likewise, the graph of the
exponential function is also the inverse of the graph of the logarithm function.

Note: 𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 , 𝒂 𝒂𝒔 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝒔𝒐 𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒔 𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
Exponential form: 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕

Logarithmic form: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕

Note: let 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 then its equivalent logarithm form is

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒚 = 𝒙
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 , 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒙 ) = 𝒙 … … . 𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙
And as 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒂𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒂 𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚 , 𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒂𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒂 𝒙

7
❖ LAWS OF LOGARITHM:
1 log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦)
We can extend this result as

log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 + log 𝑎 𝑧 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ = log 𝑎 (𝑥𝑦 ⋅ 𝑧 ⋯ ⋯ )

𝑥
2 log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑦)

3 log 𝑎 (𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛log 𝑎 𝑥

log 𝑥
4 Change of base theorem. log 𝑦 𝑥 = log𝑎 𝑦.
𝑎

❖ Deductions:
1 log 𝑎 1 = 0 (𝑎𝑠 𝑎0 = 1)

2 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 (𝑎𝑠 𝑎1 = 𝑎)

1
3 log 𝑦 𝑥 = (𝑎𝑠 log 𝑦 𝑥 . log 𝑥 𝑦 = 1)
log𝑥 𝑦

1 x y
4 log 𝑎 (𝑥) = −log 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 (𝑦) =. −log 𝑎 (𝑥))

5 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥………………by definition (𝑎𝑠 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥)

6 If log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑦 then 𝑥 = 𝑦

❖ TYPES OF LOGARITHMS:
There are two types of logarithms namely common and Natural or Naperian
logarithm.

(a) Common logarithm:

The logarithm to the base 10 is called common logarithm i.e., log10 x is called as
common logarithm.

(b) Natural/ Naperian logarithm:

The logarithm to the base ' e ' is called Natural or Naperian logarithm and is
noted with special symbol 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = log 𝑒 𝑥. Here 𝑒 = 2.718281

8
❖ RELATION BETWEEN COMMON AND NATURAL LOGARITHM:
We can form the relation between common and natural logarithm as follows

log10 x
log e x = by change of base theorem
log10 e
log10 x log10 x
log e x = =
log10 (2.718281) 0.4343
log e x = 2.303log10 x

This is the required relation between common and natural logarithm

❖ Proof for Laws of Logarithm:

(1) The first law of logarithms (Product law of logarithm)

Statement: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 × 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏

Proof:
Suppose
𝒎 = 𝒂𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒒 … (𝟏)
Then the equivalent logarithmic forms are

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 = 𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏 = 𝒒 … . . (𝟐)

Using the first rule of indices
𝒎 × 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒑 × 𝒂𝒒 = 𝒂𝒑+𝒒 … 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎(𝟏)
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎 × 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒑+𝒒
Now the logarithmic form of the statement
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 × 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒑+𝒒 )
= 𝒑 + 𝒒 … … … … … . 𝒂𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒙 ) = 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 × 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏 … … . . 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟐)

So, if we want to multiply two numbers together and find the logarithm of the
result, we can do this by adding together the logarithms of the two numbers.
This is the first law.

9
(2) The second law of logarithms (Power law of logarithm)
Statement: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎
Proof:
Suppose
𝒎 = 𝒂𝒑 Or equivalently 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 = 𝒑
Suppose we raise both sides of 𝒎 = 𝒂𝒑 to the power 𝒏
𝒎𝒏 = (𝒂𝒑 )𝒏
Using the rules of indices, we can write this as
𝒎𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏𝒑
Thinking of the quantity 𝒎𝒏 as a single term, the logarithmic form is
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒑
= 𝐧𝐩 … … 𝐚𝐬 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒙 ) = 𝒙
∴ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 … . . 𝒂𝒔 𝐩 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎

This is the second law. It states that when finding the logarithm of a power of
a number, this can be evaluated by multiplying the logarithm of the number by
that power.

(3) The third law of logarithms (Quotient law of logarithm)

Statement: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 ÷ 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏
Proof:

As before, suppose
𝒎 = 𝒂𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒒 … . (𝟏)
Then the equivalent logarithmic forms are

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 = 𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏 = 𝒒 … . . (𝟐)

Consider 𝒎 ÷ 𝒏.

Using the second rule of indices

𝒎 ÷ 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒑 ÷ 𝒂𝒒 = 𝒂𝒑−𝒒 … 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎(𝟏)
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎 ÷ 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒑−𝒒
Now the logarithmic form of the statement
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 ÷ 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒑−𝒒 )
= 𝒑 − 𝒒 … … … … … . 𝒂𝒔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒙 ) = 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 ÷ 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏 … … . . 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟐)

10
 (4) Rule of Change of base
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
Statement: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂
𝒃

Proof:
Suppose 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 = 𝒃𝒒 … (𝟏)
And 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒎 … … … … … (𝟐)
From (1) the equivalent logarithm form is
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒑 & 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂 = 𝒒 … … (𝟑)
From (2), we can write the equivalent exponential form as

𝒙 = 𝒂𝒎
𝒃𝒑 = (𝒃𝒒 )𝒎 … … … … … … 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎(𝟏)
𝒃𝒑 = (𝒃)𝒒𝒎
Bases are same on both sides of equality, that means powers are same, on
equating we get,
𝒑 = 𝒒𝒎
𝒑
=𝒎
𝒒

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 … … . 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎(𝟐)&(𝟑)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙
∴ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 = Hence proved.
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂

Note:
𝒑
(1) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒒 𝒃𝒑 = 𝒒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒃 1
(2) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒃 = = 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃𝒂

(3) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒃). 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 (𝒄) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒄

5. The logarithm of 1

Recall that any number raised to the power zero is 1, 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏. The logarithmic
form of this is
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝟏 = 𝟎

6. Logarithm of a to the base a

As 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂 then its equivalent logarithm form is

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒂 = 𝟏

11
❖ Common Mistakes in the Solving Problems of Logs:

Note: 𝟏. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 + 𝒏) ≠ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏

𝟐. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 − 𝒏) ≠ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏

𝒎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎
𝟑. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 ( 𝒏 ) ≠ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏

𝟒. (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎)𝒏 ≠ 𝒏. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎

❖ Laws of Logarithm:

1. The first law of logarithms (Product law of logarithm)

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 × 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏

2. The second law of logarithms (Power law of logarithm)

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎

3. The third law of logarithms (Quotient law of logarithm)

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒎 ÷ 𝒏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏

4. Rule of Change of base

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂

5. The logarithm of 1

Recall that any number raised to the power zero is 1, 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏. The logarithmic
form of this is
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝟏 = 𝟎

6. Logarithm of a to the base a

As 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂 then its equivalent logarithm form is

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒂 = 𝟏

12
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai
Subject: Question Bank
Chapter: 2 - Logarithms

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

(1) Express the following in logarithmic form:

(a) 82 = 64

(b) 35 = 243

(c) 210 = 1024

(d) 53 = 125

(e) 106 = 1000000

(f) 10−3 = 0.001

(g) 𝟑−𝟐 = 𝟏⁄𝟗

(h) 60 = 1

(i) 5−1 = 1⁄5

(j) 43 = 64

(k) (𝟏⁄𝟑)−𝟐 = 𝟗
𝟑⁄
(l) 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 =𝟖

(2) Express the following in exponential form:

(a) log5125=3
𝟑
(b) log2(2√𝟐)=
𝟐

(c) log1/327=-3

13
 (d) log 2 32 = 5;
𝟏
(e) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏⁄ ( ) = 𝟒
𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓

1
(f) log 9 ( ) = −2
81

(g) log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑏
1 1
(h) log 1⁄ ( ) =
82 3

𝟏
(i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 ( ) = −𝟒
𝟖𝟏

(3) Find value of following logarithms:

(a) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖𝟏 𝟐𝟕

(b) log10 10

(c) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏⁄ 𝟗√𝟑

𝟑

(d) log 2 2√2

(e) log 1⁄ 27
3

𝟑𝟐
(f) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 √
√𝟖

(g) log 5 125

(h) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 𝟏𝟔
𝟒

(i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏

(j) log16 8

(4) Convert the following in single logarithm:

14
 (a) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓

(b) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟔 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐

(c) 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒

(d) 2 log 3 − 3 log 2

(e) log 256 + log 1

(f) log 256 − log 1

(g) 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓

(h) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟐𝟖 − 𝟕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐

(i) log 2 + log 3 + log 4

(j) log 12 − 2 log 2 + log 3

(k) 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒

(l) log 10 + 2 log 3 − log 2

(m) 3+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐

(5) Solve for 𝒙 ∶ −

(a) log 3 𝑥 = log 3 (2 − 𝑥)

(b) log 4 𝑥 2 = log 4 𝑥

(c) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)

𝟐 𝟐

(d) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝐱 = 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏)

(e) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) = −𝟏

𝟑

(f) log10 [𝑥(𝑥 + 3)] = 1

15
 (g) log 2 (𝑥 2 − 5) = 2

(h) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓𝒙)

(i) log 4 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) = log 4 (5𝑥 − 12)

(j) log 2 (𝑥 + 1) − log 2 (2 − 𝑥) = 3

(k) log 4 (−𝑥) + log 4 (6 − 𝑥) = 2

(l) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)

(m) log(6𝑥) − log(4 − 𝑥) = log 3

(n) 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎(𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏) =0

(o) 62𝑥 = 61−3𝑥

𝟐
(p) 𝟖𝒙 = 𝟖𝟑𝒙+𝟏𝟎

(q) 2𝑥 = 10

(r) 9=104+6𝑥

(s) 𝒆𝟒−𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎

(t) log 𝑥 0.001 = −2

(u) √𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟑

(v) 2 log 9 𝑥 = 1

(w) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖) = −𝟐

𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(6) Prove that: + + =𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒃𝒄+𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂𝒄+𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒂𝒃+𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(7) Simplify: + +
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟓+𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏𝟎+𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟔+𝟏

1 1 1
(8) Show that: + + =3
log3 6 log8 6 log9 6

16
(9) Show that: log[1 + 2 + 3] = log 1 + log 2 + log 3
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔𝟒
(10) Find 𝒙, if =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟔

(11) If 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟎, find 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟖.

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
(12) Evaluate: log ( ) + log ( ) + log ( )
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦

1 1
(13) Evaluate: +
log5 10 log20 10

𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝟐 𝒓𝟐
(14) Show that: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝟎
𝒒𝒓 𝒑𝒓 𝒑𝒒

17
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai
Subject: Solution of Question Bank
Chapter: 2 - Logarithms
Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

(1) Express the following in logarithmic form:

(a) 82 = 64

Solution:

since 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

Hence log 8 64 = 2

(b) 35 = 243

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

Hence log 3 243 = 5

(c) 210 = 1024

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

Hence log 2 1024 = 10

(d) 53 = 125

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

18
 Hence log 5 125 = 3

(e) 106 = 1000000

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

Hence log10 1000000 = 6

(f) 10−3 = 0.001

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

Hence log10 0.001 = −3

(g) 𝟑−𝟐 = 𝟏⁄𝟗

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

1
Hence log 3 (9) = −2

(h) 60 = 1

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

Hence log 6 1 = 0

(i) 5−1 = 1⁄5

Solution:

19
since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

1
Hence log 5 (5) = −1

(j) 43 = 64

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

Hence log 4 64 = 3

(k) (1⁄3)−2 = 9

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

1
Hence log 3 (9) = −2

3⁄
(l) 16 4 =8

Solution:

since 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 => log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

3
Hence log16 8 = 4

20
(2) Express the following in exponential form:

(a) log5125=3

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

Hence log5125=3 => 125 = 53

𝟑
(b) log2(2√𝟐)=𝟐

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

3 3⁄
Hence log2(2√2)=2 => 2√2 = (2) 2

(c) log1/327=-3

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1 −3
Hence log1/327=-3 => 27 = (3)

(d) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟓

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

Hence log 2 32 = 5 => 32 = 25

21
 𝟏
(e) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏⁄ (𝟔𝟐𝟓) = 𝟒
𝟓

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1 1 1 4
Hence log 1⁄ (625) = 4 => = (5)
5 625

𝟏
(f) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 (𝟖𝟏) = −𝟐

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1 1
Hence log 9 (81) = −2 => = 9−2
81

(g) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒚 = 𝒃

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

Hence log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑏 => 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏

𝟏 𝟏
(h) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏⁄ (𝟐) = 𝟑
𝟖

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1⁄
1 1 1 1 3
Hence log 1⁄ (2) = 3 => = (8)
8 2

𝟏
(i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟖𝟏) = −𝟒

Solution:

since log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

22
 1 1
Hence log 3 (81) = −4 => = 3−4
81

(3) Find value of following logarithms:

(a) log8127

Solution:

let log8127 = 𝑥

∴ 27 = 81𝑥 … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 33 = (34 )𝑥

∴ 33 = 34𝑥 … … … … 𝑎𝑠 (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

∴ 3 = 4𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛
3
∴ =𝑥
4

3
∴ 𝑥=4

3
∴ log8127 = 4

(b) log1010

Solution:

let log1010 = 𝑥

∴ 10 = 10𝑥 … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 101 = 10𝑥

∴ 1 = 𝑥 … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥=1

∴ log1010 = 1

23
(c) log1/3 9√𝟑

Solution:

let log1/3 9√3 = 𝑥

1 𝑥
∴ 9√3 = (3) … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1⁄ 1⁄ 1
∴ 32 × 3 2 = (3−1 )𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 √𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎−1
𝑎

1
∴ 3(2+2) = 3−𝑥 … … … . . 𝑎𝑠 (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 & 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
4+1
3( )
∴ 2 = 3−𝑥
5
∴ 3(2) = 3−𝑥

5
∴ = −𝑥 … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛
2

5
∴ 𝑥=−
2

5
∴ log 1⁄ 9√3 = −
3 2

(d) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐√𝟐

Solution:

let log 2 2√2 = 𝑥

∴ 2√2 = 2𝑥 … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1⁄
∴ 21 × 2 2 = 2𝑥
1
∴ 2(1+2) = 2𝑥
2+1
∴ 2 2 = 2𝑥
3
∴ 22 = 2 𝑥
3
∴ = 𝑥 … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛
2

24
 3
∴ 𝑥= 2

3
∴ log 2 2√2 = 2

(𝒆) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏⁄ 𝟐𝟕
𝟑

Solution:

let log 1⁄ 27 = 𝑥
3

1 𝑥
∴ 27 = (3) … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1
∴ 27 = (3−1 )𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 = 𝑎 −1
𝑎

∴ 33 = (3)−𝑥

∴ 3 = −𝑥 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ −𝑥 = 3

∴ 𝑥 = −3

∴ log 1⁄ 27 = −3
3

𝟑𝟐
(f) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 √
√𝟖

Solution:

32
let log 2 √ =𝑥
√8

32
∴√ = 2𝑥 … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
√8

1⁄
32 2 1⁄
∴( ) = 2𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 √𝑥 = 𝑥 2
√8

1⁄
32 2 1⁄
∴( 1 ) = 2𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 √𝑥 = 𝑥 2
8 ⁄2

25
 1
32 ⁄2 𝑚 𝑝 𝑚𝑝
∴ 1⁄ = 2𝑥 … … … . . 𝑎𝑠 ( 𝑛 ) =
1 2 𝑛𝑝
(8 ⁄2 )

⁄ 1
(25 ) 2
∴ 1 = 2𝑥 … … … . . 𝑎𝑠 (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
(23 ) ⁄4

5
2 ⁄2
∴ 3 = 2𝑥 … … … . . 𝑎𝑠 (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
2 ⁄4

5⁄ −3⁄ ) 𝑚
∴ 2( 2 4 = 2𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 ⁄𝑎𝑛 =𝑎𝑚−𝑛

∴ 5⁄2 − 3⁄4 = 𝑥 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

10−3
∴ =𝑥
4

7
∴ =𝑥
4

7
∴ 𝑥= 4

32 7
∴ log 2 √ =
√8 4

(g) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓

Solution:

let log 5 125 = 𝑥

=> 125 = 5𝑥 … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

=> 53 = 5𝑥

=> 3 = 𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥=3

∴ log 5 125 = 3

(h) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 𝟏𝟔
𝟒

Solution:

let log 1 16 = 𝑥
4

26
 1 𝑥
∴ 16 = (4) … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1
∴ 42 = (4−1 )𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 = 𝑎 −1
𝑎

∴ 42 = 4−𝑥 … … … (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

∴ 2 = −𝑥 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ −𝑥 = 2

∴ 𝑥 = −2

∴ log 1 16 = −2
4

(i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏

Solution:

let log10 0.0001 = 𝑥

∴ 0.0001 = 10𝑥 … … … . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 10−4 = 10𝑥

∴ −4 = 𝑥 … … … … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥 = −4

∴ log10 0.0001 = −4

(j) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟔 𝟖

Solution:

let log16 8 = 𝑥

∴ 8 = 16𝑥 … … … . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 23 = (24 )𝑥

∴ 23 = 24𝑥 … … … (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

∴ 3 = 4𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

27
 3
∴ =𝑥
4
3
∴ log16 8 = 4

(4) Convert the following in single logarithm:

(𝐚) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓

Solution:

Given log 3 + log 5

= log(3 × 5) … … … . . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

∴ log 3 + log 5 = log(15)

(b) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟔 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 16 − log 2

16 𝑚
= log ( 2 ) … … … … … 𝑎𝑠 log ( 𝑛 ) = log 𝑚 − log 𝑛

∴ log 16 − log 2 = log 8

(c) 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 3 log 4

= log 43 … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛 .

∴ 3 log 4 = log 64

28
(d) 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 2 log 3 − 3 log 2

= log 32 − log 23 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛

= log 9 − log 8

9
∴ 2 log 3 − 3 log 2 = log ( )
8

(e) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟓𝟔 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 256 + log 1

= log(256 × 1) … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

∴ log 256 + log 1 = log 256

(f) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟓𝟔 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 256 − log 1

256 𝑚
= log ( ) … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 ( 𝑛 )
1

∴ log 256 − log 1 = log 256

(g) 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 5 log 2 + 2 log 5

= log 25 + log 52 … … . 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛

29
 = log 32 + log 25

= log(32 × 25) … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

∴ 5 log 2 + 2 log 5 = log 800

(h) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟐𝟖 − 𝟕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 128 − 7 log 2

= log 128 − log 27 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛

128 𝑚
= log ( 27 ) … … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log ( 𝑛 ) = log 𝑚 − log 𝑛

128
= log (128)

= log 1

∴ log 128 − 7 log 2 = 0 … … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 1 = 0

(i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒

Solution:

: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 2 + log 3 + log 4

= log(2 × 3 × 4) … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

∴ log 2 + log 3 + log 4 = log 24

(j) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 12 − 2 log 2 + log 3

= log 12 − log 22 + log 3 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛

= log 12 − log 4 + log 3

30
 12 𝑚
= log ( 4 ) + log 3 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log ( 𝑛 ) = log 𝑚 − log 𝑛

= log 3 + log 3

= log(3 × 3) … … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

∴ log 12 − 2 log 2 + log 3 = log 9

(k) 𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 5 log 2 + 4 log 3 − 3 log 4

= log 25 + log 34 − log 43 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛

= log 32 + log 81 − log 64

= log(32 × 81) − log 64

32×81
= log ( )
64

81
∴ 5 log 2 + 4 log 3 − 3 log 4 = log ( 2 )

(l) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 10 + 2 log 3 − log 2

= log 10 + log 32 − log 2 … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛 .

= log 10 + log 9 − log 2

= log(10 × 9) − log 2 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

= log 90 − log 2

90 𝑚
= log ( 2 ) … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 ( 𝑛 )

log 10 + 2 log 3 − log 2 = log 45

31
(m) 3+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐

Solution:

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 3 + log10 2

= (3 × 1) +log10 2

= (3 × log10 10) +log10 2 … … … 𝑎𝑠 1 = log10 10)

= log10 103 +log10 2 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛

= log10 (103 × 2) … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

= log10 (1000 × 2)

∴ 3 + log10 2 = log10 2000

(5) Solve for 𝒙 ∶ −

(a) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟐 − 𝒙)

Solution:

Given log 3 𝑥 = log 3 (2 − 𝑥)

∴ 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥 … … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴𝑥+𝑥 =2

∴ 2𝑥 = 2

∴ 𝑥=1

(b) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒙

Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 . log 4 𝑥 2 = log 4 𝑥

∴ 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

32
 ∴ 𝑥2 − 𝑥 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 1) = 0

∴ 𝑥=0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=1

𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 (log 0 = −∞)

∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 1

(c) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)

𝟐 𝟐
Solution:

Given log 1 (2𝑥 + 1) = log 1 (𝑥 + 1)

2 2

∴ 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 + 1 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 1 − 1

∴ 𝑥=0

(d) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝐱 = 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏)

Solution:

Given log10 x = 2 − log10 (𝑥 − 21)

∴ log10 x = 2 − log10 (𝑥 − 21)

∴ log10 x = (2 × 1) − log10 (𝑥 − 21)

∴ log10 x = (2 × log10 10) − log10 (𝑥 − 21) … … … 𝑎𝑠 1 = log10 10

∴ log10 x = log10 102 − log10 (𝑥 − 21) … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛

∴ log10 x = log10 100 − log10 (𝑥 − 21)

100 𝑚
∴ log10 x = log10 (𝑥−21) … … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log ( 𝑛 ) = log 𝑚 − log 𝑛

100
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑥−21 … … … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 21) = 100

33
 ∴ 𝑥 2 − 21𝑥 = 100

∴ 𝑥 2 − 21𝑥 − 100 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 100 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 25) + 4(𝑥 − 25) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 25)(𝑥 + 4) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 25) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 + 4) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 25 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −4

∴ 𝑥 = −4 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑚

𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

∴ 𝑥 = −4 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

∴ 𝑥 = 25 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(e) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) = −𝟏

𝟑

Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 1 (𝑥 2 − 1) = −1
3

1 −1
∴ 𝑥 2 − 1 = (3) … … … … . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

1 −𝑚
∴ 𝑥 2 − 1 = 31 … … … … . . 𝑎𝑠 (𝑎) = 𝑎𝑚

∴ 𝑥2 = 3 + 1

∴ 𝑥2 = 4

∴ 𝑥 = ±2 … … . . 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

(f) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 [𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑)] = 𝟏

Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log10 [𝑥(𝑥 + 3)] = 1

34
 ∴ 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 101 … … … . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 10 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 + 5) − 2(𝑥 + 5) = 0

∴ (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 2) = 0

∴ (𝑥 + 5) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 2) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = −5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2

𝑎𝑠 𝑥 = −5 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2

(g) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓) = 𝟐

Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 2 (𝑥 2 − 5) = 2

∴ 𝑥 2 − 5 = 22 … … … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 𝑥2 − 5 = 4

∴ 𝑥2 = 4 + 5

∴ 𝑥2 = 9

∴ 𝑥 = ±3 … … . . 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

(𝒉) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + 𝟑) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐𝟎 − 𝟓𝒙)

Solution:
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 log 𝑥 + log(𝑥 + 3) = log(20 − 5𝑥)

∴ log[𝑥 × (𝑥 + 3)] = log(20 − 5𝑥) … . . . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 20 − 5𝑥 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 20 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 20 = 0

35
 ∴ 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 20 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 + 10) − 2(𝑥 + 10) = 0

∴ (𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 − 2) = 0

∴ (𝑥 + 10) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 2) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = −10 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2

∴ 𝑥 = −10 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log(−𝑣𝑒) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 2
(i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐)

Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n log 4 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) = log 4 (5𝑥 − 12)

∴ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 12 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 12 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 12 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) − 3(𝑥 − 4) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 4) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 − 3) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3

(𝒋) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟐 − 𝒙) = 𝟑

Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n log 2 (𝑥 + 1) − log 2 (2 − 𝑥) = 3

𝑥+1 𝑚
∴ log 2 ( ) = 3 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log ( ) = log 𝑚 − log 𝑛
2−𝑥 𝑛

𝑥+1
∴ = 23 … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
2−𝑥

36
 𝑥+1
∴ =8
2−𝑥

∴ 𝑥 + 1 = 8(2 − 𝑥)

∴ 𝑥 + 1 = 16 − 8𝑥

∴ 𝑥 + 1 − 16 + 8𝑥 = 0

∴ 9𝑥 − 15 = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 15⁄9

(𝒌) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (−𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 (𝟔 − 𝒙) = 𝟐

Solution: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n log 4 (−𝑥) + log 4 (6 − 𝑥) = 2

∴ log 4 [(−𝑥)(6 − 𝑥)] = 2 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

∴ log 4 [−6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ] = 2

∴ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 42 … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 16

∴ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 16 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 16 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 8) + 2(𝑥 − 8) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

∴ 𝑥 − 8 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2 = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2

(𝒍) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)

37
Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 𝑒 (𝑥 − 1) = 1 + log 𝑒 (3𝑥 + 2)

∴ log 𝑒 (𝑥 − 1) = log 𝑒 𝑒 + log 𝑒 (3𝑥 + 2) … … . 𝑎𝑠 1 = log 𝑒 𝑒

∴ log 𝑒 (𝑥 − 1) = log 𝑒 [𝑒 × (3𝑥 + 2)] … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

∴ 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑒 × (3𝑥 + 2) … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥 − 1 = 3𝑒𝑥 + 2𝑒

∴ 𝑥 − 3𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑒

∴ 𝑥(1 − 3𝑒) = 1 + 2𝑒

1 + 2𝑒
∴ 𝑥=
1 − 3𝑒

(𝒎) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟔𝒙) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟒 − 𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑

Solution: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n log(6𝑥) − log(4 − 𝑥) = log 3

6𝑥 𝑚
∴ log [4−𝑥] = log 3 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 ( 𝑛 )

6𝑥
∴ = 3 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛
4−𝑥

∴ 6𝑥 = 3(4 − 𝑥)

∴ 6𝑥 = 12 − 3𝑥

∴ 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 12

∴ 9𝑥 = 12

∴ 𝑥 = 12⁄9

∴ 𝑥 = 4⁄3

(n) 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 (𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎

38
Solution: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n 2 log10 𝑥 − log10 (7𝑥 − 1) = 0

∴ log10 𝑥 2 − log10 (7𝑥 − 1) = 0 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛

𝑥2 𝑚
∴ log10 [7𝑥−1] = 0 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 ( 𝑛 )

𝑥2
∴ = 100 … … . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
7𝑥−1

𝑥2
∴ = 1 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎0 = 1
7𝑥−1

∴ 𝑥 2 = 1(7𝑥 − 1)

∴ 𝑥 2 = 7𝑥 − 1

∴ 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 1 = 0

−(−7)±√(−7)2 −4(1)(1)
∴𝑥= 2(1)

−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒙 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎)
𝟐𝒂

ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 1

7±√49−4
∴𝑥= 2

7±√45
∴𝑥= 2
7 ± √9 × 5
∴𝑥=
2

7 ± 3√5
∴𝑥=
2

7+3√5 7−3√5
∴𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=
2 2

(o) 𝟔𝟐𝒙 = 𝟔𝟏−𝟑𝒙

Solution: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n 62𝑥 = 61−3𝑥

∴ 2𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑥 … … . . 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 1

39
 ∴ 5𝑥 = 1

∴ 𝑥 = 1⁄5

𝟐
(p) 𝟖𝒙 = 𝟖𝟑𝒙+𝟏𝟎

Solution:
2
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 8𝑥 = 83𝑥+10

∴ 𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 + 10 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 10 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 5) + 2(𝑥 − 5) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 5) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 + 2) = 0

∴ 𝑥=5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2

ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2

(q) 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎

Solution: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n 2𝑥 = 10

∴ log 2 2𝑥 = log 2 10 … … … 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

∴ 𝑥 = log 2 10 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥

(r) 9=𝟏𝟎𝟒+𝟔𝒙

Solution: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n 9 = 104+6𝑥

∴ log10 9 = log10 104+6𝑥 … … … 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 10 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

∴ log10 9 = 4 + 6𝑥 … … … . . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥

40
 ∴ 4 + 6𝑥 = log10 9

∴ 6𝑥 = (log10 9) − 4

( log10 9)−4
∴ 𝑥= 6
(s) 𝒆𝟒−𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎

Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒 4−7𝑥 + 11 = 20

∴ 𝑒 4−7𝑥 = 20 − 11

∴ 𝑒 4−7𝑥 = 9

∴ log 𝑒 𝑒 (4−7𝑥) = log 𝑒 9 … … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 4 − 7𝑥 = log 𝑒 9 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥

∴ − 7𝑥 = log 𝑒 9 − 4

log𝑒 9−4
∴ 𝑥=
−7

4 − log 𝑒 9
∴ 𝑥=
7

(𝒕) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 = −𝟐

Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log 𝑥 0.001 = −2

log10 0.001 log 𝑥

∴ = −2 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑥 = log𝑏 𝑎
log10 𝑥 𝑏

log10 10−3
∴ = −2
log10 𝑥

−3
∴ = −2 … … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥
log10 𝑥

3
∴ =2
log10 𝑥

3
∴ = log10 𝑥
2

41
 3
∴ log10 𝑥 = 2

3⁄
∴ 𝑥 = 10 2 … … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 .

(𝒖) √𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟑
Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n √log 2 𝑥 = 3

∴ log 2 𝑥 = 32 … … … 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

∴ log 2 𝑥 = 9

∴ 𝑥 = 29 … … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 𝑥 = 512

(v) 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 𝒙 = 𝟏
Solution:

𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒n 2 log 9 𝑥 = 1
1
∴ log 9 𝑥 = 2

1⁄
∴𝑥=9 2 … … 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

∴𝑥=3

(w) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖) = −𝟐

𝟑

Solution:

Given log 1 (𝑥 2 + 8) = −2
3

1 −2
∴ 𝑥 2 + 8 = (3) … … … . . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥

42
 1 −𝑚
∴ 𝑥 2 + 8 = 32 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 (𝑎) = 𝑎𝑚

∴ 𝑥2 + 8 = 9

∴ 𝑥2 = 9 − 8

∴ 𝑥2 = 1

∴ 𝑥 = ±1 … … … 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(6) Prove that: + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 =𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒃𝒄+𝟏 𝒃 𝒂𝒄+𝟏 𝒄 𝒂𝒃+𝟏

Solution:

1 1 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = log + log + log
𝑎 𝑏𝑐+1 𝑏 𝑎𝑐+1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏+1

1 1 1
= log + log + log …as log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 1
𝑎 𝑏𝑐+log𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑐+log𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑏+log𝑐 𝑐

1 1 1
= log + log + log … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)
𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐

1
= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log = log 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎𝑏

= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐 … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛) .

=1 … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(7) Simplify: + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟓+𝟏 𝟑 𝟏𝟎+𝟏 𝟓 𝟔+𝟏

Solution:
1 1 1
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 + +
log2 15+1 log3 10+1 log5 6+1

1 1 1
= log + log + log … . as log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 1
2 15+log2 2 3 10+log3 3 5 6+log5 5

43
 1 1 1
= (15×2)
+ (10×3)
+ log (6×5)
… … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)
log2 log3 5

1 1 1
= log + log + log
2 (30) 3 (30) 5 (30)

1
= log 30 2 + log 30 3 + log 30 5 … … 𝑎𝑠 log = log 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎𝑏

= log 30 (2 × 3 × 5) … … … . . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

= log 30 30
=1 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(8) Show that: + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 =𝟑
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟔 𝟖𝟔 𝟗𝟔

Solution:
1 1 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = log + log + log
36 86 96

1
= log 6 3 + log 6 8 + log 6 9 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log = log 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎𝑏

= log 6 (3 × 8 × 9) … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

= log 6 216

= log 6 63

=3 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥

(9) Show that: 𝐥𝐨𝐠[𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑] = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑

Solution:

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = log[1 + 2 + 3]

= log 6

= log[1 × 2 × 3]

= log 1 + log 2 + log 3

= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

∴ log[1 + 2 + 3] = log 1 + log 2 + log 3

44
 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔𝟒
(10) Find 𝒙, if = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟔
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒

Solution:

log 𝑥 log 64
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = log 16
log 4

log 𝑥 log 43
∴ = log 42
log 4

log 𝑥 3 log 4
∴ = 2 log 4 … … … 𝑎𝑠 𝑛. log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛
log 4

log 𝑥 3
∴ =2
log 4

3
∴ log 𝑥 = 2 × log 4

3⁄
∴ log 𝑥 = log 4 2

3⁄
∴ 𝑥=4 2 … … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 => 𝑚 = 𝑛

∴ 𝑥 = √43

∴ 𝑥 = √64

∴ 𝑥=8

(11) If 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟎, find 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝟖.

Solution:

log10 2 = 0.3010 … … … 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

∴ log10 8 = log10 23

= 3 × log10 2 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛. log 𝑎 𝑚

= 3 × 0.3010 … … … 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

∴ log10 8 = 0.9030

45
 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
(12) Evaluate: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒚𝒛) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙𝒛) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙𝒚)

Solution:

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 log ( ) + log ( ) + log ( )
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
= log [( ) ( ) ( )] … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛).
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦

𝑥2𝑦 2𝑧 2
= log [ ]
(𝑦𝑧)(𝑥𝑧)(𝑥𝑦)

𝑥2𝑦 2𝑧 2
= log [ 2 2 2 ]
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

= log 1

=0 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 1 = 0

𝟏 𝟏
(13) Evaluate:𝐥𝐨𝐠 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎

Solution:

1 1
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 +
log 5 10 log 20 10
1
= log10 5 + log10 20 … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log = log 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎𝑏

= log10 (5 × 20) … … … . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

= log10 100

= log10 102

= 2 × log10 10 … … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛. log 𝑎 𝑚

=2×1 … … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 1

46
 1 1
∴ + log =2
log5 10 20 10

𝒑𝟐 𝒒𝟐 𝒓𝟐
(14) Show that: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒒𝒓) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒑𝒓) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒑𝒒) = 𝟎

Solution:
𝑝2 𝑞2 𝑟2
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = log (𝑞𝑟) + log (𝑝𝑟) + log (𝑝𝑞)

𝑝2 𝑞2 𝑟2
= log [(𝑞𝑟) (𝑝𝑟) (𝑝𝑞)] … … . . 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 (𝑚 × 𝑛)

𝑝2 𝑞 2 𝑟 2
= log [(𝑞𝑟)(𝑝𝑟)(𝑝𝑞)]

𝑝2 𝑞 2 𝑟 2
= log [𝑝2𝑞2𝑟 2 ]

= log 1

=0 … … … 𝑎𝑠 log 𝑎 1 = 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 > 1

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

47
 Chapter: 1. Matrices

Syllabus Contents:

1.1 Definition of a matrix of order m x n

1.2 Types of matrices

1.3 Algebra of matrices - equality, addition, subtraction, multiplication &

scalar multiplication.

1.4 Transpose of matrix.

1.5 Minor, co-factor of an element.

1.6 Ad joint & inverse of a matrix by ad joint method.

1.7 Solution of simultaneous equations by matrix inversion method.

❖ Introduction

WHAT IS IT?

Matrix algebra is a means of making calculations upon arrays of numbers

(or data).
Most data sets are matrix-type

WHY USE IT?

Matrix algebra makes mathematical expression and

computation easier.
It allows you to get rid of cumbersome notation, concentrate on the
concepts involved and understand where your results come from.

48
❖ Application of Matrices

(1) Graph theory

The adjacency matrix of a finite graph is a basic notion of graph theory.

(2) Linear combinations of quantum states in Physics

The first model of quantum mechanics by Heisenberg in 1925
represented the theory's operators by infinite-dimensional matrices
acting on quantum states. This is also referred to as matrix
mechanics.

(3) Computer graphics

4×4 transformation rotation matrices are commonly used in
computer graphics.

(4) Solving linear equations

Using Row reduction
Cramer's Rule (Determinants)
Using the inverse matrix

(5) Cryptography.

❖ Definition of a matrix of order m x n

A system of 𝑚 × 𝑛 numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of 𝑚

rows, each consisting of an ordered set of 𝑛 numbers, is called an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix
If there are m rows and n columns in the array, the matrix is said to be
of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 or (𝑚, 𝑛) or 𝑚 by 𝑛
A matrix is an array of numbers
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐀 = [𝑎 ]
21 𝑎22 𝑎23

Denoted with a bold Capital letter

All matrices have an order (or dimension):
That is,
(The number of rows) × (the number of columns. )

49
So, order of matrix A is 2 by 3 or (2, 3) or 2 × 3

In this matrix
A=

𝑚×𝑛
Numbers 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are called elements. First subscript indicates the row; second
subscript indicates the column. The matrix consists of mn elements
It is called “the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]” or simply “the matrix A ” if number
of rows and columns is understood.
NOTE:
Matrices are denoted by capital letters A, B, C or X, Y, Z etc.
Its elements are denoted by small letters a, b, c ….. Etc.
The element of the matrix is enclosed by any of the brackets i.e.
(), [] ,{}
The position of the elements of a Matrix is indicated by the subscripts attached
to the element. e.g. 𝑎13 indicates that element „𝑎13 ‟ lies in first row and third
column i.e. first subscript denotes row and second subscript denote column.

❖ TYPES OF MATRICES

(I) Rectangular Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows and

Columns are not equal is called a rectangular matrix
2 4 5
e.g.:𝐴 = [ ]
4 6 7 2×3
2 × 3 is rectangular matrix of order 2×3.

Subtypes of rectangular matrices:

(1) Row Matrix: An m x n matrix is called row Matrix if m = 1.

Ex: 𝐴 = [1 12 −5 2]1×4

(2) Column Matrix: An m x n matrix is called row Matrix if n = 1.

50
 −2
0
Ex: 𝐴 = [ ]
4
1 4×1

(II) Square Matrix: A square matrix is a matrix that has the same
number of rows and columns i.e. if m = n.
1 −3
Ex: 𝐴 = [ ]
2 −1 2×2

Subtype of square matrices:

(1) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix in which all diagonal elements are non-
zero and all non-diagonal elements are zeros is called a diagonal matrix.
2 0 0
e.g.:𝐴 = [0 2 0]
0 0 5 3×3
is a diagonal matrix of 3 × 3

(2) Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which diagonal elements are equal
(but not equal to 1), is called a scalar matrix.
2 0 0
e.g.: 𝐴 = [0 2 0 ]
0 0 2 3×3
is a scalar matrix of 3 × 3
(3) Identity (or Unit) Matrix: A square matrix whose each diagonal element
is unity and all other elements are zero is called and Identity (or Unit) Matrix.
An Identity matrix of order 3 is denoted by I3 or simply by I.
1 0 0
e.g.: I3 = [0 1 0]
0 0 1 3×3
is a unit matrix of order 3

(4) Triangular Matrix: If every element above or below the diagonal is zero,
the matrix is said to be a triangular matrix.
2 0 0
2 1
e.g: 𝐴 = [−1 5 0] and 𝐵=[ ]
0 3
0 4 2

51
 Subtypes of triangular matrix are:
(i) Upper Triangular Matrix: If every element below the diagonal is zero,
the matrix is said to be a triangular matrix. It is denoted by U.
2 −1 3
1 3
e.g: 𝑈 = [0 4 −5] and 𝑈=[ ]
0 2
0 0 6
(ii) Lower Triangular Matrix: If every element above the diagonal is zero,
the matrix is said to be a triangular matrix. It is denoted by L.
2 0 0
1 0
e.g: 𝐿 = [1 4 0] and 𝐿=[ ]
6 2
3 0 6

(5) Symmetric Matrices- A square matrices 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called symmetric

matrices if element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗.
1 2 3
e.g.- 𝐴 = [2 5 −1] in this example element 𝑎12 = 𝑎21 , element 𝑎13 = 𝑎31
3 −1 0
Element 𝑎23 = 𝑎32 , element 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖𝑖 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖 = 1,2,3
Therefore, A is a symmetric matrix

(6) Skew Symmetric Matrices- A square matrices 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called skew

symmetric matrices if all elements of diagonal is zero “0” and element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
−𝑎𝑗𝑖 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗.
0 3 −3
e.g.- 𝐴 = [−3 0 1 ] in this example element 𝑎12 = −𝑎21, element 𝑎13 = −𝑎31,
3 −1 0
Element 𝑎23 = −𝑎32 , element 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖 = 1,2,3
Therefore, A is a skew symmetric matrix.

(III) Zero Matrices: A matrix each of whose elements is zero & is called a
zero matrix. It is usually denoted by “O”. It is also called “Null Matrix”
0 0
e.g: 𝐴 = [0 0]
0 0 3×2

Algebra of matrices - equality, addition, subtraction, negative of

matrix & scalar multiplication.

52
❖ EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices A & B are said to be equal iff:
(i) A and B are of the same order
(ii) All the elements of A are equal as that of corresponding elements of B
Two matrices A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] & B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] of the same
Order is said to be equal if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 , for all i and j
1 2 𝑥 𝑦
If 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵=[ ]
3 4 𝑧 𝑤

If A & B are equal, then

x=1, y=2, z=3, w=4

❖ Scalar Multiplication
Let A be a given matrix, and k be any constant(number), then the scalar
multiplication of A with k is denoted by kA and is given by multiplying all
elements of matrix A by constant (number) k. hence order of kA is same as
that of A.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑘𝑎11 𝑘𝑎12
For example: let 𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 ] then kA = [𝑘𝑎21 𝑘𝑎22 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑘𝑎31 𝑘𝑎32
2 −3 −6 9
e.g.: 𝐴 = [1 −2] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 3𝐴 = [−3 6 ]
0 4 0 −12

❖ ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Two matrices may be added (or subtracted) iff they are the same order.
Simply add (or subtract) the corresponding elements. So, A + B = C

OR

Addition and subtraction are defined for the matrices of the same order.
It is not possible to add or subtract matrices from different orders.
In both cases the corresponding elements are added or subtracted

53
Let Am×n = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and Bm×n = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , then addition A+B and subtraction

A-B is possible as both A and B are of same order and given by

Am×n ± Bm×n = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ± 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13
For example: 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]2×3 and 𝐵=[ ]
21 𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23 2×3
𝑎11 + 𝑏11 𝑎12 + 𝑏12 𝑎13 + 𝑏13
Then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [ ]
𝑎21 + 𝑏21 𝑎22 + 𝑏22 𝑎23 + 𝑏23 2×3
𝑎11 − 𝑏11 𝑎12 − 𝑏12 𝑎13 − 𝑏13
And 𝐴 − 𝐵 = [ ]
𝑎21 − 𝑏21 𝑎22 − 𝑏22 𝑎23 − 𝑏23 2×3
2 1 6 4
e.g.:𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [−2 0] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [−5 2]
3 5 0 2
2+6 1+4 8 5
then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [−2 − 5 0 + 2] = [−7 2]
3+0 5+2 3 7
2−6 1−4 −4 −3
and 𝐴 − 𝐵 = [−2 + 5 0 − 2] = [ 3 −2]
3−0 5−2 3 3

❖ Negative of matrix:
Let A be a given matrix, then its negative matrix is given by scalar
multiplication of A with k=-1, denoted by –A.
𝑎11 𝑎12 −𝑎11 −𝑎12
For example: let 𝐴 = [ 21
𝑎 𝑎 22 ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 𝐴 = [ 21 −𝑎22 ]
−𝑎
𝑎31 𝑎32 −𝑎31 −𝑎32
3 0 −2 −3 0 2
e.g.: let 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝐴 = [ ]
−5 4 6 5 −4 −6

❖ Multiplication of two matrices:

Not all matrices can be multiplied together, just as not all matrices can be
added.
The ability to multiply is dependent on the order of the matrices
If 𝐴 has order 𝑚 × 𝑛 (𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns) and 𝐵 has order 𝑝 × 𝑟 (𝑝 rows
and 𝑟 columns), we can multiply 𝐴 × 𝐵 only if 𝑛 = 𝑝. The resultant matrix will
have order 𝑚 × 𝑟
We say the product is undefined if the matrices cannot be multiplied
That is, to multiply two matrices with orders

54
 Must be same

(𝒎 × 𝒏) × (𝐩 × 𝐫)

𝒎×𝒓 Order of resultant matrix

Note that 𝐴 × 𝐵 might be defined, but 𝐵 × 𝐴 undefined.

Another way to say that multiplication is possible if: “The number of
columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the
second matrix”
e.g.: If 𝐴 is a 3 × 2 matrix, 𝐵 is a 2 × 4 matrix and 𝐶 is a 3 × 3 matrix, which
of the following products will be defined? If they are defined, what will the
order of their product be?
a) 𝐴×𝐵
b) 𝐵×𝐴
c) 𝐶×𝐵
d) 𝐶×𝐶
e) 𝐴×𝐴

Solution: same
(a) 𝐴×𝐵
(𝟑 × 𝟐) × (𝟐 × 𝟒)

As number inside matches, hence 𝐴 × 𝐵 is defined and will be of order 3 × 4

(b) 𝐵 × 𝐴 not same

(𝟐 × 𝟒) × (𝟑 × 𝟐)

As number inside does not matches. Hence 𝐵 × 𝐴 is not defined

(c) 𝐶×𝐵 Not same

55
 (𝟑 × 𝟑) × (𝟐 × 𝟒)
As number inside does not matches. Hence 𝐶 × 𝐵 is not defined.

(d) 𝐶×𝐶 same

(𝟑 × 𝟑) × (𝟑 × 𝟑)
As number inside matches. Hence 𝐶 × 𝐶 is defined and will be of order 3 × 3.

(e) 𝐴×𝐴 not same

(𝟑 × 𝟐) × (𝟑 × 𝟐)

How to multiply matrices

Rule: Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be matrices whose product, 𝐴 × 𝐵, is defined as 𝐶.

To calculate the value of element 𝑐𝑖j we multiply the 𝑖𝑡ℎ
row of matrix 𝐴 and the 𝑗𝑡ℎ column of matrix 𝐵.

𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑏11 𝑏12
𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ] then
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏21 𝑏22
𝐴×𝐵 = 𝐶
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑎22 ] × [𝑏11 𝑏12
[𝑎21 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏21 𝑏22

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝐶11 𝐶12

𝑏 𝑏12
𝑎
∴ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = [ 21 𝑎22 ] × [ 11 ] = [𝐶21 𝐶22 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 3×2 𝑏21 𝑏22 2×2
𝐶31 𝐶32 3×2

A combination of the 2nd row of 𝐴 and the 1st column of 𝐵 gives the element
in the 2nd row and 1st column of 𝐶.

How to multiply matrices

How do we actually combine the elements of the row and column?

• Consider both the row and column as a list of numbers.

• Multiply the corresponding elements in each list together.

56
 • Add the results of these products together.

Example:

2
[1 2 3] × [4] = [(1 × 2) + (2 × 4) + (3 × 0)]
0
= [2 + 8 + 0]
= [10]

How to multiply matrices (example)

• First, each entry in the row of the first matrix is multiplied by the
Corresponding entry in the column of the second matrix and summed
up.

• This will produce the first entry in the final matrix.

• The same row is then multiplied for the rest of the columns in the
second matrix.

If 𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐵, then each element 𝑐𝑖𝑗 is found by combining row 𝑖 from matrix 𝐴

and column 𝑗 of matrix 𝐵.
1 2 −1 −3 −2 1 2
Example:𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ] [ ]
3 4 2×2 0 4 5 2×3 3 4 2×2

1 2 −1 −3 −2 (1 × −1) + (2 × 0)
Then 𝐴 × 𝐵 = [ ] ×[ ] =[ ]
3 4 2×2 0 4 5 2×3 2×3

1 2 −1 −3 −2 −1 (1 × −3) + (2 × 4)
=[ ] ×[ ] =[ ]
3 4 2×2 0 4 5 2×3 2×3

1 2 −1 −3 −2 −1 5 (1 × −2) + (2 × 5)
=[ ] ×[ ] =[ ]
3 4 2×2 0 4 5 2×3 2×3

1 2 −1 −3 −2 −1 5 8
=[ ] ×[ ] =[ ]
3 4 2×2 0 4 5 2×3 (3 × −1) + (4 × 0) 2×3

1 2 −1 −3 −2 −1 5 8
=[ ] ×[ ] =[ ]
3 4 2×2 0 4 5 2×3 −3 (3 × −3) + (4 × 4) 2×3

1 2 −1 −3 −2 −1 5 8
=[ ] ×[ ] =[ ]
3 4 2×2 0 4 5 2×3 −3 7 (3 × −2) + (4 × 5) 2×3

57
 1 2 −1 −3 −2 −1 5 8
∴𝐴×𝐵 =[ ] ×[ ] =[ ]
3 4 2×2 0 4 5 2×3 −3 7 14 2×3

Note:

(1) If A is square matrix of order 𝑛 × 𝑛 then,𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 is defined and will

be of order 𝑛 × 𝑛 .

(2) For I, the identity matrix of order 𝑛 × 𝑛, we get

I2 = I3 = I4 = I5 = I6 = ⋯ … . = In = ⋯ … . . = I

Properties of matrix multiplication:

If A, B, C are three matrices then

(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general:

i.e., AB ≠ BA

(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative:

i.e., (AB)C = A(BC)

(iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive w.r.t. addition:

i.e., 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶& (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶

iv) Multiplication of matrix 𝐴 by unit matrix.

i.e., 𝐴𝐼 = 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐴.

❖ Transpose of matrix:

If 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑇 , then 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖

i.e. the transpose of an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix is an 𝑛 × 𝑚 matrix with the rows and
columns swapped.
OR
Transpose is the interchange of rows and columns of a given matrix.
So if 𝐴 is agiven matrix then it’s transpose is denoted as 𝐴𝑇 .
0 −1
0 2 4
e.g.: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [2 5 ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
−1 5 3 2×3
4 3 3×2
Note: (1) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵 𝑇

58
 (2) (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
(3) (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇
(4) (𝑘𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑘𝐴𝑇 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 .
(5) Orthogonal matrix:
When the product of matrix A and transpose of it 𝐴𝑇 is equal
to identity matrix.
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼
(6) Any square matrix can be expressed as sum of symmetric and
Skew-symmetric matrix.
Let A be a given square matrix, then

𝐴=𝐵+𝐶

1
Where 𝐵 = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) = 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

1
And 𝐶 = 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 ) = 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤 − 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

1 1
Hence 𝐴 = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) + 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 )

𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤 − 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

❖ ORTHOGONAL MATRIX:
A square matrix 𝐴 is called an orthogonal matrix if the product of the matrix
and its transpose matrix A′ is an identity or unit matrix.

i.e., AA′ = A′ A = I.

Note: (i) If 𝐴 is square matrix then 𝐴 + 𝐴′ is always symmetric matrix.

(ii) If 𝐴 is square matrix then 𝐴 − 𝐴′ is always skew - symmetric matrix.

(iii) AA′ is always symmetric matrix.

❖ Minor, co-factor of an element:

Determinant of a matrix:

If A is a square matrix, then its determinant is denoted by det(A) or |𝐀|. It

is obtained by replacing square brackets by vertical bars of the given square
matrix.
e.g.:

59
 2 −3 2 −3
(1) Let 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| = | |
1 4 1 4
And its value is equal to the product of element on principal
diagonal minus product of elements on secondary diagonal.
2 −3
∴ |𝐴| = | | = (2 × 4) − (−3 × 1) = 8 − (−3) = 8 + 3 = 11
1 4

𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏
(2) let 𝐴 = |𝟎 𝟒 𝟓|
𝟕 𝟖 𝟏
3 −2 1
4 5 0 5 0 4
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| = |0 4 5| = 3 × | | − (−2) × | |+1×| |
8 1 7 1 7 8
7 8 1

= 3 × [(4 × 1) − (5 × 8)] + 2 × [(0 × 1) − (5 × 7)] +

1 × [(0 × 8) − (4 × 7)]

= 3 × [4 − 40] + 2 × [0 − 35] + 1 × [0 − 28]

= 3(−36) + 2(−35) + 1(−28)

= −108 − 70 − 2

= −206

Note: (1) |𝐴𝑇 | = |𝐴|

(2) |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵|

(3) |𝐼| = 1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑛

Singular matrix:

A square matrix A is said to be singular matrix if |𝐴| = 0.

Non-singular matrix:

A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if |𝐴| ≠ 0.

60
❖ Minor of elements of square matrix:

Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is the determinant of elements remained after

deleting the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column that is to which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 belongs.
Minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted as 𝑀𝑖𝑗 .
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = [ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3
𝑎22 𝑎23
Then 𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = |𝑎 | = (𝑎22 × 𝑎33 ) − (𝑎23 × 𝑎32 )
32 𝑎33

𝑎21 𝑎23
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = |𝑎
31 𝑎33 | = (𝑎21 × 𝑎33 ) − (𝑎23 × 𝑎31 )

𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = |𝑎
31 𝑎32 | = (𝑎21 × 𝑎32 ) − (𝑎22 × 𝑎31 )

𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = |𝑎
32 𝑎33 | = (𝑎12 × 𝑎33 ) − (𝑎13 × 𝑎32 )

𝑎11 𝑎13
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = |𝑎
31 𝑎33 | = (𝑎11 × 𝑎33 ) − (𝑎13 × 𝑎31 )

𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = |𝑎
31 𝑎32 | = (𝑎11 × 𝑎32 ) − (𝑎12 × 𝑎31 )

𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = |𝑎
22 𝑎23 | = (𝑎12 × 𝑎23 ) − (𝑎13 × 𝑎22 )

𝑎11 𝑎13
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = |𝑎
21 𝑎23 | = (𝑎11 × 𝑎23 ) − (𝑎13 × 𝑎21 )

𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = |𝑎
21 𝑎22 | = (𝑎11 × 𝑎22 ) − (𝑎12 × 𝑎21 )

𝑎11 𝑎12
And if 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎22 ] then
21

𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = |𝑎22 | = 𝑎22

𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = |𝑎21 | = 𝑎21
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = |𝑎12 | = 𝑎12
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = |𝑎11 | = 𝑎11

Note: (1) |−𝟐| = −𝟐

(2) Determinant of a number is the same number.

61
❖ CO-factor of an element:

Co-factor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a square matrix is denoted by 𝐶𝑖𝑗 and is

given by formula

𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 × 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] then
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3

𝐶11 = (−1)1+1 × 𝑀11 = (−1)2 × 𝑀11 = 𝑀11

𝐶12 = (−1)1+2 × 𝑀12 = (−1)3 × 𝑀12 = − 𝑀12
𝐶13 = (−1)1+3 × 𝑀13 = (−1)4 × 𝑀13 = 𝑀13
𝐶21 = (−1)2+1 × 𝑀21 = (−1)3 × 𝑀21 = − 𝑀21
𝐶22 = (−1)2+2 × 𝑀22 = (−1)4 × 𝑀22 = 𝑀22
𝐶23 = (−1)2+3 × 𝑀23 = (−1)5 × 𝑀23 = − 𝑀23
𝐶31 = (−1)3+1 × 𝑀31 = (−1)4 × 𝑀31 = 𝑀31
𝐶32 = (−1)3+2 × 𝑀32 = (−1)5 × 𝑀32 = −𝑀32
𝐶33 = (−1)3+3 × 𝑀33 = (−1)6 × 𝑀33 = 𝑀33

𝑎11 𝑎12
And if 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎22 ] then
21

𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = |𝑎22 | = 𝑎22

𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = |𝑎21 | = 𝑎21
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = |𝑎12 | = 𝑎12
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = |𝑎11 | = 𝑎11
Hence 𝐶11 = (−1)1+1 × 𝑀11 = (−1)2 × 𝑀11 = 𝑀11
𝐶12 = (−1)1+2 × 𝑀12 = (−1)3 × 𝑀12 = − 𝑀12
𝐶21 = (−1)2+1 × 𝑀21 = (−1)3 × 𝑀21 = − 𝑀21
𝐶22 = (−1)2+2 × 𝑀22 = (−1)4 × 𝑀22 = 𝑀22

Matrix of co-factor:

When all elements of a square matrix are replaced by their respective co-
factors then matrix obtained is known as co-factor matrix of given matrix.

62
 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3

𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13

∴ Co − factor matrix of matrix A = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 3×3

𝑀11 −𝑀12 𝑀13

∴ Co − factor matrix of matrix A = [−𝑀21 𝑀22 −𝑀23 ]
𝑀31 −𝑀32 𝑀33 3×3

OR Alternative way

𝑀11 𝑀12 𝑀13

Matrix of minors of matrix A = [𝑀21 𝑀22 𝑀23 ]
𝑀31 𝑀32 𝑀33 3×3

Just changing the sign of minors on edge of rectangle in above matrix of

minors, we get co-factor matrix of matrix A;

𝑀11 −𝑀12 𝑀13

∴ Co − factor matrix of matrix A = [−𝑀21 𝑀22 −𝑀23 ]
𝑀31 −𝑀32 𝑀33 3×3

𝑎11 𝑎12
And if 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎22 ] then
21

𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = |𝑎22 | = 𝑎22

𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = |𝑎21 | = 𝑎21
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = |𝑎12 | = 𝑎12
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = |𝑎11 | = 𝑎11
Hence 𝐶11 = (−1)1+1 × 𝑀11 = (−1)2 × 𝑀11 = 𝑀11
𝐶12 = (−1)1+2 × 𝑀12 = (−1)3 × 𝑀12 = − 𝑀12
𝐶21 = (−1)2+1 × 𝑀21 = (−1)3 × 𝑀21 = − 𝑀21
𝐶22 = (−1)2+2 × 𝑀22 = (−1)4 × 𝑀22 = 𝑀22

And
𝑀11 − 𝑀12
∴ Co − factor matrix of matrix A = [ ]
− 𝑀21 𝑀22
1 3 −2
For example: let 𝐴 = [0 4 1]
3 2 5

Minors of elements of matrix A:

63
 4 1
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (4 × 5) − (1 × 2) = 20 − 2 = 18
2 5

0 1
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (0 × 5) − (1 × 3) = 0 − 3 = −3
3 5

0 4
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (0 × 2) − (4 × 3) = 0 − 12 = −12
3 2

3 −2
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (3 × 5) − (−2 × 2) = 15 − (−4) = 15 + 4 = 19
2 5

1 −2
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (1 × 5) − (−2 × 3) = 5 − (−6) = 5 + 6 = 11
3 5

1 3
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (1 × 2) − (3 × 3) = 2 − 9 = −7
3 2

3 −2
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (3 × 1) − (−2 × 4) = 3 − (−8) = 3 + 8 = 11
4 1

1 −2
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (1 × 1) − (−2 × 0) = 1 − 0 = 1
0 1

1 3
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (1 × 4) − (3 × 0) = 4 − 0 = 4
0 4
𝑀11 𝑀12 𝑀13
since, Matrix of minors of matrix A = [ 21 𝑀22 𝑀23 ]
𝑀
𝑀31 𝑀32 𝑀33 3×3

18 −3 −12
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [19 11 −7 ]
11 1 4 3×3

Just changing the sing of minors at the vertices of rectangle in above matrix,
we get co-actor matrix of matrix A.

18 3 −12
∴ co − factor Matrix of matrix A = [−19 11 7 ]
11 −1 4 3×3

64
❖ Adjoint & inverse of a matrix by ad joint method:

Adjoint of a matrix:

Let A be a given square matrix, then its ad-joint is denoted by

𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) and is given by the transpose of co-factor matrix of matrix A.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Example: (i) let 𝐴 = [ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
And its Co − factor matrix of matrix A = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 3×3
And hence its adjoin is given as,
𝑇
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
𝐶
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 3×3

𝐶11 𝐶21 𝐶31

∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶32 ]
𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33 3×3

𝑎11 𝑎12
(ii) Let 𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎22 ] then
21
𝑀11 − 𝑀12 𝐶 𝐶12
∴ Co − factor matrix of matrix A = [ ] = [ 11 ]
− 𝑀21 𝑀22 𝐶21 𝐶22
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ ]
𝐶21 𝐶22

𝐶11 𝐶21
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ ]
𝐶12 𝐶22

❖ Inverse of a matrix:

Let A be any square matrix of order n. The n- square matrix B of the same
order is called the inverse of A if AB = BA = I.
It is denoted by 𝐴−1 or 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 .

Hence, we can write 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼

65
 The necessary & sufficient condition for finding inverse is that the matrix must
be a non- singular matrix i.e. its determinant is not equal to zero.

If A is a given square matrix of order n, and is non-singular matrix, then its

inverse is given by

𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎.
𝐶11 𝐶21 𝐶31
−𝟏
𝟏
𝑨 = × [𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶32 ] … . . 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎
|𝑨|
𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33

Note: (1) (𝑨−𝟏 )−𝟏 = 𝑨

(2) (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
1
(3) (𝑘𝐴)−1 = 𝑘 −1 𝐴−1 = 𝑘 𝐴−1
1
(4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, |𝐴−1 𝐴| = 1 => |𝐴−1 ||𝐴| = 1 => |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴|

❖ Solution of simultaneous equations by matrix inversion

method.

(I) Solution of simultaneous equations by matrix inversion method

for two equations in two variables:

Let the given two equations in two variables are:

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 … … … (1)

𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 … … . . (2)

Matrix form of above system is written as:

𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

𝑎1 𝑏1
Where 𝐴 = [ ] = 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 ,
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑐1
𝐵 = [𝑐 ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
2

𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 = [𝑦] = 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

Solution of above system by matrix inversion method is given by:

𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩

66
Solution by matrix inversion method exists if A is a non-singular matrix.

(II) Solution of simultaneous equations by matrix inversion method

for three equations in three variables:

Let the given three equations in three variables are:

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 … … … (1)

𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦+ 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 … … . . (2)

𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦+ 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 … … . . (3)

Matrix form of above system is written as:

𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
Where 𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] = 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 ,
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

𝑑1
𝐵 = [𝑑2 ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑑3

𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 = [𝑦] = 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑧

Solution of above system by matrix inversion method is given by:

𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩

Solution by matrix inversion method exists if A is a non-singular matrix.

67
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Question Bank

Chapter: 1 - Matrices

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani

6 3 0 −1
(1) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ] 𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 − 3𝐵.
2 1 3 2
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
(2) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [ ] 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩.
𝟒 𝟕 𝟒 𝟔
3 −1 2 −5 6 7
(3) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [0 1 1] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ 8 0 4] 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 3𝐴 + 2𝐵.
4 −1 0 2 −3 1
𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟕
(4) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ],𝑩 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [ ] . 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝟓𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩 + 𝟐𝑪.
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟓 𝟐
2 −3 2 9 4 6
(5) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [ ] . 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶.
7 8 −5 1 2 9
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(6) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟑 −𝟏] , 𝑩 = [𝟎 𝟐 ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [ 𝟎 𝟏] , 𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪 = 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪).
𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 −𝟓 −𝟐 𝟓
3 2 0 −1 3 5
(7) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [ ] , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 − 3𝐵 = 𝐶.
1 5 3 1 −8 2
(8) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:

𝟏 𝒙 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝒚 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟔 𝟓 𝟐

2 −3 𝑎 9 4 6
(9) 𝐼𝑓 [ ]+[ ]=[ ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3.
7 8 −5 𝑏 2 9
𝟏 𝟐
(10) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝑨 + 𝟑𝑩 = 𝑶, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑩, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑶
−𝟑 𝟒
𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙. 𝑰𝒇 [ ]+𝑿=[ ] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑿.
−𝟑 𝟔 𝟎 −𝟓
4 2 −5 3 5 −1
(11) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑋 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 + 𝑋 = 𝐵.
−3 5 3 1 2 5
2 −1 3 −2
(12) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑋 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 2𝐴 + 𝑋 = 3𝐵.
4 3 −1 4
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(13) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑿 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒀 𝒊𝒇 𝑿 + 𝒀 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿 − 𝒀 = [ ].
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎

68
 2 1
(14) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴2 − 7𝐴.
0 2
𝟑 𝟏
(15) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟕𝑰, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚
−𝟏 𝟐

𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟐.

𝟑 𝟗
(16) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙.
−𝟏 −𝟑
2 −1 1
(17) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [−2 3 −2] , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴2 = 𝐴.
−4 4 −3
𝟓 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟒
(18) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [ ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑰 ,
𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 −𝟓

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟐.

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
(19) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟐] , 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟓
(20) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝟐 + 𝟒𝑨 + 𝟐𝑰 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟐.
𝟔 𝟕
2 1 3
(21) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [4 1 −3] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 |𝐴|. 𝐼𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟?
0 −1 1
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
(22) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [ ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑩 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙?
𝟑 𝟒 𝟎 𝟑
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
(23) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [−𝟑 𝟐 𝟓] , 𝑩 = [ 𝟔 𝟔 −𝟓] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [𝟒 𝟑 𝟑] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙
𝟒 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑨(𝑩 − 𝑪).
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟕 −𝟑 −𝟑
(24) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟏 𝟒 𝟑] , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [−𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑰.
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
1 1 −1 1 3
1 2 3
(25) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [2 0 3 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [ 0 2] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
2 0 −2
3 −1 2 −1 4
(𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶).
1 2 3 8 7 −2 5 −1 0
(26) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ 3 1 2 ] , 𝐵 = [ 6 5 −4] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [−7 3 4] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
−1 2 −3 −2 1 3 2 1 7
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶).
1 −2 1 −2 3 2 −1 −1
(27) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐶 = [ ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦
−1 3 0 −3 1 −2 1 3
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶.

69
 𝟑 𝟏 𝒙 −𝟐
(28) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 𝒊𝒇 [ ] [ ] = [ ].
𝟎 −𝟒 𝟏 𝒚
(29) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠:
2 𝑥
1 2 0 1 3 −1
{4 [ ] − 2[ ]} [ 0 ] = [𝑦].
2 −1 3 2 −3 4
−1
𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
(30) 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 𝒊𝒇 {[𝟐 𝟎 𝟏] + 𝟐 [𝟏 𝟒 𝟓]} [𝟐] = [𝒚].
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑 𝒛
𝟑 𝟒
−𝟏
(31) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [−𝟐 𝟏] , 𝑩 = [ ] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻 .
𝟑
𝟏 𝟎
(32) 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒒𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 𝒂𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒌𝒆𝒘 − 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙
−𝟏 𝟕 𝟏
𝒊𝒇 𝑨 = [ 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒] .
𝟓 𝟎 𝟓
(33) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠:
𝟑 𝟒
(a) [ ]
𝟎 𝟕
2 3 1
(b) [1 2 3]
3 1 2
𝟐 𝟓 𝟑
(c) [𝟑 𝟏 𝟐]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
3 −3 4
(d) [2 −3 4]
0 −1 1

(34) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠:

1 2 −2
(a) [−1 3 0]
0 −2 1
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏
(b) [−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎]
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
3 2 6
(c) [1 1 2]
2 2 5
1 −1 0
(d) [−2 3 −4]
−2 3 −3

70
(35) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑:
(a) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10.
(b) 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎.
(c) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 12 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 13.
(d) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ; 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11.
(e) 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 ; 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟒.
(f) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ; 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 + 𝑥 = 3.

71
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Solution of Question Bank

Chapter: 1 - Matrices

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

𝟔 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏
(1) 𝐈𝐟 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [ ] 𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩.
𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
Solution:
6 3 0 −1
𝐴 − 3𝐵 = [ ] − 3[ ]
2 1 3 2
6 3 0 −3
=[ ]−[ ]
2 1 9 6
6 − 0 3 − (−3)
=[ ]
2−9 1−6
6 6
∴ 𝐴 − 3𝐵 = [ ]
−7 5
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
(2) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [ ] 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩.
𝟒 𝟕 𝟒 𝟔
Solution:
2 3 1 3
3𝐴 − 3𝐵 = 3 [ ] − 3[ ]
4 7 4 6
6 9 3 9
=[ ]−[ ]
12 21 12 18
6−3 9−9
=[ ]
12 − 12 21 − 18
3 0
∴ 3𝐴 − 3𝐵 = [ ]
0 3

𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟔 𝟕
(3) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟎 𝟏 𝟏] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [ 𝟖 𝟎 𝟒] 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝑨 + 𝟐𝑩.
𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟏
Solution:
3 −1 2 −5 6 7
3𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 3 [0 1 1] + 2 [ 8 0 4]
4 −1 0 2 −3 1

72
 9 −3 6 −10 12 14
=[0 3 3 ] + [ 16 0 8]
12 −3 0 4 −6 2
9 − 10 −3 + 12 6 + 14
= [0 + 16 3+0 3+8 ]
12 + 4 −3 − 6 0+2
−1 9 20
∴ 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 = [ 16 3 11]
16 −9 2

𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟕
(4) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ],𝑩 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [ ] . 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝟓𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩 + 𝟐𝑪.
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟓 𝟐
Solution:
2 5 4 −1 1 7
5𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = 5 [ ]−3[ ]+ 2[ ]
0 1 2 0 5 2
10 25 12 −3 2 14
=[ ]−[ ]+[ ]
0 5 6 0 10 4
10 − 12 25 − (−3) 2 14
=[ ]+[ ]
0−6 5−0 10 4
−2 28 2 14
=[ ]+[ ]
−6 5 10 4
−2 + 2 28 + 14
=[ ]
−6 + 10 5+4
0 44
∴ 5𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = [ ]
4 9

𝟐 −𝟑 𝟐 𝟗 𝟒 𝟔
(5) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ],𝑩 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [ ] . 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑪.
𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟗
Solution:
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
2 −3 2 9
=[ ]+[ ]
7 8 −5 1
2 + 2 −3 + 9
=[ ]
7−5 8+1
4 6
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [ ] … … . (1)
2 9
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝐶

73
 4 6
∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = [ ] … … . (2)
2 9
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
∴𝐴+𝐵 =𝐶

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(6) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟑 −𝟏] , 𝑩 = [𝟎 𝟐 ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [ 𝟎 𝟏],
𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 −𝟓 −𝟐 𝟓
𝑽𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 (𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪 = 𝑨 + (𝑩 + 𝑪).
Solution:
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶
2 1 1 −1 2 3
= {[3 −1] + [ 0 2 ]} + [ 0 1]
0 2 4 −5 −2 5
2+1 1−1 2 3
= [3 + 0 −1 + 2] + [ 0 1]
0+4 2−5 −2 5
3 0 2 3
= [3 1 ] + [ 0 1 ]
4 −3 −2 5
3+2 0+3
= [3 + 0 1+1 ]
4−2 −3 + 5
5 3
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [3 2] … … . . (1)
2 2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)
2 1 1 −1 2 3
= [3 −1] + {[0 2 ] + [ 0 1]}
0 2 4 −5 −2 5
2 1 1 + 2 −1 + 3
= [3 −1] + [0 + 0 2 + 1 ]
0 2 4 − 2 −5 + 5
2 1 3 2
= [3 −1] + [0 3]
0 2 2 0
2+3 1+2
= [3 + 0 −1 + 3]
0+2 2+0

74
 5 3
∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = [3 2] … … . (2)
2 2
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
∴ (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)

𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
(7) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] ,𝑩 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [ ] , 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨 − 𝟑𝑩 = 𝑪.
𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟖 𝟐
Solution:
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴 − 3𝐵
3 2 0 −1
=[ ]− 3[ ]
1 5 3 1
3 2 0 −3
=[ ]−[ ]
1 5 9 3
3 − 0 2 − (−3)
=[ ]
1−9 5−3
3 5
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [ ] … … (1)
−8 2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝐶
3 5
∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = [ ] … . (2)
−8 2
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
∴ 𝐴 − 3𝐵 = 𝐶

(8) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:

𝟏 𝒙 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝒚 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟔 𝟓 𝟐
Solution:
Given
1 𝑥 0 3 1 2 4 2 2
[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝑦 2 4 4 3 −2 6 5 2
1+3 𝑥+1 0+2 4 2 2
∴[ ]=[ ]
𝑦+4 2+3 4−2 6 5 2

75
 4 𝑥+1 2 4 2 2
∴[ ]=[ ]
𝑦+4 5 2 6 5 2
On both sides of equal to we have matrix of same order,
Hence by equality of matrices, we get
𝑥 + 1 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦+4=6
∴ 𝑥 = 2 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =6−4
∴ 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦=2

𝟐 −𝟑 𝒂 𝟗 𝟒 𝟔
(9) 𝑰𝒇 [ ]+[ ]=[ ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟑.
𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓 𝒃 𝟐 𝟗
Solution:
Given
2 −3 𝑎 9 4 6
[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
7 8 −5 𝑏 2 9
2+𝑎 −3 + 9 4 6
∴[ ]=[ ]
7−5 8+𝑏 2 9
2+𝑎 6 4 6
∴[ ]=[ ]
2 8+𝑏 2 9
On both sides of equal to we have matrix of same order,
Hence by equality of matrices, we get
2 + 𝑎 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8 + 𝑏 = 9
∴ 2 + 𝑎 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8 + 𝑏 = 9
∴ 𝑎 = 4 − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 9 − 8
∴ 𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 1

Consider, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
=2+1
=3
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

76
 𝟏 𝟐
(10) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝑨 + 𝟑𝑩 = 𝑶, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑩, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑶
−𝟑 𝟒
𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙.

Solution:
Given
2𝐴 + 3𝐵 = 𝑂 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
∴ 3𝐵 = 𝑂 − 2𝐴
1
∴ 𝐵 = 3 (𝑂 − 2𝐴)

1 0 0 1 2
∴ 𝐵 = 3 {[ ] − 2[ ]}
0 0 −3 4
1 0 0 2 4
∴ 𝐵 = 3 {[ ]−[ ]}
0 0 −6 8
1 0−2 0−4
∴ 𝐵 = 3 {[ ]}
0 − (−6) 0−8
1 −2 −4
∴ 𝐵 = 3 {[ ]}
6 −8
−2⁄ −4⁄ −2 −4⁄
∴𝐵=[ 3 3] = [ ⁄3 3]
6⁄ −8⁄ 2 −8⁄
3 3 3

𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
(11) 𝑰𝒇 [ ]+𝑿= [ ] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑿.
−𝟑 𝟔 𝟎 −𝟓
Solution:
Given
4 5 10 −1
[ ]+𝑋 =[ ]
−3 6 0 −5
4 5 10 −1
Let [ ] = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [ ]=𝐵
−3 6 0 −5
∴𝐴+𝑋 =𝐵
∴𝑋 =𝐵−𝐴
10 −1 4 5
∴𝑋=[ ]−[ ]
0 −5 −3 6
10 − 4 −1 − 5
∴𝑋=[ ]
0 − (−3) −5 − 6
6 −6
∴𝑋=[ ]
3 −11

77
 𝟒 𝟐 −𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 −𝟏
(12)𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] ,𝑩 = [ ] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑿 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
−𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓
𝑨 + 𝑿 = 𝑩.
Solution:
Given 𝐴+𝑋 =𝐵
∴𝑋 =𝐵−𝐴
3 5 −1 4 2 −5
∴𝑋=[ ]−[ ]
1 2 5 −3 5 3
3−4 5 − 2 −1 − (−5)
∴𝑋=[ ]
1 − (−3) 2−5 5−3
−1 3 4
∴𝑋=[ ]
4 −3 2

𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐
(13) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ],𝑩 = [ ] 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑿 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝑨 + 𝑿 = 𝟑𝑩.
𝟒 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟒
Solution:
Given 2𝐴 + 𝑋 = 3𝐵
∴ 𝑋 = 3𝐵 − 2𝐴
3 −2 2 −1
∴ 𝑋 = 3[ ] − 2[ ]
−1 4 4 3
9 −6 4 −2
∴𝑋=[ ]−[ ]
−3 12 8 6
9 − 4 −6 − (−2)
∴𝑋=[ ]
−3 − 8 12 − 6
5 −4
∴𝑋=[ ]
−11 6

𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(14) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑿 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒀 𝒊𝒇 𝑿 + 𝒀 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑿 − 𝒀 = [ ].
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎
Solution:
1 −2 3 2
Given 𝑋 + 𝑌 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ]
3 4 −1 0

78
 1 −2 3 2
Let [ ] = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [ ]=𝐵
3 4 −1 0
Hence we get,
𝑋 + 𝑌 = 𝐴 … (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 − 𝑌 = 𝐵 … (2)
From equation (1)-equation (2) , we get
𝑋+𝑌 =𝐴
+ 𝑋−𝑌 =𝐵
2𝑋 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
1
∴ 𝑋 = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐵)

1 1 −2 3 2
∴ 𝑋 = 2 {[ ]+[ ]}
3 4 −1 0
1 1+3 −2 + 2
∴ 𝑋 = 2[ ]
3−1 4+0
1 4 0
∴ 𝑋 = 2[ ]
2 4
4⁄ 0⁄
∴𝑋=[ 2 2] = [2 0]
2⁄ 4⁄ 1 2
2 2

Now since 𝑋 + 𝑌 = 𝐴
∴ 𝑌 =𝐴−𝑋
1 −2 2 0
∴𝑌=[ ]−[ ]
3 4 1 2
1−2 −2 − 0
∴𝑌=[ ]
3−1 4−2
−1 −2
∴𝑌=[ ]
2 2

𝟐 𝟏
(15) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟕𝑨.
𝟎 𝟐
Solution:
2 1
Given 𝐴 = [ ]
0 2
2 1 2 1
𝐴2 = [ ][ ]
0 2 0 2

79
 (2 × 2) + (1 × 0) (2 × 1) + (1 × 2)
=[ ]
(0 × 2) + (2 × 0) (0 × 1) + (2 × 2)
4+0 2+2
=[ ]
0+0 0+4
4 4
∴ 𝐴2 = [ ]
0 4
4 4 2 1
∴ 𝐴2 − 7𝐴 = [ ] − 7[ ]
0 4 0 2
4 4 14 7
=[ ]−[ ]
0 4 0 14
4 − 14 4−7
=[ ]
0−0 4 − 14
−10 −3
∴ 𝐴2 − 7𝐴 = [ ]
0 −10

𝟑 𝟏
(16) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟕𝑰, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚
−𝟏 𝟐
𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟐.
Solution:
3 1 1 0
Given 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = [ ]
−1 2 0 1
3 1 3 1
∴ 𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
−1 2 −1 2
(3 × 3) + (1 × −1) (3 × 1) + (1 × 2)
=[ ]
(−1 × 3) + (2 × −1) (−1 × 1) + (2 × 2)
9−1 3+2
=[ ]
−3 − 2 −1 + 4
8 5
=[ ]
−5 3
8 5 3 1 1 0
Consider 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = [ ] − 5[ ] + 7[ ]
−5 3 −1 2 0 1
8 5 15 5 7 0
=[ ]−[ ]+[ ]
−5 3 −5 10 0 7
8 − 15 5−5 7 0
=[ ]+[ ]
−5 − (−5) 3 − 10 0 7
−7 0 7 0
=[ ]+[ ]
0 −7 0 7
−7 + 7 0 + 0
=[ ]
0 + 0 −7 + 7

80
 0 0
∴ 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = [ ]
0 0
∴ 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 7𝐼 = 𝑂 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑂 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 .

𝟑 𝟗
(17) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒏𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙.
−𝟏 −𝟑
Solution:
3 9
Given 𝐴 = [ ]
−1 −3
3 9 3 9
𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 = [ ][ ]
−1 −3 −1 −3
(3 × 3) + (9 × −1) (3 × 9) + (9 × −3)
=[ ]
(−1 × 3) + (−3 × −1) (−1 × 9) + (−3 × −3)
9 − 9 27 − 27
=[ ]
−3 + 3 −9 + 9
0 0
∴ 𝐴2 = [ ] = 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
0 0
∴ 𝐴2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
(18) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐] , 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑨.
−𝟒 𝟒 −𝟑
Solution:
2 −1 1
Given 𝐴 = [−2 3 −2] … . (1)
−4 4 −3

𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴
2 −1 1 2 −1 1
= [−2 3 −2] [−2 3 −2]
−4 4 −3 −4 4 −3

=
(2 × 2) + (−1 × −2) + (1 × −4) (2 × −1) + (−1 × 3) + (1 × 4) (2 × 1) + (−1 × −2) + (1 × −3)
[ (−2 × 2) + (3 × −2) + (−2 × −4) (−2 × −1) + (3 × 3) + (−2 × 4) (−2 × 1) + (3 × −2) + (−2 × −3)]
(−4 × 2) + (4 × −2) + (−3 × −4) (−4 × −1) + (4 × 3) + (−3 × 4) (−4 × 1) + (4 × −2) + (−3 × −3)

81
 (4) + (2) + (−4) (−2) + (−3) + (4) (2) + (2) + (−3)
= [ (−4) + (−6) + (8) (2) + (9) + (−8) (−2) + (−6) + (6)]
(−8) + (−8) + (12) (4) + (12) + (−12) (−4) + (−8) + (9)
2 −1 1
∴ 𝐴2 = [−2 3 −2] … . (2)
−4 4 −3
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
𝐴2 = 𝐴

𝟓 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟒
(19) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [ ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 = 𝑰 ,
𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 −𝟓
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟐.

Solution:
5 4 −3 4
𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ]
4 3 4 −5
(5 × −3) + (4 × 4) (5 × 4) + (4 × −5)
=[ ]
(4 × −3) + (3 × 4) (4 × 4) + (3 × −5)
−15 + 16 20 − 20
=[ ]
−12 + 12 16 − 15
1 0
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [ ] … . (1)
0 1
−3 4 5 4
𝐵𝐴 = [ ][ ]
4 −5 4 3
(−3 × 5) + (4 × 4) (−3 × 4) + (4 × 3)
=[ ]
(4 × 5) + (−5 × 4) (4 × 4) + (−5 × 3)
−15 + 16 −12 + 12
=[ ]
20 − 20 16 − 15
1 0
∴ 𝐵𝐴 = [ ] … … (2)
0 1

1 0
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = [ ] … . (3)
0 1
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
(20)𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟐] , 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏

82
Solution:
1 2 2
Given 𝐴 = [2 1 2]
2 2 1
∴ 𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴
1 2 2 1 2 2
= [2 1 2 ] [2 1 2]
2 2 1 2 2 1
=
(1 × 1) + (2 × 2) + (2 × 2) (1 × 2) + (2 × 1) + (2 × 2) (1 × 2) + (2 × 2) + (2 × 1)
[(2 × 1) + (1 × 2) + (2 × 2) (2 × 2) + (1 × 1) + (2 × 2) (2 × 2) + (1 × 2) + (2 × 1)]
(2 × 1) + (2 × 2) + (1 × 2) (2 × 2) + (2 × 1) + (1 × 2) (2 × 2) + (2 × 2) + (1 × 1)
1+4+4 2+2+4 2+4+2
= [2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2]
2+4+2 4+2+2 4+4+1
9 8 8
∴ 𝐴2 = [8 9 8]
8 8 9
9 8 8 1 2 2
Consider, 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 = [8 9 8] − 4 [2 1 2]
8 8 9 2 2 1
9 8 8 4 8 8
= [8 9 8] − [8 4 8]
8 8 9 8 8 4
9−4 8−8 8−8
∴ 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 = [8 − 8 9 − 4 8 − 8]
8−8 8−8 9−4
5 0 0
∴ 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 = [0 5 0]
0 0 5
∴ 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

𝟐 𝟓
(21) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝟐 + 𝟒𝑨 + 𝟐𝑰 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟐.
𝟔 𝟕
Solution:
2 5 1 0
Given 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = [ ]
6 7 0 1

83
 2 5 2 5
∴ 𝐴2 = [ ][ ]
6 7 6 7
(2 × 2) + (5 × 6) (2 × 5) + (5 × 7)
∴ 𝐴2 = [ ]
(6 × 2) + (7 × 6) (6 × 5) + (7 × 7)
4 + 30 10 + 35
∴ 𝐴2 = [ ]
12 + 42 30 + 49
34 45
∴ 𝐴2 = [ ]
54 79
34 45 2 5 1 0
Consider, 𝐴2 + 4𝐴 + 2𝐼 = [ ] + 4[ ] + 2[ ]
54 79 6 7 0 1
34 45 8 20 2 0
=[ ]+[ ]+[ ]
54 79 24 28 0 2
34 45 8 + 2 20 + 0
=[ ]+[ ]
54 79 24 + 0 28 + 2
34 45 10 20
=[ ]+[ ]
54 79 24 30
34 + 10 45 + 20
∴ 𝐴2 + 4𝐴 + 2𝐼 = [ ]
54 + 24 79 + 30
44 65
∴ 𝐴2 + 4𝐴 + 2𝐼 = [ ]
78 109

𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
(22) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟒 𝟏 −𝟑] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 |𝑨|. 𝑰𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 𝒊𝒔 𝑵𝒐𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓?
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏
Solution:
2 1 3
∴ |𝐴| = |4 1 −3|
0 −1 1
1 −3 4 −3 4 1
= 2×| | − (−1) × | |+3×| |
−1 1 0 1 0 −1
= 2 × [(1 × 1)— (−3 × −1)] + 1 × [(4 × 1)— (−3 × 0)] +
3 × [(4 × −1) − (1 × 0)]
= 2 × [1 − 3] + 1 × [4 − 0] + 3 × [−4 − 0]
= 2 × (−2) + 1 × (4) + 3 × (−4)
= −4 + 4 − 12
∴ |𝐴| = −12 ≠ 0
∴ 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥

84
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
(23) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [ ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑩 𝒊𝒔
𝟑 𝟒 𝟎 𝟑
𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙?
Solution:
1 2 2 1
Given 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ]
3 4 0 3
1 2 2 1
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ]
3 4 0 3
(1 × 2) + (2 × 0) (1 × 1) + (2 × 3)
=[ ]
(3 × 2) + (4 × 0) (3 × 1) + (4 × 3)
2+0 1+6
=[ ]
6 + 0 3 + 12
2 7
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
6 15
2 7
∴ |𝐴𝐵| = | | = (2 × 15) − (7 × 6) = 30 − 42 = 12 ≠ 0
6 15
∴ 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
(24) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [−𝟑 𝟐 𝟓] , 𝑩 = [ 𝟔 𝟔 −𝟓] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [𝟒 𝟑 𝟑] , 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙
𝟒 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑨(𝑩 − 𝑪).

Solution:
1 5 1 2 5 4 1 2 1
Given 𝐴 = [−3 2 5] , 𝐵 = [ 6 6 −5] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [4 3 3]
4 3 0 −1 1 0 1 1 2
1 5 1 2 5 4 1 2 1
∴ 𝐴(𝐵 − 𝐶) = [−3 2 5] {[ 6 6 −5] − [4 3 3]}
4 3 0 −1 1 0 1 1 2
1 5 1 2−1 5−2 4−1
= [−3 2 5] [ 6 − 4 6 − 3 −5 − 3]
4 3 0 −1 − 1 1−1 0−2
1 5 1 1 3 3
= [−3 2 5] [ 2 3 −8]
4 3 0 −2 0 −2

85
 =
(1 × 1) + (5 × 2) + (1 × −2) (1 × 3) + (5 × 3) + (1 × 0) (1 × 3) + (5 × −8) + (1 × −2)
[(−3 × 1) + (2 × 2) + (5 × −2) (−3 × 3) + (2 × 3) + (5 × 0) (−3 × 3) + (2 × −8) + (5 × −2)]
(4 × 1) + (3 × 2) + (0 × −2) (4 × 3) + (3 × 3) + (0 × 0) (4 × 3) + (3 × −8) + (0 × −2)
1 + 10 − 2 3 + 15 + 0 3 − 40 − 2
= [−3 + 4 − 10 −9 + 6 + 0 −9 − 16 − 10]
4+6+0 12 + 9 + 0 12 − 24 + 0
9 18 −39
∴ 𝐴(𝐵 − 𝐶) = [−9 −3 −35]
10 21 −12

𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟕 −𝟑 −𝟑
(25) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [𝟏 𝟒 𝟑] , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = [−𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑰.
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Solution:
1 3 3 7 −3 −3
Given 𝐴 = [1 4 3] , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [−1 1 0]
1 3 4 −1 0 1
1 3 3 7 −3 −3
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [1 4 3] [−1 1 0]
1 3 4 −1 0 1
=
(1 × 7) + (3 × −1) + (3 × −1) (1 × −3) + (3 × 1) + (3 × 0) (1 × −3) + (3 × 0) + (3 × 1)
[(1 × 7) + (4 × −1) + (3 × −1) (1 × −3) + (4 × 1) + (3 × 0) (1 × −3) + (4 × 0) + (3 × 1)]
(1 × 7) + (3 × −1) + (4 × −1) (1 × −3) + (3 × 1) + (4 × 0) (1 × −3) + (3 × 0) + (4 × 1)
7 − 3 − 3 −3 + 3 + 0 −3 + 0 + 3
= [7 − 4 − 3 −3 + 4 + 0 −3 + 0 + 3]
7 − 3 − 4 −3 + 3 + 0 −3 + 0 + 4
1 0 0
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [0 1 0] = 𝐼
0 0 1
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼

86
 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(26) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] , 𝑩 = [𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [ 𝟎 𝟐] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟒
(𝑨𝑩)𝑪 = 𝑨(𝑩𝑪).

Solution:
1 1 −1 1 3
1 2 3
Given 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [2 0 3 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [ 0 2]
2 0 −2
3 −1 2 −1 4
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (𝐴𝐵)𝐶
1 1 −1 1 3
1 2 3
= {[ ] [2 0 3 ]} [ 0 2]
2 0 −2
3 −1 2 −1 4
=
(1 × 1) + (2 × 2) + (3 × 3) (1 × 1) + (2 × 0) + (3 × −1) (1 × −1) + (2 × 3) + (3 × 2) 1 3
[ ][ 0 2]
(2 × 1) + (0 × 2) + (−2 × 3) (2 × 1) + (0 × 0) + (−2 × −1) (2 × −1) + (0 × 3) + (−2 × 2)
−1 4
1 3
1+4+9 1+0−3 −1 + 6 + 6
=[ ] [ 0 2]
2+0−6 2+0+2 −2 + 0 − 4
−1 4
1 3
14 −2 11
=[ ] [ 0 2]
−4 4 −6
−1 4
(14 × 1) + (−2 × 0) + (11 × −1) (14 × 3) + (−2 × 2) + (11 × 4)
=[ ]
(−4 × 1) + (4 × 0) + (−6 × −1) (−4 × 3) + (4 × 2) + (−6 × 4)
14 − 0 − 11 42 − 4 + 44
=[ ]
−4 + 0 + 6 −12 + 8 − 24
3 82
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [ ] … … (1)
2 −28
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶)
1 1 −1 1 3
1 2 3
=[ ] {[2 0 3 ] [ 0 2]}
2 0 −2
3 −1 2 −1 4
(1 × 1) + (1 × 0) + (−1 × −1) (1 × 3) + (1 × 2) + (−1 × 4)
1 2 3
=[ ] [ (2 × 1) + (0 × 0) + (3 × −1) (2 × 3) + (0 × 2) + (3 × 4) ]
2 0 −2
(3 × 1) + (−1 × 0) + (2 × −1) (3 × 3) + (−1 × 2) + (2 × 4)
1+0+1 3+2−4
1 2 3
=[ ] [2 + 0 − 3 6 + 0 + 12]
2 0 −2
3+0−2 9−2+8
2 1
1 2 3
=[ ] [−1 18]
2 0 −2
1 15

87
 (1 × 2) + (2 × −1) + (3 × 1) (1 × 1) + (2 × 18) + (3 × 15)
=[ ]
(2 × 2) + (0 × −1) + (−2 × 1) (2 × 1) + (0 × 18) + (−2 × 15)
2−2+3 1 + 36 + 45
=[ ]
4+0−2 2 + 0 − 30
3 82
∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = [ ] … . (2)
2 −28
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
∴ (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟖 𝟕 −𝟐 𝟓 −𝟏 𝟎
(27) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 ] ,𝑩 = [ 𝟔 𝟓 −𝟒] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [−𝟕 𝟑 𝟒] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟕
𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 (𝑨𝑩)𝑪 = 𝑨(𝑩𝑪).
Solution:
1 2 3 8 7 −2 5 −1 0
Given 𝐴 = [ 3 1 2 ] , 𝐵 = [ 6 5 −4] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [−7 3 4]
−1 2 −3 −2 1 3 2 1 7
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (𝐴𝐵)𝐶
1 2 3 8 7 −2 5 −1 0
= {[ 3 1 2 ] [ 6 5 −4]} [−7 3 4]
−1 2 −3 −2 1 3 2 1 7
=
(1 × 8) + (2 × 6) + (3 × −2) (1 × 7) + (2 × 5) + (3 × 1) (1 × −2) + (2 × −4) + (3 × 3) 5 −
[ (3 (1 (2
× 8) + × 6) + × −2) (3 × 7) + (1 × 5) + (2 × 1) (3 × −2) + (1 × −4) + (2 × 3) ] [−7 3
(−1 × 8) + (2 × 6) + (−3 × −2) (−1 × 7) + (2 × 5) + (−3 × 1) (−1 × −2) + (2 × −4) + (−3 × 3) 2 1
8 + 12 − 6 7 + 10 + 3 −2 − 8 + 9 5 −1 0
= [ 24 + 6 − 4 21 + 5 + 2 −6 − 4 + 6] [−7 3 4]
−8 + 12 + 6 −7 + 10 − 3 2 − 8 − 9 2 1 7
14 20 −1 5 −1 0
= [26 28 −4 ] [−7 3 4]
10 0 −15 2 1 7
=
(14 × 5) + (20 × −7) + (−1 × 2) (14 × −1) + (20 × 3) + (−1 × 1) (14 × 0) + (20 × 4) + (−1 × 7)
[(26 × 5) + (28 × −7) + (−4 × 2) (26 × −1) + (28 × 3) + (−4 × 1) (26 × 0) + (28 × 4) + (−4 × 7)]
(10 × 5) + (0 × −7) + (−15 × 2) (10 × −1) + (0 × 3) + (−15 × 1) (10 × 0) + (0 × 4) + (−15 × 7)

88
 70 − 140 − 2 −14 + 60 − 1 0 + 80 − 7
= [130 − 196 − 8 −26 + 84 − 4 0 + 112 − 28]
50 + 0 − 30 −10 + 0 − 15 0 + 0 − 105
−72 45 73
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [−74 54 84 ] … . . (1)
20 −25 −105
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶)
1 2 3 8 7 −2 5 −1 0
=[ 3 1 2 ] {[ 6 5 −4] [−7 3 4]}
−1 2 −3 −2 1 3 2 1 7
=
1 2 3 (8 × 5) + (7 × −7) + (−2 × 2) (8 × −1) + (7 × 3) + (−2 × 1) (8 × 0) + (7 × 4) + (−2 × 7)
[ 3 1 2 ] [(6 × 5) + (5 × −7) + (−4 × 2) (6 × −1) + (5 × 3) + (−4 × 1) (6 × 0) + (5 × 4) + (−4 × 7)]
−1 2 −3 (−2 × 5) + (1 × −7) + (3 × 2) (−2 × −1) + (1 × 3) + (3 × 1) (−2 × 0) + (1 × 4) + (3 × 7)
1 2 3 40 − 49 − 4 −8 + 21 − 2 0 + 28 − 14
= [ 3 1 2 ] [ 30 − 35 − 8 −6 + 15 − 4 0 + 20 − 28]
−1 2 −3 −10 − 7 + 6 2+3+3 0 + 4 + 21
1 2 3 −13 11 14
= [ 3 1 2 ] [−13 5 −8]
−1 2 −3 −11 8 25
=
(1 × −13) + (2 × −13) + (3 × −11) (1 × 11) + (2 × 5) + (3 × 8) (1 × 14) + (2 × −8) + (3 × 25)
[ (3 × −13) + (1 × −13) + (2 × −11) (3 × 11) + (1 × 5) + (2 × 8) (3 × 14) + (1 × −8) + (2 × 25)
(−1 × −13) + (2 × −13) + (−3 × −11) (−1 × 11) + (2 × 5) + (−3 × 8) (−1 × 14) + (2 × −8) + (−3 × 25)
−13 − 26 − 33 11 + 10 + 24 14 − 16 + 75
= [−39 − 13 − 22 33 + 5 + 16 42 − 8 + 50 ]
13 − 26 + 33 −11 + 10 − 24 −14 − 16 − 75
−72 45 73
∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = [−74 54 84 ] … … . (2)
20 −25 −105
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
∴ (𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = 𝐴(𝐵𝐶)

𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟏
(28) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [ ] ,𝑩 = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 = [ ] , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚
−𝟏 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪.
Solution:
1 −2 1 −2 3 2 −1 −1
Given 𝐴=[ ] ,𝐵 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [ ]
−1 3 0 −3 1 −2 1 3

89
 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶)
1 −2 1 −2 3 2 −1 −1
=[ ] {[ ]+[ ]}
−1 3 0 −3 1 −2 1 3
1 −2 1 + 2 −2 − 1 3−1
=[ ][ ]
−1 3 0 − 2 −3 + 1 1+3
1 −2 3 −3 2
=[ ][ ]
−1 3 −2 −2 4
(1 × 3) + (−2 × −2) (1 × −3) + (−2 × −2) (1 × 2) + (−2 × 4)
=[ ]
(−1 × 3) + (3 × −2) (−1 × −3) + (3 × −2) (−1 × 2) + (3 × 4)
3+4 −3 + 4 2−8
=[ ]
−3 − 6 3 − 6 −2 + 12
7 1 −6
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [ ] … … (1)
−9 −3 10
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
1 −2 1 −2 3 1 −2 2 −1 −1
= {[ ][ ]} + {[ ][ ]}
−1 3 0 −3 1 −1 3 −2 1 3
(1 × 1) + (−2 × 0) (1 × −2) + (−2 × −3) (1 × 3) + (−2 × 1)
=[ ]+
(−1 × 1) + (3 × 0) (−1 × −2) + (3 × −3) (−1 × 3) + (3 × 1)
(1 × 2) + (−2 × −2) (1 × −1) + (−2 × 1) (1 × −1) + (−2 × 3)
[ ]
(−1 × 2) + (3 × −2) (−1 × −1) + (3 × 1) (−1 × −1) + (3 × 3)
1 + 0 −2 + 6 3−2 2 + 4 −1 − 2 −1 − 6
=[ ]+[ ]
−1 + 0 2 − 9 −3 + 3 −2 − 6 1 + 3 1+9
1 4 1 6 −3 −7
=[ ]+[ ]
−1 −7 0 −8 4 10
1+6 4−3 1−7
=[ ]
−1 − 8 −7 + 4 0 + 10
7 1 −6
∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = [ ] … . . (2)
−9 −3 10
From equation (1) and equation (2), we get
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
∴ 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶
𝟑 𝟏 𝒙 −𝟐
(29) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 𝒊𝒇 [ ] [ ] = [ ].
𝟎 −𝟒 𝟏 𝒚
Solution:
3 1 𝑥 −2
Given [ ][ ] = [ ]
0 −4 1 𝑦
(3 × 𝑥) + (1 × 1) −2
∴[ ]=[ ]
(0 × 𝑥) + (−4 × 1) 𝑦

90
 3𝑥 + 1 −2
∴[ ]=[ ]
0−4 𝑦
3𝑥 + 1 −2
∴[ ]=[ ]
−4 𝑦
Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,
Therefore, by equality of two matrices, we get
3𝑥 + 1 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 −4=𝑦
∴ 3𝑥 = −2 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −4
∴ 3𝑥 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −4
∴ 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −4

(30) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔:
𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏
{𝟒 [ ] −𝟐[ ]} [ 𝟎 ] = [𝒚].
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒
−𝟏
Solution:
2 𝑥
1 2 0 1 3 −1
Given {4 [ ] − 2[ ]} [ 0 ] = [𝑦]
2 −1 3 2 −3 4
−1
2 𝑥
4 8 0 2 6 −2
∴ {[ ]−[ ]} [ 0 ] = [𝑦]
8 −4 12 4 −6 8
−1

4−2 8−6 0— (−2) 2 𝑥

∴[ ] [ 0 ] = [𝑦 ]
8 − 4 −4 − (−6) 12 − 8
−1
2 𝑥
2 2 2
∴[ ] [ 0 ] = [𝑦 ]
4 2 4
−1
(2 × 2) + (2 × 0) + (2 × −1) 𝑥
∴[ ] = [𝑦 ]
(4 × 2) + (2 × 0) + (4 × −1)
4+0−2 𝑥
∴[ ] = [𝑦]
8+0−4
2 𝑥
∴ [ ] = [𝑦 ]
4
Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,
Therefore by equality of two matrices, we get
𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4

91
 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
(31) 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 𝒊𝒇 {[𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 ] + 𝟐 [𝟏 𝟒 ]}
𝟓 𝟐 [ ] = [𝒚 ].
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑 𝒛
Solution:
1 3 2 3 0 2 1 𝑥
Given {[2 0 1] + 2 [1 4 5]} [2] = [𝑦]
3 1 2 2 1 0 3 𝑧
1 3 2 6 0 4 1 𝑥
∴ {[2 0 1] + [2 8 10]} [2] = [𝑦]
3 1 2 4 2 0 3 𝑧
1+6 3+0 2+4 1 𝑥
∴ [2 + 2 0 + 8 1 + 10] [2] = [𝑦]
3+4 1+2 2+0 3 𝑧
7 3 6 1 𝑥
∴ [4 𝑦
8 11] [2] = [ ]
7 3 2 3 𝑧
(7 × 1) + (3 × 2) + (6 × 3) 𝑥
∴ [(4 × 1) + (8 × 2) + (11 × 3)] = [𝑦]
(7 × 1) + (3 × 2) + (2 × 3) 𝑧

7 + 6 + 18 𝑥
∴ [4 + 16 + 33] = [𝑦]
7+6+6 𝑧
31 𝑥
∴ [53] = [𝑦]
19 𝑧
Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,
Therefore by equality of two matrices, we get
𝑥 = 31 , 𝑦 = 53 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 19
𝟑 𝟒
−𝟏
(32) 𝑰𝒇 𝑨 = [−𝟐 𝟏] , 𝑩 = [ ] 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 (𝑨𝑩)𝑻 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻 .
𝟑
𝟏 𝟎
Solution:
3 4
−1
Given 𝐴 = [−2 1] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ]
3
1 0
3 4
−1
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [−2 1] [ ]
3
1 0
(3 × −1) + (4 × 3)
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [(−2 × −1) + (1 × 3)]
(1 × −1) + (0 × 3)

92
 −3 + 12
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [ 2 + 3 ]
−1 + 0
9
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [ 5 ]
−1
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (𝐴𝐵)𝑇

9 𝑇
=[ 5 ]
−1
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [9 5 −1] … . (1)
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇

3 4 𝑇
−1 𝑇
= [ ] [−2 1]
3
1 0
3 −2 1
= [−1 3] [ ]
4 1 0
= [(−1 × 3) + (3 × 4) (−1 × −2) + (3 × 1) (−1 × 1) + (3 × 0)]
= [−3 + 12 2+3 −1 + 0]
∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = [9 5 −1] … . . (2)

From equation (1) and equation (2), we get

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
∴ (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇

(33) . 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑨 𝒂𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒌𝒆𝒘 − 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄
−𝟏 𝟕 𝟏
𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝑨 = [ 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒].
𝟓 𝟎 𝟓
Solution:
−1 7 1
Given 𝐴 = [ 2 3 4]
5 0 5
As any square matrix can be expressed as sum of symmetric
and skew-symmetric matrix
Hence 𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐶

93
 1
Where 𝐵 = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) = 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
1
𝐶 = 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 ) = 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤 − 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
1
Hence 𝐵 = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 )

−1 7 1 −1 7 1 𝑇
1
𝐵 = 2 {[ 2 3 4] + [ 2 3 4] }
5 0 5 5 0 5
−1 7 1 −1 2 5
1
= 2 {[ 2 3 4] + [ 7 3 0]}
5 0 5 1 4 5
−1 − 1 7 + 2 1 + 5
1
= 2 [ 2 + 7 3 + 3 4 + 0]
5+1 0+4 5+5
−2 9 6
1
= 2[ 9 6 4 ]
6 4 10
−2⁄ 9⁄ 6⁄
2 2 2
9
∴ 𝐵 = ⁄2 6⁄ 4⁄
2 2
6 4⁄ 10⁄
[ ⁄2 2 2]
−1 9⁄ 3
2
∴ 𝐵 = [9⁄ 3 2]
2
3 2 5
1
∴ 𝐶 = 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 )

−1 7 1 −1 7 1𝑇
1
= {[ 2 3 4] − [ 2 3 4] }
2
5 0 5 5 0 5
−1 7 1 −1 2 5
1
= 2 {[ 2 3 4] − [ 7 3 0]}
5 0 5 1 4 5
−1 − (−1) 7 − 2 1 − 5
1
= 2[ 2 − 7 3 − 3 4 − 0]
5−1 0−4 5−5
0 5 −4
1
= 2 [−5 0 4]
4 −4 0

94
 0⁄ 5⁄ −4⁄
2 2 2
∴𝐶= −5 ⁄2 0⁄ 4⁄
2 2
4 −4⁄ 0⁄
[ ⁄2 2 2]
0 5⁄ −2
2
∴ 𝐶 = [−5⁄ 0 2]
2
2 −2 0
∴𝐴=𝐵+𝐶

−1 9⁄ 3 0 5⁄ −2
2 2
∴ 𝐴 = [9⁄ 3 2] + [−5⁄2 0 2]
2
3 2 5 2 −2 0

Symmetric matrix Skew- Symmetric matrix

(34) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔:

𝟑 𝟒
(a) [ ]
𝟎 𝟕
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
(b) [𝟏 𝟐 𝟑]
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟓 𝟑
(c) [𝟑 𝟏 𝟐]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟑 −𝟑 𝟒
(d) [𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒]
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏

(𝒂) [𝟑 𝟒
]
𝟎 𝟕

Solution:
3 4
let 𝐴 = [ ]
0 7
To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = |7| = 7
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = |0| = 0
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = |4| = 4

95
 𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = |3| = 3
7 0
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [ ]
4 3
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
7 −0
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [ ]
−4 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

7 −0 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ ]
−4 3
7 −4
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ ]
0 3
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
(b)[𝟏 𝟐 𝟑]
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
Solution:
2 3 1
let 𝐴 = [1 2 3]
3 1 2
To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A
2 3
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (2 × 2) − (3 × 1) = 4 − 3 = 1
1 2

1 3
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (1 × 2) − (3 × 3) = 2 − 9 = −7
3 2

1 2
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (1 × 1) − (2 × 3) = 1 − 6 = −5
3 1

3 1
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (3 × 2) − (1 × 1) = 6 − 1 = 5
1 2

2 1
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (2 × 2) − (1 × 3) = 4 − 3 = 1
3 2

96
 2 3
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (2 × 1) − (3 × 3) = 2 − 9 = −7
3 1

3 1
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (3 × 3) − (1 × 2) = 9 − 2 = 7
2 3

2 1
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (2 × 3) − (1 × 1) = 6 − 1 = 5
1 3

2 3
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (2 × 2) − (3 × 1) = 4 − 3 = 1
1 2
1 −7 −5
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [5 1 −7]
7 5 1
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
1 7 −5
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [−5 1 7]
7 −5 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

1 7 −5 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−5 1 7]
7 −5 1
1 −5 7
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 7 1 −5]
−5 7 1
𝟐 𝟓 𝟑
(𝒄) [𝟑 𝟏 𝟐]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
2 5 3
Solution:let 𝐴 = [3 1 2]
1 2 1
To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A
1 2
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (1 × 1) − (2 × 2) = 1 − 4 = −3
2 1

3 2
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (3 × 1) − (2 × 1) = 3 − 2 = 1
1 1

97
 3 1
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (3 × 2) − (1 × 1) = 6 − 1 = 5
1 2

5 3
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (5 × 1) − (3 × 2) = 5 − 6 = −1
2 1

2 3
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (2 × 1) − (3 × 1) = 2 − 3 = −1
1 1

2 5
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (2 × 2) − (5 × 1) = 4 − 5 = −1
1 2

5 3
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (5 × 2) − (3 × 1) = 10 − 3 = 7
1 2

2 3
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (2 × 2) − (3 × 3) = 4 − 9 = −5
3 2

2 5
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (2 × 1) − (5 × 3) = 2 − 15 = −13
3 1
−3 1 5
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [−1 −1 −1 ]
7 −5 −13
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
−3 −1 5
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [ 1 −1 1 ]
7 5 −13
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

−3 −1 5 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 1 −1 1 ]
7 5 −13
−3 1 7
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−1 −1 5 ]
5 1 −13

98
 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟒
(d) [𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒]
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏
Solution:
3 −3 4
let 𝐴 = [2 −3 4]
0 −1 1
To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A
−3 4
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (−3 × 1) − (4 × −1) = −3 − (−4) = −3 + 4 = 1
−1 1

2 4
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (2 × 1) − (4 × 0) = 2 − 0 = 2
0 1

2 −3
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (2 × −1) − (−3 × 0) = −2 − (0) = −2
0 −1

−3 4
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (−3 × 1) − (4 × −1) = −3 − (−4) = −3 + 4 = 1
−1 1

3 4
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (3 × 1) − (4 × 0) = 3 − 0 = 3
0 1

3 −3
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (3 × −1) − (−3 × 0) = −3 − 0 = −3
0 −1

−3 4
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (−3 × 4) − (4 × −3) = −12 − (−12) = −12 + 12 = 0
−3 4

3 4
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (3 × 4) − (4 × 2) = 12 − 8 = 4
2 4

3 −3
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (3 × −3) − (−3 × 2) = −9 − (−6) = −9 + 6 = −3
2 −3
1 2 −2
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [1 3 −3]
0 4 −3
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,

99
 Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
1 −2 −2
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [−1 3 3]
0 −4 −3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

1 −2 −2 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−1 3 3]
0 −4 −3
1 −1 0
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−2 3 −4]
−2 3 −3
(35) 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔:
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
(a) [−𝟏 𝟑 𝟎]
𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏
(b) [−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎]
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟑 𝟐 𝟔
(c) [𝟏 𝟏 𝟐]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟓
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
(d) [−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟒]
−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟑

𝟏 𝟐 −𝟐
(a) [−𝟏 𝟑 𝟎]
𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏

Solution:
1 2 −2
let 𝐴 = [−1 3 0]
0 −2 1
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is
Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.
1 2 −2
Hence |𝐴| = |−1 3 0|
0 −2 1

100
 3 0 −1 0 −1 3
∴ |𝐴| = 1 × | |−2×| | + (−2) × | |
−2 1 0 1 0 −2
= 1 × [(3 × 1) − (0 × −2)] − 2 × [(−1 × 1) − (0 × 0)]
−2 × [(−1 × −2) − (3 × 0)]
= 1 × [(3) − 0] − 2 × [−1 − 0] − 2 × [2 − 0]
= 1 × (3) − 2 × (−1) − 2 × (2)
=3+2−4
=5−4
∴ |𝐴| = 1 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟏)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

3 0
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (3 × 1) − (0 × −2) = 3 − 0 = 3
−2 1

−1 0
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (−1 × 1) − (0 × 0) = −1 − 0 = −1
0 1

−1 3
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (−1 × −2) − (3 × 0) = 2 − 0 = 2
0 −2

2 −2
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (2 × 1) − (−2 × −2) = 2 − 4 = −2
−2 1

1 −2
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (1 × 1) − (−2 × 0) = 1 − 0 = 1
0 1

1 2
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (1 × −2) − (2 × 0) = −2 − 0 = −2
0 −2

2 −2
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (2 × 0) − (−2 × 3) = 0 − (−6) = 6
3 0

101
 1 −2
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (1 × 0) − (−2 × −1) = 0 − 2 = −2
−1 0

1 2
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (1 × 3) − (2 × −1) = 3 − (−2) = 3 + 2 = 5
−1 3
3 −1 2
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [−2 1 −2]
6 −2 5
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
3 1 2
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [2 1 2]
6 2 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

3 1 2𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [2 1 2]
6 2 5
3 2 6
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [1 1 2]
2 2 5
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

3 2 6
𝟏
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏 × [1 1 2]
2 2 5
3 2 6
−𝟏
∴𝑨 = [1 1 2]
2 2 5

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏
(𝐛) [−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 ]
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟎

Solution:

1 0 −1
let 𝐴 = [−2 −1 0 ]
−1 0 0
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse

102
 Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is
Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.
1 0 −1
Hence |𝐴| = |−2 −1 0 |
−1 0 0
−1 0 −2 0 −2 −1
∴ |𝐴| = 1 × | |−0×| | + (−1) × | |
0 0 −1 0 −1 0
= 1 × [(−1 × 0) − (0 × 0)] − 0 × [(−2 × 0) − (−1 × 0)]
−1 × [(−2 × 0) − (−1 × −1)]
= 1 × [0 − 0] − 0 × [0 − 0] − 1 × [0 − 1]
= 1 × (0) − 0 − 1 × (−1)
=0−0+1
=1
∴ |𝐴| = 1 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟏)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

−1 0
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (−1 × 0) − (0 × 0) = 0 − 0 = 0
0 0

−2 0
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (−2 × 0) − (−1 × 0) = 0 − 0 = 0
−1 0

−2 −1
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (−2 × 0) − (−1 × −1) = 0 − 1 = −1
−1 0

0 −1
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (0 × 0) − (−1 × 0) = 0 − 0 = 0
0 0

1 −1
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (1 × 0) − (−1 × −1) = 0 − 1 = −1
−1 0

1 0
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (1 × 0) − (−1 × 0) = 0 − 0 = 0
−1 0

103
 0 −1
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (0 × 0) − (−1 × −1) = 0 − (1) = −1
−1 0

1 −1
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (1 × 0) − (−1 × −2) = 0 − 2 = −2
−2 0

1 0
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (1 × −1) − (0 × −2) = −1 − 0 = −1
−2 −1
0 0 −1
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [ 0 −1 0 ]
−1 −2 −1
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
0 0 −1
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [ 0 −1 0 ]
−1 2 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

0 0 −1 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 0 −1 0 ]
−1 2 −1
0 0 −1
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 0 −1 2 ]
−1 0 −1
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

0 0 −1
𝟏
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏 × [ 0 −1 2]
−1 0 −1
0 0 −1
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = [ 0 −1 2 ]
−1 0 −1
𝟑 𝟐 𝟔
(𝒄) [𝟏 𝟏 𝟐]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟓
Solution:
3 2 6
let 𝐴 = [1 1 2]
2 2 5

104
 To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is
Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.
3 2 6
Hence |𝐴| = |1 1 2|
2 2 5
1 2 1 2 1 1
∴ |𝐴| = 3 × | |−2×| |+6×| |
2 5 2 5 2 2
= 3 × [(1 × 5) − (2 × 2)] − 2 × [(1 × 5) − (2 × 2)]
+6 × [(1 × 2) − (1 × 2)]
= 3 × [5 − 4] − 2 × [5 − 4] + 6 × [2 − 2]
= 3 × (1) − 2 × (1) + 6 × (0)
=3−2+0
=1
∴ |𝐴| = 1 ≠ 0

As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:

𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟏)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

1 2
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (1 × 5) − (2 × 2) = 5 − 4 = 1
2 5

1 2
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (1 × 5) − (2 × 2) = 5 − 4 = 1
2 5

1 1
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (1 × 2) − (1 × 2) = 2 − 2 = 0
2 2

2 6
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (2 × 5) − (6 × 2) = 10 − 12 = −2
2 5

3 6
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (3 × 5) − (6 × 2) = 15 − 12 = 3
2 5

105
 3 2
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (3 × 2) − (2 × 2) = 6 − 4 = 2
2 2

2 6
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (2 × 2) − (6 × 1) = 4 − 6 = −2
1 2

3 6
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (3 × 2) − (6 × 1) = 6 − 6 = 0
1 2

3 2
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (3 × 1) − (2 × 1) = 3 − 2 = 1
1 1
1 1 0
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [−2 3 2]
−2 0 1
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
1 −1 0
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [ 2 3 −2]
−2 0 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

1 −1 0 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 2 3 −2]
−2 0 1
1 2 −2
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−1 3 0]
0 −2 1
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

1 2 −2
𝟏
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏 × [−1 3 0]
0 −2 1
1 2 −2
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = [−1 3 0]
0 −2 1
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
(𝒅) [−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟒]
−𝟐 𝟑 −𝟑
Solution:

106
 1 −1 0
let 𝐴 = [−2 3 −4]
−2 3 −3
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is
Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.
1 −1 0
Hence |𝐴| = |−2 3 −4|
−2 3 −3
3 −4 −2 −4 −2 3
∴ |𝐴| = 1 × | | − (−1) × | |+0×| |
3 −3 −2 −3 −2 3
= 1 × [(3 × −3) − (−4 × 3)] + 1 × [(−2 × −3) − (−4 × −2)]
+0 × [(−2 × 3) − (3 × −2)]
= 1 × [−9 − (−12)] + 1 × [6 − 8] + 0
= 1 × (−9 + 12) + 1 × (−2) + 0
= 1 × (3) − 2 + 0
=3−2
∴ |𝐴| = 1 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟏)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

3 −4
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (3 × −3) − (−4 × 3) = −9 − (−12) = −9 + 12 = 3
3 −3

−2 −4
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (−2 × −3) − (−4 × −2) = 6 − 8 = −2
−2 −3

−2 3
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (−2 × 3) − (−2 × 3) = −6 − (−6) = −6 + 6 = 0
−2 3

−1 0
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (−1 × −3) − (0 × 3) = 3 − 0 = 3
3 −3

1 0
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (1 × −3) − (0 × −2) = −3 − 0 = −3
−2 −3

107
 1 −1
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (1 × 3) − (−1 × −2) = 3 − 2 = 1
−2 3

−1 0
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (−1 × −4) − (0 × 3) = 4 − 0 = 4
3 −4

1 0
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (1 × −4) − (0 × −2) = −4 − 0 = −4
−2 −4

1 −1
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (1 × 3) − (−1 × −2) = 3 − 2 = 1
−2 3
3 −2 0
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [3 −3 1]
4 −4 1
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
3 2 0
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [−3 −3 −1]
4 4 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

3 2 0 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−3 −3 −1]
4 4 1
3 −3 4
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [2 −3 4]
0 −1 1
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

3 −3 4
𝟏
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏 × [2 −3 4]
0 −1 1
3 −3 4
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = [2 −3 4]
0 −1 1

108
(36) 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒃𝒚 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅:
(𝒂) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎.
Solution:
Given 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 … . (1)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10 … . . (2)
Matrix form of given system of equations can be written as:
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
3 2 𝑥 7
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ]
4 3 10
Solution of given simultaneous equations by simultaneous equations
is given by
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 … … (3)
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is
Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.
3 2
Hence |𝐴| = | |
4 3
= (3 × 3) − (2 × 4)
=9−8
∴ |𝐴| = 1 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟒)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = |3| = 3
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = |4| = 4
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = |2| = 2
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = |3| = 3
3 4
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [ ]
2 3
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.

109
 3 −4
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [ ]
−2 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

3 −4 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ ]
−2 3
3 −2
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ ]
−4 3
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

𝟏 3 −2
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏 × [ ]
−4 3
3 −2
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = [ ]
−4 3
Putting matrix 𝐴−1 and B in equation (3), we get
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 3 −2 7
∴ [𝑦 ] = [ ][ ]
−4 3 10

𝑥 (3 × 7) + (−2 × 10)
∴ [𝑦] = [ ]
(−4 × 7) + (3 × 10)
𝑥 (21) + (−20)
∴ [𝑦] = [ ]
(−28) + (30)
𝑥 1
∴ [𝑦 ] = [ ]
2
Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,
Hence by equality of two matrixes, we get
∴ 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

(b) 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎.

Solution:
Given 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 11𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 2 = 0

Standard form of equation is

6𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −1 … . . (1)
11𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −2 … … (2)

110
 Matrix form of given system of equations can be written as:
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
6 −3 𝑥 −1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ]
11 −5 −2
Solution of given simultaneous equations by simultaneous equations
is given by
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 … … (3)
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is
Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.

6 −3
Hence |𝐴| = | |
11 −5
= (6 × −5) − (−3 × 11)
= −30 − (−33)
∴ |𝐴| = −30 + 33
∴ |𝐴| = 3 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟒)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = |−5| = −5
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = |11| = 11
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = |−3| = −3
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = |6| = 6
−5 11
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [ ]
−3 6
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
−5 −11
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [ ]
3 6
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

111
 −5 −11 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ ]
3 6
−5 3
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ ]
−11 6
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

𝟏 −5 3
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟑 × [ ]
−11 6
Putting matrix 𝐴−1 and B in equation (3), we get
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 𝟏 −5 3 −1
∴ [𝑦 ] = 𝟑 × [ ][ ]
−11 6 −2
𝑥 𝟏 (−5 × −1) + (3 × −2)
∴ [𝑦 ] = 𝟑 × [ ]
(−11 × −1) + (6 × −2)
𝑥 𝟏 5 + (−6)
∴ [𝑦 ] = 𝟑 × [ ]
(11) + (−12)
𝑥 𝟏 −1
∴ [𝑦 ] = 𝟑 × [ ]
−1

𝑥 −1⁄
∴ [𝑦 ] = [ 3]
−1⁄
3
Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,
Hence by equality of two matrixes, we get
−1 −1
∴𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
3 3

(𝒄) 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐 ; 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑.

Solution:
Given 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 12 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 13
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 12 … … . . (1)
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 15 … … . . (2)
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 13 … … … (3)
Matrix form of given system of equations can be written as:
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
1 3 3 𝑥 12
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = [1 4 4] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [15]
1 3 4 𝑧 13

112
 Solution of given simultaneous equations by simultaneous equations
is given by
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 … … (3)
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is
Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.
1 3 3
Hence |𝐴| = |1 4 4|
1 3 4
4 4 1 4 1 4
∴ |𝐴| = 1 × | |−3×| |+3×| |
3 4 1 4 1 3
= 1 × [(4 × 4) − (4 × 3)] − 3 × [(1 × 4) − (4 × 1)]
+3 × [(1 × 3) − (4 × 1)]
= 1 × [16 − 12] − 3 × [4 − 4] + 3 × [3 − 4]
= 1 × (4) − 3 × (0) + 3 × (−1)
=4−0−3
=1
∴ |𝐴| = 1 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟏)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

4 4
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (4 × 4) − (4 × 3) = 16 − 12 = 4
3 4

1 4
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (1 × 4) − (4 × 1) = 4 − 4 = 0
1 4

1 4
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (1 × 3) − (4 × 1) = 3 − 4 = −1
1 3

3 3
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (3 × 4) − (3 × 3) = 12 − 9 = 3
3 4

113
 1 3
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (1 × 4) − (3 × 1) = 4 − 3 = 1
1 4
1 3
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (1 × 3) − (1 × 3) = 3 − 3 = 0
1 3
3 3
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (3 × 4) − (3 × 4) = 12 − 12 = 0
4 4
1 3
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (1 × 4) − (1 × 3) = 4 − 3 = 1
1 4
1 3
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (1 × 4) − (1 × 3) = 4 − 3 = 1
1 4
4 0 −1
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [3 1 0]
0 1 1
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
4 0 −1
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [−3 1 0]
0 −1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

4 0 −1 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−3 1 0]
0 −1 1
4 −3 0
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 0 1 −1]
−1 0 1
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

4 −3 0
𝟏
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏 × [ 0 1 −1]
−1 0 1
4 −3 0
−𝟏
∴𝑨 =[ 0 1 −1]
−1 0 1
Putting matrix 𝐴−1 and B in equation (3), we get
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 4 −3 0 12
∴ [𝑦 ] = [ 0 1 −1] [15]
𝑧 −1 0 1 13

114
 𝑥 (4 × 12) + (−3 × 15) + (0 × 13)
∴ [𝑦] = [(0 × 12) + (1 × 15) + (−1 × 13)]
𝑧 (−1 × 12) + (0 × 15) + (1 × 13)
𝑥 48 − 45 + 0
∴ [𝑦] = [ 0 + 15 − 13 ]
𝑧 −12 + 0 + 13
𝑥 3
∴ [𝑦] = [2]
𝑧 1
Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,
Hence by equality of two matrixes, we get
𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1

(𝒅) 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟑 ; 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏.

Solution:
Given 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ; 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 … … . . (1)
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4 … … . . (2)
5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11 … … … (3)
Matrix form of given system of equations can be written as:
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
1 1 1 𝑥 3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = [3 −2 3] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ 4 ]
5 5 1 𝑧 11
Solution of given simultaneous equations by simultaneous equations
is given by
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 … … (3)
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is
Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.

115
 1 1 1
Hence |𝐴| = |3 −2 3|
5 5 1
−2 3 3 3 3 −2
∴ |𝐴| = 1 × | |−1×| |+1×| |
5 1 5 1 5 5
= 1 × [(−2 × 1) − (3 × 5)] − 1 × [(3 × 1) − (3 × 5)]
+1 × [(3 × 5) − (−2 × 5)]
= 1 × [−2 − 15] − 1 × [3 − 15] + 1 × [15 − (−10)]
= 1 × (−17) − 1 × (−12) + 1 × (15 + 10)
= −17 + 12 + 25
= 20
∴ |𝐴| = 20 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟏)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

−2 3
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (−2 × 1) − (3 × 5) = −2 − 15 = −17
5 1

3 3
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (3 × 1) − (3 × 5) = 3 − 15 = −12
5 1

3 −2
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (3 × 5) − (−2 × 5) = 15 − (−10) = 15 + 10 = 25
5 5

1 1
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (1 × 1) − (1 × 5) = 1 − 5 = −4
5 1

1 1
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (1 × 1) − (1 × 5) = 1 − 5 = −4
5 1

1 1
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (1 × 5) − (1 × 5) = 5 − 5 = 0
5 5

1 1
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (1 × 3) − (1 × −2) = 3 − (−2) = 3 + 2 = 5
−2 3

116
 1 1
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (1 × 3) − (1 × 3) = 3 − 3 = 0
3 3

1 1
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (1 × −2) − (1 × 3) = −2 − 3 = −5
3 −2
−17 −12 25
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [ −4 −4 0]
5 0 −5
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
−17 12 25
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [ 4 −4 0 ]
5 0 −5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

−17 12 25 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 4 −4 0 ]
5 0 −5
−17 4 5
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 12 −4 0 ]
25 0 −5
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

−17 4 5
𝟏
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 × [ 12 −4 0 ]
25 0 −5

Putting matrix 𝐴−1 and B in equation (3), we get

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 −17 4 5 3
𝟏
∴ [𝑦] = 𝟐𝟎 × [ 12 −4 0 ] [ 4 ]
𝑧 25 0 −5 11
𝑥 (−17 × 3) + (4 × 4) + (5 × 11)
𝟏
∴ [𝑦] = 𝟐𝟎 × [(12 × 3) + (−4 × 4) + (0 × 11)]
𝑧 (25 × 3) + (0 × 4) + (−5 × 11)
𝑥 −51 + 16 + 55
𝟏
𝑦
∴ [ ] = 𝟐𝟎 × [ 36 − 16 + 0 ]
𝑧 75 + 0 − 55

117
 𝑥 20
𝟏
∴ [𝑦] = 𝟐𝟎 × [20]
𝑧 20
20⁄
𝑥 20
∴ [𝑦] = 20⁄20
𝑧 20
[ ⁄20]
𝑥 1
𝑦
∴ [ ] = [1]
𝑧 1
Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,
Hence by equality of two matrixes, we get
𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1

(𝒆) 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 ; 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟒.
Solution:
Given 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 ; 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 … … . . (1)
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 10 … … . . (2)
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4 … … … (3)
Matrix form of given system of equations can be written as:
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
4 −3 1 𝑥 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = [1 𝑦
4 −2] , 𝑋 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [10]
2 −2 3 𝑧 4
Solution of given simultaneous equations by simultaneous equations
is given by
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 … … (3)
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is

118
 Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.
4 −3 1
Hence |𝐴| = |1 4 −2|
2 −2 3
4 −2 1 −2 1 4
∴ |𝐴| = 4 × | | − (−3) × | |+1×| |
−2 3 2 3 2 −2
= 4 × [(4 × 3) − (−2 × −2)] + 3 × [(1 × 3) − (−2 × 2)]
+1 × [(1 × −2) − (4 × 2)]
= 4 × [12 − 4] + 3 × [3 − (−4)] + 1 × [−2 − 8]
= 4 × (8) + 3 × (3 + 4) + 1 × (−10)
= 32 + 3 × 7 − 10
= 32 + 21 − 10
∴ |𝐴| = 43 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟏)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

4 −2
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (4 × 3) − (−2 × −2) = 12 − 4 = 8
−2 3

1 −2
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (1 × 3) − (−2 × 2) = 3 − (−4) = 3 + 4 = 7
2 3

1 4
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (1 × −2) − (4 × 2) = −2 − 8 = −10
2 −2

−3 1
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (−3 × 3) − (1 × −2) = −9 − (−2) = −9 + 2 = −7
−2 3

4 1
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (4 × 3) − (1 × 2) = 12 − 2 = 10
2 3

4 −3
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (4 × −2) − (−3 × 2) = −8 − (−6) = −8 + 6 = −2
2 −2

119
 −3 1
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (−3 × −2) − (1 × 4) = 6 − 4 = 2
4 −2

4 1
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (4 × −2) − (1 × 1) = −8 − 1 = −9
1 −2

4 −3
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (4 × 4) − (−3 × 1) = 16 − (−3) = 16 + 3 = 19
1 4
8 7 −10
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [−7 10 −2 ]
2 −9 19
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
8 −7 −10
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [7 10 2 ]
2 9 19
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

8 −7 −10 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [7 10 2 ]
2 9 19
8 7 2
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ −7 10 9 ]
−10 2 19
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

8 7 2
𝟏
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟒𝟑 × [ −7 10 9]
−10 2 19

Putting matrix 𝐴−1 and B in equation (3), we get

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 8 7 2 1
𝟏
∴ [𝑦] = 𝟒𝟑 × [ −7 10 9 ] [10]
𝑧 −10 2 19 4
𝑥 (8 × 1) + (7 × 10) + (2 × 4)
𝟏
𝑦
∴ [ ] = 𝟒𝟑 × [ (−7 × 1) + (10 × 10) + (9 × 4) ]
𝑧 (−10 × 1) + (2 × 10) + (19 × 4)

120
 𝑥 8 + 70 + 8
𝟏
∴ [𝑦] = 𝟒𝟑 × [−7 + 100 + 36]
𝑧 −10 + 20 + 76
𝑥 86
𝟏
∴ [𝑦] = 𝟒𝟑 × [129]
𝑧 86
86⁄
𝑥 43
∴ [𝑦] = 129 ⁄43
𝑧 86
[ ⁄43 ]
𝑥 2
𝑦
∴ [ ] = [3]
𝑧 2
Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,
Hence by equality of two matrixes, we get
𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2

(𝒇) 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐 ; 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 + 𝒙 = 𝟑.

Solution:
Given 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ; 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 + 𝑥 = 3
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2 … … . . (1)
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 … … . . (2)
𝑧 + 𝑥 = 3 … … … (3)
Matrix form of given system of equations can be written as:
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
1 1 1 𝑥 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = [0 𝑦
1 1] , 𝑋 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [1]
1 0 1 𝑧 3
Solution of given simultaneous equations by simultaneous equations
is given by
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 … … (3)
To find inverse of any square matrix, we have to find that inverse
Of that matrix exists or not, that is to find that given matrix A is

121
 Non-singular i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0.
1 1 1
Hence |𝐴| = |0 1 1|
1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
∴ |𝐴| = 1 × | |−1×| |+1×| |
0 1 1 1 1 0
= 1 × [(1 × 1) − (1 × 0)] − 1 × [(0 × 1) − (1 × 1)]
+1 × [(0 × 0) − (1 × 1)]
= 1 × [1 − 0] − 1 × [0 − 1] + 1 × [0 − 1]
= 1 × (1) − 1 × (−1) + 1 × (−1)
=1+1−1
=1
∴ |𝐴| = 1 ≠ 0
As |𝐴| ≠ 0 , ∴ 𝐴−1 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) … … 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 … (𝟏)

To find ad-joint of A, we find minors of all element of A

1 1
𝑀11 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11 = | | = (1 × 1) − (1 × 0) = 1 − 0 = 1
0 1

0 1
𝑀12 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎12 = | | = (0 × 1) − (1 × 1) = 0 − 1 = −1
1 1

0 1
𝑀13 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎13 = | | = (0 × 0) − (1 × 1) = 0 − 1 = −1
1 0

1 1
𝑀21 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎21 = | | = (1 × 1) − (1 × 0) = 1 − 0 = 1
0 1

1 1
𝑀22 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎22 = | | = (1 × 1) − (1 × 1) = 1 − 1 = 0
1 1

1 1
𝑀23 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎23 = | | = (1 × 0) − (1 × 1) = 0 − 1 = −1
1 0

122
 1 1
𝑀31 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎31 = | | = (1 × 1) − (1 × 1) = 1 − 1 = 0
1 1

1 1
𝑀32 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎32 = | | = (1 × 1) − (1 × 0) = 1 − 0 = 1
0 1

1 1
𝑀33 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎33 = | | = (1 × 1) − (1 × 0) = 1 − 0 = 1
0 1
1 −1 −1
∴ Matrix of minors of matrix A = [1 0 −1]
0 1 1
Just changing the sign of elements on odd place i.e. for which 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd,
Matrix of minor will reduce to matrix of co-factors.
1 1 −1
∴ Matrix of co − factors of matrix A = [−1 0 1]
0 −1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]𝑇

1 1 −1 𝑇
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−1 0 1]
0 −1 1
1 −1 0
∴ 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 1 0 −1]
−1 1 1
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑨−𝟏 = |𝑨| × 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)

1 −1 0
𝟏
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏 × [ 1 0 −1]
−1 1 1
1 −1 0
∴ 𝑨−𝟏 = [ 1 0 −1]
−1 1 1
Putting matrix 𝐴−1 and B in equation (3), we get
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 1 −1 0 2
𝑦
∴[ ]=[ 1 0 −1] [1]
𝑧 −1 1 1 3
𝑥 (1 × 2) + (−1 × 1) + (0 × 3)
∴ [𝑦] = [(1 × 2) + (0 × 1) + (−1 × 3)]
𝑧 (−1 × 2) + (1 × 1) + (1 × 3)

123
 𝑥 2−1+0
∴ [𝑦] = [ 2 + 0 − 3 ]
𝑧 −2 + 1 + 3
𝑥 1
∴ [𝑦] = [−1]
𝑧 2

Matrix of same order is on both sides of equal sign,

Hence by equality of two matrixes, we get
𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2

124
Chapter: 2 Partial Fraction

Syllabus Contents:

2.4 Types of partial fraction based on nature of factors and related problems

Introduction
Expressions like 2𝑥 + 3,3𝑥 − 2, −2𝑥 + 3 are called linear expressions. A linear
expression is of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, (𝑎 ≠ 0) Expressions like 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4,3𝑥 2 −
4𝑥, 5𝑥 2 − 8 are called quadratic expression. A quadratic expression is of
the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐(𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 and/or 𝑐 may be zero).

An algebraic polynomial (poly = many, nomo = terms) is an expression

having many algebraic terms. The degree of the highest term in the
algebraic polynomial is called the degree of the polynomial. The
expression seen above are algebraic polynomials. If we divide one
algebraic polynomial by another polynomial, we get a quotient.
3 3𝑥+1 𝑥 2 +𝑥
For example, , , , … … … … . (A)
2𝑥+5 2𝑥+3 𝑥+2

are quotients. A quotient of two polynomials is also called a rational fraction.

If 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are two algebraic polynomials then their quotient is denoted
𝑃(𝑥)
by 𝑅(𝑥) Thus,𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥). We have seen some fractions in (A).

(a) Proper fractions

If the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator
then the fraction is called a proper fraction.
3 3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 +4
, , are proper fractions because in each case the degree of
2𝑥−1 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7 𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 +5𝑥−9
the numerator is less than the degree of denominator.

OR

If the degree of the fraction 𝑄(𝑥) is greater than the degree of fraction 𝑃(𝑥)
P(x)
then the fraction Q(x) is called proper fraction

(b) Improper fraction

If the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the
denominator then the fraction is called an improper fraction.
2𝑥+3 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3 𝑥 3 +2
, , 3𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3 are improper fractions because in each case the
3𝑥−1 𝑥+1
degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of
denominator.

125
But an improper fraction can always be reduced to a proper fraction by
2𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2
actually the degree the numerator by the denominator. is an
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
improper fraction because the degree the numerator is three and degree
of denominator is two. But we can divide 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 by 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 and
2𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 8𝑥+3
write it as = (2𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+3

OR

If the degree of the fraction 𝑄(𝑥) is less than or equal to the degree of fraction
𝑃(𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥) then the fraction 𝑄(𝑥) is called improper fraction.

Improper fractions can be converted into the sum of integral number and
proper fraction by actual division or by using some suitable adjustment.

Partial Fractions
The procedure of expressing the rational fraction into the sum of the simple
fractions is called partial fractions
OR

If a polynomial fraction is expressed as the sum or difference of linear or

quadratic fractions then the fractions are called partial fractions.
𝑥−3 𝑥−3 2 1
For example, we can write as = 𝑥+1 − 𝑥−1.
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −1

2 1 𝑥−3
and are the partial fractions of . The process is called resolving into
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥 2 −1
partial fractions.

We shall now learn how to obtain partial fractions when a quotient is given.
First, we check whether the degree of the numerator is less than the
degree of the denominator. If not, we divide the numerator by the
denominator and reduce the given quotient into a proper fraction.

If the denominator is factorizable into linear or quadratic factors, we have

three cases -

(i) The denominator has non-repeated linear factors.

(ii) The denominator has repeated linear factors.

(iii) The denominator has quadratic factors.

126
IMPORTANT STEPS REGARDING PARTIAL FRACTIONS
There are two important steps to be taken into account before resolving a
given rational fraction into a group of partial fractions.

Step - I: Observe the fraction carefully and decide whether it is a proper

𝑃(𝑥)
fraction or improper fraction. If 𝑄(𝑥) is improper fraction. we divide 𝑃(𝑥) by
𝑄(𝑥) until the degree of the remainder is less than that of the C(𝑥). Then
express it as a sum of a polynomial and a proper fraction. Thus,
P(x)
Rational Fraction, = Polynomial + Proper Fraction
Q(x)

Remainder
= Quotient +
Divisor
𝑥3
For instance, is an improper fraction. Thus, we have
𝑥 2 −1

𝑥3 𝑥
= 𝑥 + (Proper fraction)
𝑥2 − 1 𝑥2 − 1

𝑥
Here, can be resolved into partial fractions.
𝑥 2 −1

Step - II: The denominator, if possible, is factorized into simplest factors.

Repeated factors should always be combined together at one place.

127
Different Cases of Partial Fraction:

Denominator has non-repeated linear factors

𝑃(𝑥) 𝑃(𝑥)
Suppose = (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑐𝑥+𝑑).
𝑄(𝑥)

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
Now, we write it as = 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 … … … . (1)
𝑄(𝑥)

We have to obtain 𝐴 and 𝐵. For this,

(i) Simplify the right-hand side of (1)

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) + 𝐵(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)

∴ =
𝑄(𝑥) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)

(ii) Equate the numerators on both sides,

∴ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝐴(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) + 𝐵(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)

(iii) Now, make one bracket zero on the right-hand side. This can be done by
putting
𝑏
𝑥 = − 𝑎. This makes one term zero on the RHS and gives the constant 𝐴.
𝑑
Similarly, put 𝑥 = − and get 𝐵.
𝑐

(iv) Put these values of 𝐴 and 𝐵 in (1).

Type I: Two non-repeated linear factors

1
Example 1: Resolve into partial fractions .
𝑥 2 −1

1 1 𝑎 𝑏
Sol.: Let = (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1………. (1)
𝑥 2 −1

1 𝑎(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑏(𝑥 − 1)
∴ =
𝑥2 −1 𝑥2 − 1
∴ 1 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑏(𝑥 − 1) … … … (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in (2),

1 = 𝑎(1 + 1) + 𝑏(0)

∴ 1 = 2𝑎
1
∴ 𝑎 = 2.

128
Putting 𝑥 = −1 in (2),

1 = 𝑎(0) + 𝑏(−1 − 1)

∴ 1 = −2𝑏
1
∴ 𝑏 = − 2.

1 1 1 1
Putting values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 in (1), we get, = 2 [𝑥−1 − 𝑥+1].
𝑥 2 −1

1
Example 2: Resolve into partial fractions .
1−𝑥 2

1 1 1 1
Sol.: As above, we get, = 2 [1+𝑥 + 1−𝑥]
1−𝑥 2

1
Example 3: Resolve into partial fraction .
𝑥 2 −𝑥

1 1 𝑎 𝑏
Sol.: Let = 𝑥(𝑥−1) = 𝑥 + 𝑥−1 … … … . (1)
𝑥 2 −𝑥

1 𝑎(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑏𝑥
∴ =
𝑥2 − 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

∴ 1 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑏𝑥 … … … … . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get,

1 = 𝑎(−1) + 𝑏(0)

∴ 𝑎 = −1

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in (2), we get,

1 = 𝑎(0) + 𝑏

∴ 𝑏=1

Putting 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑏 = 1 in (1), we get,

1 1 1
= − 𝑥 + 𝑥−1.
𝑥 2 −𝑥

Note:
The rules of factorization of a polynomial, which you know, are given below.

𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ … + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 = 0

(i) If the sum of the coefficients is zero i.e., if 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ . +𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛 = 0,

then (𝑥 − 1) is a factor.

129
(ii) If the sum of the coefficients of even powers of 𝑥 is equal to the sum of
the coefficients of odd powers of 𝑥 i.e., 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ . = 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯.
then (𝑥 + 1) is a factor.

(iii) If the above two rules fail then find the factors of the product 𝑎0 𝑎𝑛 and
decide the factor by trial and error. For example,

1. 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1.

Since, 2 − 3 + 2 − 1 = 0, (𝑥 − 1) is a factor.

∴ 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1) − 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 1(𝑥 − 1)

= (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)

2. 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
since the sum of the coefficients of even powers of 𝑥 = 2 + 6 = 8, and the sum
of the coefficients of odd powers of 𝑥 = 3 + 5 = 8 and since these are equal
𝑥 + 1 is a tactor.

∴ 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 6 = 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 6(𝑥 + 1)

= (3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 1)

= (3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 1)

3. 2𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 2 + 37𝑥 + 30.

Since 2+15+37+30≠ 0, 𝑥 − 1 is not a factor.
Since 2+37=39 and 15+30= 45, 𝑥 + 1 is not a factor.
Now, 2 × 30 = 60 and 2 × 3 × 5 × 2 = 60. We try 2𝑥 + 5,2𝑥 + 3, etc.
By trial and error, we see that,

2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 30

= 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 + 5) + 5𝑥(2𝑥 + 5) + 6(2𝑥 + 5)

= (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6)

= (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)

Type II: Three non-repeated linear factors

130
 𝑥2
Example 1: Resolve into partial fractions
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Let = 𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2 + 𝑥+3 … … … . (1)
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)

∴ 𝑥 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝑏(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) … … … (2)

Putting 𝑥 = −1 in (2), we get,

1 = 𝑎(−1 + 2)(−1 + 3) + 𝑏(−1 + 1)(−1 + 3) + 𝑐(−1 + 1)(−1 + 2)

1 = 𝑎(1)(2) + 𝑏(0) + 𝑐(0)

∴ 1 = 𝑎(2)

1
∴ 𝑎=
2

Putting 𝑥 = −2 in (2), we get,

4 = 𝑎(−2 + 2)(−2 + 3) + 𝑏(−2 + 1)(−2 + 3) + 𝑐(−2 + 1)(−2 + 2)

∴ 4 = 𝑎(0) + 𝑏(−1)(1) + 𝑐(0)

∴ 4 = 𝑏(−1)

∴ 𝑏 = −4

Putting 𝑥 = −3 in (2), we get,

9 = 𝑎(−3 + 2)(−3 + 3) + 𝑏(−3 + 1)(−3 + 3) + 𝑐(−3 + 1)(−3 + 2)

∴ 9 = 𝑎(0) + 𝑏(0) + 𝑐(−2)(−1)

∴ 9 = 𝑐(2)

9
∴ 𝑐= .
2

Putting these values in (1), we get,

𝑥2 1 1 1 9 1
= ⋅ −4⋅ + ⋅ .
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥+2 2 𝑥+3

𝑥 2 +1
Example 2: Resolve into partial fractions .
𝑥(𝑥 2 −1)

131
 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Sol.: Let = = + + … … … . . (1)
𝑥(𝑥 2 −1) 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1

∴ 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑏(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) … … … . . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get,

0 + 1 = 𝑎(0 − 1)(0 + 1) + 𝑏(0) + 𝑐(0)

∴ 1 = −𝑎

∴ 𝑎 = −1

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in (2), we get,

1 + 1 = 𝑎(0) + 𝑏(1)(2) + 𝑐(0)

∴ 2 = 2𝑏

∴ 𝑏=1

Putting 𝑥 = −1 in (2), we get,

1 + 1 = 𝑎(0) + 𝑏(0) + 𝑐(−1)(−1 − 1)

∴ 2 = 2𝑐

∴ 𝑐=1

Putting these values in (1), we get,

𝑥2 + 1 1 1 1
= − + + .
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1

Type 1(b)

Denominator is factorizable in linear non-repeated factors (but the

degree of the numerator is higher that the degree of
denominator)
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
Example 1: Resolve into partial fractions 𝑥 2 +3𝑥

Sol.: We first divide the numerator by the denominator

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 4 4
∴ 2
=1− 2 = 1−
𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)

4 𝑎 𝑏
Let = +
𝑥(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑥 + 3

∴ 4 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 3) + 𝑏𝑥

132
 Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get,

4 = 3𝑎

4
∴ 𝑎=
3
Putting 𝑥 = −3 in (2), we get,

4 = 𝑎(0) − 3𝑏

4
∴ 𝑏=−
3

Putting these values in (1), we get,

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 4 1 4 1 4 1 1
2
= 1−[ ⋅ − ⋅ ]=1− [ − ].
𝑥 + 3𝑥 3 𝑥 3 𝑥+3 3 𝑥 𝑥+3
𝑥 3 +𝑥
Example 2: Resolve into partial fractions .
𝑥 2 −9

Solution:

Since the degree of the numerator is 3 (of 𝑥 3 ) and the degree of the
denominator is 2 (of 𝑥 2 ), we divide the numerator by the denominator.

𝑥3 + 𝑥 10𝑥
= 𝑥 +
𝑥2 − 9 𝑥2 − 9
10𝑥 10𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
Let = (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3) = 𝑥+3 + 𝑥−3 … … … (1)
𝑥 2 −9

∴ 10𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑏(𝑥 + 3) … … … . . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 3 in (2), we get,

30 = 𝑎(0) + 𝑏(6)

∴𝑏=5

Putting 𝑥 = −3 in (2), we get,

−30 = 𝑎(−6) + 𝑏(0)

∴𝑎=5
10 5 5
∴ 𝑥 2 −9 = 𝑥+3 + 𝑥−3.

𝑥 3 +𝑥 1 1
Hence, from (1), we get, = 𝑥 + 5 [𝑥+3 + 𝑥−3].
𝑥 2 −9

133
Type III: When the denominator 𝑸(𝒙) has a repeated factor:
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑃(𝑥)
Suppose = (𝑥+𝑎)2 or = (𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑥+𝑏)
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥)

In this case, we make use of any of the above two methods learnt on page 5-
14 or a combination of both after writing the given fraction as

𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
= + ∴ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝐵
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑥 + 𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2

1. Now, put 𝑥 = −𝑎 and find 𝐵.

2. Now, put 𝑥 = 0 and get an equation. Solve it.
3. Or compare the highest power of 𝑥 on both sides and get an equation.
Solve it.
𝑥
Example 1: Resolve into partial fractions .
(𝑥−1)2

𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
Sol.: Let = 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2 … … … . (1)
(𝑥−1)2

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑏 … … … . . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in (2), we get,

1= 0+𝑏

∴ 𝑏 = 1.

Comparing the coefficient of 𝑥 on both sides, since the coefficient of 𝑥 on the

RHS is a and the coefficient of 𝑥 on the LHS is 1, we get, 1 = 𝑎.
𝑥 1 1
Putting these values in (1), we get, (𝑥−1)2
= 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2 .

1
Example 2: Resolve into partial fractions .
𝑥(𝑥−1)2

1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Sol.: Let = 𝑥 + 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2
𝑥(𝑥−1)2

∴ 1 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑏𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐𝑥

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get,

1 = 𝑎(1) + 𝑏(0) + 𝑐(0)

∴𝑎=1

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in (2), we get,

1 = 𝑎(0) + 𝑏(0) + 𝑐(1)

134
∴ 𝑐 = 1.

Equating the coefficient of 𝑥 2 on both sides, since there is no term in 𝑥 2 in LHS

We treat its coefficient as zero and the coefficient of 𝑥 2 on RHS is 𝑎 + 𝑏.

∴ 0 = 𝑎 + 𝑏. But 𝑎 = 1 ∴ 𝑏 = −1. putting these values in (1), we get,

1 1 1 1
2
= − + .
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2

Type IV (a)
When 𝑄(𝑥) contains irreducible quadratic factor of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Corresponding to such a factor we take 𝐴𝑋 + 𝐵 as the numerator 𝑖.e. we
write

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

We shall need the following results frequently.

𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 );

𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 );

𝑥 3 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1);
𝑥 3 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1).
1
Example 1: Resolve into partial fractions .
𝑥 3 −1

1 1 𝑎 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
Sol.: Let = (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+𝑥+1) = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
𝑥 3 −1

∴ 1 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 − 1)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in (2), we get;

1 = 𝑎(1 + 1 + 1) + (𝑏 + 𝑐)(0)

∴ 3𝑎 = 1

1
∴𝑎=
3

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get,

1 = 𝑎 + 𝑐(−1)

∴𝑎−𝑐 =1

∴𝑐 =𝑎−1

135
 1 2
∴ 𝑐= −1=−
3 3

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of (2), we get

0=𝑎+𝑏

∴ 𝑏 = −𝑎

1
∴ 𝑏=−
3

Putting these values in (1), we get,

1 1 1 1 𝑥+2 1 1 𝑥+2
= ⋅ − ⋅ 2 = [ − 2 ].
𝑥3 −1 3 𝑥−1 3 𝑥 +𝑥+1 3 𝑥−1 𝑥 +𝑥+1

1
Example 2: Resolve into partial fractions .
𝑥 3 +1

1 1 𝑎 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
Sol.: Let = (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2−𝑥+1) = 𝑥+1 + 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 … … … . . (1)
𝑥 3 +1

1 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 + 1)

∴ 3 =
𝑥 +1 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
∴ 1 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 + 1) … … … … . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = −1 in (2), we get,

1 = 𝑎(1 + 1 + 1) = 3𝑎

1
∴ 𝑎=
3
putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get,

1=𝑎+𝑐

1 2
∴ 𝑐 = 1−𝑎 = 1− =
3 3
2
∴ 𝑐=
3

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of (2), we get,

0=𝑎+𝑏

1
∴ 𝑏 = −𝑎 = −
3

136
Putting these values in (1), we get,

1 1 1 1 𝑥−2 1 1 𝑥−2
= ⋅ − ⋅ 2 = [ − 2 ].
𝑥3 +1 3 𝑥+1 3 𝑥 −𝑥+1 3 𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1

Type IV (b)

Denominator is factorizable into line quadratic factors (but the degree

of the numerator is higher than the degree of the denominator).

𝑥4
Example 1: Resolve into partial fractions .
𝑥 3 −1
Solution:

Since the numerator is of the fourth degree and the denominator is of the
third degree, we divide the numerator by the denominator.
𝑥4 𝑥
∴ 3 =𝑥+ 3 … … … … (1)
𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
Now let 𝑥 3 −1 = (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+𝑥+1) = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 … … … . . (2)

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 − 1) … … … . . (3)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in (3), we get,

1 = 𝑎(1 + 1 + 1) + (𝑏(1) + 𝑐)(0)

∴ 1 = 3𝑎

1
∴ 𝑎= .
3

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (3), we get,

0 = 𝑎(0 + 0 + 1) + (𝑏(0) + 𝑐)(0 − 1)

∴ 0 = 𝑎 − 𝑐.
1
But 𝑎 = 3

1
∴ 𝑐 = 3.
Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 on both sides of (3), we get,

0=𝑎+𝑏

137
 1
∴ 𝑏 = −𝑎 = −
3
1
∴ 𝑏=−
3

putting these values in (2), we get,

𝑥 1 1 𝑥−1
= ⋅ − .
𝑥3 2
− 1 3 𝑥 − 1 3(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)

Hence, from (1), we have,

𝑥4 1 1 1 𝑥−1
= 𝑥 + ⋅ − ⋅ .
𝑥3 − 1 3 𝑥 − 1 3 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1

𝑥4
Example 2: Resolve into partial fractions .
𝑥 3 +1
sol. Since the numerator is of the fourth degree and the denominator is
of the third degree, we divide the numerator by the denominator

𝑥4 𝑥
∴ 3
=𝑥− 3 … … … . (1)
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
Now let = = + (𝑥 2 … … … (2)
𝑥 3 +1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 −𝑥+1) 𝑥+1 −𝑥+1)

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 + 1) … … … . . (3)

Putting 𝑥 = −1 in (3), we get,

−1 = 𝑎(1 + 1 + 1) + (𝑏(−1) + 𝑐)(0)

∴ −1 = 3𝑎

1
∴ 𝑎=−
3
Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (3), we get,

0 = 𝑎(0 − 0 + 1) + (𝑏(0) + 𝑐)(0 + 1)

∴𝑎+𝑐 =0

1
∴ 𝑐 = −𝑎 =
3
1
∴ 𝑐=
3
Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 from both sides of (3), we get,

138
 0=𝑎+𝑏

1
∴ 𝑏 = −𝑎 =
3
1
∴𝑏=
3

Putting these values in (2), we get,

𝑥 1 1 𝑥+1
=− + ⋅ 2
𝑥3 +1 3(𝑥 + 1) 3 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1

Hence, from (1), we get,

𝑥4 1 1 1 𝑥+1
3
=𝑥+ ⋅ − ⋅ 2
𝑥 +1 3 𝑥+1 3 𝑥 −𝑥+1

139
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Question Bank

Chapter: 2 – Partial Fraction

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

(A) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝑥+4 4 3
(1) Ans.: − 𝑥+1
𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑥
𝑥−2 2 1
(2) Ans.: − 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 −𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥−3 1 1
(3) Ans.: + 𝑥−2
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥−1
11 1
𝑥+5
(4) (2𝑥−1)(𝑥+4)
Ans.: 9
− 9
2𝑥−1 𝑥+4
2𝑥 4/3 2/3
(5) Ans.: + 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2 𝑥+2
4𝑥+1 7 3
(6) Ans.: − 𝑥+1
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2 𝑥+2
8𝑥−4 5 1
(7) Ans.: + 𝑥−1
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1 3𝑥+1

(B) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝑥+4 2 3 1
(1) Ans.: − 𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2
𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) 𝑥
13𝑥+19 3 2 1
(2) (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)(𝑥+1)
Ans.: − 𝑥+3 − 𝑥+1
𝑥−2
1 4 9
𝑥2 −
(3) (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)
Ans.: +6 15
+ 10
𝑥+1 𝑥−2 𝑥+3
13 1 3
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+7
(4) (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+4)
Ans.: 15
− 6
+ 10
𝑥−1 𝑥+2 𝑥+4
5 1
3𝑥−1 2
(5) Ans: 2
− 2
− 𝑥−1
𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +2𝑥 𝑥−2 𝑥
5𝑥 2 −1 1 2 2
(6) Ans.: + 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1
𝑥(𝑥 2 −1) 𝑥
1 −1 1/2 1/2
(7) Ans: + 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1
𝑥 3 −𝑥 𝑥

(C) Resolve into partial fractions:

2
𝑥 2 +1 3(𝑥−1)
(1) (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +4)
Ans.: 5
+ 5(𝑥 2+4)
𝑥+1
43 40𝑥 68
𝑥 2 +36𝑥+6 − +
(2) (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +2)
Ans.: 3
+ 3
2
3
𝑥−1 𝑥 +2

140
 9
2𝑥+5 9𝑥+2
(3) (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +4)
Ans.: 8
−
𝑥−2 8(𝑥 2 +4)
𝑥+5 1 𝑥+1
(4) (𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +3)
Ans.: 𝑥−2 − 𝑥 2+3
1
𝑥 1 𝑥−1
(5) Ans.: 3
− 3 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)
𝑥 3 −1 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 +2 2/3 𝑥/3
(6) Ans.: + 𝑥 2 +3
𝑥 3 +3𝑥 𝑥

(D) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝑥 2 −2𝑥+7 5/2 3/2 3
(1) Ans.: − 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 𝑥+1
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−7 2 1 4
(2) Ans.: − −
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 (𝑥−1)2
2𝑥+3 −5 3 5
(3) Ans.: − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) 𝑥

(E) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝑥 2 +37 4 3
(1) (𝑥 2 −7)(𝑥 2 +4)
Ans.: − 𝑥 2 +4
𝑥 2 −7
𝑥 2 +1 1/3 1/3
(2) Ans.: + 𝑥 2 +2
2𝑥 4 +5𝑥 2 +2 2𝑥 2 +1
2𝑒 𝑥 −1 7/2 3/2
(3) Ans.: − 𝑒 𝑥 +1
𝑒 2𝑥 +4𝑒 𝑥 +3 𝑒 𝑥 +3
log 𝑥 3 2
(4) Ans.: − log 𝑥−2
(log 𝑥−2)(log 𝑥−3) log 𝑥−3
tan 𝜃 −2 3
(5) Ans.: + tan 𝜃+3
(tan 𝜃+2)(tan 𝜃+3) tan 𝜃+2

(F) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝑥 3 +1 1/6 215/6
(1) Ans.: 𝑥 − 6 + +
𝑥 2 +6𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+6
𝑥 3 +𝑥 5/2 .5/2
(2) Ans.: 𝑥 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥+2
𝑥 2 −4
1 1 1
𝑥4 − 𝑥+
(3) Ans.: 𝑥 − {x+1
3
+ x23−x+1
3
}
𝑥 3 +1

(G) Resolve into partial fractions (miscellaneous).

𝒙−𝟓 5 8 3
(1) Ans.: − 15(𝑥+3) − 10(𝑥+2)
𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝟔𝒙 6𝑥
𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟒 9 17 36
(2) Ans.: − 25(2𝑥+1) − 25(3𝑥+4)
(𝒙−𝟐)(𝟐𝒙+𝟏)(𝟑𝒙+𝟒) 25(𝑥−2)
𝟓𝒙+𝟒 1 1 2
(3) Ans.: − 𝑥+2 − (𝑥+2)2
(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)𝟐 𝑥−1
𝟏 1 𝑥+2
(4) Ans.: − 5(𝑥 2 +1)
(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏) 5(𝑥−2)
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟒 4 1 2
(5) Ans.: 1 − 3 [𝑥 − 𝑥+3]
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙

141
 𝟑𝒙 1 𝑥+1
(6) Ans.: − −
𝒙𝟑 +𝟏 𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 2 1
(7) Ans.: − 𝑥 2 +2
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟑) 𝑥 2 +3
𝟏 1 1
(8) Ans.: − 2+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙+𝟑𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝒙+𝟐 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝟏 1 1
(9) Ans.: − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+3
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙+𝟓𝐭𝐚 𝐧 𝒙+𝟔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+2
𝒆𝒙 +𝟏 1
(10) Ans.:
𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝟕𝒆𝒙 +𝟓 2𝑒 𝑥 +5

142
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Solution of Question Bank

Chapter: 2 – Partial Fraction

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

(A) Resolve into partial fraction:

𝒙+𝟒
(1) 𝒙(𝒙+𝟏)

Solution:

𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵
∵ = + ⟶ (1)
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1

∴ 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥 ⟶ (2)

Put 𝑥 = 0 in equation (2), we get

∴ 0 + 4 = 𝐴(0 + 1) + 𝐵(0)

∴4=A

Put 𝑥 = −1, in (2), we get

∴ −1 + 4 = 𝐴(−1 + 1) + 𝐵(−1)

∴ 𝐵 = 𝐴(0) − 𝐵

∴ 3 = −𝐵

∴ 𝐵 = −3

Putting values of 𝐴&𝐵 in (1), we get

𝑥+4 4 (−3) 4 3
= + = −
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 𝑥 + 1

143
 𝒙−𝟐
(2) 𝒙𝟐−𝒙

Solution:

𝑥−2 𝑥−2
∵ 2
=
𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥−2 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 1

∴ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥 ⟶ (2)

putting 𝑥 = 0, in equation (2), we get

∴ 0 − 2 = 𝐴(0 − 1) + 𝐵(0)

∴ −2 = −𝐴

∴𝐴 =2

Putting 𝑥 = 1, in equation (2), we get

1 − 2 = A(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1)

∴ −1 = 𝐵

∴ 𝐵 = −1

Put value of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (1), we get

𝑥−2 2 (−1) 2 1
= + = −
𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 𝑥 − 1

𝟐𝒙−𝟑
(3) (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)

Solution:

2𝑥 − 3 𝐴 𝐵
∵ = + … … … (1)
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2

∴ 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) … … … (2)

Put 𝑥 = 1, in equation (2), we get

∴ 2(1) − 3 = 𝐴(1 − 2) + 𝐵(1 − 1)

∴ 2 − 3 = 𝐴(−1) + 𝐵(0)

144
∴ −1 = −𝐴

∴𝐴 =1

Put 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2), we get

∴ 2(2) − 3 = 𝐴(2 − 2) + 𝐵(2 − 1)

∴ 4 − 3 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1)

∴1=𝐵

∴𝐵=1

Putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (1), we get

2𝑥 − 3 1 1
= +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 2

𝒙+𝟓
(4) (𝟐𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟒)

Solution:

𝑥+5 𝐴 𝐵
∵ = + ⟶ (1)
(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4) 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 4

∴ (𝑥 + 5) = A(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = −4 in equation (2), we get

∴ −4 + 5 = 𝐴(−4 + 4) + 𝐵[2(−4) − 1]

∴ 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−8 − 1)

∴ 1 = −9𝐵

∴ 𝐵 = −1/9

1
Putting 𝑥 = in equation (2), we get
2
1 1 1
∴ + 5 = 𝐴 ( + 4) + 𝐵 (2 ( ) − 1)
2 2 2
1 + 10 1+8
∴ = 𝐴( ) + 𝐵(1 − 1)
2 2
11 9
∴ = 𝐴( )
2 2

145
∴ 11 = 9𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = 11/9

Putting values of 𝐴𝑓𝐵 in (1), we get

Putting values of 𝐴 + 𝐵 in (1), we get

𝑥+5 11/9 −1/9 11 1

= + = −
(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4) 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 4 9(2𝑥 − 1) 9(𝑥 + 4)

𝟐𝒙
(5)
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟐

Solution:
2𝑥 2𝑥
∵ 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2 = (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1)

2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥+2 𝑥−1

∴ 2𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 1, in equation (2), we get

2(1) = 𝐴(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1 + 2)

∴2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(3)
∴2 = 3𝐵
∴𝐵 = 2/3

Putting 𝑥 = −2, in equation (2), we get

∴ 2(−2) = 𝐴(−2 − 1) + 𝐵(−2 + 2)

∴ −4 = 𝐴(−3) + 𝐵(0)

∴ −4 = −3𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = 4/3

Putting values of 𝐴 + 𝐵 in equation (1), we get

2𝑥 4/3 2/3 4 2
= + = +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 1 3(𝑥 + 2) 3(𝑥 − 1)

146
 𝟒𝒙+𝟏
(6) 𝒙𝟐+𝟑𝒙+𝟐

Solution:

4𝑥 + 1 4𝑥 + 1
∵ =
𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)

4𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 1

∴ 4𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = −1 in (2), we get

4(−1) + 1 = 𝐴(−1 + 1) + 𝐵(−1 + 2)

∴ −4 + 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1)

∴ −3 = 𝐵

Putting 𝑥 = −2 in equation (2), we get

4(−2) + 1 = 𝐴(−2 + 1) + 𝐵(−2 + 2)

∴ −8 + 1 = 𝐴(−1) + 𝐵(0)

∴ −7 = −𝐴

∴𝐴=7

Putting values of 𝐴&𝐵 in equation (1). we get

4𝑥 + 1 7 (−3) 7 3
= + = −
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 1

𝟖𝒙−𝟒
(7) 𝟑𝒙𝟐−𝟐𝒙−𝟏

solution:
8𝑥−4 𝐴 𝐵
∵ (𝑥−1)(3𝑥+1) = 𝑥−1 + 3𝑥−1 → (1)

(𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1

∴ 8𝑥 − 4 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) → (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in equation (2), we get

147
∴ 8(1) − 4 = 𝐴[3(1) + 1] + 𝐵(1 − 1)

∴ 8 − 4 = 𝐴(3 + 1) + 𝐵(0)

∴ 4 = 4A

∴𝐴=1
1
putting 𝑥 = − 3 in equation (2), we get

1 1 1
∴ 8 (− ) − 4 = 𝐴 [3 (− ) + 1] + 𝐵 [− − 1]
3 3 3
8 −1 − 3
∴ − − 4 = 𝐴[−1 + 1] + 𝐵 [ ]
3 3
−8 − 12 4
= 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (− )
3 3
20 4𝐵
∴− =−
3 3

∴ 20 = 4𝐵

∴𝐵=5

Putting value of 𝐴 and 𝐵 in equation (1), we get

8𝑥 − 4 1 5
= +
(𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 + 1

(B) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝒙+𝟒
(1) 𝒙(𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)

Solution:
𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∵ 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) = 𝑥 + 𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2 ⟶ (1)

∴ 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1) → (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in equation (2), we get

0 + 4 = 𝐴(0 + 1)(0 + 2) + 𝐵(0)(0 + 2) + 𝐶(0)(0 + 1)

∴ 4 = 𝐴(1)(2) + 0 + 0

∴ 4 = 2𝐴

148
∴ 𝐴 = 4/2 = 2

Putting 𝑥 = −1 in equation (2), we get

∴ −1 + 4 = 𝐴(−1 + 1)(−1 + 2) + 𝐵(−1)(−1 + 2) + 𝐶(−1)(−1 + 1)

∴ 3 = 𝐵(−1)(1)

∴ 3 = −𝐵

∴ 𝐵 = −3

Putting 𝑥 = −2 in equation (2), we get

∴ −2 + 4 = 𝐴(−2 + 1)(−2 + 2) + 𝐵(−2)(−2 + 2) + 𝐶(−2)(−2 + 1)

∴ 2 = 𝐴(−1)(0) + 𝐵(−2)(0) + 𝐶(−2)(−1)

∴ 2 = 2𝐶

∴𝐶=1

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵&𝐶 in (1), we get

𝑥+4 2 (−3) 1
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+2

2 3 1
= − +
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+2

𝟏𝟑𝒙+𝟏𝟗
(2) (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙+𝟏)

Solution:
13𝑥+19 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∵ (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)(𝑥+1) = 𝑥+3 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥+1 → (1)

∴ 13𝑥 + 19 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) … … … . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = −3 in. (2), we get

∴ putting 𝑥 = −3

∴ 13(−3) + 19 = 𝐴(−3 − 2)(−3 + 1)

∴ −39 + 19 = 𝐴(−5)(−2)

∴ −20 = 10 A

149
∴ 𝐴 = −20/10 = −2

Putting 𝑥 = 2 in (2), we get

∴ 13(2) + 19 = 𝐵(2 + 3)(2 + 1)

∴ 26 + 19 = 𝐵(5)(3)

∴ 45 = 15𝐵

45
∴𝐵= =3
15

Putting 𝑥 = −1, in equation (2), we get

∴ 13(−1) + 19 = 𝑐(−1 + 3)(−1 − 2)

∴ −13 + 19 = 𝑐(2)(−3)

∴ 6 = −6𝑐

6
∴𝑐= = −1
−6

putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵&𝐶 in (1), we get

13𝑥 + 19 −2 3 (−1)
∴ = + +
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥+3 𝑥−2 𝑥+1

−2 3 1
= + −
𝑥+3 𝑥−2 𝑥+1

𝒙𝟐
(3) (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙+𝟑)

Solution:

𝑥2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∵ = + + ⟶ (1)
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 3

∴ 𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) … … … . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = −1 in equation (2), we get

∴ (−1)2 = 𝐴(−1 − 2)(−1 + 3)

∴ 1 = 𝐴(−3)(2)

∴ 1 = −6𝐴

150
∴ 𝐴 = −1/6

putting 𝑥 = 2, in equation (2), we get

∴ (2)2 = 𝐵(2 + 1)(2 + 3)

∴ 4 = 𝐵(3)(5)

∴ 4 = 15𝐵

∴ 𝐵 = 4/15

Putting 𝑥 = −3 in equation (2), we 𝑔et

(−3)2 = C(−3 + 1)(−3 − 2)

∴ 9 = (−2)(−5)𝐶

∴ 9 = 10𝐶

9
∴𝐶 =
10

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵&𝐶 in equation (1), we get

𝑥2 −1/6 4/15 9/10

= + +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥+1 𝑥−2 𝑥+3

1 4 9
=− + +
6(𝑥 + 1) 15(𝑥 − 2) 10(𝑥 + 3)

𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟕
(4)
(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙+𝟒)

Solution:

∵ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 7 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + ⟶ (1)
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 4

∴ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) … … … . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in equation (2), we get

(1)2 + 5(1) + 7 = 𝐴(1 + 2)(1 + 4)

∴ 1 + 5 + 7 = 𝐴(3)(5)

∴ 13 = 15 A

151
 13
∴ =A
15

Putting 𝑥 = −2 in equation (2), we get

(−2)2 + 5(−2) + 7 = 𝐵(−2 − 1)(−2 + 4)

∴ 4 − 10 + 7 = 𝐵(−3)(2)

∴ 1 = −6𝐵

1
∴− =𝐵
6

Putting 𝑥 = −4, in equation (2), we get

(−4)2 + 5(−4) + 7 = (−4 − 1)(−4 + 2)

∴ 16 − 20 + 7 = 𝑐(−5)(−2)

∴ 3 = 10𝐶

3
∴𝐶 =
10

∴ Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

13 1 3
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 7 −
= 15 + 6 + 10
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4) 𝑥−1 𝑥+2 𝑥+4

13 1 3
= − +
15(𝑥 − 1) 6(𝑥 + 2) 10(𝑥 + 4)

𝟑𝒙−𝟏
(5) 𝒙𝟑−𝟑𝒙𝟐+𝟐𝒙

Solution:

3𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 1
∵ =
𝑥3 2
− 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)

3𝑥 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∴ = + + ⟶ (1)
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 1

∴ 3𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 − 2) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in equation (2), we get

3(0) − 1 = 𝐴(0 − 2)(0 − 1)

152
∴ −1 = 𝐴(−2)(−1)

∴ −1 = 2𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = −1/2

Putting 𝑥 = 2, in equation (2), we get

3(2) − 1 = 𝐵(2)(2 − 1)

∴ 6 − 1 = 𝐵(2)(1)

∴ 5 = 2𝐵

∴ 𝐵 = 5/2

putting 𝑥 = 1, in equation (2), we get

3(1) − 1 = 𝑐(1)(1 − 2)

∴ 3 − 1 = 𝐶(1)(−1)

∴ 2 = −𝐶

∴ 𝐶 = −2

putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in (1), we get

3𝑥 − 1 −1/2 5/2 (−2)

= + +
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥−2 𝑥−1

𝟓𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
(6)
𝒙(𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)

Solution:

5𝑥 2 −1 5𝑥 2 −1
∵ =
𝑥(𝑥 2 −1) 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)

5𝑥 2 − 1 5𝑥 2 − 1
∴ =
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

5𝑥 2 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∴ = + + → (1)
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1

∴ 5𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 − 1) → (2)

Putting values 𝑥 = 0, in (2), we get

153
5(0)2 − 1 = 𝐴(0 − 1)(0 + 1)

∴ 0 − 1 = 𝐴(−1)(1)

∴ −1 = −𝐴

∴𝐴 =1

putting 𝑥 = 1, in equation (2), we get

5(1)2 − 1 = 𝐵(1)(1 + 1)

∴ 5 − 1 = 𝐵(2)

∴ 4 = 2𝐵

∴𝐵=2

putting 𝑥 = −1, in equation (2), we get

5(−1)2 − 1 = 𝐶(−1)(−1 − 1)

∴ 5(1) − 1 = 𝐶(−1)(−2)

∴ 5 − 1 = 𝐶(2)

∴ 4 = 2𝐶

∴𝐶=2

5𝑥 2 −1 1 2 2
putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵&𝐶 in equation (1), we get 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) = 𝑥 + 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1

𝟏
(7) 𝒙𝟑−𝒙

Solution:

1 1 1
∵ = =
𝑥3 2
− 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + ⟶ (1)
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1

∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 − 1) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 0, in (2), we get

1 = 𝐴(0 − 1)(0 + 1)

154
∴ 1 = 𝐴(−1)(1)

∴ 1 = −𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = −1

Putting 𝑥 = 1, in (2), we get

1 = 𝐵(1)(1 + 1)

∴ 1 = 𝐵(2)

1
∴ =𝐵
2

∴ 𝐵 = 1/2

putting 𝑥 = −1, in (2), we get

−1 = 𝑐(−1)(−1 − 1)

∴ 1 = 𝑐(−1)(−2)

∴ 1 = 2𝑐

∴ 𝑐 = 1/2

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in (1), we get

1 −1 1/2 1/2
𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
= 𝑥
+ 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1

(C) Resolve into partial Fraction:

𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
(1) (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙𝟐+𝟒)

Solution:

𝑥 2 +1 A B𝑥+𝐶
∵ (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 −1) = 𝑥+1 + 𝑥 2 +4 ⟶ (1)

∴ 𝑥 2 + 1 = A(𝑥 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 + 1) ⟶ (2)

putting 𝑥 = −1,in (2), we get

(−1)2 + 1) = 𝐴[(−1)2 + 4]

155
∴ 1 + 1 = 𝐴(1 + 4)

∴2=5A

∴ 𝐴 = 2/5

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get

∴ 02 + 1 = 𝐴(02 + 4) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 + 1)

∴ 1 = 4𝐴 + (𝑂 + 𝐶)(1)

∴ 1 = 4A − 1 + 𝑐

2
∴ 1 = 4( ) + 𝐶
5
8
∴1= +𝐶
5
8 5 − 8 −3
∴𝐶 =1− = =
5 5 5

putting 𝑥 = 1& values of 𝐴&𝐶 in (2), we get

(1)2 + 1 = 𝐴[(1)2 + 4] + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](1 + 1)

∴ 2 = 𝐴(1 + 4) + (𝐵 + 𝐶)(2)

2 −3
∴ 2 = (5) + [𝐵 + ( )] (2)
5 5
6
∴ 2 = 2 + 2𝐵 −
5
6
∴ 2 − 2 = 2𝐵 −
5
6
∴ 0 = 2𝐵 −
5
6
∴ = 2𝐵
5
3
∴𝐵=
5

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵&𝐶 in (1), we get

2 3 3
𝑥2 + 1 𝑥−
= 5 + 2 5
5
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑥+1 𝑥 +4

156
 2 3(𝑥 − 1)
= +
5(𝑥 + 1) 5(𝑥 2 + 4)

𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝟔𝒙+𝟔
(2) (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐+𝟐)

solution:

𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 6 𝐴 B𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= + 2 ⟶ (1)
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2

∴ 𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2) + (B𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1) ⟶ (2)

putting 𝑥 = 1, in (2), we get

∴ (1)2 + 36(1) + 6 = 𝐴[(1)2 + 2] + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](1 − 1)

∴ 1 + 36 + 6 = 𝐴(1 + 2)

∴ 43 = 3𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = 43/3

Putting 𝑥 = 0 & value of 𝐴 in (2), we get

43 2
∴ 02 + 36(0) + 6 = (0 + 2) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 − 1)
3
43
∴6= (2) + 𝐶(−1)
3
86
∴6= −𝐶
3
86
∴𝐶= −6
3
86 − 18
∴𝐶=
3
68
∴𝐶=
3

Putting 𝑥 = −1, & values of 𝐴 & 𝐶 in (2), we get

43 69
(−1)2 + 36(−1) + 6 = [(−1)2 + 2] + [𝐵(−1) + ] (−1 − 1)
3 3
43 68
∴ 1 − 36 + 6 = (1 + 2) + [−𝐵 + ] (−2)
3 3

157
 43 136
∴ −29 = (3) + 2𝐵 −
3 3
129 136
∴ −29 = − + 2𝐵
3 3
7
∴ −29 = − + 2𝐵
3
7
∴ −29 + = 2𝐵
3
87 + 7
∴− = 2𝐵
3
80
∴− = 2𝐵
3
40
∴𝐵=−
3

putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in (1), we get

40 68
𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 6 43/3 − 3 𝑥 + 3
= +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑥−1 𝑥2 + 2

43 (−40𝑥 + 68)
= +
3(𝑥 − 1) 3(𝑥 2 + 2)

𝟐𝒙+𝟓
(3) (𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙𝟐+𝟒)

Solution:
2𝑥+5 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +4)
= 𝑥−2 + 𝑥 2 +4 → (1)

∴ 2𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + (B𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2) → (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2), we get

∴ 2(2) + 5 = 𝐴(22 + 4)

∴ 4 + 5 = 𝐴(4 + 4)

∴ 9 = 8𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = 9/8

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we 𝑔e𝑡

158
∴ 2(0) + 5 = 𝐴[(0)2 + 4] + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 − 2)

∴ 5 = 𝐴(4) + 𝐶(−2)

9
∴ 5 = (4) + (−2)𝐶
8
9
∴5= − 2C
2
9
∴ 2𝑐 = −5
2
9 − 10
∴ 2𝑐 =
2
−1
∴ 2𝑐 =
2
1
∴𝐶=−
4

Putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝐴 = 9/8, &𝐶 = −1/4 in equation (2) we get

9 1
2(1) + 5 = (12 + 4) + [𝐵(1) + (− )] (1 − 2)
8 4
9 1
∴ 2 + 5 = (1 + 4) + (𝐵 − ) (−1)
8 4
9 1
∴ 7 = (5) + (−𝐵 + )
8 4
45 1
∴7= −𝐵+
8 4
45 1
∴𝐵= + −7
8 4
45 + 2 − 56
∴𝐵=
8
47 − 56 −9 −9
∴𝐵= = =
8 8 8

putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶, we get

9 1
2𝑥 + 5 9/8 − 𝑥−
= + 28 4
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑥−2 𝑥 +4

159
 9 9𝑥 + 2
= −
8(𝑥 − 2) 8(𝑥 2 + 4)

𝒙+𝟓
(4) (𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙𝟐+𝟑)

Solution:
𝑥+5 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
= + ⟶ (1)
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +3) 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +3

∴ 𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 3) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2) ⟶ (2)

Put 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2), we get

2 + 5 = 𝐴[22 + 3] + [𝐵(2) + 𝐶](2 − 2)

∴ 7 = 𝐴(4 + 3)

∴ 7 = 7𝐴

∴𝐴=1

Putting 𝑥 = 0 & 𝐴 = 1 in equation (2), we get

0 + 5 = 1(02 + 3) + (𝐵(0) + 𝑐)(0 − 2)

∴ 5 = 1(3) + 𝑐(−2)

∴ 5 = 3 − 2𝑐

2𝑐 = 3 − 5

2𝑐 = −2

𝑐 = −1

putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝐴 = 1 & 𝑐 = −1 in equation (2) we get,

1 + 5 = 1(12 + 3) + [𝐵(1) + (−1)](1 − 2)

∴ 6 = 1(4) + (𝐵 − 1)(−1)

∴6=4−𝐵+1

∴6=5−𝐵

∴𝐵 =5−6

160
∴ 𝐵 = −1

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

𝑥+5 1 (−1𝑥 − 1)
= +
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 3) 𝑥−2 𝑥2 + 3

1 𝑥+1
= − 2
𝑥−2 𝑥 +3
𝒙
(5) 𝒙𝟑−𝟏

solution:
𝑥 𝑥
∵ =
𝑥3 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

𝑥+5 𝐴 B𝑥 + C
= + 2 ⟶ (1)
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥−1 𝑥 +x+1

∴ 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 1, in equation (2), we got

∴ 1 = 𝐴(12 + 1 + 1) + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](1 − 1)

∴ 1 = 3𝐴

1
∴𝐴=
3
1
putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴 = in equation (2), we get
3

1
0 = (02 + 0 + 1) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 − 1)
3
1
∴ 𝑂 = (1) + 𝐶(−1)
3
1
∴𝑂= −𝐶
3
1
∴𝐶=
3
1 1
putting 𝑥 = −1, 𝐴 = 3 & 𝐶 = 3 in equation (2) we get

1 1
−1 = [(−1)2 + (−1) + 1] + [𝐵(−1) + ] (−1 − 1)
3 3

161
 1 1
∴ −1 = (1 − 1 + 1) + [−𝐵 + ] (−2)
3 3
1 2
∴ −1 = + 2𝐵 −
3 3
1−2
∴ −1 = + 2𝐵
3
−1
∴ −1 = + 2𝐵
3
1
∴ −1 + = 2𝐵
3
−3 + 1
∴ 2𝐵 =
3
−2
∴ 2𝐵 =
3
1
∴𝐵=−
3

putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & C in equation (1), we get

−1 1
𝑥 𝑦3 3 𝑥+3
= +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1

1 (𝑥 − 1)
= −
3(𝑥 − 1) 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
(6)
𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙

Solution:

𝑥 2 +2 𝑥 2 +2
∵ 𝑥 3 +3𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 +3)

𝑥2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
∴ 2
= + 2 ⟶ (1)
𝑥(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑥 + 3

∴ 𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 3) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑥 ⟶ (2)

Put 𝑥 = 0 in equation (2), we get

∴ 02 + 2 = 𝐴(02 + 3) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0)

∴ 2 = 3𝐴

162
∴ 𝐴 = 2/3

Put value of 𝐴 in (2), we get

2
𝑥 2 + 2 = (𝑥 2 + 3) + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
3
2
∴ 𝑥 2 + 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
3
2
∴ 𝑥 2 + 2 = ( + 𝐵) 𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 2
3

comparing coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑥& constants on both sides, we get

2
1 = + 𝐵 ,𝐶 = 0
3
2
∴𝐵 =1− ,𝐶 = 0
3
3−2
𝐵= & 𝑐=0
3
1
∴𝐵 =3 &𝐶 =0

putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

𝑥 2 − 12 2/3 1/3𝑥 + 0
= + 2
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3) 𝑥 𝑥 +3

2 𝑥
= + 2
3𝑥 3(𝑥 + 3)

(D) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟕
(1) (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 2 −2𝑥+7 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∵ = + + ⟶ (1)
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2

∴ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1) → (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in (2), we get

12 − 2(1) + 7 = 𝐶(1 + 1)

∴ 1 − 2 + 7 = 2𝐶

163
∴ 6 = 2𝐶

∴𝑐=3

putting 𝑥 = −1, in equation (2). we get

(−1)2 − 2(−1) + 7 = 𝐴(−1 − 1)2

1 + 2 + 7 = 𝐴(−2)2

∴ 10 = 4𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = 10/4 = 5/2
5
putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴 = 2 & 𝑐 = 3 in equation (2), we get

5
∴ 02 − 2(0) + 7 = (0 − 1)2 + 𝐵(0 − 1)(0 + 1) + 3(0 + 1)
2
5
∴ 7 = (1) + 𝐵(−1)(1) + 3(1)
2
5
∴7= −𝐵+3
2
5
𝐵= −7+3
2
5 − 14 + 6
∴𝐵=
2

∴ 𝐵 = −3/2

putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

𝑥 2 −2𝑥+7 5/2 −3/2 3

(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2
= 𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1
+ (𝑥−1)2

𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟕
(2)
(𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐

solution:

𝑥 2 −2𝑥−7 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2
= 𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2 ⟶ (1)

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1) … … … . (2)

putting 𝑥 = 1 in equation (2), we get

∴ 12 − 2(1) − 7 = 𝑐(1 + 1)

164
∴ 1 − 2 − 7 = 2𝑐

−8 = 2𝑐

∴ 𝑐 = −4

Putting 𝑥 = −1, in equation (2), we get

∴ (−1)2 − 2(−1) − 7 = 𝐴(−1 − 1)2

∴ 1 + 2 − 7 = 𝐴(−2)2

∴ 3 − 7 = 4𝐴

∴ −4 = 4𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = −1

Putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝐶 = −4 and 𝐴 = −1 in equation (2), we get

02 − 2(0) − 7 = −1(0 − 1)2 + 𝐵(0 + 1)(0 − 1) + (−4)(0 + 1)

∴ −7 = −1(−1)2 + 𝐵(1)(−1) − 4(1)

∴ −7 = −1(1) + 𝐵(−1) − 4

∴ −7 = −1 − 𝐵 − 4

∴ 𝐵 = −1 − 4 + 7

∴𝐵=2

putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 7 −1 2 4
= + −
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2

2 1 4
= − −
𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝟐𝒙+𝟑
(3) 𝒙𝟐(𝒙−𝟏)

solution:
2𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∵ 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥−1 ⟶ (1)

∴ 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 ) ⟶ (2)

165
putting 𝑥 = 0 in equation (2), we get

2(0) + 3 = 1(0)(0 − 1) + 𝐵(0 − 1) + 𝐶(0)2

∴ 3 = 𝐵(−1)

∴ 3 = −𝐵

∴ 𝐵 = −3

putting 𝑥 = 1 in equation (2), we get

2(1) + 3 = 𝐴(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1 − 1) + 𝐶(1)2

∴ 2 + 3 = 𝐶(1)

∴5=𝐶

∴𝐶=5

putting 𝑥 = −1, 𝐵 = −3 &𝐶 = 5 in equation (2), we get

2(−1) + 3 = 𝐴(−1)(−1 − 1) + (−3)(−1 − 1) + 5(−1)2

∴ −2 + 3 = 𝐴(−1)(−2) + (−3)(−2) + 5(1)

∴ 1 = 2𝐴 + 6 + 5

∴ 1 = 2𝐴 + 11

∴ 1 − 11 = 2𝐴

∴ −10 = 2𝐴

10
∴𝐴=− = −5
2

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (2), we get

2𝑥 + 3 −5 (−3) 5
= + 2 +
𝑥 2 (𝑥
− 1) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1

−5 3 5
= − 2+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1

166
(E) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝟕
(1) (𝒙𝟐−𝟕)(𝒙𝟐+𝟒)

Solution:

𝑥 2 +37
Given (𝑥 2 −7)(𝑥2 +4)

Putting 𝑥 2 = 𝑡, we get

𝑡 + 37 𝑡 + 37
=
(𝑡 − 7)(𝑡 + 4) (𝑡 − 7)(𝑡 + 4)

𝑡 + 37 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑡 − 7)(𝑡 + 4) 𝑡 − 7 𝑡 + 4

∴ 𝑡 + 37 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑡 − 7) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑡 = 7 in equation (2), we get

7 + 37 = 𝐴(7 + 4)

∴ 44 = 11 A

44
∴𝐴= =4
11

Putting 𝑡 = −4 in equation (2), we 𝑔 el

−4 + 37 = 𝐵(−4 − 7)

∴ 33 = 𝐵(−11)

33
∴𝐵= = −3
−11

Putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in (1), we get

𝑡 + 37 4 (−3)
= +
(𝑡 − 7)(𝑡 + 4) 𝑡 − 7 𝑡 + 4

punting 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 in above equation, we get

𝑥 2 + 37 4 (−3)
= + 2
(𝑥 2 − 7)(𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑥2 −7 𝑥 +4

4 3
= − 2
𝑥2 −7 𝑥 +4

167
 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
(2) 𝟐𝒙𝟒+𝟓𝒙𝟐+𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 2 +1
Given 2𝑥 4 +5𝑥2 +2

Putting 𝑥 2 = 𝑡, we get

𝑥2 + 1 𝑡+1
=
2(𝑥 2 )2 + 5𝑥 2 + 2 2𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 + 2

𝑡+1 𝑡+1
Also, =
2𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 + 2 (𝑡 + 2)(2𝑡 + 1)

𝑡+1 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑡 + 2)(2𝑡 + 1) 𝑡 + 2 2𝑡 + 1

∴ 𝑡 + 1 = 𝐴(2𝑡 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑡 + 2) ⟶ (2)

putting 𝑡 = −2 in equation (2), we get

∴ −2 + 1 = 𝐴[2(−2) + 1]

∴ −1 = 𝐴(−4 + 1)

∴ −1 = −3𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = −1/−3 = 1/3
1
putting 𝑡 = − 2 in equation (2), we get

1 −1
− +1 = 𝐵( + 2)
2 2
−1 + 2 −1 + 4
∴ = 𝐵( )
2 2
1 3
∴ = 𝐵( )
2 2

∴ 1 = 3𝐵

∴𝐵 = 1/3

Putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (1), we get

𝑡+1 1/3 1/3

= +
(𝑡 + 2)(2𝑡 + 1) 𝑡 + 2 2𝑡 + 1

168
putting 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 in above equation, we get

𝑥2 + 1 𝑦/3 1/3
= +
(𝑥 2 + 2)(2𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 2 2𝑥 2 + 1

𝟐𝒆𝒙 −𝟏
(3) 𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝟒𝒆𝒙 +𝟑

solution:

2𝑒 𝑥 −1
Given 𝑒 2𝑥 +4𝑒 𝑥 +3

putting 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡, we get

2𝑒 𝑥 − 1 2𝑡 − 1
=
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 3 𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 3

2𝑡 − 1 2𝑡 − 1
∴ =
𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 3 (𝑡 + 3)(𝑡 + 1)

2𝑡 − 1 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑡 + 3)(t + 1) 𝑡 + 3 𝑡 + 1

∴ 2𝑡 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑡 + 3) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑡 = −1 in equation (2), we get

2(−1) − 1 = 𝐵(−1 + 3)

∴ −2 − 1 = 𝐵(2)

∴ −3 = 2𝐵

−3
∴𝐵=
2

Putting 𝑡 = −3 in equation (2), we get

2(−3) − 1 = 𝐴(−3 + 1)

∴ −6 − 1 = 𝐴(−2)

∴ −7 = −2𝐴

7
∴ 𝐴 = −7/−2 =
2

Putting values of 𝐴&𝐵 in equation (1), we get

169
 2𝑡 − 1 7/2 (−3/2)
= +
𝑡2 + 4𝑡 + 3 𝑡 + 3 𝑡+1

Putting 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑥 in above equation, we get

2𝑒 𝑥 − 1 7/2 3/2
= −
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 1

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
(4) (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙−𝟐)(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙−𝟑)

solution:
log 𝑥
Given
(log 𝑥−2)(log 𝑥−3)

putting log 𝑥 = 𝑡, we get

log 𝑥 𝑡
=
(log 𝑥 − 2)(log 𝑥 − 3) (t − 2)(t − 3)

t 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑡 − 2)(t − 3) t − 2 𝑡 − 3

∴ t = 𝐴(𝑡 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑡 − 2) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑡 = 2 in equation (2), we get

2 = 𝐴(2 − 3)

∴ 2 = −𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = −2

putting 𝑡 = 3 in equation (2), we get

3 = 𝐵(3 − 2)

∴ 3 = 𝐵(1)

∴𝐵=3

putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (1) we get

𝑡 −2 3
= +
(𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 3) 𝑡 − 2 𝑡 − 3

putting 𝑡 = log 𝑥 in above equation, we get

170
 log 𝑥 −2 3
= +
(log 𝑥 − 2)(log 𝑥 − 3) log 𝑥 − 2 log 𝑥 − 3

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
(5) (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽+𝟐)(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽+𝟑)

solution:
tan 𝜃
Given (tan 𝜃+2)(tan 𝜃+3)

punting tan 𝜃 = 𝑡 in above statement, we get

tan 𝜃 𝑡
=
(tan 𝜃 + 2)(tan 𝜃 + 3) (𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 3)

𝑡 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 3) 𝑡 + 2 𝑡 + 3

∴ 𝑡 = 𝐴(t + 3) + 𝐵(t + 2) → (2)

putting t = −2 in equation (2), we get

−2 = 𝐴(−2 + 3)

∴ −2 = 𝐴(1)

∴ 𝐴 = −2

Putting 𝑡 = −3 in equation (2), we get

∴ −3 = 𝐵(−3 + 2)

∴ −3 = 𝐵(−1)

∴ −3 = −𝐵

∴𝐵=3
𝑡 −2 3
putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (1), he get = +
(𝑡+2)(𝑡+3) 𝑡+2 𝑡+3

Putting 𝑡 = tan 𝜃 in above equation, we get

tan 𝜃 −2 3
(tan 𝜃+2)(tan 𝜃+3)
= tan 𝜃+2 + tan 𝜃+3

171
(F) Resolve into partial fractions:

𝒙𝟑 +𝟏
(1) 𝒙𝟐+𝟔𝒙

Solution:

𝑥 3 +1
Given 𝑥 2 +6𝑥

Since given fraction is Improper fraction Hence, we Divide Nr by Dr to convert the given
𝑅
in 𝑄 + 𝐷 form, so we get

𝑥3 + 1 36𝑥 + 1
∴ 2
=𝑥−6+ 2 ⟶ (1)
𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑥 + 6𝑥
36𝑥+1
Where 𝑥 2 +6𝑥 is proper fraction

36𝑥 + 1 36𝑥 + 1
∴ =
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 6)

36𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (2)
𝑥(𝑥 + 6) 𝑥 𝑥 + 6

∴ 36𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 6) + 𝐵𝑥 → (3)

putting 𝑥 = 0 in equation (3), we get

36(0) + 1 = 𝐴(0 + 6) + 𝐵(0)

∴1=6A

∴ 𝐴 = 1/6

Putting 𝑥 = −6 in equation (3), we get

36(−6) + 1 = 𝐵(−6)

∴ −216 + 1 = −6𝐵

∴ −215 = −6𝐵

215
∴𝐵=
6

Putting values of 𝐴&𝐵 in equation (2), we get

36𝑥 + 1 1/6 215/6

2
= +
𝑥(𝑥 + 6) 𝑥 𝑥+6

∴ Equation (1), can be written as

172
 𝑥3 + 1 1/6 215/6
2
=𝑥−6+ +
𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+6
𝒙𝟑 +𝒙
(2)
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒

Solution:

𝑥 3 +𝑥
∵ Given Fraction i.e., is Improper fraction.
𝑥 2 −4

𝑅
Hence, we Divide Nr with Dr to convert it in 𝑄 + 𝐷 form.

𝑥3 + 𝑥 5𝑥
∴ 2
=𝑥+ 2 ⟶ (1)
𝑥 −4 𝑥 −4
5𝑥
Where 𝑥 2 −4 is proper fraction.

5𝑥 5𝑥
Also 𝑥 2 −4 = (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)

5𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (2)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥−2 𝑥+2

∴ 5𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2) ⟶ (3)

putting 𝑥 = 2 in equation (3), we get

5(2) = 𝐴(2 + 2)

∴ 10 = 4𝐴

5
∴ 𝐴 = 10/4 =
2

Putting 𝑥 = −2 in equation (3), we get

5(−2) = 𝐵(−2 − 2)

∴ −10 = −4𝐵

−10 5
∴𝐵= =
−4 2

Putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (2), we get

5𝑥 5/2 5/2
= +
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2

∴ Equation (1), can be written as

173
𝑥3 + 𝑥 5/2 5/2
2
=𝑥+ +
𝑥 −4 𝑥−2 𝑥+2

𝒙𝟒
(3)
𝒙𝟑 +𝟏

Solution:

𝑥4
Give fraction 𝑥 3 +1 is an improper fraction Hence we Divide Nr with Dr to Convert it in
R
the form of 𝑄 + 𝐷

𝑥4 (−𝑥) 𝑥
∴ 3
=𝑥+ 3 =𝑥− 3 ⟶ (1)
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
𝑥
Where is a proper fraction.
𝑥 3 +1

𝑥 𝑥
Also =
𝑥3 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
∴ 2
= + 2 ⟶ (2)
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1

∴ 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 1) ⟶ (3)

Putting 𝑥 = −1, in equation (3), we get

−1 = 𝐴[(−1)2 − (−1) + 1]

∴ −1 = 𝐴[1 + 1 + 1]

∴ −1 = 3𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = −1/3
1
Putting 𝑥 = 0 and 𝐴 = − 3 in equation (3), we get

1
0 = − (02 − 0 + 1) + [𝐵(0) + 𝑐](0 + 1)
3
1
∴ 𝑂 = − + 𝐶(1)
3

∴ 𝐶 = 1/3
1 1
Putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝐴 = − 3 and 𝐶 = 3 in equation (3) we get

174
 1 1
1 = − [12 − 1 + 1] + (𝐵(1) + ) (1 + 1)
3 3
1 1
∴ 1 = − (1 − 1 + 1) + (𝐵 + ) (2)
3 3
1 2
∴ 1 = − (1) + 2𝐵 +
3 3
2 1
∴ 1 = 2𝐵 + −
3 3
1
∴ 1 = 2𝐵 +
3
1
∴1− = 2𝐵
3
2
∴ = 2𝐵
3
1
∴𝐵=
3

∴ putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (2), we get

1 1 1
𝑥 −3 3 𝑥+3
= +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1

∴ Equation (1), becomes

1 1 1
𝑥4 −3 3 𝑥+3
=𝑥−[ + ]
𝑥3 + 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1

(G) Resolve into partial fraction (Miscellaneous):

𝒙−𝟓
(1)
𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝟔𝒙

Solution:
𝑥−5 𝑥−5 𝑥−5
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −6𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑥−6) = 𝑥(𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)

𝑥−5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∴ = + + ⟶ (1)
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 3

∴ 𝑥 − 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 2) ⟶ (2)

175
Putting 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2), we get

2 − 5 = 𝐵(2)(2 + 3)

∴ −3 = 𝐵(2)(5)

∴ −3 = 10𝐵

∴ 𝐵 = −3/10

Putting 𝑥 = −3 in equation (2), we get

−3 − 5 = 𝑐(−3)(−3 − 2)

∴ −8 = 𝑐(−3)(−5)

∴ −8 = 15𝑐

−8
∴𝑐=
15

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (2), we get

∴ 0 − 5 = 𝐴(0 − 2)(0 + 3)

∴ −5 = 𝐴(−2)(3)

∴ −5 = −6𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = 5/6

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

𝑥−5 5/6 −3/10 −8/15

= + +
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑥−2 𝑥+3

5 3 8
= − −
6𝑥 10(𝑥 − 2) 15(𝑥 + 3)

𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟒
(2) (𝒙−𝟐)(𝟐𝒙+𝟏)(𝟑𝒙+𝟒)

Solution:

3𝑥 2 +𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(𝑥−2)(2𝑥+1)(3𝑥+4)
= 𝑥−2 + 2𝑥+1 + 3𝑥+4 ⟶ (1)

∴ 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 1) ⟶ (2)

176
 Putting 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2), we get

∴ 3(2)2 + 2 + 4 = 𝐴[2(2) + 1] + [3(2) + 4]

∴ 3(4) + 6 = 𝐴(4 + 1)(6 + 4)

∴ 12 + 6 = 𝐴(5)(10)

∴ 18 = 50𝐴

18 9
∴𝐴= =
50 25
1
Putting 𝑥 = − 2 in equation (2), we get

1 2 1 1 1
∴ 3 (− ) + (− ) + 4 = 𝐵 (− − 2) [3 (− ) + 4]
2 2 2 2
1 1 −1 − 4 3
∴ 3( ) − + 4 = 𝐵( ) (− + 4)
4 2 2 2
3 2 + 16 5 −3 + 8
∴ − = 𝐵 (− ) ( )
4 4 2 2
3 − 2 + 16 −5 5
∴ = 𝐵( )( )
4 2 2
1 + 16 −25
= 𝐵( )
4 4

∴ 17 = −25𝐵

17
∴𝐵=−
25
4
Putting 𝑥 = − 3 in equation (2), we get

4 2 4 4 4
3 (− ) + (− ) + 4 = 𝑐 (− − 2) [2 (− ) + 1]
3 3 3 3
16 4 −4 − 6 8
∴ 3( )− +4 = 𝑐( ) (− + 1)
9 3 3 3
16 4 10 −8 + 3
∴ − + 4 = 𝑐 (− ) ( )
3 3 3 3
16 − 4 + 12 −10 −5
∴ = 𝑐( )( )
3 3 3

177
 24 50
∴ = 𝑐
3 9
24 9
∴𝑐= ×
3 50
12 × 3
∴𝑐=
25
36
∴𝑐=
25

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4 9/25 −17/25 36/25

= + +
(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 + 4

9 17 36
= − +
25(𝑥 − 2) 25(2𝑥 + 1) 25(𝑥 + 4)

𝟓𝒙+𝟒
(3) (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟐)𝟐

solution:

5𝑥 + 4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∴ 2
= + + ⟶ (1)
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2

5𝑥 + 4 = A(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 1 in equation (2), we get

∴ 5(1) + 4 = 𝐴(1 + 2)2

∴ 5 + 4 = 𝐴(3)2

∴ 9 = 9𝐴

∴𝐴=1

Putting 𝑥 = −2 in (2), we get

5(−2) + 4 = 𝑐(−2 − 1)

∴ −10 + 4 = −3𝑐

∴ −6 = −3𝑐

∴𝑐=2

178
Putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴 = 1 & 𝐶 = 2 in equation (2), we get

∴ 5(0) + 4 = 1(0 + 2)2 + 𝐵(0 − 1)(0 + 2) + 2(0 − 1)

∴ 4 = 22 + 𝐵(−1)(2) + 2(−1)

∴ 4 = 4 − 2𝐵 − 2

∴ 4 = 2 − 2𝐵

∴ 2𝐵 = 2 − 4

2
∴ 𝐵 = − = −1
2

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

5𝑥 + 4 1 (−1) 2
= + +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2

1 1 2
= − +
𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2

𝟏
(4)
(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)

Solution:
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +1)
= 𝑥−2 + 𝑥 2 +1 ⟶ (1)

∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2), we get

1 = 𝐴(22 + 1)

∴ 1 = 𝐴(4 + 1)

∴ 1 = 5𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = 1/5
1
Putting 𝑥 = 0 & 𝐴 = 5 in equation (2), we get

1
1 = (02 + 1) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 − 2)
5
1
∴ 1 = (1) + 𝑐(−2)
5

179
 1
∴1= − 2𝑐
5
1
∴ 2𝑐 = −1
5
1−5
∴ 2𝑐 =
5
4
∴ 2𝑐 = −
5
2
∴𝑐=−
5
1 2
Putting 𝐴 = , 𝐶 = − & 𝑥 = 1 in equation (2), we get
5 5

1 2
∴ 1 = [12 + 1] + [𝐵(1) + (− )] (1 − 2)
5 5
1 2
∴ 1 = (2) + (𝐵 − ) (−1)
5 5
2 2
∴1= −𝐵+
5 5
4
∴𝐵= −1
5
4−5 1
∴𝐵= =−
5 5

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in (1), we get

1 2
1 1/5 − 𝑥−
= + 25 5
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥−2 𝑥 +1

1 1 (𝑥 + 2)
= −
5(𝑥 − 2) 5 𝑥 2 + 1

𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟒
(5)
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙

Solution:

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
∵ 𝑥 2 +3𝑥
is an improper fraction

𝑅
So, we divide Nr by Dr to convert it in the form 𝑄 + 𝐷.

180
 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 4
∴ 2
=1− 2 ⟶ (1)
𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑥
4
Where 𝑥 2 +3𝑥 is a proper fraction.

4 4
∵ =
𝑥2 + 3𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)

4 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (2)
𝑥(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑥+3

∴ 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵𝑥 ⟶ (3)

Putting 𝑥 = 0 in (3), we get

∴ 4 = 𝐴(0 + 3)

∴ 𝐴 = 4/3

Putting 𝑥 = −3 in equation (3), we get

4 = 𝐵(−3)

∴ 𝐵 = −4/3

Putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in (2), we get

4 4/3 −4/3
= +
𝑥(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑥+3

4 4
= −
3𝑥 3(𝑥 + 3)

∴ Equation (1) becomes

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 4 4
=1−[ − ]
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3𝑥 3(𝑥 + 3)

4 1 1
=1− [ − ]
3 𝑥 𝑥+3

𝟑𝒙
(6) 𝒙𝟑+𝟏

Solution:

3𝑥 3𝑥
∵ =
𝑥3+ 1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)

181
 3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
∴ 2
= + 2 ⟶ (1)
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1

∴ 3𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑥 = −1 in equation (2), we get

3(−1) = 𝐴[(−1)2 − (−1) + 1]

∴ −3 = 𝐴[1 + 1 + 1]

∴ −3 = 3𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = −1

Putting 𝑥 = 0 and 𝐴 = −1 in equation (2), we get

∴ 3(0) = −1(02 − 0 + 1) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 + 1)

∴ 0 = −1(1) + 𝑐(1)

∴ 0 = −1 + 𝐶

∴𝑐=1

Putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴 = −1 and 𝐶 = 1 in equation (2), we get

3(1) = −1[12 − 1 + 1] + [𝐵(1) + (1)][1 + 1]

∴ 3 = −1(1) + (𝐵 + 1)(2)

∴ 3 = −1 + 2𝐵 + 2

∴ 3 = 1 + 2𝐵

∴ 3 − 1 = 2𝐵

∴ 2 = 2𝐵

∴ 2 = 2𝐵

∴𝐵=1

Putting values of 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 in equation (1), we get

3𝑥 −1 𝑥+1
∴ = +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1

−1 𝑥+1
= + 2
𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1

182
 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
(7) (𝒙𝟐+𝟐)(𝒙𝟐+𝟑)

Solution:

𝑥 2 +1
∵ (𝑥 2 +2)(𝑥2 +3)

Putting 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 in above statement, we get

𝑥2 + 1 𝑡+1
2 2
=
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) (𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 3)

𝑡+1 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 3) 𝑡 + 2 𝑡 + 3

∴ 𝑡 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑡 + 2) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑡 = −2 in equation (2), we get

−2 + 1 = 𝐴(−2 + 3)

∴ −1 = 𝐴(1)

∴ 𝐴 = −1

Putting 𝑡 = −3 in equation (2), we get

∴ −3 + 1 = 𝐵(−3 + 2)

∴ −2 = −𝐵

∴𝐵=2

Putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (1), we get

𝑡+1 −1 2
= +
(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 3) 𝑡 + 2 𝑡 + 3

Putting 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 in above equation, we get

𝑥2 + 1 −1 2
= + 2
(𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3) 𝑥2+2 𝑥 +3

2 1
= − 2
𝑥2 +3 𝑥 +2

183
 𝟏
(8) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙+𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝟐

solution:
1 1
Given sin2 𝑥+3sin 𝑥+2 = (sin 𝑥)2 +3sin 𝑥+2

Putting sin 𝑥 = 𝑡 in above statement, we get

1 1
= 2
(sin 𝑥)2 + 3sin 𝑥 + 2 𝑡 + 3𝑡 + 2

1 1
∵ =
𝑡2 + 3𝑡 + 2 (𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 1)

1 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 1) 𝑡 + 2 𝑡 + 1

∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑡 + 2) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑡 = −1 in equation (2), we get

∴ 1 = 𝐵(−1 + 2)

∴1=𝐵

Putting 𝑡 = −2 in equation (2), we get

∴ 1 = 𝐴(−2 + 1)

∴ 1 = −𝐴

∴ 𝐴 = −1

Putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (1), we get

1 −1 1
= +
(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 1) 𝑡 + 2 𝑡 + 1

Putting t = sin 𝑥 in above equation, we get

1 −1 1
= +
(sin 𝑥 + 2)(sin 𝑥 + 1) sin 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 + 1

184
 𝟏
(9) 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙+𝟓𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙+𝟔

Solution:
1 1
Given tan2 𝑥+5tan 𝑥+6
= (tan 𝑥)2 +5tan 𝑥+6

Putting 𝑡 = tan 𝑥 in above statement, we get

1 1
= 2
(tan 𝑥)2 + 5tan 𝑥 + 6 𝑡 + 5𝑡 + 6

1 1
∵ =
𝑡2 + 5𝑡 + 6 (𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 3)

1 𝐴 𝐵
∴ = + ⟶ (1)
(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 3) 𝑡 + 2 𝑡 + 3

∴ 1 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑡 + 2) ⟶ (2)

Putting 𝑡 = −2 in equation (2), we get

∴ 1 = 𝐴(−2 + 3)

∴ 1 = 𝐴(1)

∴𝐴=1

Putting 𝑡 = −3 in equation (2), we get

1 = 𝐵(−3 + 2)

∴ 1 = 𝐵(−1)

∴ 𝐵 = −1

Putting values of 𝐴 & 𝐵 in equation (1), we get

1 1 (−1)
= +
(𝑡 + 2)(𝑡 + 3) 𝑡 + 2 𝑡 + 3

Putting 𝑡 = tan 𝑥 in above equation, we get

1 1 1
(tan 𝑥+2)(tan 𝑥+3)
= tan 𝑥+2 − tan 𝑥+3

185
 𝒆𝒙 +𝟏
(10) 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝟕𝒆𝒙 +𝟓

Solution:

𝑒 𝑥 +1
∵ 2(𝑒 𝑥 )2 +7𝑒 𝑥 +5

Putting 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 in above statement, we get

𝑒𝑥 + 1 𝑡+1
𝑥 2 𝑥
= 2
2(𝑒 ) + 7𝑒 + 5 2𝑡 + 7𝑡 + 5

𝑡+1 𝑡+1 1
∵ = =
2𝑡 2 + 7𝑡 + 5 (2𝑡 + 5)(𝑡 + 1) 2𝑡 + 5

Putting 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑥 in above equation, we get

𝑒𝑥 + 1 1
=
2(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 7𝑒 𝑥 + 5 2𝑒 𝑥 + 5

186
Chapter: 3. Trigonometry

Syllabus Contents:

1.1 Trigonometric ratios of allied angles, compound angles, multiple.

angles (2A, 3A), Sub multiple angles

1.2 Factorization and De-factorization Formulae

1.3 Inverse Circular function (definition and simple problems).

❖ INTRODUCTION:
Now a day's trigonometry finds wide applications in engineering faculties like Applied
Mechanics, Electrical Technology, Basic Electronics, Computer Engineering, Vector
trigonometry is must.

At secondary level we have already studied the concepts of angles & its measurements
and trigonometric ratios to certain extent. Let's revise it in short.

MEASURE OF AN ANGLE:

The amount of rotation of a ray from its initial position to terminal position about the
fixed point is called measure of an angle.

Again, if the rotation is in anticlockwise direction, then measure of an angle is positive&

if the rotation is in clockwise direction, then measure of an angle is negative.

187
❖ RECIPROCAL RELATIONS:
From the above definitions we get inter-relations between the T-ratios as follows:

1 1
⇒ sin 𝜃 = OR cosec 𝜃 =
cosec 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1
⇒ cos 𝜃 = OR sec 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1
⇒ an 𝜃 = OR cot 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃
and cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃

(1) sin 𝜃 ⋅ cosec 𝜃 = 1

(2) cos 𝜃 ⋅ sec 𝜃 = 1

(3) tan 𝜃 ⋅ cot 𝜃 = 1

sin 𝜃
(4) tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃

• The above relations are most important in trigonometry. On the firm foundation of
these relations, trigonometry, is developed and so these relations are the basic
keys of the trigonometry. One just can't understand trigonometry without knowing
the relations thoroughly. So, for the better understanding of trigonometry, we
have to remember these relations.

❖ SIGNS OF T-RATIOS:

188
The students may follow the above figure and the simple sentence 'All Students Tak 'A'
in 'All' stands for all trigonometric ratios are tuean

'A' in 'All' stands for all trigonometric ratios are +vein the 1st quadrant.

' 𝑆 ' in 'Students' stands for sine ratio (hence cosecant) which is tve in 2nd quadrant.

' 𝐶 ' in 'Coffee' stands for cosine ratio (hence secant) which is tvein 3rd quadrant.

❖ Allied, Compound & Multiple Angles T-RATIOS OF STANDARD

/ SPECIAL ANGLES:
We know 0, 30∘ , 45∘ , 60∘ and 90∘ are the standard angles. Following table will help us how
to remember the T - ratios of standard angles.

Table of T-Ratios of Standard / Special Angles:

Angles 0° 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 Clues to remember

30° = 45° = 60° = 90° =
6 4 3 2
Ratio’s

0 1 2 3 4 Write 0-4

0 1 2 1 3 4 Divide by 4
=0 = =1
4 4 4 2 4 4

√0 √1 Take square root

1 1 3
√ √ √
4 2 4

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1 √3 1 Be the sine ratios

1
2 √ 2
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 √3 1 0 Write the 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 in

1
2 √ 2 reverse order
2

189
 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 0 1 1 √3 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
√3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 ∞ √3 1 1 0 Write the 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 in

√3 reverse order

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ∞ 2 √2 2 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
√3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 1 2 √2 2 ∞ Write the 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 in

√3 reverse order
1
Note: i) →∞
0
1
ii) →0
∞
0
iii) =0
1

❖ T - RATIOS OF QUADRANTAL ANGLES:

We know, quadrantal angles are 0, 90∘ , 180∘ , 270∘ and 360∘ .

From the following table we can remember the T-ratios of the quadrantal angles.

Table of T- Ratios of Quadrantal Angles:

Angles 0° 𝜋𝑐 180° 3𝜋 𝑐 360°

90° = 270° =
2 = 𝜋𝑐 32 = 2𝜋 𝑐
Ratio’s

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1 0 −1 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 0 -1 0 1

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0

190
❖ FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES:
a) sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
⇒ sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos2 𝜃
b) sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
⇒ sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1
& tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 − 1
c) cosec 2 𝜃 = 1 + cot 2 𝜃
⇒ cosec 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1 & cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃 − 1

❖ (A) T-RATIOS OF (−𝜃) :

a) sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
∴ cosec(−𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃
b) cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃
∴ sec(−𝜃) = sec 𝜃
c) tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃
∴ cot (−𝜃) = −cot 𝜃

❖ (B) Allied Angles:

Allied Angle:
𝜋
then the angles are called allied angles. Thius, if 𝜃 is the measure of a given angle
2
then the angles whose measures are −𝜃,
𝜋 3𝜋
± 𝜃, 𝜋 ± 𝜃, ± 𝜃, 2𝜋 ± 𝜃, ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ are all its allied angles.
2 2

We should have to learn compound angles before the article allied angles. According to
my experience, the students find it quite difficult to understand allied angles with the
reference to compound angles and hence I am presenting the article allied angles
independently. In this article students should remember only two rules and one
reference figure which will be helpful in studying allied - angles independently. In this
article we have to take reference of 'Sign of T ratios' learnt in previous article i.e., if we
remember the statement 'All Students Take Coffee' then it is immediately determining
that in which quadrant what is positive and what is negative. The rules are as follows,
𝜋
Rule 1: If the multiple of is an odd number, then sine & cosine, tangent & cotangent
2
and secant & cosecant ratios interchanges with the change in the sign depending on the
quadrant in which the angle lies.

191
 𝜋
Rule 2: If the multiple of is an even number i.e., any multiple of 𝜋 then sine, cosine,
2
tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant all these ratios remains as it is. and they
change only in the sign depending on the quadrant in which the angle lies.

Ratios of (𝝅 − 𝜽)

sin (𝜋 − 𝜃) = +sin 𝜃
cos (𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
tan (𝜋 − 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃
cot (𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cot 𝜃
sec (𝜋 − 𝜃) = −sec 𝜃
cosec (𝜋 − 𝜃) = +cosec 𝜃

Ratios of (𝜋 + 𝜃)

sin (𝜋 + 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

cos (𝜋 + 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃

tan (𝜋 + 𝜃) = +tan 𝜃

cot (𝜋 + 𝜃) = +cot 𝜃

sec (𝜋 + 𝜃) = −sec 𝜃

cosec (𝜋 + 𝜃) = −cosec 𝜃

192
Ratios of (𝟐𝝅 − 𝜽)
sin (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

cos (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = +cos 𝜃

tan (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃

cot (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cot 𝜃

sec (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = +sec 𝜃

cosec (2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cosec 𝜃

Ratios of (𝟐𝝅 + 𝜽)

sin (2𝜋 + 𝜃) = +sin 𝜃

cos (2𝜋 + 𝜃) = +cos 𝜃

tan (2𝜋 + 𝜃) = +tan 𝜃

cot (2𝜋 + 𝜃) = +cot 𝜃

sec (2𝜋 + 𝜃) = +sec 𝜃

193
The above formulae can be presented in short as follows.

If n is odd then If n is even then

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±cos𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±cos𝜃
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±cos𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±cos𝜃
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±tan𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±cos𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±cos𝜃
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 2 ± 𝜃)=±𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑛𝜋
The sign on RHS is to be taken on the basis of the angle ( 2 ± 𝜃) in whichquadrant it lies.
While solving the problem it is better to convert the given angle in multiples of 180∘ to
make the problem very convenient so it is important to keep the table of 180∘ in mind.

❖ (C) Compound Angles

COMPOUND ANGLES:
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two angles then the angles 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 are called compound
angles. The trigonometric ratios of 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 are termed as addition & subtraction
formulae.

Addition and Subtraction ‘Formulae:

Addition Formulae:
a) sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵
b) cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
c) tan (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴⋅tan 𝐵

Subtraction Formulae:
a) sin (𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴sin 𝐵
b) cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴−tan 𝐵
c) tan (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1+tan 𝐴⋅tan 𝐵

194
It is very essential to remember the three important formulae namely sin (𝐴˙ + 𝐵), cos (𝐴 +
𝐵) and tan (𝐴 + 𝐵) which will be helpful in expressing the formulae sin (𝐴 − 𝐵), cos (𝐴 − 𝐵)
and tan (𝐴 − 𝐵) easily. The forthcoming articles formulae sin (𝐴 − 𝐵), cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) and tan
(𝐴 − 𝐵) easily. The forthcoming articies are totally based on these addition and
subtraction formulae.

❖ MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES:

Definition:
(a) Multiple angles: Let 𝐴 be the given angle then 2𝐴, 3𝐴, 4𝐴 … … . . . . . .. are called multiple
angles.
𝐴 𝐴
(b) Sub-multiple angles: Let 𝐴 be the given angle then , , … … … .. are called sub-
2 3
multiple angles.

In this article we will derive the formula for trigonometric functions of multiple angles of
𝐴 𝐴
𝐴 i.e., 2𝐴, 3𝐴... etc. and sub multiples of 𝐴 i.e., 2 , 3 , by using sin (𝐴 + 𝐵), cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) and
tan (𝐴 + 𝐵) formulae.

FUNCTIONS OF 2A:
sin 2𝐴 = 2sin 𝐴cos 𝐴

cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
cos2𝐴 = { 2cos2 𝐴 − 1
1 − 2sin2 𝐴

Deductions: From above we can deduce

1 + cos 2𝐴 = 2cos2 𝐴
1 − cos 2𝐴 = 2sin2 𝐴

2tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 =
1 − tan2 𝐴

𝜽
Functions of (𝟐):
𝜃
Put 2𝐴 = 𝜃 ∴ 𝐴 = in above, we get
2

θ
Put 2𝐴 = 𝜃 ∴ 𝐴 = 2 in above, we get
195
 𝜃 𝜃
sin 𝜃 = 2sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2

𝜃 𝜃
cos2 ( ) − sin2 ( )
2 2
𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 2cos2 ( ) − 1
2
2
𝜃
1 − 2sin ( )
{ 2

Deductions: From above we can deduce

𝜃
1 + cos 𝜃 = 2cos2 ( )
2

𝜃
1 − cos 𝜃 = 2sin2 ( )
2

𝜃
2tan (2)
tan 𝜃 =
𝜃
1 − tan2 (2)

FUNCTIONS OF 3A:

sin 3𝐴 = 3sin 𝐴 − 4sin3 𝐴

cos 3𝐴 = 4cos 3 𝐴 − 3cos 𝐴

3tan 𝐴 − tan3 𝐴
tan 3𝐴 =
1 − 3tan2 𝐴

Functions in terms of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝑨)

2tan 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 =
1 + tan2 𝐴

1 − tan2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 =
1 + tan2 𝐴

2tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 =
1 − tan2 𝐴

196
Functions in terms of tan (𝐴/2)

2tan (𝐴/2)
sin 𝐴 =
1 + tan2 (𝐴/2)

1 − tan2 (𝐴/2)
cos 𝐴 =
1 + tan2 (𝐴/2)

2tan (𝐴/2)
tan 𝐴 =
1 − tan2 (𝐴/2)

❖ Factorization and De-factorization Formulae

INTRODUCTION:
In the earlier chapter we have studied the allied, compound, multiple and sub-multiple
angles. In this article we will see the conversion of sum/difference of trigonometric
ratios in product form and product of trigonometric ratios in sum/difference form.

❖ PRODUCT / DEFACTORISATION FORMULAE:

We know the addition and subtraction formulae

sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴sin 𝐵 … ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯

sin (𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴sin 𝐵 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴sin 𝐵 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴sin 𝐵 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯

Adding and subtracting (1) & (2) and, (3) & (4), we get

sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2sin 𝐴cos 𝐵

sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2cos 𝐴sin 𝐵

cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2cos 𝐴cos 𝐵

cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) = −2sin 𝐴sin 𝐵

197
Therefore, product or de-factorization formulae are:

2sin 𝐴: cos 𝐵 = sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)

2cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵 = sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)

2cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 = cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos (𝐴 − 𝐵)

−2sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵 = cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos (𝐴 − 𝐵)

i.e., 2sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵 = cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos (𝐴 + 𝐵)

❖ FACTORISATION FORMULAE:
With the help of product formulae, we derive factorization formulae as follows;

Put 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
∴ 𝐴= &𝐵 = in above product / defactorisation formulae, we get
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

The above formulae are called factorization formulae.

• The product/refactorization formulae and factorization important. Hence, these

formulae must be remembered

198
❖ Inverse Trigonometric Ratios

INTRODUCTION:
Until now we have fully studied the T-ratios such as sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃 , tan 𝜃 , sec 𝜃 , cosec 𝜃 , cot 𝜃.
From rigorous and extensive studies we have concluded that the values of sin 𝜃 and
cos 𝜃 are lying between +1& − 1 .Similarly values of tan 𝜃 lies between -∞ & ∞ .For the
known values of angles, the values of T - ratios are unique. But in this article, we will
study the T-ratios inversely i.e., if we know the T- ratios, it does will study the T –
ratios, it does not imply unique value of the angle but these values are periodically
infinite.

Definition:

If sin 𝜃 = x then 𝜃 = sin−1 x is known as 'sine inverse of x ' or 'inverse sine of x ' Similarly,
we define 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥, tan−1 𝑥, sec −1 𝑥, cosec −1 𝑥 and cot −1 𝑥.

These functions are called inverse trigonometric functions / inverse circular functions.

Note:
(i) sin−1 𝑥 ≠ (sin 𝑥)−1, Here in sin−1 𝑥, the symbol −1 is not a number but it is the notation
to denote inverse circular functions.
(ii) Inverse trigonometric functions denote an angle or angles and not a ratio.

(iii) Trigonometric functions are single valued functions whereas inverse trigonometric
functions are multivalued functions. Inverse Trigonometric Ratio

❖ PRINCIPLE VALUES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

1 1 1
We know, sin 30∘ = , sin 150∘ = , sin 390∘ = ,………..
2 2 2
1 1 1
=> sin−1 (2) = 30∘ , sin−1 (2) = 150∘ , sin−1 (2) = 390∘ ,……….

1
sin−1 ( ) have many values of angles.
2

But from the application point of view, we need the smallest value of angle which we
called as the principle value. We define the principle value of inverse trigonometric
function as follows:
199
Definition: The principle value of inverse trigonometric function is the smallest interval
of an angle in which its value is unique.
𝜋 𝜋
1. Principle value of sin−1 𝑥 lies between − 2 & 2 because in this range the sine
functions take up all the possible values once and only once.

2 Principle value of cos −1 𝑥 lies between 0 & 𝜋 because in this range the cosine
functions take up all the possible values once and on y once
𝜋 𝜋
Principle value of tan−1 × lies between − & because in this range the
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
3 Principle value of tan−1 𝑥 lies between − 2 & 2 because in this range the tangent
functions takes up all the possible values once and only once:
𝜋 𝜋
Similarly, principle value of cosec −1 x lies between − 2 & 2 ; cosec −1 𝑥 ≠ 0 The principle value
𝜋
of cot −1 x lies between 0& 𝜋; cot −1 𝑥 ≠ 2

𝜋
The principle value of sec −1 x lies between 0&𝜋; sec −1 x ≠ 2

❖ RELATIONS OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

(A) Basic Relations 1:

cosec −1 (cosec 𝜃) = 𝜃

sin−1 (sin 𝜃) = 𝜃

1. sec −1 (sec 𝜃) = 𝜃
2. cos −1 (cos 𝜃) = 𝜃
3. tan−1 (tan 𝜃) = 𝜃
4. cot −1 (cot 𝜃) = 𝜃
5. cosec (cosec −1 𝑥) = 𝑥
6. sin (sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
7. cos (cos−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
8. sec (sec −1 𝑥) = 𝑥
9. tan (tan−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
10. cot(cot −1 𝑥˙) = 𝑥

200
(B) Basic Relations 2:
1
1. sin−1(𝑥) = cosec −1 (𝑥)
1
2. cosec −1 (𝑥) = sin−1 (𝑥)
1
3. cos−1 (𝑥) = sec −1 (𝑥)
1
4. sec −1 (𝑥) = cos−1 (𝑥)
1
5. cot −1 (𝑥) = tan−1 (𝑥)
1
6. tan−1 (𝑥) = cot −1 (𝑥)

(C) Negative Relations:

1. cosec −1 (−𝑥) = −cosec −1 𝑥

2. sin−1 (−𝑥) = −sin−1 𝑥
3. sec −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − sec −1 𝑥
4. cos −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos −1 𝑥
5. cot −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cot −1 𝑥
6. tan−1 (−𝑥) = −tan−1 x

(D) Complementary Relations:

𝜋
1 sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = 2

𝜋
2 tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 2

𝜋
3 sec −1 𝑥 + cosec −1 𝑥 =
2

(E) Addition and Subtraction Relations:

𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 (1−𝑥⋅𝑦) for 1 − 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 > 0
(a) tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦={ 𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 (1−𝑥⋅𝑦) + 𝜋 for 1 − 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 < 0

𝑥−𝑦
(b) tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 (1+𝑥⋅𝑦)

201
❖ TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ALLIED AND COMPOUND ANGLES

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, we will obtain formulae for the values of trigonometric functions of the
sum and difference of real numbers. The formulae for the trigonometric ratios of (𝐴 + 𝐵)
and (𝐴 − 𝐵) in terms of A and B are called addition formulae.

ALLIED ANGLES
𝜋
Any two angles whose sum or difference is either zero or is an integral multiple of are
2

called Allied Angles.

𝜋
Thus, if 𝜃 is the measure of a given angle, then the angles whose measures are −𝜃, 2 ±
3𝜋
𝜃, 𝜋 ± 𝜃, ± 𝜃, 2𝜋 ± 𝜃, … are its allied angles.
2

For instance,

𝜋
(1) 150∘ + 30∘ = 180∘ = 2 × 2 .

𝜋
= Integral multiple of
2

∴ 150∘ and 30∘ are allied angles.

𝜋
(2) 60∘ + 30∘ = 90∘ = 1 × 2
𝜋
= Integral multiple of 2

∴ 60∘ and 30∘ are allied angles.

𝜋 𝜋
(3) 750∘ − 30∘ = 720∘ = 8 × 2 = Integral multiple of 2

∴ 750∘ and 30∘ are allied angles.

𝜋
(4) 30∘ + 45∘ = 75∘ ≠ n × 2

∴ 30∘ and 45∘ are not allied angles.

202
COMPOUND ANGLES

If A and B are two angles then sum (A + B) or difference (A − B) is called a Compound

Angle. For instance,

(1) If A = 60∘ , B = 30∘ then A + B = 60∘ + 30∘ = 90∘ and A − B = 60∘ − 30∘ = 30∘ are compound
angles:

(2) If A = 150∘ , B = 210∘ then A + B = 150∘ + 210∘ = 360∘ and A − B = 150∘ − 210∘ = −60∘ are
compound angles

FOR ALL REAL VALUES OF A AND B, PROVE THAT

Proof: Draw a unit circle, that is, a circle with center at Origin O(0,0) and radius 𝑟 = 1 as
shown in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.1 Let m∠AOP = A and m∠AOQ = B be two angles in standard positions such that
points P and Q lie on the circle (A > B).

∴ Co-ordinates of point 𝑃 are: (cos 𝐴, sin 𝐴) and that of point 𝑄 are: (cos 𝐵, sin 𝐵)

and m∠POQ = (A − B)

Now, take a point 𝑅 on the circle so that chord 𝑃𝑄 ≅ chord 𝐴𝑅.

∴ m∠AOR = (A − B) … ∵ Congruent chords subtend congruent angles at the center of the

same circle

203
∴ Co-ordinates of point 𝑅 are: ( cos (𝐴 − 𝐵), sin (Λ − 𝐵) )

Since chord PQ ≅ chord AR

∴ 𝑙( chord PQ) = 𝑙( chord AR)

∴ {𝑙( chord 𝑃𝑄)}2 = {𝑙( chord 𝐴𝑅)}2

Now, using distance formula, we get

∴ (cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵)2 + (sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵)2 = {cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) − 1}2 + (sin (𝐴 − 𝐵) − 0}2

∴ cos 2 A − 2 cos A ⋅ cos B + cos 2 B + sin2 A − 2sinA sin B + sin2 B

= cos 2 (𝐴 − 𝐵) − 2cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) + 1 + sin2 (𝐴 − 𝐵)

∴ Grouping the terms to use the relation sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1, we get

(cos 2 A + sin2 A) + (cos 2 B + sin2 B) − 2cos A ⋅ cos B − 2sin A ⋅ sin B = cos 2 (𝐴 − 𝐵) + sin2 (𝐴 −
𝐵) + 1 − 2cos (𝐴 − 𝐵)

∴ 1 + 1 − 2cos Acos B − 2sin Asin B = 1 + 1 − 2cos (A − B)

∴ −2cos A ⋅ cos B − 2sin A ⋅ sin B = −2cos (A − B)

Dividing throughout by −2, we get

cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

This is the required result.

𝜋
Trigonometric Ratios of ( 2 − 𝜃)

We have

cos (A − B) = cos A ⋅ cos B + sin A ⋅ sin B

𝜋
Putting 𝐴 = 2 , 𝐵 = 𝜃 in this expression, we get

204
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ cos ( − 𝜃) = cos ⋅ cos 𝜃 + sin ⋅ sin 𝜃
2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
But cos = 0, sin =1
2 2

𝜋
∴ cos ( − 𝜃) = 0 ⋅ cos 𝜃 + 1 ⋅ sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
2

𝜋
Thus, cos (2 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 … … . . (1)

Further,

𝜋
Replacing 𝜃 by ( 2 − 𝜃), we get

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ cos {2 − ( 2 − 𝜃)} = sin ( 2 − 𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ cos { − + 𝜃} = sin ( − 𝜃)
2 2 2

𝜋
sin ( − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
2

Dividing result (2) by result (1), we get

𝜋
sin (2 − 𝜃) cos 𝜃
𝜋 =
cos (2 − 𝜃) sin 𝜃
𝜋
tan ( − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃
2

In the same manner, we get

𝜋
cot ( − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃
2
𝜋
sec ( − 𝜃) = cosec 0
2
𝜋
cosec ( − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃
2

205
TO PROVE

We have

cos (A − B) = cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B

Replacing B by −B in the above expression, we get

cos {A − (−B)} = cos A ⋅ cos (−B) + sin A ⋅ sin (−B)

cos (−B) = cos B and sin (−B) = −sin B

cos (A + B) = cos 𝐀 ⋅ cos B − sin 𝐀 ⋅ sin B

𝜋
Trigonometric Ratios of ( 2 + 𝜃)

We have

cos (A + B) = cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B

𝜋
Putting 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = 𝜃 in this expression, we get
2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ cos ( + 𝜃) = cos ⋅ cos 𝜃 − sin ⋅ sin 𝜃
2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
But cos = 0 and sin =1
2 2

𝜋
∴ cos ( + 𝜃) = 0 ⋅ cos 𝜃 − 1 ⋅ sin 𝜃
2

𝜋
∴ cos (2 + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 … … … . (1)

Further,

𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = cos(−𝜃) = cos { − − 𝜃}
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
= cos { − ( + 𝜃)}
2 2

206
 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝜃) … … . . [𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]

𝜋
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 … … (2)
2

Dividing result (2) by result (1), we get

𝜋
sin (2 + 𝜃) cos 𝜃
𝜋 =
cos ( 2 + 𝜃) −sin 𝜃
𝜋
tan ( + 𝜃) = −cot 𝜃
2

In the same manner, we get

𝜋
cot ( + 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃
2
𝜋
sec ( + 𝜃) = −cosec 𝜃
2
𝜋
cosec ( + 𝜃) = sec 𝜃
2

TO PROVE THAT sin (𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

We have

cos (A + B) = cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B

𝜋
Replacing B by (2 − B) in the above expression, we get

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos {A + − B} = cos A ⋅ cos ( − B) − sin A ⋅ sin ( − B)
2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
On R.H.S. cos (2 − B) = sin B and sin ( 2 − B) = cos B as learned in above sections

𝜋
∴ cos {2 + (A − B)} = cos A ⋅ sin B − sin A ⋅ cos B

𝜋
On L.H.S. using cos ( 2 + 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

∴ − sin (A − B) = cos A ⋅ sin B − sin A ⋅ cos B

Multiplying throughout by (−1), we get

207
∴ sin (𝐀 − B) = sin 𝐀 ⋅ cos B − cos A ⋅ sin B

Replacing B by −B in the above result (1), we get

∴ sin {A − (−B)} = sin A ⋅ cos (−B) − cos A ⋅ sin (−B)

∴ cos (−B) = cos B and sin (−B) = −sin B

sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

Trigonometric Ratios of (𝜋 − 𝜃)

We have

cos (A − B) = cos A ⋅ cos B + sin A ⋅ sin B

putting 𝐴 = 𝜋 and 𝐵 = 𝜃 in the above result, we get

cos (𝜋 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜋 ⋅ cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜋 ⋅ sin 𝜃

cos 𝜋 = −1 and sin 𝜋 = 0

cos (𝜋 − 𝜃) = (−1)cos 𝜃 + (0)sin 0

cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 … … … . (1)

Further

sin (A − B) = sin A ⋅ cos B − cos A ⋅ sin B

Putting A = 𝜋 and B = 𝜃 in this result, we get

sin (𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜋 ⋅ cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜋 ⋅ sin 𝜃

sin (𝜋 − 𝜃) = (0)cos 𝜃 − (−1)sin 𝜃

sin (𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃

Dividing result (2) by result (1), we get

208
sin (𝜋 − 𝜃) sin 𝜃
=
cos (𝜋 − 𝜃) −cos 𝜃
tan (𝜋 − 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃

In the same manner, we get

cot (𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cot 𝜃
sec (𝜋 − 𝜃) = −sec 𝜃
cosec (𝜋 − 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃

Trigonometric Ratios of (𝜋 + 𝜃)

We have

cos (A + B) = cos A ⋅ cos B − sin A ⋅ sin B

Putting 𝐴 = 𝜋 and 𝐵 = 𝜃 in the above result, we get

∴ cos (𝜋 + 𝜃) = cos 𝜋 ⋅ cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜋 ⋅ sin 𝜃

∵ = (−1)cos 𝜃 − (0)sin 𝜃

∴ cos(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 … … … (1)

Further

sin (A + B) = sin A ⋅ cos B + cos A ⋅ sin B

Putting 𝐴 = 𝜋 and 𝐵 = 𝜃 in the above result, we get

sin (𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin 𝜋 ⋅ cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜋 ⋅ sin 𝜃

= (0)cos 𝜃 + (−1)sin 𝜃

sin(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 … … … . . (2)

Dividing result (2) by result (1), we get

sin (𝜋 + 𝜃) −sin 𝜃
=
cos (𝜋 + 𝜃) −cos 𝜃
209
∴ tan (𝜋 + 𝜃) = tan 𝜃

In the same manner, we get

cot (𝜋 + 𝜃) = cot 𝜃
sec (𝜋 + 𝜃) = −sec 𝜃
cosec (𝜋 + 𝜃) = −cosec 𝜃

In the same manner, we can also obtain.

𝜋
sin (3 ⋅ ± 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
2
𝜋
cos (3 ⋅ ± 𝜃) = ±sin 𝜃
2
sin (2𝜋 ± 𝜃) = ±sin 𝜃
cos (2𝜋 ± 𝜃) = +cos 𝜃

𝜋
From the above discussion, we observe that for the trigonometric ratios of (𝑛 ⋅ 2 ± 𝜃),

when 𝑛 = odd,

(a) The trigonometric ratio changes, that is, sin becomes cos, cos becomes sin, tan
becomes cot, cot becomes tan, sec becomes cosec and cosec becomes sec.

(b) The sign of the changed ratio is the sign of the old ratio in the quadrant to which the
allied angle lies.

In brief, we can remember them as below:

𝜋
For the trigonometric ratios of (𝑛 ⋅ 2 ± 𝜃), where 𝑛 = even

(a) The trigonometric ratios remain the same:

(b) The sign of the trigonometric ratio is determined from the quadrant in which the
allied angle lies. In brief, we can remember them as below:

210
Thus, for 𝜋 ± 𝜃 and 2𝜋 ± 𝜃, the values of the cos and sin functions are ±cos 𝜃 and ±sin 𝜃
respectively. The proper sign is affixed with the understanding that 𝜃 is an acute angle.
For instance, the value of cos (𝜋 + 𝜃) is ±cos 𝜃, but for affixing the sign we consider the
quadrant in which (𝜋 + 𝜃) lies. Since (𝜋 + 𝜃) lies in the third quadrant, cos (𝜋 + 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃.

❖ TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COTERMINAL ANGLES

Two or more coterminal angles have the same initial and terminal arms and therefore
their trigonometric ratios are equal.

❖ Important Formulas
• The formulas for right-triangle trigonometric
functions are:
Sine = Opposite / Hypotenuse
Cosine = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
Tangent = Opposite / Adjacent

Mnemonics for those formulas are:

“SOH CAH TOA”
Sin = Opposite/Hypotenuse
Cos = Adjacent/ Hypotenuse
Tan = Opposite/ Adjacent

❖ TRIGNOMETRIC IDENTITIES

(1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

(2) 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

211
 (3) 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(4) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2) = ±√ 2

𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(5) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2) = ±√ 2

𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(6) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2) = ±√1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

❖ A-B Formula

(1) sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

(2) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
(3) cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
(4) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
(5) tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
(6) tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

❖ C-D Formula

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
(1) sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
(2) sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
(3) cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
(4) cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

212
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Question Bank

Chapter: 3 - Trigonometry

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

Trigonometric ratios of Allied and Compound Angles

(1) without using calculator find the value of:

(a) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝟐° cos 𝟑𝟖° + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝟐° sin 𝟑𝟖°
(b) sin (15∘ )
(c) cos(75∘ )
(d) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟕𝟓∘ )
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟔∘ +𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟗∘
(e)
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟔∘ ⋅𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟗∘
1 1
(2) If tan 𝐴 = and tan 𝐵 = , find tan (𝐴 + 𝐵)
2 3
𝟑 𝟕𝟕
(3) Given 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝑨 + 𝑩) = , 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝑨 − 𝑩) = , find 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐𝑨).
𝟒 𝟑𝟔
3 8
(4) If tan (𝑥 + 𝑦) = and tan (𝑥 − 𝑦) = , then show that
4 15
77
tan (2𝑥) = .
36

(5) In any △ 𝑨𝑩𝑪, show that:

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑪 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑪
𝟓
(6) If 𝑨 and 𝑩 both are obtuse angles and 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝑨 = and
𝟏𝟑
−𝟒
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 = , then find the quadrant of angle (A+B).
𝟓

213
(7) Without using calculator, find the
(a) cos 510∘ ⋅ cos 330∘ + sin 390∘ ⋅ cos 120∘
(b) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟓𝟎∘ + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎𝟎∘ − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟏𝟓∘ + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 (𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟎∘ )
(c) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (−𝟒𝟐𝟎∘ ) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟑𝟗𝟎∘ ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (−𝟔𝟔𝟎∘ ) ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑𝟑𝟎∘ )

(8) If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝜋/4, show that (1 + tan𝐴)(1 + 𝑡anB )=2

√3
(9) Show that: cos 15∘ ⋅ cos 30∘ ⋅ cos 60∘ ⋅ cos 75∘ =
16
𝟑 𝟐𝟎
(10) If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = − & 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 = , where 𝑨 and 𝑩 are the
𝟓 𝟐𝟗

angles in the third and second quadrant

respectively. Find 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝑨 + 𝑩).

214
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple and Submultiple Angles

(1) If sin 𝛼 = 0.4, find sin (3𝛼)

𝟑
(2) If 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 = , find value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑𝑨).
𝟓

(3) If cos 𝛼 = 0.4, find cos (3𝛼)

𝜋 𝜋
(4) Prove that 8cos3 ( ) − 6cos ( ) = 1
9 9

(5) If 𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎∘ , verify that: 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝑨 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 − 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝑨

cos 3𝐴 sin 3𝐴
(6) Show that + = 4cos 2𝐴.
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
(7) show that = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝜽

(8) Prove that:

(a) 𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟔𝟎∘ − 𝑨) ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟔𝟎∘ + 𝑨) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝑨
(b) 4 ⋅ cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos (60∘ − 𝐴) ⋅ cos (60∘ + 𝐴) = cos 3𝐴
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝑨
(9) Prove that: = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝟐

(10) Prove that:

cot 𝜃+cosec 𝜃−1 𝜃
= cot ( )
cot 𝜃𝑡−cosec 𝜃+1 2

215
 Factorization And Defactorization

(1) Express as sum or difference:

(a) 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
(b) 2cos 3𝜃 ⋅ cos 5𝜃
(2) Express as product:
(a) sin 5𝜃 + sin 7𝜃
(b) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟗∘ − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝟏∘
(3) If 2 ⋅ sin 40∘ ⋅ cos 10∘ = sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵, find 𝐴 and 𝐵.
(4) If 𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟕𝟎∘ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩, find 𝑨 and 𝑩.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨+𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝑨
(5) Prove that: = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨+𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝑨

(6) Prove that:

sin 4𝐴 + sin 5𝐴 + sin 6𝐴
= tan 5𝐴
cos 4𝐴 + cos 5𝐴 + cos 6𝐴
(7) Show that:
cos 3𝐴 − cos 7𝐴
= cos 2𝐴 ⋅ tan 4𝐴 − sin 2𝐴
sin 9𝐴 + sin 𝐴
(8) Show that:
cos 2𝐴 + 2cos 4𝐴 + cos 6𝐴
= cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ tan 3𝐴
cos 𝐴 + 2cos 3𝐴 + cos 5𝐴
𝟑
(9) Prove that: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟖𝟎∘ =
𝟏𝟔

(10) Prove that:

√3
cos 10∘ ⋅ cos 50∘ ⋅ cos 70∘ =
8

216
Inverse Trigonometric Ratio's

(1) Find the principal value of

1
(a) cos −1 (− )
2
𝟏
(b) 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 (− )
√𝟐
1
(c) sin−1 (− )
√2
𝟏
(d) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (− )
𝟐
𝝅 𝟏
(2) Find the principal value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 [ − 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )].
𝟐 𝟐

(3) If 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟎. Find 𝒙.

1 3
(4) Prove that: 2tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
3 4

𝟏
(5) Evaluate: 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )]
𝟓

1 1 𝜋
(6) Show that: tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( ) =
2 3 4

𝟐 𝟕
(7) Prove that: 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 (𝟐)
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟒

1 1 2 9
(8) Show that: tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = cot −1 ( )
7 13 9 2

𝟑 𝟑 𝟖 𝝅
(9) Show that 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) =
𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟗 𝟒

(10) Show that:

𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟔
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟔𝟓 𝟔𝟓

217
(11) Show that:

𝟓 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟏

(12) Show that:

4 12 33
cos −1 ( ) + cos −1 ( ) = cos −1 ( )
5 15 65
(13) Show that:
4 12 63
cos −1 ( ) − cos −1 ( ) = cos −1 ( )
5 13 65
(14) Show that:
3 8 84
sin−1 ( ) − sin−1 ( ) = cos −1 ( )
5 17 85

218
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Solution of Question Bank

Chapter: 3 - Trigonometry

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

(1) Without using calculator find value of:

(a) 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝟐∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝟖∘ + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟐𝟐∘ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟑𝟖∘

Solution:

Given ⁡sin⁡ 22∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 38∘ + cos⁡ 22∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 38∘

put 𝐴 = 22∘ ⁡&𝐵 = 38∘, we get

= sin⁡ 𝐴cos⁡ 𝐵 + cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐵

= sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) … … … … ⁡[∵ sin⁡ 𝐴cos⁡ 𝐵 + cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐵 = sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵)]

= sin(22 + 38∘ )⁡ … … . .. [putting values of 𝐴&𝐵]

= sin⁡(60∘ )

√3
=
2

(b) 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟏𝟓∘ )
Solution:

⁡ ∴ sin⁡(15∘ ) = sin⁡(45∘ − 30∘ )

= sin⁡ 45∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 30∘ − cos⁡ 45∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 30∘

1 √3 1 1
= ⋅− ⋅
√2 2 √2 2

√3 1
= −
2√2 2√2

√3 − 1
∴ sin⁡(15∘ ) =
2√2

219
(c) 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟕𝟓∘ )

Solution:

cos⁡(75∘ ) = cos⁡(45∘ + 30∘ )

= cos⁡ 45∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 30∘ − sin⁡ 45∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 30∘

1 √3 1 1
= ⋅− ⋅
√2 2 √2 2

√3 1
= −
2√2 2√2

√3 − 1
∴ cos⁡(75∘ ) =
2√2

(d) 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟕𝟓∘ )

Solution:

sin⁡(75∘ ) = sin⁡(30∘ + 45∘ )

= sin⁡ 30∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 45∘ + cos⁡ 30∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 45∘

1 1 √3 1
= ⋅ + ⋅
2 √2 2 √2

1 √3
= +
2√2 2√2

√3 + 1
∴ sin⁡(75∘ ) =
2√2
𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟔𝟔∘ +𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟔𝟗∘
(e) 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟔𝟔∘ ⋅𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟔𝟗∘

Solution:

tan⁡ 66∘ + tan⁡ 69∘ tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵

∘ ∘
= tan(66∘ + 69∘ ) … … … … . [∵ tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = ]
1 − tan⁡ 66 ⋅ tan⁡ 69 1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵
= tan⁡(135∘ )
= tan⁡(90∘ + 45∘ )
= −cot⁡ 45∘
tan⁡ 66∘ + tan⁡ 69∘
∴ = −1
1 − tan⁡ 66∘ ⋅ tan⁡ 69∘

220
 𝟏 𝟏
(2) If 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑨 = 𝟐 & 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑩 = 𝟑 , find 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡(𝑨 + 𝑩).

Solution:

1
tan⁡ 𝐴 = 1/2, tan⁡ 𝐵 =
3
tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵
∵ tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵
1 1
+
= 2 3
1 1
1−2⋅3
3+2
= 6
1
1−
6
5/6
=
6−1
6
5/6
∴ tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = =1
5/6

𝟑 𝟕𝟕
(3) If 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟒 , 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟑𝟔, find 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡(𝟐𝑨).

Solution:

3 71
∵ tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = ⁡&⁡tan⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
4 36
7
Let 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 4 𝐶 & 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷

3 77
Then tan⁡ 𝐶 = 4 & tan⁡ 𝐷 = 36

∵𝐴+𝐵 =𝐶

𝐴−𝐵 =𝐷

∴ 2𝐴 = 𝐶 + 𝐷

∴ tan⁡(2𝐴) = tan⁡(𝐶 + 𝐷)

tan⁡ 𝐶 + tan⁡ 𝐷
=
1 − tan⁡ 𝐶 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐷

221
 3 71
= 4 + 36
3 77
1 − (4) (36)

27 + 77
= 36
231
1 − 144

104/36
=
(144 − 231)/144

104/36 104 −93

∴ tan⁡(2𝐴) = = ×
−93/144 36 144

416
∴ tan⁡(2𝐴) = −
93

𝟑 𝟖 𝟕𝟕
(4) If 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡(𝒙 + 𝒚) = ⁡𝒇𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡(𝒙 − 𝒚) = , then show that 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡(𝟐𝒙) = .
𝟒 𝟏𝟓 𝟑𝟔

Solution:
3 8
⁡tan⁡(𝑥 + 𝑦) = & tan⁡(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
4 15

Let 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐴⁡&⁡𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝐵

3 8
∴ tan 𝐴 = ⁡&⁡tan⁡ 𝐵 =
4 15

∵𝑥+𝑦 =𝐴

⁡𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝐵

∴ 2𝑥 = 𝐴 + 𝐵

∴ tan⁡(2𝑥) ⁡ = tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵)

tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵
=
1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵
3/4 + 8/15
=
3 8
1 − (4) ( )
15
(45 + 32)/60
=
(60 − 24)/60

77
∴ tan⁡(2𝑥) =
36

222
Hence verified.

(5) In any △ 𝑨𝑩𝑪, show that: 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑨 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑩 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑪 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑨 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑩 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑪.

Solution:

In any △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶,
∵ 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180∘
∴ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 180∘ − 𝐶
∴ tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = tan⁡(180∘ − 𝐶)
tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵
∴ = − tan 𝐶⁡ … … … … … … (∵ tan⁡(180∘ − 𝐴) = tan⁡ 𝐴)
1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵
∴ tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵 = − tan 𝐶 ⁡(1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵)
∴ tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵 = −tan⁡ 𝐶 + tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐶

∴ tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵 + tan⁡ 𝐶 = tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐶

Hence proved.

𝟓 𝟒
(6) If 𝑨 and 𝑩 both are abtuse angles and 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝑩 = − then find the
𝟏𝟑 𝟓
quadrant of angle (𝑨 + 𝑩).
Solution:
5 4
Here sin 𝐴 = 13 ⁡&⁡⁡cos⁡ 𝐵 = − 5

Also 𝐴⁡&⁡𝐵 are obtuse angles i.e., 90∘ ≤ 𝐴, 𝐵 ≤ 180∘ i.e., 𝐴⁡&⁡𝐵 both are in 2nd quadrant.

To find quadrant of (𝐴 + 𝐵), we have to find sign of sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) & cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵).

∵ sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin⁡ 𝐴cos⁡ 𝐵 + cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐵

cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos⁡ 𝐴cos⁡ 𝐵 − sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐵

we have sin⁡ 𝐴 = 5/13⁡&⁡cos⁡ 𝐵 = −4/5

Now, cos2 ⁡ 𝐴 = 1 − sin2 ⁡ 𝐴⁡ & sin2 ⁡ 𝐵 = 1 − cos 2 ⁡ 𝐵

5 2 −4 2
∴ cos2 ⁡ 𝐴 = 1 − (13) & sin2 ⁡ 𝐵 = 1 − ( 5 ) ⁡

25 16
∴ cos2 ⁡ 𝐴 = 1 − 169⁡ & ⁡⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝐵 = 1 − 25

223
 169−25 25−16
∴ cos2 ⁡ 𝐴 = 169
& ⁡⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝐵 = 25

144 9
∴ cos2 ⁡ 𝐴 = 169 & ⁡⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝐵 = 25

12 3
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⁡ = ± 13 & ⁡sin2 𝐵 = ± 5 ……. (Taking square root on both sides)

12 3
∴ cos⁡ 𝐴 = − 13. & sin⁡ 𝐵 = 5 ⁡(∵ 𝐴&𝐵⁡ are in 2𝑛𝑑 ⁡𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡)

∴ sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡ 𝐵 + cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐵

5 4 −12 3
=( ) (− ) + ( )( )
13 5 13 5
20 36
=− −
65 65

−56 ⁡
∴ sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = <0 ⁡
65
⁡

&⁡cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡ 𝐵 − sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐵

−12 4 5 3
=( ) (− ) − ( ) ( )
13 5 13 5
48 15
= −
65 65
48 − 15 33
∴ cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = = >0
65 65

∵ sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) < 0⁡&⁡cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) > 0

Hence angle (𝐴 + 𝐵) is in fourth quadrant.

224
(7) Without using calculator find the value of:
(a) 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟓𝟏𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝟑𝟎∘ + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟑𝟗𝟎∘ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟏𝟐𝟎∘
Solution:

∵ cos 510∘ = cos(450∘ + 60∘ )

= cos⁡(5 × 90∘ + 60∘ )
= −sin⁡ 60∘
√3
=−
2

∵ cos(330∘ ) = cos(360∘ − 30∘ )

= cos⁡(4 × 90∘ − 30∘ )

= cos 30∘

√3
=
2

∵ sin⁡(390∘ ) = sin⁡(360∘ + 30∘ )

= sin⁡(4 × 90∘ + 30∘ )
= sin⁡ 30∘

1
=
2
∵ cos(120∘ ) = cos(90∘ + 30∘ )
= − sin 30∘
= −1/2

Given: ⁡cos⁡ 510∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 330∘ + sin⁡ 390∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 120∘

√3 √3 1 1
=− ⋅ + ( ) (− )
2 2 2 2
3 1
=− −
4 4
4
=−
4
= −1

(b) 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟏𝟓𝟎∘ + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝟎𝟎∘ − 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟑𝟏𝟓∘ + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 ⁡(𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟎∘ )

Solution:

∵ sin 150∘ = sin(180∘ − 30∘ )

= sin⁡(2 × 90∘ − 30∘ )

= sin⁡(30∘ )

1
=
2

225
∵ cos 380∘ = cos ⁡(360∘ − 60∘ )

= cos⁡(4 × 90∘ − 60∘ )

= cos⁡ 60∘

1
=
2

∵ tan(315∘ ) = tan(360∘ − 45∘ )

= tan⁡(4 × 90∘ − 45∘ )

= − tan 45∘

= −1

∵ sec 2(3660∘ ) = [sec(3660∘ )]2

= [sec⁡(3600∘ + 60∘ )]2

40 × 90∘ + 60∘
= [𝑠𝑒𝑐(40 × 90∘ + 60∘ )]2…………( lies in 1s𝑡 )
quadrant

= (sec⁡ 60∘ )2

= (2)2

=4

we have

sin⁡ 150∘ + cos⁡ 300∘ − tan⁡ 315∘ + sec 2 ⁡(3660∘ )

1 1
= + − (−1) + 4
2 2

=1+1+4

=6

(c) 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(−𝟒𝟐𝟎∘ ) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟑𝟗𝟎∘ ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(−𝟔𝟔𝟎∘ ) ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟑𝟑𝟎∘ )

Solution:

∵ sin(−420∘ ) = − sin(420∘ )

= −sin⁡(450∘ − 30∘ )

226
 = −sin⁡(5 × 90∘ − 30∘ )
= −sin⁡(5 × 90∘ − 30∘
= −[+cos⁡ 30∘ ]
= −cos⁡ 30∘
√3
=−
2
∵ cos(390∘ ) = cos(360∘ + 30∘ )
= cos⁡(4 × 90∘ + 30∘ )
= cos⁡ 30∘
√3
=
2
∵ cos(−660∘ ) = cos(660∘ )
= cos⁡(630∘ + 30∘ )
= cos⁡(7 × 90∘ + 30∘ )
= sin 30∘
1
=
2
∵ sin(330∘ ) = sin(360∘ − 30∘ )
= sin⁡(4 × 90∘ − 30∘ )
= −sin⁡ 30∘
1
=−
2

We have,

sin⁡(−420∘ ) ⋅ cos⁡(390∘ ) + cos⁡(−660∘ ) ⋅ sin⁡(330∘ )

√3 √3 1 1
= (− ) ( ) + ( ) (− )
2 2 2 2

3 1
=− −
4 4
4
=−
4

= −1

(8) If 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝝅/𝟒, show that (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑨)(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝑩) = 𝟐

Solution:
𝜋
⁡∵ 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
4
𝜋
∴ tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) = tan⁡
4
tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵
∴ =1
1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵

∴ tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵 = 1(1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵)

227
∴ tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵 = 1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵

∴ tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵 + tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵 = 1

∴ tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵 + tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵 + 1 = 1 + 1⁡……(Adding 1 on both sides)

∴ (tan⁡ 𝐴 + 1) + tan⁡ 𝐵(tan⁡ 𝐴 + 1) = 2

∴ (tan⁡ 𝐴 + 1)(1 + tan⁡ 𝐵) = 2

∴ (1 + tan⁡ 𝐴)(1 + tan⁡ 𝐵) = 2

Hence proved.

√𝟑
(9) show that: 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟏𝟓∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟔𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟕𝟓∘ = 𝟏𝟔

Solution:

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = cos⁡ 15∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 30∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 60∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 75∘

√3 1
= cos⁡ 15∘ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ cos⁡ 75∘
2 2

√3
= ⋅ cos⁡ 15∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 75∘
4

√3 1
= ⋅ (2cos⁡ 15∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 75∘ )
4 2

√3
= [cos(15° + 75°⁡) + cos(15° − 75°⁡)] … … … . . [∵ 2 cos 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
8

√3
⁡= [cos(90°⁡) + cos(−60°⁡)]
8

√3
= [0 + cos(60°⁡)] … … … (∵ cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
8

√3
= [cos(60°⁡)]
8

√3 1
= ⁡( )
8 2

√3
= ⁡
16

=RHS

228
 𝟑 𝟐𝟎
(10) If 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝑨 = − 𝟓 & 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑩 = 𝟐𝟗, where 𝑨 and 𝑩 are the angles in the third and second
quadrant respectively. Find 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡(𝑨 + 𝑩).
Solution:

3 20
∵ cos⁡ 𝐴 = − ⁡&⁡⁡sin⁡ 𝐵 =
5 29

𝐴&⁡𝐵 are in 3𝑟𝑑 and 2nd quadrant. i.e., 180∘ ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 270∘ and 90∘ ≤ 𝐵 ≤ 180∘

tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵
∵ tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵
3 20
But we have cos 𝐴 = − &⁡sin⁡ 𝐵 =
5 29

∴ sin2 𝐴 = 1 − cos2 𝐴 and cos2 𝐵 = 1 − sin2 𝐵

3 2 20 2
∴ sin2 𝐴 = 1 − (− ) and cos2 𝐵 = 1 − ( )
5 29
9 841−400
sin2 𝐴 = 1 − 25 and cos 2 𝐵 = 841

25−9 441
∴ sin2 𝐴 = 25
and cos2 𝐵 = 841

16 441
∴ sin2 𝐴 = 25 and cos 2 𝐵 = 841

4 21
∴ sin 𝐴 = ± and cos 𝐵 = ± ……(Taking square root)
5 29

4 21
∴ sin⁡ 𝐴 = − 5 ⁡ and cos⁡ 𝐵 = − 29 …(as A is in 3rd quadrant and B is in 2nd quadrant)

sin⁡ 𝐴 −4/5 4
∵ tan⁡ 𝐴 = = =
cos⁡ 𝐴 −3/5 3

sin⁡ 𝐵 20/29 20
&⁡tan⁡ 𝐵 = = =−
cos⁡ 𝐵 −21/29 21

tan⁡ 𝐴 + tan⁡ 𝐵
∴ tan⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − tan⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 𝐵
4 −20
+( )
= 3 21
4 20
1 − ( ) (− )
3 21
28 20
−
= 21 21
80
1 + 63

229
 28 − 20
= 21
63 + 80
63
8
= 21
143
63
8 63
= ×
21 143
24
=
143

Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple and Submultiple angles.

(1) If 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝜶 = 𝟎, 𝟒, find 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟑𝜶).

Solution:

⁡ ∵ sin⁡ 𝛼 = 0.4⁡&⁡sin⁡ 3𝛼 = ?

∵ sin⁡ 3𝛼 = 3sin⁡ 𝛼 − 4sin3 ⁡ 𝛼

= 3(0.4) − 4(0.4)3

= 1.2 − 4(0.064)

= 1.2 − 0.256

∴ sin⁡ 3𝛼 = 0.944

𝟑
(2) If 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨 = , find value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟑𝑨).
𝟓

Solution:
3
∵ sin⁡ 𝐴 = 5 then sin⁡(3𝐴) = ?

∵ sin⁡(3𝐴) ⁡ = 3sin⁡ 𝐴 − 4sin3 ⁡ 𝐴

3 3 3
= 3( ) − 4( )
5 5
9 27
= − 4( )
5 125

230
 9 108
= −
5 125
225 108
= −
125 125
225 − 108
=
125
117
sin⁡(3𝐴) =
125

(3) If 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟒, find 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟑𝜶).

Solution:

∵ cos⁡ 𝛼 = 0.4, then cos⁡(3𝛼) = ?

∵ cos⁡ 3𝛼 = 4cos3 ⁡ 𝛼 − 3cos⁡ 𝛼

∴ cos⁡ 3𝛼 = 4(0.4)3 − 3(0.4)

= 4(0.064) − 1.2

= 0.256 − 1.2

∴ cos⁡ 3𝛼 = −0.94.4
𝝅 𝝅
(4) Prove that 𝟖𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 ⁡ ( 𝟗 ) − 𝟔𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ ( 𝟗 ) = 𝟏

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
⁡𝐿HS = 8cos3 ⁡ ( ) − 6cos⁡ ( )
9 9

𝜋 𝜋
= 2 [4cos 3 ⁡ ( ) − 3cos⁡ ( )]
9 9
𝜋
put = 𝐴⁡, we get
9

= 2[4cos3 ⁡ 𝐴 − 3cos⁡ 𝐴]

= 2[cos 3𝐴] … … … … … … ⁡[∵ cos⁡ 3𝐴 = 4cos3 ⁡ 𝐴 − 3cos⁡ 𝐴]

𝜋
= 2 [cos⁡ 3 ( )] ⁡ (Resubsituting 𝐴 = 𝜋/9)
9
𝜋
= 2 [cos⁡ ] ⁡
3
1
= 2[ ]
2

231
=1

= 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 8⁡cos3 ⁡ ( ) − 6cos⁡ ( ) = 1.
9 9

(5) If 𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎∘ , verify that 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟑𝑨 = 𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨 − 𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 ⁡ 𝑨

Solution:

⁡𝐿𝐻𝑆 = sin 3𝐴

= sin⁡(3 × 30∘ )

= sin 90∘ … … … … (1)

RHS = 3sin⁡ 𝐴 − 4sin3 ⁡ 𝐴

∴ RHS = 3(sin⁡ 30∘ ) − 4(sin⁡ 30∘ )3

1 1 3
= 3( ) − 4( )
2 2
3 1
= −4⋅( )
2 8
3 1
= −
2 2
2
=
2

RHS = 1 … … … (2)

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 … … … . ⁡[ from (1)⁡and⁡(2)]

∴ sin⁡ 3𝐴 = 3sin⁡ 𝐴 − 4sin3 ⁡ 𝐴

Hence proved.

𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟑𝑨
(6) show that 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝑨
+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨 = 𝟒𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟐𝑨

Solution:
cos⁡ 3𝐴 sin⁡ 3𝐴
LHS = +
cos⁡ 𝐴 sin⁡ 𝐴

232
 sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡ 3𝐴 + cos⁡ 𝐴sin⁡ 3𝐴
⁡=
cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐴
sin⁡(𝐴 + 3𝐴)
= ⁡ … … … … . . [∵ sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵 = sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐴
sin⁡ 4𝐴
=
cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐴
sin⁡[2(2𝐴)]
=
cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐴
2sin⁡ 2𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡ 2𝐴
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ⁡ … … … … . (∵ sin⁡ 2𝑥 = 2sin⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ cos⁡ 𝑥)
cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐴
2(2sin⁡ 𝐴cos⁡ 𝐴) ⋅ cos⁡ 2𝐴
= ⁡ … … … . (∴ sin⁡ 2𝐴 = 2sin⁡ 𝐴cos⁡ 𝐴)
cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝐴

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 4cos⁡ 2𝐴

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

cos⁡ 3𝐴 sin⁡ 3𝐴
∴ + = 4cos⁡ 2𝐴
cos⁡ 𝐴 sin⁡ 𝐴

𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟒𝜽+𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝜽
(7) show that = 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝜽
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟐𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟒𝜽

Solution:

sin⁡ 4𝜃 + sin⁡ 2𝜃
𝐿𝐻𝑆⁡ =
1 + cos⁡ 2𝜃 + cos⁡ 4𝜃
sin⁡[2(2𝜃)] + sin⁡ 2𝜃
=
cos⁡ 2𝜃 + (1 + cos⁡[2(2𝜃)])

2sin⁡ 2𝜃cos⁡ 2𝜃 + sin⁡ 2𝜃 ∵ sin⁡ 2𝑥 = 2sin⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑥

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ⁡……………[ ]
cos⁡ 2𝜃 + 2cos 2 ⁡ 2𝜃 and 1 + cos⁡ 2𝜃 = 2cos2 ⁡ 𝜃

sin⁡ 2𝜃[2cos⁡ 2𝜃 + 1]
=
cos⁡ 2𝜃[1 + 2cos⁡ 2𝜃]

sin⁡ 2𝜃(2cos⁡ 2𝜃 + 1)
=
cos⁡ 2𝜃(2cos⁡ 2𝜃 + 1)

= tan⁡ 2𝜃

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence proved

233
 (8) Prove that:
(a) 𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟔𝟎∘ − 𝑨) ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟔𝟎∘ + 𝑨) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟑𝑨

Solution:

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 4sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡(60∘ − 𝐴) ⋅ sin⁡(60∘ + 𝐴)

= 4 sin 𝐴 ⋅ [sin2 60∘ − sin2 𝐴]⁡ … … … … … . [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) ⋅ sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐵]

2
√3
= 4 sin 𝐴 . [( ) − sin2 ⁡ 𝐴]
2

3
= 4sin⁡ 𝐴 [ − sin2 ⁡ 𝐴]
4

= 3sin⁡ 𝐴 − 4sin3 ⁡ 𝐴

= sin⁡ 3𝐴

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

hence proved.

(b) 𝟒𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝑨 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟔𝟎∘ − 𝑨) ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡(𝟔𝟎∘ + 𝑨) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝑨

Solution:

⁡𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 4cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(60∘ − 𝐴) ⋅ cos⁡(60∘ + 𝐴)…..[∵ cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) ⋅ cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 2 A − sin2 B]

= 4cos⁡ 𝐴⁡[cos2 ⁡ 60∘ − sin2 ⁡ 𝐴]

1 2
= 4cos⁡ 𝐴 [( ) − sin2 ⁡ 𝐴]
2

1
= 4cos⁡ 𝐴 [ − (1 − cos 2 ⁡ 𝐴)]
4
1
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 4cos⁡ 𝐴 [ − 1 + cos2 ⁡ 𝐴]
4

1 − 4 + 4cos 2 ⁡ 𝐴
= 4cos⁡ 𝐴 [ ]
4

−3 + 4cos 2 ⁡ 𝐴
= 4cos⁡ 𝐴 [ ]
4

= −3cos⁡ 𝐴 + 4cos3 ⁡ 𝐴

= 4cos3 ⁡ 𝐴 − 3cos⁡ 𝐴

234
= cos⁡ 3𝐴

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence proved.
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨−𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝑨 𝑨
(9) Prove that: - 𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨+𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝑨
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟐.

Solution:

1 + sin⁡ 𝐴 − cos⁡ 𝐴
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
1 + sin⁡ 𝐴 + cos⁡ 𝐴
(1 − cos⁡ 𝐴) + sin⁡ 𝐴
=
(1 + cos⁡ 𝐴) + sin⁡ 𝐴

2sin2⁡(𝐴/2)+2sin⁡(𝐴/2)cos⁡(𝐴/2) 𝐴 𝐴
= 2cos2 ⁡(𝐴/2)+2sin⁡(𝐴/2)cos⁡(𝐴/2) ………..⁡ [∵ 1 − cos 𝐴 = 2 sin2 ( 2 ) ⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡ cos 𝐴 = 2 cos 2 ( 2 )⁡]

2sin2 ⁡(𝐴/2) + 2sin⁡(𝐴/2)cos⁡(𝐴/2) 𝐴

= 2
⁡ … … . [1 + cos 𝐴 = 2 cos2 ( )]
2cos ⁡(𝐴/2) + 2sin⁡(𝐴/2)cos⁡(𝐴/2) 2

2𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(𝐴/2)[sin⁡(𝐴/2) + cos⁡(𝐴/2)]
=
2cos⁡(𝐴/2)[sin⁡(𝐴/2) + cos⁡(𝐴/2)]

𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(𝐴/2)
=
cos⁡(𝐴/2)

𝐴
⁡= tan⁡ ( )
2

∴ LHS = RHS
𝐜𝐨𝐭⁡ 𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜⁡ 𝜽−𝟏 𝜽
(10) Prove that → 𝐜𝐨𝐭⁡ 𝜽−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜⁡ 𝜽+𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭⁡ (𝟐)

Solution:

cot⁡ 𝜃 + cosec⁡ 𝜃 − 1
⁡𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
cot⁡ 𝜃 − cosec⁡ 𝜃 + 1
cos⁡ 𝜃 1
+ −1
∴ LHS = sin⁡ 𝜃 sin⁡ 𝜃
cos⁡ 𝜃 1
sin⁡ 𝜃 − sin⁡ 𝜃 + 1
cos⁡ 𝜃 + 1 − sin⁡ 𝜃
= sin⁡ 𝜃
cos⁡ 𝜃 − 1 + sin⁡ 𝜃
sin⁡ 𝜃
1 + cos⁡ 𝜃 − sin⁡ 𝜃
=
sin⁡ 𝜃 − (1 − cos⁡ 𝜃)

235
 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2 cos2( )−2 sin( )⋅cos( ) 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
= 2
𝜃 𝜃
2 2
𝜃 …… [1 + cos 𝜃 = 2 cos2 (2 ) ⁡&⁡ 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 sin2 (2 ) &sin⁡ 𝜃 = 2sin⁡ (2 ) cos⁡ (2 )]
2 sin( )⋅cos( )−2 sin2( )
2 2 2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2cos⁡ ( ) [cos ( ) − sin⁡ ( )]
= 2 2 2
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
2sin⁡ ( ) [cos ( ) − sin⁡ ( )]
2 2 2
𝜃
cos⁡ (2 )
=
𝜃
sin⁡ (2 )

𝜃
LHS = cot⁡ ( )
2

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

236
 Factorization and DE-factorization formula
(1) Express the as sum or difference:
(a) 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟒𝜽 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟐𝜽

Solution:

2sin⁡ 4𝜃 ⋅ cos⁡ 2𝜃

= sin(4𝜃 + 2𝜃) + sin(4𝜃 − 2𝜃) ⁡ … … … . . [2sin⁡ 𝐴cos⁡ 𝐵 = sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵)

= sin⁡ 6𝜃 + sin⁡ 2𝜃

(b) 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝛉 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟓𝛉

Solution:

2cos⁡ 3𝜃 ⋅ cos⁡ 5θ

= cos(3𝜃 + 5𝜃) + cos(3𝜃 − 5𝜃) … … … ⁡[2cos𝐴⁡cos⁡ 𝐵 = cos⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵)]

= cos(8𝜃) + cos(−2𝜃)

= cos(8𝜃) + cos(2𝜃) … … … … [cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]

(2) Express as product:

(a) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝜽
Solution:
5𝜃 + 7𝜃 5𝜃 − 7𝜃
sin 5𝜃 + sin 7𝜃 = 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) … … [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
= 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )]
2 2
12𝜃 −2𝜃
= 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
2 2
= 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(6𝜃). 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃)
= 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(6𝜃). 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) … … … … [cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]

(b) 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟗𝟗∘ − 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟖𝟏∘

Solution:

99∘ + 81∘ 99∘ − 81∘ 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷

sin 99∘ − sin 81∘ = 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) … … [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷 = 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
2 2 2 2

237
 180∘ 18∘
= 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2

= 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90∘ ). 𝑠𝑖𝑛(9∘ )

(3) If 𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟒𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟏𝟎∘ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑩, find 𝑨 and 𝑩.

Solution:

∴ 2 sin 40∘ ⋅ cos 10∘ = sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 … … … (1)

But 2 ⋅ sin⁡ 40∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 10∘ = sin⁡(40∘ + 10∘ ) + sin⁡(40∘ − 10∘ )……[2 sin 𝐴 cos⁡ 𝐵⁡ = sin⁡(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin⁡(𝐴 − 𝐵)]

∴ 2 sin 40∘ ⋅ cos 10∘ = sin 50∘ + sin 30∘ … … … (2)

from (1) & (2), we get

sin⁡ 𝐴∘ + sin⁡ 𝐵 = sin⁡ 50∘ + sin⁡ 30∘

⇒ 𝐴 = 50∘ ⁡&⁡𝐵 = 30∘

(4) If 𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟓𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟕𝟎∘ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑩, find 𝑨 and 𝑩.

Solution:

∵ 2 ⋅ sin 50∘ ⋅ cos 70∘ = sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 … … …(1)

But⁡2sin⁡ 50∘ cos⁡ 70∘ = 2cos⁡ 70∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 50∘

= sin(70∘ + 50∘ ) − sin(70∘ − 50∘ )

∴ 2sin⁡ 50∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 70∘ ⁡ = sin⁡(120∘ ) − sin⁡ 20∘ … … … (2)

From (1) & (2), we get

sin⁡ 𝐴 − sin⁡ 𝐵 = sin⁡(120∘ ) − sin⁡ 20∘

⇒ 𝐴 = 120∘ ⁡&⁡𝐵 = 20∘

(5) Prove that:

𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨 + 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟑𝑨
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝑨 + 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟐𝑨 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝑨

Solution:

sin⁡ 𝐴 + 2sin⁡ 2𝐴 + sin⁡ 3𝐴

𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
cos⁡ 𝐴 + 2cos⁡ 2𝐴 + cos⁡ 3𝐴

238
 (sin⁡ 𝐴 + sin⁡ 3𝐴) + 2sin⁡ 2𝐴
=
(cos⁡ 𝐴 + cos⁡ 3𝐴) + 2cos⁡ 2𝐴

𝐴 + 3𝐴 𝐴 − 3𝐴
2sin⁡ ( 2 ) ⋅ cos⁡ ( 2 ) + 2sin⁡ 2𝐴
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆⁡ =
𝐴 + 3𝐴 𝐴 − 3𝐴
2cos⁡ ( 2 ) ⋅ cos⁡ ( 2 ) + 2cos⁡ 2𝐴

2sin⁡ 2𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(−𝐴) + 2sin⁡ 2𝐴

=
2cos⁡ 2𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(−𝐴) + 2cos⁡ 2𝐴

2sin⁡ 2𝐴(cos⁡ 𝐴 + 1)
= ⁡ … … … (cos⁡(−𝐴) = cos⁡ 𝐴)
2cos⁡ 2𝐴(cos⁡ 𝐴 + 1)

sin⁡ 2𝐴
=
cos⁡ 2𝐴

= tan⁡ 2𝐴

∴ LHS = RHS

Hence proved

(6) Prove that:

𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟒𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟓𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟔𝑨
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟓𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟒𝑨 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟓𝑨 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟔𝑨

Solution:

sin⁡ 4𝐴 + sin⁡ 5𝐴 + sin⁡ 6𝐴

⁡𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
cos⁡ 4𝐴 + cos⁡ 5𝐴 + cos⁡ 6𝐴
(sin⁡ 4𝐴 + sin⁡ 6𝐴) + sin⁡ 5𝐴
=
(cos⁡ 4𝐴 + cos⁡ 6𝐴) + cos⁡ 5𝐴

4𝐴 + 6𝐴 4𝐴 − 6𝐴
2sin⁡ ( 2 ) ⋅ cos⁡ ( 2 ) + sin⁡ 5𝐴
=
4𝐴 + 6𝐴 4𝐴 − 6𝐴
2cos⁡ ( 2 ) ⋅ cos⁡ ( 2 ) + cos⁡ 5𝐴

2sin⁡ 5𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(−𝐴) + sin⁡ 5𝐴

=
2cos⁡ 5𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(−𝐴) + cos⁡ 5𝐴

sin⁡ 5𝐴(2cos⁡ 𝐴 + 1)
= ⁡ … … … (∵ cos⁡(−𝐴) = cos⁡ 𝐴)
cos⁡ 5𝐴(2cos⁡ 𝐴 + 1)

= tan⁡ 5𝐴

∴ LHS = RHS

239
Hence proved.

(7) Show that:

𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝑨 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟕𝑨
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟐𝑨 ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝟒𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟗𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝑨

Solution:

cos⁡ 3𝐴 − cos⁡ 7𝐴
L𝐻𝑆 =
sin⁡ 9𝐴 + sin⁡ 𝐴
7𝐴 + 3𝐴 7𝐴 − 3𝐴
2sin⁡ ( 2 ) ⋅ sin⁡ ( 2 )
=
9𝐴 + 𝐴 9𝐴 − 𝐴
2sin⁡ ( 2 ) ⋅ cos⁡ ( 2 )
sin⁡ 5𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 2𝐴
=
sin⁡ 5𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡ 4𝐴
sin⁡ 2𝐴
=
cos⁡ 4𝐴
sin⁡(4𝐴 − 2𝐴)
=
cos⁡ 4𝐴
sin⁡ 4𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡ 2𝐴 − cos⁡ 4𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 2𝐴
=
cos⁡ 4𝐴
sin⁡ 4𝐴 cos⁡ 4𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 2𝐴
= ⋅ cos⁡ 2𝐴 −
cos⁡ 4𝐴 cos⁡ 4𝐴
LHS = tan⁡ 4𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡ 2𝐴 − sin⁡ 2𝐴
⁡∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = RHS
Hence proved.

(8) Show that:

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝑨 + 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝑨
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑𝑨
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 + 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝑨

Solution:

2𝐴 + 6𝐴 2𝐴 − 6𝐴
2cos⁡ ( 2 ) ⋅ cos⁡ ( 2 ) + 2cos⁡ 4𝐴
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
𝐴 + 5𝐴 𝐴 − 5𝐴
2cos⁡ ( 2 ) ⋅ cos⁡ ( 2 ) + 2cos⁡ 3𝐴

2cos⁡ 4𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(−2𝐴) + 2cos⁡ 4𝐴

=
2cos⁡ 3𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(−2𝐴) + 2cos⁡ 3𝐴

240
 2cos⁡ 4𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(2𝐴) + 2cos⁡ 4𝐴
= … … … . (∵ cos⁡(−𝜃) = cos⁡ 𝜃)
2cos⁡ 3𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡(2𝐴) + 2cos⁡ 3𝐴

2cos⁡ 4𝐴 ⋅ [cos⁡(2𝐴) + 1]
=
2cos⁡ 3𝐴 ⋅ [cos⁡(2𝐴) + 1]

cos⁡ 4𝐴
=
cos⁡ 3𝐴
cos⁡(𝐴 + 3𝐴)
=
cos⁡ 3𝐴
cos⁡ 𝐴cos⁡ 3𝐴 − sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 3𝐴
=
cos⁡ 3𝐴
cos⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ cos⁡ 3𝐴 sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ sin⁡ 3𝐴
= −
cos⁡ 3𝐴 cos⁡ 3𝐴
sin⁡ 3𝐴
= cos⁡ 𝐴 − sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅
cos⁡ 3𝐴

= cos⁡ 𝐴 − sin⁡ 𝐴 ⋅ tan⁡ 3𝐴

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence proved.
𝟑
(9) Prove that: ⁡𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟒𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟔𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟖𝟎∘ =
𝟏𝟔

Solution:

⁡𝐿𝐻𝑆 = sin⁡ 20∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 40∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 60∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 80∘

√3
= sin⁡ 20∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 40∘ ⋅ ⋅ sin⁡ 80∘
2

√3 1
= (2sin⁡ 20∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 40∘ )sin⁡ 80∘
2 2

√3
= [cos⁡(20∘ − 40∘ ) − cos⁡(20∘ + 40∘ )] ⋅ sin⁡ 80∘
4

√3
= [cos⁡(−20∘ ) − cos⁡ 60∘ ] ⋅ sin⁡ 80∘
4

√3 1
= [cos⁡ 20∘ − ] sin⁡ 80∘
4 2
√3 1
= [cos⁡ 20∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 80∘ − sin⁡ 80∘ ]
4 2

241
 √3 1 1
= { (2cos⁡ 20∘ ⋅ sin⁡ 80∘ ) − sin⁡ 80∘ }
4 2 2
√3 1 1
= { (2sin⁡ 80∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 20∘ ) − sin⁡ 80∘ }
4 2 2
√3 1 1
= { [sin⁡(30∘ + 20∘ ) + sin⁡(80∘ − 20∘ )] − sin⁡ 80∘ }
4 2 2
√3 1 1
= { [sin⁡ 100∘ + sin⁡ 60∘ ] − sin⁡ 80∘ }
4 2 2
√3 1 1 1
= { sin⁡ 100∘ + sin⁡ 60∘ − sin⁡ 80∘ }
4 2 2 2
√3 1 1 √3 1
= { sin⁡(180∘ − 80∘ ) + ⋅ − sin⁡ 80∘ }
4 2 2 2 2
√3 1 √3 1
= { sin⁡ 80∘ + − sin⁡ 80∘ } … … … … . . [sin(180∘ − 𝜃) = sin⁡ 𝜃]
4 2 4 2
√3 √3 3
= ( )=
4 4 16
LHS = RHS
Hence proved.

(10) Prove that:

√𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟏𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟓𝟎∘ ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟕𝟎∘ =
𝟖

Solution:

⁡L𝐻𝑆 = cos⁡ 10∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 50∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 70∘

1
⁡= {2cos⁡ 10∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 50∘ }cos⁡ 70∘
2
1
= {cos⁡(10∘ + 50∘ ) + cos⁡(10∘ − 50∘ )}cos⁡ 70∘
2
1
= {cos⁡ 60∘ + cos⁡(−40∘ )}cos⁡ 70∘
2
1 1
= { + cos⁡ 40∘ } cos 70∘ … … … … . ⁡(∵ cos⁡(−𝜃) = cos⁡ 𝜃)
2 2
1 1
= { cos⁡ 70∘ + cos⁡ 40∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 70∘ }
2 2

242
 1 1
= { cos⁡ 70∘ + cos⁡ 40∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 70∘ }
2 2
1 1 1
= { cos⁡ 70∘ + (2cos⁡ 40∘ ⋅ cos⁡ 70∘ )}
2 2 2
1 1 1
= { cos⁡ 70∘ + [cos⁡(40∘ + 70∘ ) + cos⁡(40∘ − 70∘ )]}
2 2 2
1 1 1
= { cos⁡ 70∘ + [cos⁡ 110∘ + cos⁡(−30∘ )}}
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= { cos⁡ 70∘ + cos⁡ 110∘ + cos⁡ 30∘ } … … … … . (cos⁡(−𝜃) = cos⁡ 𝜃)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 √3
= { cos⁡ 70∘ + cos⁡(180∘ − 70∘ ) + ( )}
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 √3
= { cos⁡ 70∘ + (−cos⁡ 70∘ ) + } … … … … . [cos(180∘ − 𝜃) = cos⁡ 𝜃]
2 2 2 4
1 1 1 √3
=2 {2 cos⁡ 70∘ − 2 cos⁡ 70∘ + 4
}

1 √3 √3
= =
2 4 8
Hence proved.

243
Inverse Trigonometric Ratio's

(1) Find the principal value of

𝟏
(a) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ⁡ (− 𝟐)

Solution:

1 1
cos −1 ⁡ (− ) = 𝜋 − cos−1 ⁡ ( ) ⁡[∵ cos−1 ⁡(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos−1 ⁡(𝑥)]
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1
= 𝜋 − ⁡ (∵ cos⁡ = )
3 3 2
3𝜋 − 𝜋
=
3
1 2𝜋
∴ cos−1 ⁡ (− ) =
2 3
𝟏
(b) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (− )
√𝟐
Solution:
1 1
cos −1 (− ) = 𝜋 − cos−1 ( ) ⁡ … … … [∵ cos−1 ⁡(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos −1 ⁡(𝑥)]
√2 √2
π
=𝜋−
4
4π − 𝜋
=
4
3π
=
4
𝟏
(c) 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (− )
√𝟐

Solution:

1 1
sin−1 (− ) = − sin−1 ( )
√2 √2
π
=−
4
𝟏
(d) −𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (− 𝟐)

Solution:

1 1
sin−1 (− ) = − sin−1 ( )
2 2
𝜋
=−
6

244
 𝝅 𝟏
(2) Find the principal value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ { 𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ (𝟐)}

Solution:

𝜋 1
⁡cos⁡ [ − sin−1 ⁡ ( )]
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
= cos [ − ] … … … … ⁡ (∵ sin−1 ⁡ ( ) = )
2 6 2 6
6𝜋 − 2𝜋
= cos⁡ ( )
12
4𝜋
= cos⁡ ( )
12
𝜋
= cos⁡ ( )
3
1
=
2

(3) If 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡(𝟏) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡(𝒙) = 𝟎, find 𝒙.

Solution:

we have,

tan−1 ⁡(1) + tan−1 ⁡(𝑥) = 0

∴ tan−1 ⁡(1) = −tan−1 ⁡(𝑥)

∴ tan−1 (1) = tan−1 (−𝑥) ⁡ … … … . (tan−1 ⁡(−𝜃) = −tan−1 ⁡ 𝜃)

∴ 1 = −𝑥

∴ 𝑥 = −1

𝟏 𝟑
(4) Prove that 𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ (𝟑) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ (𝟒)

Solution:

1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2tan−1 ⁡ ( )
3
1 1
= tan−1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( )
3 3

245
 1 1
+ 𝑥+𝑦
= tan −1
[ 3 3 ] … … … … … … . . [∵ tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦⁡tan−1 ⁡ ( )]
1 1 1 − 𝑥𝑦
1 − (3) (3)

2
= tan −1
( 3 )
9−1
9
2
= tan −1
(3)
8
9
2 8
= tan−1 ( ÷ )
3 9
2 9
= tan−1 ( × )
3 8
3
= tan−1 ⁡ ( )
4

∴ 𝐿HS = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence proved.

𝟏
(5) Evaluate: 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( )]
𝟑

Solution:
1 1
Let tan−1 ⁡ (3) = 𝜃 ⇒ tan⁡ 𝜃 = 3

And also,

1
tan⁡ [2tan−1 ⁡ ( )] = tan⁡ 2𝜃
3
2tan⁡ 𝜃
=
1 − tan2 ⁡ 𝜃
2(1/3)
=
1 2
1 − (3)

2/3
=
1
1−9

246
 2
= 3
9−1
3
2 8
= ÷
3 3
2 3
= ×
3 8
1
=
4
1 3
∴ tan⁡ [2tan−1 ⁡ ( )] =
3 4

𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
(6) Show that: 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Solution:

1 1
⁡𝐿𝐻𝑆 = tan−1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( )
2 3
1 1
+ 𝑥+𝑦
= tan −1
[ 2 3 ] … … … … (∵ tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = tan−1 ⁡ ( )
1 1 1 − 𝑥𝑦
1− ⋅
2 3
3+2
−1
= tan ⁡ [ 6 ]
(6 − 1)/6

5/6
= tan−1 ⁡ [ ]
5/6

= tan−1 ⁡(1)

LHS = 𝜋/4

LHS = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

247
 𝟐 𝟕
(7) Prove that: 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ⁡(𝟐)
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟒

Solution:

2 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = tan−1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( )
11 24
𝑥+𝑦
2 7 tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = tan−1 ⁡ ( )
11 + 24 1 − 𝑥𝑦
−1
= tan [ ]⁡……………..
1−
2 7
⋅ where 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0&
11 24 [ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 < 1. ]

48 + 77
= tan ⁡ [ 264 ]
−1
264 − 14
264
125
= tan−1 ⁡ [ ]
250
1
= tan−1 ⁡ [ ]
2
1
LHS = cot −1[2] … … … … . ⁡ [∵ tan−1 ⁡ ( ) = cot −1 ⁡ 𝑥]
𝑥

⁡∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence proved.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟗
(8) Show that: 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ⁡ ( )
𝟕 𝟏𝟑 𝟗 𝟐

Solution:

1 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = tan−1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( )
7 13
1 1 𝑥+𝑦
7 + 13 [tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 ( ) Where 𝑥 , 𝑦 > 0⁡&𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 < 1]
−1
= tan [ ]⁡…………….. 1 − 𝑥𝑦
1 1
1− ⋅
7 13
13 + 7
= tan−1 ⁡ [ 91 ]
91 − 1
91

248
 20
= tan−1 ⁡ [ ]
90
2
= tan−1 ⁡ ( )
9
9 1
= cot −1 ( ) … … … . . [∵ tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 = cot −1 ⁡ ( )]
2 𝑥

3 3 8 𝜋
(9) Show that tan−1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( ) − tan−1 ⁡ ( ) =
4 5 19 4

Solution:

3 3 8
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = tan−1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( ) − tan−1 ⁡ ( )
4 5 19
3 3 𝑥+𝑦
+ 8 ∵ tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = tan−1 ⁡ ( )]
= tan −1
[ 4 5 ] − tan−1 ( ) … … … . [ 1 − 𝑥𝑦
3 3 19
1−4⋅
5
15 + 12
8
= tan ⁡ [ 20 ] − tan−1 ⁡ ( )
−1
20 − 9 19
20
27 8
= tan−1 ⁡ ( ) − tan−1 ⁡ ( )
11 19
27 8 𝑥−𝑦
11 − 19 ∵ tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = tan−1 ⁡ ( )
−1
= tan [ ]……….[ 1 + 𝑥𝑦 ]
27 8
1 + 11 ⋅ 19

513 − 88
= tan−1 ⁡ [ 209 ]
209 + 216
209
425
= tan−1 ⁡ [ ]
425

= tan−1 (1) … … … … . (∵ tan−1 ⁡(1) = 𝜋/4)

𝜋
∴ LHS = 4

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence proved.

249
(10) Show that:

𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟔
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( )
𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟔𝟓 𝟔𝟓

Solution:
3 12
Let sin−1 ⁡ (5) = 𝜃1 ⁡&⁡cos −1 ⁡ (13) = 𝜃2

3 12
⇒ sin⁡ 𝜃1 = ⁡&⁡cos⁡ 𝜃2 =
5 13

∵ we have, to prove that

3 12 33
sin−1 ( ) + cos−1 ( ) = cos−1 ( ) … … … . . (1)
5 13 65
33
i.e., 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = cos−1 ⁡ ( )
65

33
∴ cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) =
65

Hence to prove (1) it is sufficient to prove

33
that cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) =
65

Also, to prove that

3 12 56
sin−1 ( ) + cos−1 ( ) = sin−1 ( ) … … … … (2)
5 13 65
56
It i.e., 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = sin−1 ⁡ (65)

56
i.e., sin⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = 65

i.e., to prove (1), it is sufficient to prove

56
sin⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = .
65
3 12
Le have sin⁡ 𝜃1 = 5 ⁡&⁡cos⁡ 𝜃2 = 13

∴ cos2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 1 − sin2 ⁡ 𝜃1 ⁡&⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 − cos2 ⁡ 𝜃2

3 2 12 2
∴ cos2 𝜃1 = 1 − ( ) ⁡&⁡⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 − ( )
5 13

250
 9 144
∴ cos2 𝜃1 = 1 − ⁡&⁡⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 −
25 169
25 − 9 169 − 144
∴ cos2 𝜃1 = ⁡&⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 =
25 169
16 25
∴ cos2 𝜃1 = ⁡&⁡⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 =
25 169
4 5
∴ cos⁡ 𝜃1 = ⁡&⁡sin⁡ 𝜃2 =
5 13

How, ∵ cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = cos⁡ 𝜃1 cos⁡ 𝜃2 − sin⁡ 𝜃1 sin⁡ 𝜃2

4 12 3 5
= ( )( ) − ( )( )
5 13 5 13
48 15
= −
65 65
33
=
65
33
∴ cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) =
65
33
∴ 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = cos−1 ⁡ ( )
65

3 12 33
sin−1 ⁡ ( ) + cos−1 ⁡ ( ) = cos −1 ⁡ ( )
5 13 65

Hence proved.

Also,

sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = sin 𝜃1 ⋅ cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 ⋅ sin 𝜃2

3 12 4 5
= ( )( ) + ( )( )
5 13 5 13
36 90
= +
65 65
56
∴ sin⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) =
65
56
∴ 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ⁡ = sin−1 ⁡ ( )
65

251
 3 12 56
∴ sin−1 ⁡ ( ) + cos−1 ⁡ ( ) = sin−1 ⁡ ( )
5 13 65

Hence proved.

(11) Show that:

𝟓 𝟑 𝟐𝟕
𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 ⁡ ( ) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ ( )
𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟏

Solution:

We have to prove that

5 3 27
sec −1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( ) = tan−1 ⁡ ( )
4 5 11
5 5
Let sec −1 ⁡ ( ) = 𝜃 ⇒ sec⁡ 𝜃 =
4 4

∵ tan2 ⁡ 𝜃 = sec 2 ⁡ 𝜃 − 1

5 2
=( ) −1
4
25
= −1
16
25 − 16
=
16
9
∴ tan2 ⁡ 𝜃⁡ =
16
3 3
∴ tan⁡ 𝜃⁡ = ⇒ 𝜃 = tan ( )
4 4
5 3
∴ sec −1 ⁡ ( ) = 𝜃 = tan−1 ⁡ ( )
4 4
5 3 27
∴ To prove: sec −1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( ) = tan−1 ⁡ ( ) we have to prove that,
4 5 11

3 3 27
tan−1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( ) = tan−1 ⁡ ( )
4 5 11

Here

3 3
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = tan−1 ⁡ ( ) + tan−1 ⁡ ( )
4 5

252
 3 3 𝑥+𝑦
4 + ∵ tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = tan−1 ⁡ ( )
= tan −1
[ 5 ]……….[ ]
3 3 1 − 𝑥𝑦
1−4⋅
5
15 + 12
= tan ⁡ [ 20 ]
−1
20 − 9
20
27
= tan−1 ⁡ [ ]
11
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Hence proved.

(12) Show that:

𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ⁡ ( ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ⁡ ( ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ⁡ ( )
𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟔𝟓
4 4
Let cos−1 ⁡ (5) = 𝜃1 ⇒ cos⁡ 𝜃1 = 5

12 12
cos−1 ⁡ ( ) = 𝜃2 ⇒ cos⁡ 𝜃2 =
13 13

Hence to prove

4 12 33
cos−1 ⁡ ( ) + cos −1 ⁡ ( ) = cos−1 ⁡ ( )
5 13 65

it is sufficient to prove that,

33
𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ⁡ = cos −1 ⁡ ( )
65
33
i. e. , cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) =
65

where cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = cos⁡ 𝜃1 ⋅ cos⁡ 𝜃2 − sin⁡ 𝜃1 sin⁡ 𝜃2

4 12
we have, cos⁡ 𝜃1 = 5 and cos⁡ 𝜃2 = 13

∵ sin2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 1 − cos2 ⁡ 𝜃1 ⁡&⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 − cos2 ⁡ 𝜃2

4 2 12 2
sin2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 1 − (5) & sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 − (13)

16 144
sin2 𝜃1 = 1 − 25 & sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 − 169

25−16 169−144
sin2 𝜃1 = 25
& sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 169

253
 9 25
sin2 𝜃1 = 25 & sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 169

Taking square root on both the sides, we get

3 5
sin 𝜃1 = ± & 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝜃2 = ±
5 13

3 5
sin 𝜃1 = 5 & 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 = 13 ……. taking positive values

Now,

cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = cos⁡ 𝜃1 ⋅ cos⁡ 𝜃2 − sin⁡ 𝜃1 sin⁡ 𝜃2

4 12 3 5
= ( )⋅( )−( )⋅( )
5 13 5 13
4 12 3 5
= ( )⋅( )−( )⋅( )
5 13 5 13
48 15
= −
65 65
48 − 15
=
65
33
=
65
33
∴ cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) =
65
33
∴ ⁡ 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
65
4 12 33
∴ cos −1 ⁡ ( ) + cos −1 ⁡ ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
5 13 65
𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟔𝟑
(13) Show that 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ⁡ (𝟓) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ⁡ (𝟏𝟑) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ⁡ (𝟔𝟓)

Solution:
4 12
Let cos−1 ⁡ (5) = 𝜃1 ⁡&cos −1 ⁡ (13) = 𝜃2.

4 12
⇒ cos 𝜃1 = & cos𝜃2 =
5 13
4 12 63
To show, cos −1 ⁡ ( ) − cos−1 ⁡ ( ) = cos−1 ⁡ ( ), it is sufficient to show that
5 13 65

63
𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = cos−1 ⁡ ( )
65

254
i. e. , cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = cos 𝜃1 ⋅ cos 𝜃2 + sin⁡ 𝜃1 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝜃2

4 12
i. e. , cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = ( ) ( ) + sin 𝜃1 ⋅ sin 𝜃2 … … … . . (1)
5 13

4 2 12 2
⁡∴ sin2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 1 − ( ) ⁡&sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 − ( )
5 13
16 144
∴ sin2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 1 − ⁡&⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 −
25 169
25 − 16 169 − 144
∴ sin2 𝜃1 = ⁡&⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 =
25 169
9 25
∴ sin2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = ⁡&⁡⁡sin2 ⁡ 𝜃2 =
25 169
3 5
∴ sin2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = ± & sin⁡ 𝜃2 = ±
5 13

3 5
∴ sin⁡ 𝜃1 = &⁡sin⁡ 𝜃2 = ⁡(taking possitive⁡values)
5 13

Now,

∴ cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = cos 𝜃1 ⋅ cos 𝜃2 + sin⁡ 𝜃1 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝜃2

4 12 3 5
= ( )( ) + ( )( )
5 13 5 13
48 15
= +
65 65
63
cos⁡(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) =
65
63
∴ 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = cos−1 ⁡ ( )
65

How,

4 12 63
∴ cos−1 ( ) − cos−1 ⁡ ( ) = cos −1 ⁡ ( )
5 13 65

Hence proved.
𝟑 𝟖 𝟖𝟒
(14) show that: 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ (𝟓) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ (𝟏𝟕) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ⁡ (𝟖𝟓)

Solution:
3 8
Let sin−1 ⁡ (5) = 𝜃1 and sin−1 ⁡ (17) = 𝜃2

255
 3 8
⇒ sin⁡ 𝜃1 = 5 and sin⁡ 𝜃2 = 17

3 8 87
To prove: sin−1 ⁡ (5) − sin−1 ⁡ (17) = cos−1 ⁡ (85), it is sufficient to prove that

84
𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = cos −1 ⁡ (85)

84
i.e., cos⁡(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = 85

But cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = cos 𝜃1 ⋅ cos 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃1 ⋅ sin 𝜃2 … … … . . (1)

3 8
Her sin⁡ 𝜃1 = 5 and sin⁡ 𝜃2 = 17

and cos 2 𝜃1 = 1 − sin2 𝜃1 and cos 2 𝜃2 = 1 − sin2 𝜃2

3 2 8 2
∴ cos 2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 1 − ( ) and cos2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 − ( )
5 17

9⁡ 64
∴ cos2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 1 − 25 and cos2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 1 − 289

25−9 289−64
∴ cos2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 25
and cos 2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 289

16 225
∴ cos2 ⁡ 𝜃1 = 25 and cos 2 ⁡ 𝜃2 = 289

4 15 4
Taking square roots on both sides, we get cos⁡ 𝜃1 = ± 5 and cos⁡ 𝜃2 = ± 17 cos⁡ 𝜃1 = ± 5 ⁡ and
15
cos⁡ 𝜃2 = ±
17
4 15
∴ cos⁡ 𝜃1 = 5
⁡ and ⁡cos⁡ 𝜃2 = 17 (Taking +ve values)

Now,

∵ cos⁡(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = cos⁡ 𝜃1 cos⁡ 𝜃2 + sin⁡ 𝜃1 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝜃2

4 15 3 8
= ( )( ) + ( )( )
5 17 5 17
60 24
= +
85 85
84
∴ cos⁡(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) =
85
84
∴ 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 = cos−1 ⁡ (85) (Resubstituting value of 𝜃1 & 𝜃2 )

3 8 84
∴ sin−1 ⁡ ( ) − sin−1 ⁡ ( ) = cos−1 ⁡ ( ) ⁡
5 17 85

Hence proved.

256
 Chapter: 4. Straight Line

Syllabus Contents:

4.1 Angle between two lines & Condition of parallel and perpendicular lines

4.2 Various forms of straight lines: -Slope point form, two-point form, two

points intercept form, general form

4.3 Perpendicular distance from a point on the line.

4.4 Perpendicular distance between two parallel lines

257
❖ Introduction

4.2 Various forms of straight lines: -Slope point form, two-point form, two
points intercept form, general form

SLOPE OF LINE:
Generally, we denote the slope by ' 𝑚 '.

If 𝜃 is the inclination of a non - vertical line with 𝑋 - axis then

Slope = 𝐦 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝜽.

Let 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) be the two points on 𝐿 then

difference between 𝑦-coordinate

Slope = 𝑚 =
difference between 𝑥-coordinate
𝑦 −𝑦
⇒ Slope = 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1

𝑦 −𝑦
or Slope = 𝑚 = 𝑥1−𝑥2
1 2

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
Slope = 𝑚 = tan⁡ 𝜃 = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥1 − 𝑥2

Note:

Equation of X-axis is y = 0

Equation of 𝑌-axis is 𝑥 = 0

Equation of straight line parallel to X - axis is 𝐲 = 𝐛.

258
Equation of straight line parallel to Y - axis is 𝐱 = 𝐚

(1) Slope - intercept form:

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the line L.

Y-intercept is 𝑐& Slope of the line is 𝑚

Then the slope - intercept form is
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

(2) Slope - Point Form:

Let the line 𝐿 passes through the point

𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
& 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the line with
slope 𝑚.

Then the Slope-Point form is

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

(3) Two Point Form:

Let the line L passes through the point
A(x1 , y1 )

& 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the

line.

Then the Two-Point form is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= .
𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2

259
(4) Intercept Form:

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on the line 𝐿. The line 𝐿

intersects the 𝑋 - axis at 𝐴 and the 𝑌-axis at B. As
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 and 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏.
Therefore, the coordinates of 𝐴 are (𝑎, 0) and
coordinates of 𝐵 are (0, 𝑏).

Then the intercept form is

𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏

Here, 𝑎 is 𝑥-intercept and b is y - intercept:

(5) General Form:

The equation of line in the general form is A𝑥 + B𝑦 + C = 0 where A, B, C are
constants. The equation of straight line given above is linear equation in 𝑥 and
𝑦. Now, we can write Ax + By + C = 0 as

−𝐴 𝐶
𝑦= 𝑥−
𝐵 𝐵
𝐴 𝐶
∴ ⁡ Slope = − 𝐵 and 𝑦-intercept = − 𝐵

DIFFERENT IMPORTANT FORMULAE:

(a) PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE FORMULA (Distance of a point from

line):
The perpendicular distance formula from a point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the

Ax + By + C = 0 is

𝐴𝑥1 + By1 + C
𝑝=| |
√A2 + B2

(b) DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES:

Distance between two parallel lines Ax + By + C1 = 0 and Ax + By + C2 = 0 is

260
 C1 − C2
p=| |
√A2 + B2

(c) ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES:

If m1 & m2 are the slopes of the two lines then the angle between two lines is

𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝜃 = tan−1 ⁡ | |
1 + 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2

(d) CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES:

Two lines are parallel if 𝐦1 = 𝐦2

Two lines are perpendicular if

𝑚
˙ 1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

261
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Question Bank

Chapter: 4 - Straight Line

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani

(1) Find slope & 𝒚 − intercept on the axes of the line 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎

𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
(2) Find slope and intercepts on the axes of the line −𝟑=𝟒
𝟐

(3) The point (𝟑; 𝟒) lies on the line 𝒌𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑 − 𝒌 = 𝟎. Find the value of 𝒌.

(4) Find the equation of straight line which passes through the origin and

makes an angle of 𝟔𝟎∘ with 𝐗 - axis.

(5) Find the equation of line passing through (𝟏, 𝟕) and having slope 2

units.

(6) Find the equation of straight line passes through the point

(−𝟒, 𝟔)&(𝟖, −𝟑)

(7) Equation of line making equal positive intercepts on coordinate axes

passing through the point (−𝟐, 𝟕).

(8) Find the equation of straight line passing through the point (𝟓, 𝟔) and

making the Intercepts equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

(9) Find the equation of line whose intercept on 𝑿 - axis is double that on 𝒀

- axis and which passes through the point (𝟒, 𝟏).

262
(10) Find the equation of line passing through the point (𝟐, 𝟓) and through

the point of intersection of the lines 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 and 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎.

(11) Find the equation of line passing through the point of intersection of

the lines 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 and 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟕 and perpendicular to the line 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 +

𝟕=𝟎

(12) Find equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining

(𝟖, 𝟏) & (𝟐, −𝟕).

(13) Find the equation of line passing through the point of intersection of

the lines 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟖 and 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏 and parallel to the line 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = 𝟑

(14) Find the equation of line passing through the point (𝟒, 𝟓) and

perpendicular to the line 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎

(15) Find equation of straight line which is perpendicular to the line 𝟓𝒙 −

𝟐𝒚 = 𝟕 and passes through mid point of the line joining (𝟐, 𝟕)&(−𝟒, 𝟏).

(16) Find the equation of line passing through (-4, -3) perpendicular to the

line joining by the points (1,3), (2,7)

(17) Find the equation of straight line passing though the point (𝟔, 𝟓) and

parallel to the line which makes intercepts 2 and 4 on coordinate axes.

(18) Find the length of perpendicular from the point 𝑷(𝟑, 𝟒) on the line 𝟑𝒙 +

𝟒𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 .

(19) If the length of perpendicular from (𝟓, 𝟒) on the straight line 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒌 =

𝟎 is 𝟒√𝟓 units. Find the value of 𝐤.

(20) Find the distance between the lines 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 and 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎.

263
 (21) Find the acute angle between the lines 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

(22) Show that the lines 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 & 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 are perpendicular.

(23) If the lines 𝟒𝒚 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 and (𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 are perpendicular. Find

Other Examples:

(1) Find the slope and intercepts on the axes of the lines

𝑥 𝑦 1 −3 −1 −3
(ii) +3+4=0 Ans: Slope = ; 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 = , 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
2 2 2 4
−8 3 12
(iv) 5𝑦 = 4(3 − 2𝑥) Ans: Slope = ; 𝑥 − int = 2 , 𝑦 − int =
5 5

(2) Find the slope and 𝒚 - intercept of the line

x y 3
(iii) 4 − 3 = 2 Ans: 4 ; −6

(3) Find the equation of straight line passing through the points:

(i) (3,4)(7,10) Ans: 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1

(ii) (0,0)(4,6) Ans: 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0

(5) Find equation of straight line passing through (𝟐, 𝟔) & (5,1), also find the
intercepts.
28 28
Ans: 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 28; 𝑥 − int = , y − int =
5 3

(7) Find the equation of line passing through the point (𝟐, 𝟑) and inclined at with
the 𝑿 - axis. Ans: 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 = 0

(8) Find the equation of straight line passing through

(ii) (5,6) and having equal intercepts on both the axes. Ans: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11

264
(vi) (2,5) and having equal intercepts of opposite signs on both the axes. Ans: 𝑥 − 𝑦 +
3=0

(vii) (−4,9) and sum of positive intercepts on the axes is 5. .

Ans: 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6

(ix)(12, −4) and sum of intercepts on the axes is 10.

𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 20; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12

(9) Find the equation of straight line passing through the intersection of the lines

(i) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13 and 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7 and through the point (1, −1).

Ans: 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5

(ii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 9 and through the point (4,5).

Ans: 8𝑥 − 𝑦 = 32

(10) Find equation of straight line passing through the intersection of the lines.

(iv) 2x + 3y = 13 and 5x − y = 7 and perpendicular to the line 3x − y + 17 = 0. Ans: 𝑥 +

3𝑦 = 11

(vi) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13&5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7& perpendicular to the line 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7 = 0. Ans: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13

(v) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 15 = 0 and parallel to the line 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 3 = 0. Ans: 5𝑥 +

6𝑦 = 9.

(11) Find the equation of line passing through the point:

(i) (3, 4) and perpendicular to the line 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0 Ans: 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10

(vi) (5, −6) and parallel to the line 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 Ans: 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 27

(ix) (2, −3) and parallel to the line 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7 = 0 Ans: 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 11

(xii) (2,4) and perpendicular to the line joining and perpendicular to the line joining by the
points (1,3)(2,0) Ans: 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10 = 0

265
(12) Find the equation of perpendicular bisector of the line Joining by the points
(iii) (4,8)(−2,6) Ans: 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10

(vi) (8, −1)(6,3) Ans: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5

(13) Find the perpendicular distance from the point

5
(i) (3,2) on the line 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 5 = 0 April-2014 Ans: units
√52

13
(iii) (2,3) on the line 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 3 = 0 Nov-2013 Ans: units
√52

(v) (5,4) on the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 = 0 April-2011 Ans: 4√5 units

(vii) (1, −1) on the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 Dec-2009 Ans: 3 units

(14) Find the distance between the parallel lines

14
(ii) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 = 0 Ans: units
√13
(iii) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 12 = 0 Ans: 2√5 units
9
(v) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 and 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 19 = 0 Ans: units
√52

(15) Find the angle between the lines

𝜋
(iii) 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0 and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 Nov.-2012 Ans: 4
𝜋
(iv) 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 April. 2017 Ans: 4
𝜋
(vi) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5 April-2016 Ans: 2

(16) Show that the following lines are perpendicular

(ii) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6
(iv) 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 0.
(vii) 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3 = 0

(17) For what value of ' 𝒑 ' the following lines are perpendicular
3
(ii) 3𝑥 + 4𝑝𝑦 + 8 = 0 and 3𝑝𝑦 − 9𝑥 + 10 = 0 Ans: ± 2
4
(v) (𝑃 + 1)𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 4𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 + 7 = 0 Ans: − 3.
(vi) kx − 6y = 9 and 6𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 13 Ans: 5

266
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Solution of Question Bank

Chapter: 4 – Straight Line

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

(1) Find the slope and intercepts on the axes of the lines:
𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
(11) 𝟐 + 𝟑 + 𝟒 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given Equation is:

𝑥 𝑦 1
+ + = 0 ⟶ (1)
2 3 4

Put 𝑦 = 0 in (1), we get

𝑥 0 1
+ + =0
2 3 4
𝑥 1
∴ =−
2 4
2 1
∴𝑥=− =−
4 2

∴ 𝑥-intercept = −1/2

Put 𝑥 = 0 in (1), we get

0 𝑦 1
+ =−
2 3 4
3
∴𝑦=−
4
− coefficient of 𝑥 1/2 3
Slope of line (1) = coefficient of 𝑦
= −1 = − 2.
⁄3

(Iv) 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟒(𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙)

Solution:

Given Equation of line is

267
5𝑦 = 4(3 − 2𝑥)…………(1)

∴ 5𝑦 = 12 − 8𝑥
8 12
∴ 𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 5
………is of form 𝑦 = m𝑥 + c, where m = slope, c = y − intercept

12 8
∴ 𝑦-intercept = 5
& slope of line (1) = − 5

Put 𝑦 = 0 in (1), we get.

5(0) = 4(3 − 2𝑥)

𝐴=1
∴ 0 = 4(3 − 2𝑥)

∴ 0 = 3 − 2𝑥

∴ 2𝑥 = 3

∴ 𝑥 = 3/2
12 −8
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 3/2, 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 5
1 slope = 5

(2) Find the slope and y-intercept of the line

𝑥 𝑦
(III) 4 − 3 = 2

Solution:

Given Equation is
𝑥 𝑦
− =2
4 3
𝑦 𝑥
∴ − =2−
3 4
3
∴ −𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥
4
3
∴ 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 − 6 ………is of form 𝑦 = m𝑥 + c, where m = slope, c = y − intercept

∴ 𝑦-intercept = −6 and slope = 3/4

(3) Find the equation of straight line passing through the

(i) (𝟑, 𝟒), (𝟕, 𝟏𝟎)

268
Solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (3,4)&(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ≡ (7,10)

Two-point form of straight line is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

𝑦−7 𝑥−3
∴ =
10 − 4 7 − 3
𝑦−4 𝑥−3
∴ =
6 4

∴ 4(𝑦 − 4) = 6(𝑥 − 1)

∴ 2(𝑦 − 4) = 3(𝑥 − 3)

∴ 2𝑦 − 8 = 3𝑥 − 9

∴ 0 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9 + 8

∴ 0 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1

∴ 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 or 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1

(ii) (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟒, 𝟔)

solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (0,0) & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ≡ (4,6)

Two-point form of straight line is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

𝑦−0 𝑥−0
∴ =
6−0 4−0
𝑦 𝑥
∴ =
6 4

∴ 4𝑦 = 6𝑥

∴ 2𝑦 = 3𝑥

∴ 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0

269
(5) Find equation of straight line passing through (𝟐, 𝟔)&(𝟓, 𝟏), also find the
intercepts.

Solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (2,6) &(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ≡ (5,1)

Two-point form of equation straight line is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−6 𝑥−2
∴ =
1−6 5−2
𝑦−6 𝑥−2
∴ =
−5 3
∴ 3(𝑦 − 6) = −5(𝑥 − 2)

∴ 3𝑦 − 18 = −5𝑥 + 10

∴ 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10 + 18

∴ 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 28 ⟶ (1)

This is the required equation of Straight line.

Put 𝑥 = 0 in (1), we get

5(0) + 3𝑦 = 28

28
∴𝑦=
3
28
∴ 𝑦-intercept =
3

Put 𝑦 = 0 in (1), we get

5𝑥 + 3(0) = 28

∴ 5𝑥 = 28

28
∴𝑥=
5
28
∴ 𝑥-intercept =
5

270
(7) Find the equation of line passing through the point (𝟐, 𝟑) and inclined at with
the 𝒙-axis.

(8) Find the equation of line passing through

(ii) (𝟓, 𝟔) and having equal intercepts on both the axes.

Solution:

The two-intercept form of straight is

𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 ⟶ (1)
𝑎 𝑏

∵ Both intercepts on both axes are same.

i.e 𝑎 = 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑎

∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 ⟶ (2)

∵ line (2) passes though point (5,6).

∴ (5,6) satisfy the equation (2)

∴5+6=𝑎

∴ 𝑎 = 11

Putting 𝑎 = 11 in equation (2) we get

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11

This is the required equation of line.

(vi) (𝟐, 𝟓) and having equal intercepts of opposite signs on both the axes.

Solution:

Two-intercept form of equation is

𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 ⟶ (1)
𝑎 𝑏

Given 𝑏 = −𝑎

271
 𝑥 𝑦
∴ + =1
𝑎 −𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
∴ − =1
𝑎 𝑎

∴ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 ⟶ (2)

∵ line (2) passes through point (2,5).

∴ (2,5) satisfy the equation (2).

∴2−5 =𝑎

∴ −3 = 𝑎

putting value of 𝑎 in (2), we get

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −3

(ViI) (−𝟒, 𝟗) and sum of positive intercepts on the axes is 5 .

solution:

Two-intercept form of straight line is

𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 ⟶ (1)
𝑎 𝑏
Sum of positive intercept is 5 .

𝑎+𝑏 =5

∴𝑏 =5−𝑎

Putting 𝑏 = 5 − 𝑎 in (1), we get

𝑥 𝑦
∴ + =1
𝑎 5−𝑎

∴ (5 − 𝑎)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎(5 − 𝑎) ⟶ (2)

∵ line (2) passes through the point (−4,9).

∴ (−4,9) satisfy the equation of line (2).

∴ (5 − 𝑎)(−4) + 𝑎(9) = 𝑎(5 − 𝑎)

∴ −20 + 4𝑎 + 9𝑎 = 5𝑎 − 𝑎2

∴ −20 + 13𝑎 = 5𝑎 − 𝑎2

272
∴ 𝑎2 + 13𝑎 − 5𝑎 − 20 = 0

∴ 𝑎2 + 8𝑎 − 20 = 0

∴ 𝑎2 + 10𝑎 − 2𝑎 − 20 = 0

∴ 𝑎(𝑎 + 10) − 2(𝑎 + 10) = 0

∴ (𝑎 + 10)(𝑎 − 2) = 0

∴ 𝑎 = −10 or 𝑎 = 2

For 𝑎 = −10, 𝑏 = 5 − (−10) = 15

and for 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 5 − 2 = 3

∵ sum of positive intercepts is 5

∴ 𝑎 = −10 & 𝑏 = 15 is not suitable to given condition.

But 𝑎 = 2 & 𝑏 = 3 is the suitable to the given condition.

Pulling 𝑎 = 2 & 𝑏 = 3 in equation (1), we get

𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
2 3

∴ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6

This is the required equation of straight line.

(ix) (𝟏𝟐, −𝟒) and sum of intercopls on the axes is 10.

solution:

Two-intercept form of equation of straight line is

𝑥 𝑦
𝑎
+ 𝑏 = 1 ⟶ (1)

∵ Sum of intercepts on the axes is 10.

∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 10

𝑏 = 10 − 𝑎

Put 𝑏 = 10 − 𝑎 in (1), We get

𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 10 − 𝑎

∴ (10 − 𝑎)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎(10 − 𝑎) ⟶ (2)

273
∵ line (2) passes through point (12, −1)

∴ point (12, −4) satisfy the equation (2).

∴ (10 − 𝑎)12 + 𝑎(−4) = 𝑎(10 − 𝑎)

∴ 120 − 12𝑎 − 4𝑎 = 10𝑎 − 𝑎2

∴ 𝑎2 − 16𝑎 − 10𝑎 + 120 = 0

∴ 𝑎2 − 26𝑎 + 120 = 0

∴ 𝑎2 − 20𝑎 − 6𝑎 + 120 = 0

∴ 𝑎(𝑎 − 20) − 6(𝑎 − 20) = 0

∴ (𝑎 − 20)(𝑎 − 6) = 0

∴ 𝑎 = 20 and 𝑎 = 6

For 𝑎 = 20, 𝑏 = 10 − 20 = −10

and for 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 10 − 6 = 4

Putting 𝑎 = 20 & 𝑏 = −10 in equation (1), we get

𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
20 −10

∴ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 20

putting 𝑎 = 6 & 𝑏 = 4 in equation (1), we get

𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
6 4

∴ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12

∴ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 20 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12 are the required equations of straight lines.

(9) Find the equation of straight line passing through the intersection of the
lines.

(i) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 and 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟕 and through the point (𝟏, −𝟏).

solution:

Given Equations of lines are

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13 ⟶ (1)

274
5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7 ⟶ (2)

Solving (1)&(2) simultancously, we get

From Equation (1) + 3 × Equation (2) , we get

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13

+ 15𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 21

___________

17𝑥 = 34

∴ 𝑥 = 34/17 = 2

putting 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2),

5(2) − 𝑦 = 7

∴ 10 − 𝑦 = 7

∴ 10 − 7 = 𝑦

∴𝑦=3

∴ (2,3) is the point of intersection of lines (1) & (2).

∴ The required straight line passes through points (2,3) & (1, −1).

∵ The two-point form of straight line is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (2,3)&(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ≡ (1, −1)

𝑦−3 𝑥−2
∴ =
−1 − 3 1 − 2
𝑦−3 𝑥−2
∴ =
−4 −1

∴ −1(𝑦 − 3) = −4(𝑥 − 2)

∴ −𝑦 + 3 = −4𝑥 + 8

∴ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 − 8 = 0

∴ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5 = 0

is the required equation of straight line.

275
(11) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟗 and through the point (𝟒, 𝟓).

Solution:

Given Equation of lines are

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⟶ (1)

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 9 ⟶ (2)

From Equation (1) + Equation (2), we get

𝑥+𝑦 =0

+ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 9

________

3𝑥 = 9

∴𝑥=3

Put 𝑥 = 3 in equation (1), we get

3+𝑦 =0

∴ 𝑦 = −3

∴ (3, −3) is the point of intersection of lines (1) & (2).

∴ Required line passes through points (3, −3) and (4,5).

∵ Two-point form of straight line is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (3, −3) & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ≡ (4,5)

𝑦 − (−3) 𝑥 − 3
∴ =
5 − (−3) 4 − 3

𝑦+3 𝑥−3
∴ =
5+3 1
𝑦+3
∴ =𝑥−3
8

∴ 𝑦 + 3 = 8(𝑥 − 3)

276
∴ 𝑦 + 3 = 8𝑥 − 24

∴ 0 = 8𝑥 − 24 − 𝑦 − 3

∴ 8𝑥 − 24 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0

∴ 8𝑥 − 𝑦 − 27 = 0

is the required equation of straight tine

(10) Find equation of straight line passing through the intersection of

the lines

(iv) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 and 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟕 and perpendicular to the line 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎

solution:

Give equation of lines are

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13 ⟶ (1)

5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7 ⟶ (2)

From Equation (1) +3 × Equation (2), we get

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13

+15𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 21

__________

17𝑥 = 34

∴𝑥=2

putting 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2), we get

5(2) − 𝑦 = 7

∴ 10 − 𝑦 = 7

∴ 10 − 7 = 𝑦

∴3 =𝑦

∴𝑦=3

∴ (2,3) is the point of intersection of lines (1) & (2),

∵ The required straight line is perpendicular to the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⟶ (3)

277
Let 𝑚1 = slope of required line

𝑚2 = slope of line (3)

− coefficient of 𝑥
∴ 𝑚2 =
coefficient of 𝑦

−3
∴ 𝑚2 = =3
−1

∵ line (3) and required straight line are perpendicular to each other

∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ 3 = −1

−1
∴ 𝑚1 =
3
1
∴ Equation of straight line with slope − 3 and passing through point (2,3) is given
by

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

1
∴ 𝑦 − 3 = − (𝑥 − 2)
3

∴ 3(𝑦 − 3) = −(𝑥 − 2)

∴ 3𝑦 − 9 = −𝑥 + 2

∴ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 9 + 2

∴ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11

(VI) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑 and 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟕 and perpendicular to the line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎.

Solution:

Given Equation of Straight lines are

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13 ⟶ (1)

5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7 ⟶ (2)

From, Equation (1) +3 ×Equation (2) we get

278
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18

+15𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 21

___________

17𝑥 = 34

∴𝑥=2

Putting 𝑥 = 2 in equation (2), we get

5(2) − 𝑦 = 7

∴ 10 − 𝑦 = 7

∴ 10 − 7 = 𝑦

∴𝑦=3

∴ (2,3) is the point of intersection of line (1) & line(2)

∵ Required straight line is perpendicular to the line 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⟶ (3)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of required line

𝑚2 = slope of line (3).

∴ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1

−2 2
∵ 𝑚2 = =
−5 5
2
∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ = −1
5
−5
∴ 𝑚1 =
2
5
∴ Equation of line passing through (2,3) & having slope − 2 is given by

5
𝑦 − 3 = − (𝑥 − 2)
2

∴ 2(𝑦 − 3) = −5(𝑥 − 2)

∴ 2𝑦 − 6 = −5𝑥 + 10

∴ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 6 − 10 = 0

∴ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 16 = 0

279
(v) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎 and 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 and parallel to the line 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given Equations of lines are:

2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 = 0 ⟶ (1)
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 15 = 0 ⟶ (2)

From 5 × Equation (1) - Equation (2) we get

10𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 30 = 0
- 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 15 = 0
- - + -
________________
7𝑥 + 45 = 0

45
∴𝑥=−
7
45
putting 𝑥 = − 7
in (1), we get

45
2 (− )+𝑦+6=0
7
90
∴− +𝑦+6=0
7
42 − 90
∴𝑦+ =0
7
48
∴𝑦− =0
7
48
∴𝑦=
7
45 48
∴ point of intersection of line (1) & (2) is (− , )
7 7

∵ Required line is parallel to the line 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⟶ (3)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of required line

𝑚2 = slope of line (3)

280
∴ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
5
But 𝑚2 = − 6

5
∴ 𝑚1 = −
6
45 48 −5
∴ Equation of straight line passing throught point (− , ) and having slope is
7 7 6
given by

48 5 45
𝑦− = − (𝑥 − (− ))
7 6 7

7𝑦 − 48 5 45
∴ = − (𝑥 + )
7 6 7
7𝑦 − 48 5 7𝑥 + 45
∴ =− ( )
7 6 7
5
∴ 7𝑦 − 48 = − (7𝑥 + 45)
6

∴ 6(7𝑦 − 48) = −5(7𝑥 + 45)

∴ 42𝑦 − 288 = −35𝑥 − 225

∴ 35𝑥 + 42𝑦 = 288 − 225

∴ 35𝑥 + 42𝑦 = 63

∴ 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 9

This is the required equation of straight line.

(11) Find the equation of line passing through the point

(i) (𝟑, 𝟒) and perpendicular to the line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎

Solution:

Let 𝑚1 = slope of required line

Let 𝑚2 = slope of line 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0

∵ Required line is perpendicular to the line 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0

∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

281
 −2 1
But 𝑚2 = −4 = 2

1
∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ = −1
2

∴ 𝑚1 = −2

∴ Equation of line passing through point (𝑥, 𝑦1 ) = (3,4) and having slope 𝑚1 = −2 is
given by

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

∴ 𝑦 − 4 = −2(𝑥 − 3)

∴ 𝑦 − 4 = −2𝑥 + 6

∴ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 + 4

∴ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10

This is the required equation of straight line.

(vi) (𝟓, −𝟔) and parallel to the line 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⟶ (1)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of required line

𝑚2 = Slope of line (1)

−3 3
∴ 𝑚2 = =
−2 2

∵ required line is parallel to line (1)

∴ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2

3
∴ 𝑚1 =
2

∴ Equation of line with elope 𝑚1 = 3/2 and possing through point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (5, −6) is

(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

3
∴ 𝑦 − (−6) = (𝑥 − 5)
2

282
∴ 2(𝑦 + 6) = 3(𝑥 − 5)

∴ 2𝑦 + 12 = 3𝑥 − 15

∴ 0 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 15 − 12

∴ 0 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 27

∴ 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 27 = 0

This is required equation of line.

(xi) (𝟐, −𝟑) and parallel to the line 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⟶ (1)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of required line

𝑚2 = slope of line (1)

−4
∴ 𝑚2 = =4
−1

∵ Required line is parallel to line (1).

∴ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2

∴ 𝑚1 = 4

∴ Equation of line having slope 𝑚1 = 4 and passing through point (2, −3) is given
by.

𝑦 − (−3) = 4(𝑥 − 2)

∴ 𝑦 + 3 = 4𝑥 − 8

∴ 0 = 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 − 8

∴ 0 = 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 11

∴ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 11 = 0

(XII) (𝟐, 𝟒) and perpendicular to the line joining and perpendicular to the
line joining by points (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟎)

283
Solution:

∵ slope of line joining points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (1,3) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ≡ (2,0) say 𝑚1 is given by

𝑦1 − 𝑦2 3 − 0 −3
𝑚1 = = = = −3
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 1 − 2 1

Let 𝑚2 = slope of required line

∵ required line is perpendicular to the line joining points (1,3)&(2,0)

∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

∴ −3 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

∴𝑚 1
2=
3

1
∴ Equation of line passing through point (2,4) and having slope 3
is given by

1
𝑦 − 4 = (𝑥 − 2)
3

∴ 3(𝑦 − 4) = 𝑥 − 2

∴ 3𝑦 − 12 = 𝑥 − 2

∴ 0 = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2 + 12

∴ 0 = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10

∴ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10 = 0

This is the required equation of line.

(12) Find the equation of perpendicular bisector of the line joining by the
points

(𝐢𝐢𝐢)(𝟒, 𝟖), (−𝟐, 𝟔)

Solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (4, 𝜀) & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ≡ (−2,6)

∵ Required straight line is perpendicular bisector of line joining points (4,8)&(−2,6).

Let (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is the mid-point of line-joining points (4,8)&(−2,6).

284
 4 + (−2) 8+6
∴ 𝑥3 = & 𝑦3 =
2 2
4−2 14
∴ 𝑥3 = & 𝑦3 =
2 2
∴ 𝑥3 = 1 & ∴ 𝑦3 = 7

∴ (1,7) is the mid-point of line joining points (4,8), (−2,6)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of required straight line

𝑚2 = slope of line joining points (4,8), (−2,6)

8−6 2 2 1
∴ 𝑚2 = = = =
4 − (−2) 4 + 2 6 3

∵ Required line is perpendicular to the line joining the points (4,8)&(−2,6)

∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1
1
∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ = −1
3

∴ 𝑚1 = −3

∴ Equation of line with slope 𝑚1 = −3 and passing through point (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) ≡ (1,7) is,
given by

𝑦 − 𝑦3 = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥3 )

∴ 𝑦 − 𝑦3 = 𝑚1 (𝑥 − 𝑥3 )

∴ 𝑦 − 7 = −3(𝑥 − 1)

∴ 𝑦 − 7 = −3𝑥 + 3

∴ 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 7 − 3 = 0

∴ 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 = 0

(𝑽𝟏)(𝟖, −𝟏), (𝟔, 𝟑)

solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is the midpoint of line joining points (8, −1) and (63).
8+6 −1+3
∴ 𝑥1 = 2
& 𝑦1 = 2

285
 14 2
∴ 𝑥1 = & 𝑦1 =
2 2

∴ 𝑥1 = 7 & 𝑦1 = 1

∴ (7,1) is the mid-point of line joining points (8, −1) & (6,3)

Let 𝑚1 = Slope of line joining points (8, −1) & (6,3)

𝑚2 = slope of required line.

∴ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1

As required line is perpendicular to the line joining points (8, −1)&(6,3).

−1 − 3 −4
Also 𝑚1 = = = −2
8−6 2

∴ −2 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

∴ 𝑚2 = 1/2

Equation of line with slope 𝑚2 = 1/2 and passing through point (7,1) is givine by

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚2 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

1
𝑦 − 1 = (𝑥 − 7)
2

∴ 2(𝑦 − 1) = 𝑥 − 7

∴ 2𝑦 − 2 = 𝑥 − 7

∴ 0 = 𝑥 − 7 − 2𝑦 + 2

∴ 0 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5

∴ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0

This is the required equation of line.

(13) Find the perpendicular distance from the print

(i) (𝟑, 𝟐) on the line 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟎.

Solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (3,2)

286
& 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 5 = 0 ⟶ (1)

Here 𝑎1 = 4, 𝑏1 = −6 & 𝑐1 = −5

∵ perpendicular distance from point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the line 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 is given by

𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1
=| |
√𝑎1 2 + 𝑏12

4(3) + (−6)(2) + (−5)

=| |
√42 + (−6)2

12 − 12 − 5
=| |
√36 + 16
−5
=| |
√52
5
=
√52

(ii) (𝟐, 𝟑) on the line 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎

Solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (2,3)

& 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 3 = 0 ⟶ (1)

Here 𝑎1 = 4, 𝑏1 = −6, 𝑐1 = −3

∵ Perpendicular distance of point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) from line 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 ≠ 𝑐1 = 0 is given by

𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1
=| |
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12

4(2) + (−6)(3) + (−3)

=| |
√42 + (−6)2
8 − 18 − 3
=| |
√16 + 36
8 − 21
=| |
√52
−13
=| |
√52

287
 13
= units
√52

(v) (𝟓, 𝟒) on the line 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎.

Solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (5,4)

& 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 = 0 ⟶ (1)

Here 𝑎1 = 2, 𝑏1 = 1&𝑐1 = 6

∵ Perpendicular distance of point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) from line 𝑎1 x + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 is given by

𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1
=| |
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12

2(5) + 1(4) + 6
=| |
√22 + 12
10 + 4 + 6
=| |
√4 + 1
20
=| |
√5
4×5
=
√5

= 4√5 units

(VII) (𝟏, −𝟏) on the line 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎.

Solution:

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ≡ (1, −1)

& 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 ⟶ (1)

∵ perpendicular distance of point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the line 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 is given by

288
 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 𝑦1 + 𝑐1
=| |
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12

3(1) + (−4)(−1) + 8
=| |
√32 + (−4)2

3+4+8
=| |
√9 + 16
15
=| |
√25
15
=
5

= 3 units

(14) Find the perpendicular distance between the lines.

(II) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟖 = 𝟎 and 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given Equation of lines are:

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 ⟶ (1)

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 16 = 0 → (2)

Here 𝑎1 = 3, 𝑏1 = 2, 𝑐1 = −8, 𝑐2 = 6

∵ Distance between parallel lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 & 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is given by

𝑐2 − 𝑐1
=| |
√𝑎1 + 𝑏12

6 − (−8)
=| |
√32 + 22
6+8
=| |
√9 + 4
14
=| |
√13
14
= units
√13

289
(III) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎

Solution:

Give Equation of lines are

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⟶ (1)

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 12 = 0 ⟶ (2)

𝑐1 = 2

Here 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑏1 = 2, 𝑐1 = 2&𝑐2 = 12

∵ Distance between parallel lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 & 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is given by

𝑐2 − 𝑐1
=| |
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12

12 − 2
=| |
√12 + 22
10
=| |
√1 + 4
10
=
√5
2×5
=
√5

= 2√5 units

(V) 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 and 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given Equations of lines are

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⟶ (1)

& 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 19 = 0
19
i.e 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2
= 0 ⟶ (2)

290
 19
Here 𝑎1 = 2, 𝑏1 = 3, 𝑐1 = 5 & 𝑐2 = 2
,

∵ Distance between pataliel lines 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 & 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is given by

𝑐2 − 𝑐1
=| |
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12

5 − 19/2
=| |
√22 + 32
10 − 19
=| 2 |
√4 + 9

−9/2
=| |
√13
9
=
2√13

(15) Find the angle between the lines:

(III) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given Equation of lines are

3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0 ⟶ (1)

𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 ⟶ (2)

Let 𝑚1 & 𝑚2 are slopes of line (1) & (2) respectively.

−3
∴ 𝑚1 = =3
−1
−1 1
& 𝑚2 = =
−2 2

Let 𝜃 → angle between line (1) & (2)

𝑚1 − 𝑚2
∴ tan 𝜃 = | |
1 + 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2

3 − (1/2)
∴ tan 𝜃 = | |
1 + 3(1/2)

291
 6−1
∴ tan 𝜃 = | 2 |
2+3
2
5/2
∴ tan 𝜃 = | |
5/2

∴ tan 𝜃 = 1
𝜋
∴ 𝜃 = tan−1 (1) = = 45∘
4

(Iv) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given equations of line are

3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0 ⟶ (1)

2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 ⟶ (2)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of line (1)

𝑚2 = slope of line (2)

−3
∴ 𝑚1 = =3
−1
2
& 𝑚2 = − = −2
1

Let 𝜃 ⟶ Angle between line (1) & (2)

𝑚1 − 𝑚2
∴ tan 𝜃 = | |
1 + 𝑚𝑖 𝑚2

3 − (−2)
∴ tan 𝜃 = | |
1 + 3(−2)

3+2
∴ tan 𝜃 = | |
1−6
5
=| |
−5

∴ tan 𝜃 =1

292
 𝜋𝑐
∴ 𝜃 = tan−1 (1) = = 45∘
4

(vi) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔 and 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟓

Solution:

Give Equations of lines are

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 ⟶ (1)

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5 ⟶ (2)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of line (1)

𝑚2 = slope of line (2)

−3 −3
∴ 𝑚1 = =
2 2
−2 2
& 𝑚2 = −3 = 3

Let 𝜃 → Angle between line (1) & (2).

𝑚1 − 𝑚2
∴ tan 𝜃 = | |
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2

2
−3/2 − 3
=| |
3 2
1 + (− 2) (3)

9−4
− 6
=| |
1−1

−13/6
=| |
0

∴ tan 𝜃 = ∞
𝜋
∴𝜃 = tan−1 (∞) = = 90∘
2

(16) Show that the following lines are perpendicular

(i) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 and 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔

293
Solution:

Give lines are

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 → (1)

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 ⟶ (2)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of line (1)

𝑚2 = Slope of line (2)

−3 3
∴ 𝑚1 = =−
2 2
−2 2
𝑚2 = =
−3 3
consider,

3 2
𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = − ⋅ = −1
2 3

∴ line (1) & (2) are perpendicular to each other.

(VII) 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given equations are

5𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⟶ (1)

6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3 = 0 ⟶ (2)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of line (1)

𝑚2 = slope of line (2)

−5
∴ 𝑚1 =
6
−6 6
& 𝑚2 = =
−5 5
consider,

5 6
𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = − ⋅ = −1
6 5

294
∴ line (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each

(17) For What value of ' 𝒑 ' the following lines are perpendicular

(11) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒑𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎 and 𝟑𝒑𝒚 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎

Solution:

Given Equations are

3𝑥 + 4𝑝𝑦 + 8 = 0 ⟶ (1)

3𝑝𝑦 − 9𝑥 + 10 = 0

i.e. − 9𝑥 + 3𝑃𝑦 + 10 = 0 ⟶ (2)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of line (1)

𝑚2 = slope of line (2)

−3
∴ 𝑚1 =
4𝑝

−(−9) 9
∴ 𝑚2 = =
3𝑝 3𝑝

∵ lire (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other

∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

−3 9
∴ ⋅ = −1
4𝑝 3𝑝

9
∴ =1
4𝑝2

9
∴ = 𝑝2
4
3
∴𝑝=±
2

(v) (𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓 and 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒑𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝟎

solution:

Give Equation of lines are

295
(𝑝 + 1)𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 ⟶ (1)

4𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⟶ (2)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of line (1)

𝑚2 = slope of line (2)

(𝑝 + 1)
∴ 𝑚1 = − = −(𝑝 + 1)
1
−4 4
& 𝑚2 = =
−𝑝 𝑝

∵ line (1) & (2) are perpendicular to each other

∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

4
∴ −(𝑝 + 1) ⋅ = −1
𝑝

∴ (𝑝 + 1) 4 = 𝑝

∴ 4𝑝 + 4 = 𝑝

∴ 4𝑝 + 4 − 𝑝 = 0

∴ 3𝑝 + 4 = 0

4
∴𝑝 =−
3

(VI) k𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟗 and 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟑

Solution:

Given equation of lines are

k𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 9 ⟶ (1)

6𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 13 ⟶ (2)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of line (1)

𝑚2 = Slope of line (2)

−𝑘 𝑘
∴ 𝑚1 = =
−6 6

296
 −6
& 𝑚2 =
5

∵ line (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other

∴ 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1

𝑘 6
∴ ⋅ (− ) = −1
6 5
−𝑘
∴ = −1
5

∴𝑘 =5

297
 Chapter: 1. Function

Syllabus Contents:

1.1 Definition of variable, constant, intervals such as open, closed, semi-open etc.

1.2 Definition of function, value of function and types of functions and simple
examples

Topics:

1. Definition of variable:
2. Constant:
3. Interval:
4. Types of Intervals
5. Cartesian product
5.1 Definition
5.2 Relation
5.3 Domain and Co-domain of Relation:
5.4 Range of Relation:
6. Function
6.1 Definition
7. Value of function f(x) at point:
8. Types of Functions:

298
 1. Definition of variable:

A variable is a quantity that may change within the context of a

mathematical problem or experiment.

Or

A variable is a quantity that may change with time or place.

For example- percentage of student from 1st to 10th class.

2. Constant:

Definition: A quantity which remain same with time and place.

For example- value of pi (π)=3.142=22/7

3. Interval:

intervals such as open, closed, semi-open etc.

1.2 Definition of function, value of function and types of functions and

simple examples

4. Types Of Intervals

1. Open interval:

Let a,b ∈ R and a<b then the open interval is denoted as (a, b) and is given
by

(a, b) ={x ∈ R/a < x < b}

e.g.:-

(0,1) ={x ∈ R/0 < x < 1}

299
2. Closed interval:

Let a,b ∈ R and a<b then the closed interval is denoted as [a, b] and is given
by

[a, b]={x ∈ R/a ≤ x ≤ b}

e.g.:

[0,1]={x ∈ R/0 ≤ x ≤ 1}

3. Half open half closed:

Let a,b ∈ R and a<b then the half open half closed interval is denoted as
(a,b] or [a,b) and is given by

(a,b] ={x ∈ R/a < x ≤ b}

[a,b) ={x ∈ R/a ≤ x < b}

e.g:

(1, 2] ={x ∈ R/1 < x ≤ 2}

[1, 2) ={x ∈ R/1 ≤ x < 2}

4. Other interval:

(-∞, a]={x ∈ R/x ≤ a}

(-∞, a)={x ∈ R/x < a}

[a, ∞)={x ∈ R/a ≤ x}

(a, ∞)={x ∈ R/a < x}

300
5. Cartesian product:

5.1 Definition

If A and B are sets, the Cartesian product of A and B is the set

A × B = {(a, b) /a ∈ A and b ∈ B}.

The following points are worth special attention: The Cartesian product of
two sets is a set, and the elements of that set are ordered pairs. In each
ordered pair, the first component is an element of A, and the second
component is an element of B.

Example (Cartesian product) If A = {{1, 2,3} and B = {(a, b, c},

then A × B = {(1,a),(1,b),(1,c),(2,a),(2,b),(2,c),(3,a),(3,b),(3,c)}

B × A = {(a,1),(a,2),(a,3),(b,1),(b,2),(b,3),(c,1),(c,2),(c,3)}

5.2 Relation:

Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a relation (BINARY RELATION) R

from A to B is a subset of A×B. That is, R is a relation from A to B ⇔ R⊆A ×
B
If R ⊆ A×A, the R is said to be a relation on A.
If (a, b) ∈R, then we write aRb and we say a is R related to b. Thus, (a, b)
∈R ⇔ aRb.
If , then we say that a is not related to b.
or

Relation is always studied between two sets. If we have two non-void (or
null/empty) sets A and B then the relation R from set A to set B is
represented by aRb, where a is the set of elements belonging to set A while
b belongs to set B.

301
Relation from a set A to a set B is the subset of the Cartesian product of A
and B i.e. subset of A x B. Relation in other way can also be defined as an
collection of ordered pairs (a, b) where a belongs to the elements from set
A and b from set B and the relation is from A to B but not vice versa.

For Example

Consider a set A containing elements as {1, 2, 3} and set B contains

elements as {2, 4, 6}.

Then the relation between Set A and B from A to B will be set of any
combinations from Set A to set B.

From the above diagram, we can see that Relation from A to B i.e. R will be
set of {(1,4). (1,2), (3,4), (3,2)}. This relation is a subset of the Cartesian
product of two sets A X B.

Let’s take another example where, set A = {1, 2, 3} and set B = {1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

If the Relation between A and B is as: elements of B is the squares of

elements of set A, then the relation is written in the form of sets as:

R = {(a,b): where b is square of a and a ∈ A & b ∈ B}

Then R = {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9)}

Same as sets, relation may also be represented algebraically either by the

Roster method or by the Set-builder method.

Relation can also be defined as a linear operation which establishes

relationship between the elements of two set’s according to some definite
rule of relationship.

R: {(a, b) | (a, b) ∈ A x B and a R b}

Eg:1) -> A = {2, 3, 5} and B= {1, 4, 9, 25, 30}

If a R b → b is square of a

Discrete elements of relation are {(2, 4), (3, 9). (5, 25)}

302
Eg: 2) -> A = {Jaipur, Lucknow, Kanpur, Bhopal}

B = {Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh}

aRb → a is capital of b,

A X B = {(Jaipur, Rajasthan), (Lucknow, Uttar Pradseh), (Bhopal, Madhya

Pradesh}

Note:

A relation f from a set A to a set B is called as the function if it satisfies the

below conditions:

• All the elements of A should be mapped with the elements of B. That is,
there should not be any element in A which is being unmapped with B.
i.e., for all a, (a, f(a)) ∈ f, where, a is the elements of set A
• Elements of set A should be uniquely mapped with the elements of set
B.
i.e., if (a, b) ∈ f & (a, c) ∈f, ⇒ b = c

Thus, the ordered pairs of f must satisfy the property that each element of
A appears in some ordered pair and no two ordered pairs have same first
elements.

See the below figures to understand the above points.

Let A= {a, b,c,d} and B={p,q,r,s}

Note: Every function is a relation but every relation is not necessarily a

function.

303
Domain and Co-domain of Relation:

For a relation from set A to set B i.e. aRb, all the elements of set A are
called as the domain of the relation R while all the elements of set B are
called as the co-domain of the relation R.

Domain of R= {a | a ∈ A, (a, R (a)) ∈ R}

Codomain of R= B

Range of Relation:

Range is the set of all second elements from the ordered pairs (a, b) in the
relation aRb.
Range of R = {R(a) |a ∈ A, R(a) ∈ B, (a, R (a)) ∈ R}

Therefore, Range of R= {2, 4, 6, 8}

For the relation aRb, domain is considered as the input to relation R while
the co-domain is the possible outputs and range is the actual output.

Similarly for a function, f: A → B, elements of set A are the inputs and B is

the set of possible outputs. But the second elements of all ordered pair of
f(A, B) will be the actual outputs.

304
6. Function: -

6.1 Definition

Let A and B be two sets and let there exist a rule or manner or
correspondence ‘f’ which associates to each element of A to a unique
element in B, then f is called a Function or Mapping from A to B. It is
denoted by symbol

Which reads ‘f is a function from A to B’ or’ f maps A to B.

If an element a ∈ A is associated with an element b ∈ B then b is called ‘the

f image of a’ or ‘image of a under f' or ‘the value of the function f at a’.
Also, a is called the pre – image of b or argument of b under the function f.
we write it as

f :( a, b) or f:a → b or b = f(a)

NOTE: -

To identify any graph, weather it is a function or not, we must understand

its definition once again but in terms of graphical meaning.

First condition of function says that – “All the elements of A should be

mapped with the elements of B”. That means graphically, for every input in
its domain, function must give or provide the corresponding output.

Second condition of the function says that – “Elements of set A should be

uniquely mapped with the elements of set B”. These means that, for any
input x, we must have one and only one output. The best way to check this
condition for the function y = f(x), is draw a line parallel to y – axis. If it
cuts the graph at two or more distinct points, this means, for one value of
x, we are getting more than one outputs. And hence it will not be a
function.

Example

y = x3

Here all the straight lines parallel to y – axis cut y = x3 only at one point.

305
Example

x2 + y2 = 1

Here line parallel to y –axis is intersecting the circle at two points hence it
is not a function.

7. Value of function f(x) at point:

Let y = f(x) be a given function, if we have to find it’s value at x=a, then it
is denoted by f(a) and is given by replacing x by a on both sides of given
definition of function.
x2 +1
For example : let f(x) = x3−1 then its value at x=2 is

22 +1 4+1 5
f(2) = 23 −1 = 8−1 = 7

306
8. TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

1. Even function:

Even Function: Let f(x) be a real valued function of a real variable. Then f is
even if the following equation holds for all x and -x in the domain of f:

f(x) = f(-x)

Geometrically, the graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to

the y-axis.

2. Odd function:

Odd Function: Again, let f(x) be a real valued function of a real variable.
Then f is odd if the following equation holds for all x and -x in the domain
of f:

f (-x) = - f(x) or f(x) + f(-x) = 0.

3. Algebraic function:

A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using

algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
and taking roots, started with polynomials.

Example:
x4 −16x2
f(x) = √x 2 + 5 And g(x) =
3
+ (x − 2) √x + 1
x+√x

Note: All the polynomials are algebraic but converse is not true. Functions
which are not algebraic are known as Transcendental Function.

307
4. Rational functions:

Fractional Rational Function: A rational function is a function of the form,

Are polynomials & h(x) ≠ 0. The domain of f(x) is set of real x such that
h(x) ≠ 0.

Example

Exponential functions:

5. Exponential Function:

A function f(x) = ax = exlna(a > 0, a ≠ 1, x ∈ R) is called an Exponential

Function. f(x) = ax is called an exponential function because the variable x
is the exponent. It should not be confused with power function. g(x) = x 2 in
which variable x is the base. For f(x)= ex domain in R and range is R+.

6. Logarithmic function:

Logarithmic Function: A function of the form y=log a x, x > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1,

is is called Logarithmic Function.

308
7. Identity function:

Identity Function: The f: A → B defined by f(x) = x, ∀ x ∈A is called the

identity of A and is denoted by IA. The domain and range of identity
function is entire real range i.e. R f(x) = x

8. Constant Function:

The function f: A → B is said to be a constant function if every element of A

has the same f image in B. Thus f: A → B; f(x) = c, ∀ x ∈ A, c ∈ B is a
constant function. Note that the range of a constant function is a singleton
and a constant function may be one – one or many – one, onto or into.

Example

I) f(x)=2

II) f(x)= a, where a is arbitrary constant

9. Transcendental function:

The function which is not algebraic is called transcendental function, like

exponential functions, logarithmic function and so on. Combinations of
algebraic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic function,
exponential function are also known as transcendental function.

Eg: i) f(x) = cosx − 5x + log x − x 3

ii)f(x) = √3x 2 − 1 +sin2 x − 4 log √x 3 + 4

309
10. Composition of function:

Let f: A B and g: B C be two functions. Then the composition of f and

g is denoted by gof and defined as the function gof: A C given by gof (x)
= g(f (x)), x A.

Similarly,

i)f°f(x) = f[f(x)]

ii)f°g(x) = f[g(x)]

iii)g°f(x) = g[f(x)]

Here Domain of g°f = Domain of f and

Co-domain of g°f = Co-Domain of g

310
11. Inverse of a function:

Let y = f(x) and y = g(x) be given functions such that f°g(x) = x and g°f(x) = x
then f(x) and g(x) are said to be inverse of each other.

And it can be denoted as f = g −1 or g = f 1

x−3
Let f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = 2

Then f°g(x) = f[g(x)]

x−3
= f( )
2
x−3
= 2( )+3
2
= x−3+3

f°g(x) = x

Also g°f(x) = g[f(x)]

= g(2x + 3)
(2x + 3) − 3
=
2
2x
=
2
g°f(x) =x

∴ f°g(x) = g°f(x) = x

Hence f and g are inverse of each other.

12. Parametric function:

Parametric functions are used to express curves that can't be written in

single-equation form; in physics, they are used to define the change in
position of an object with respect to time. Rather than x and y being
defined in terms of one another, they are defined in terms of another
variable t (known as the parameter), so that x = f(t) and y = g(t). The
functions are then related to one another through the parameter .some
examples of such parameters are t,θ, s, r etc.
Eg:
i) x = acosθ and y = asinθ Where θ is parameter and they represents the co-
ordinates of a point on the circle x 2 + y 2 = a2
ii) x = at 2 and y = 2at Represents the co-ordinates of a point on the parabola
y 2 = 4ax .

311
13. Explicit function:

If the variable y is expressed in terms of x explicitly that is in the form y =

f(x), then the function is called explicit function.
e.g.: 2y − x 2 + x − 5 = 0
1
This can be written as y = 2 (x 2 − x + 5)

14. Implicit function:

If the variable x and y are not separated from each other, that is the
function is in the form (x, y) = 0 , it is called implicit function.
Obviously neither x nor y can be expressed directly in terms of the
other.
E.g.: i) x 2 + xy − y 2 = 0
ii) x 3 + y 3 = 3axy

312
Summary:
1. Types Of Intervals
• Open interval
• Closed interval
• Half open half closed

2. Cartesian product

3. Relation
R: {(a, b) | (a, b) ∈ A x B and a R b}

4. Domain and Co-domain of Relation

Domain of R= {a | a ∈ A, (a, R (a)) ∈ R}

Codomain of R= B

5. Range of Relation

Range of R = {R(a) |a ∈ A, R(a) ∈ B, (a, R (a)) ∈ R}

6. Function:
f
f: (A, B) or f: A → B or A → B

f :( a, b) or f:a → b or b = f(a)

7. Value of function f(x) at point:

8. TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

• Even function

f(x) = f(-x)

• Odd function

f (-x) = - f(x)

• Algebraic function
x4 −16x2
f(x) = √x 2 + 5 And g(x) =
3
+ (x − 2) √x + 1
x+√x

• Rational functions

g(x)
y = f(x) = , where g(x) and h(x)are polynomials in x and
h(x)

h(x) ≠ 0

313
• Exponential functions

f(x) = ax = exlna(a > 0, a ≠ 1, x ∈ R)

f(x)= ex

• Logarithmic function

y=log a x, x > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1

• Identity function

f(x) = x, ∀ x ∈A

• Constant Function

f: A → B; f(x) = c, ∀ x ∈ A, c ∈ B

f(x)= a, where a is arbitrary constant

• Transcendental function
f(x) = cosx − 5x + log x − x 3
• Composition of function:
• i)f°f(x) = f[f(x)]

• ii)f°g(x) = f[g(x)]

• iii)g°f(x) = g[f(x)]

• Inverse of a function

• f°g(x) = x and g°f(x) = x then f(x) and g(x) are said to be inverse of each
other.

And it can be denoted as f = g −1 or g = f 1

• Parametric function

x = f(t) and y = g(t), where t is parameter

• Explicit function

Function of x and y in which y can be expressed as function of x alone.

• Implicit function

Function of x and y in which y cannot be expressed as function of x alone.

314
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Chapter-1 Function

Subject: Function Question Bank

Course Name: Basic Mathematics

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

* Note: Question in bold will be solved in class and rest are for practice and similar question table list also given in bellow table.

Two Marks Questions

(1) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5, find 𝑓(0), 𝑓(−1)

𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , find 𝒇 ( ) , 𝒇 (− ).
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐 𝟐

(3) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥, find 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2)

𝟏 𝟏
(4) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙. Find the value of 𝒇 ( ) and 𝒇 ( )
𝟒 𝟐

(5) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1, find 𝑓(𝑥 + 1).

(6) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + xcos 𝑥. Prove that 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥) = 0
𝟏
(7) If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕), find 𝒇 ( − 𝒕)
𝟐𝟎𝟎

(8) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎. Show that 𝒇(𝟎) = −𝟐𝒇(𝟑).

𝟑𝒇(𝒙)−𝒇𝟑 (𝒙)
(9) If 𝒇(𝒙) = tanx, Show that 𝒇(𝟑𝒙) =
𝟏−𝟑𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)
𝒂𝒙 +𝒂−𝒙
(10) Show that 𝒇(𝒙) = is an even function
𝟐

(11) Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 is an odd function

(12) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5, find 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(3)
(13) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7, show that 𝑓(−1) = 3𝑓(1)
(14) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5, find 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(3)
𝟑
(15) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, find 𝒇 (𝒙 − ) and 𝒇(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝟒

315
(16) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 7 − 5𝑥 5 + 3 sin 𝑥, find 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥)
1
(17) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 27𝑥 − log 3 𝑥, find 𝑓 ( )
3
1
(18) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 16𝑥 − log 2 𝑥, find 𝑓 ( )
4
2𝑓(𝑥)
(19) If 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥. Show that 𝑓(2𝑥) =
1−𝑓2 (𝑥)

(20) If 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥, prove that 𝑓(3𝑥) = 4(𝑓𝑥) − 3𝑓(𝑥)

1
(21) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 64𝑥 + log 3𝑥 , find 𝑓 ( )
3

(22) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 7, then find 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(3)

(23) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙), then find 𝒇(𝟎)
(24) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 14, then find 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(−3)
𝑥 2 +5
(25) If 𝑓(𝑥) = , find 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(5)
√𝑥−2
1
(26) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + log 2 𝑥, find 𝑓 ( )
2

(27) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟖, then show that 𝒇(−𝟑) = 𝒇(𝟑) + 𝟔

3𝑥 +3−𝑥
(28) state whether the function 𝑓(𝑥) = is odd or even.
2

(29) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + sin 𝑥, show that 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function.

(30) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒙, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 , then show that 𝒇[𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒇(𝒙)
(31) If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, then show that 𝑓(3𝑥) = 3𝑓(𝑥) − 4[𝑓(𝑥)]3
𝜋
(32) If 𝑓(𝑥) = log(sin 𝑥), then find 𝑓 ( )
2

(33) Test whether the function is even or odd, if 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + cos 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
(34) State whether the function 𝑓(𝑥) = is odd or even.
2

(35) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 find 𝑓(𝑥 + 1).

316
(36) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙, then prove that
(a) 𝒇(𝒎) + 𝒇(𝒏) = 𝒇(𝒎𝒏)
𝒎
(b) 𝒇(𝒎) − 𝒇(𝒏) = 𝒇 ( )
𝒏

(37) Define even and odd function.

𝑥 2 +9
(38) If 𝑓(𝑥) = , find 𝑓(4) + 𝑓(5)
√𝑥−3

(39) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + √𝑥 + 1, find 𝑓(1), 𝑓(4)

(40) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10, Determine 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(−2)
(41) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 find 𝑓(𝑥 − 1)
𝟏 𝟏
(42) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − , prove that [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟑 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝟑𝒇 ( ).
𝒙 𝒙

317
 Four Marks Questions

𝟏
(1) If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕), find 𝒇 ( − 𝒕).
𝟐𝟎𝟎

(2) Find the range 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 for [−𝟓, 𝟐].

𝒙+𝟑 𝟑+𝟓𝒙
(3) If 𝒇(𝒙) = and 𝒕 = show that 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒙
𝟒𝒙−𝟓 𝟒𝒙−𝟏
2𝑥+5 5+4𝑥
(4) Find 𝑓(𝑡), if 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑡 =
3𝑥−4 3𝑥−2
𝒙−𝟏 −𝟏
(5) If 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = , show that 𝒇(𝒚) =
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙

(6) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝟓 and 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟗, 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟐𝟓 find 𝒂⁡&⁡𝒃.

(7) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏, solve 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟏𝟔
1
(8) If 𝑓(𝑡) = 20cos⁡(50𝜋𝑡 + 0.2), then prove that 𝑓 ( + 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡).
25
𝒙 𝒂
(9) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ), then show that 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝟏). + 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇 (𝟐)
𝒙+𝟏

(10) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 3cos2 ⁡ 𝑥 − 5sin2 ⁡ 𝑥, show that 𝑓(𝑥) is an even

function.
(11) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 sin⁡ 𝑥 − 2𝑥cos⁡ 𝑥, show that 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥) = 0.
𝒙−𝟐
(12) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , then show that 𝒇[𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝒙.
𝟐𝒙−𝟏
𝑥−3
(13) If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = , then prove that 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥.
3𝑥−1
𝑥+3 3+7𝑥
(14) If 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑡 = , find 𝑓(𝑡).
2𝑥−7 2𝑥−1

(15) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒙, prove that

(a) 𝟐𝒇(𝒙)𝒚(𝒚) = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒚)
(b) 𝒈(𝒎 + 𝒏) = 𝒈(𝒎) ⋅ 𝒈(𝒏) − 𝒇(𝒎) ⋅ 𝒇(𝒏).
2𝑥−3
(16) If 𝑓(𝑥) = , then show that 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑥.
3𝑥−2
1
(17) If 𝑓(𝑡) = 50 sin(100𝜋𝑡 + 0.4), then prove that 𝑓 ( + 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡).
50

(18) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒, solve 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎.

318
 𝝅
(19) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙), show that 𝒇 ( − 𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝒇(𝒙).
𝟒

(20) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 11, solve the cquation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3𝑥 − 1)

(21) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4, solve 𝑓(1 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1).
𝟑𝒙+𝟐
(22) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , show that 𝒇 = 𝒇−𝟏
𝟒𝒙−𝟑
1
(23) If 𝑓(𝑥) = , prove that 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑥).
𝑥
𝑥 𝑎+1
(24) If 𝑓(𝑥) = log ( ), show that 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) + 𝑓(𝑎) = log (𝑎−1)
𝑥−1
1+𝑥 𝑎+𝑏
(25) If 𝑓(𝑥) = log ( ), show that 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓 (1+𝑎𝑏)
1−𝑥

(26) State whether the following functions are even or odd: Justify: 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
1
(27) If 𝑓(𝑥) = , find 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)]
1−𝑥

(28) If 𝑓(𝑥) = log𝑥, 𝜙(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 show that 𝑓(𝜙(𝑥)) = 3𝑓(𝑥).

𝑥−4
(29) If 𝑓(𝑥) = , show that 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝑥 or 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑥.
4𝑥−1
𝑥+1
(30) If 𝑌 = 𝑓(𝑥) = , show that 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦).
𝑥−1
𝑥+5 5+4𝑥
(31) If 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑡 = , show that 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑥
3𝑥−4 3𝑥−1

319
6 Marks Function
𝒙+𝟏 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
(1) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ ( ), then show that 𝒇 ( ) = 𝟐𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙−𝟏 𝟐𝒙
1 1
(2) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − , then prove that [𝑓(𝑥)]3⁡ = 𝑓(𝑥 3 ) + 3𝑓 ( ).
𝑥 𝑥
1+𝑥
(3) If 𝑓(𝑥) = log ( ), then show that
1−𝑥

𝑎+𝑏
𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓 ( )
1 + 𝑎𝑏
𝟏
(4) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + , then prove that
𝒙

(a) [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟐

(b) [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟑 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝟑𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙−𝟏
(5) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , then show that 𝒇[𝒇(𝒇(𝒙))] = 𝒙.
𝒙

(6) If 𝑓(𝑥) = log⁡(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ), show that the function is odd.

𝑥−1
(7) If 𝑓(𝑥) = log⁡ (
𝑥
), show that 𝑓(𝑦 2 ) = 𝑓(𝑦) + 𝑓(−𝑦)
𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +1 1
(8) If 𝑓(𝑥) = , show that 𝑓 ( ) = 𝑓(1 − 𝑥)
𝑥(1−𝑥) 𝑥
𝟑𝒙+𝟒 𝟕𝒙+𝟒
(9) If 𝒇(𝒙) = and 𝒈(𝒙) = , show that (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝟓𝒙−𝟕 𝟓𝒙−𝟑
1
(10) If 𝑓(𝑥) = , show that 𝑓[𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))] = 𝑥
1−𝑥
𝑥−5
(11) If 𝑓(𝑥) = = 𝑦, show that 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥.
5𝑥−1
2𝑥−3
(12) If 𝑓(𝑥) = = 𝑦, then show that 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥.
3𝑥−2

(13) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5⁡⁡and⁡t = y − 2⁡find⁡f(t)⁡

320
6
55

Similar Questions for Marks

2 Marks 4 Marks
Q No Similar Q No Similar
1 3, 12, 22, 24, 25, 3
39,14,39,40 4, 14, 31
4 2,17, 26 1 8,17
8 13 5 13, 30,
23 32 12 16, 29,
9 19, 31, 20 18 20, 21
10 11, 28, 29, 34 9 24, 25
5 41

6 Marks
Q No Similar
5 10

Note: if you have any difficulty or query in practice question then solution will be available
on YouTube Channel. Thank You.

321
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Solution of Question Bank

Chapter: 1 - Function

Course Name: Engineering Mathematics

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

Two Marks Questions

(1) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓, find 𝒇(𝟎), 𝒇(−𝟏)

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5

∴ 𝑓(0) = 02 + 2(0) − 5

∴ 𝑓(0) = −5

&

𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 + 2(−1) − 5

𝑓(−1) = 1 − 2 − 5 + 20
𝑓(−1) = −6

𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏
, find 𝒇 (𝟐) , 𝒇 (− 𝟐).

Solution:

𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
∵ 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1

1 2 1 1 1 1−2+4
1 (2) − (2) + 1 −2+1 3/4 3 2
∴ 𝑓( ) = = 4 = 4 = = ×
2 1 1−2 −1/2 −1/2 4 −1
2−1 2

322
 1 −3
∴ 𝑓( ) =
2 2

(3) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙, find 𝒇(𝟏) + 𝒇(𝟐)

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(1) = (1)3 + 1

∴ 𝑓(1) = 2

and 𝑓(2) = 23 + 2

∴ 𝑓(2) = 10

𝟏 𝟏
(4) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙. Find the value of 𝒇 (𝟒) and 𝒇 (𝟐)

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 16𝑥 + log 2 𝑥.

1 1
∴ 𝑓 ( ) = 161/4 + log 2
4 4
1 1
∴ 𝑓 ( ) = (24 )4 + log 2 4−1
4

= 21 + (−1) log 2 22

= 2 + (−1)(2)

=2−2

1
∴ 𝑓( ) = 0
4
1 1 1
A1so 𝑓 ( ) = 162 + log 2
2 2
1
= (42 )2 + log 2 2−1

= 4 + (−1)

323
 1
∴ 𝑓( ) = 3
2

(5) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏, find 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏).

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1) + 1

= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 + 2

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3

(6) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 prove that 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟎

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑥cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 − 3(−𝑥) + sin (−3) + (−𝑥)cos (−𝑥)

= −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + (− sin 𝑥) + (−𝑥) cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − 𝑥cos 𝑥

Now, consider

𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑥cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − 𝑥cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥) = 0

𝟏
(7) If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕) find 𝒇 (𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝒕)

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = 10sin (100𝜋𝑡)

1 1
∴ 𝑓( − 𝑡) = 10 sin [100𝜋 ( − 𝑡)]
200 200

324
 100𝜋
= 10sin [ − 100𝜋𝑡]
200
𝜋
= 10sin [ − 100𝜋𝑡]
2
1
∴ 𝑓( − 𝑡) = 10cos 100𝜋𝑡
200

(8) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎. Show that 𝒇(𝟎) = −𝟐𝒇(𝟑).

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 20

∴ 𝑓(0) = 03 − 5(0)2 − 4(0) + 20

= 0 − 0 − 0 + 20

∴ 𝑓(0) = 20 … … … . . (1)

Also, 𝑓(3) = 33 − 5(3)2 − 4(3) + 20

= 27 − 5(9) − 12 + 20

= 27 − 45 − 12 + 20

= 47 − 57

∴ 𝑓(3) = −10

∴ −2𝑓(3) = −2(−10)

∴ −2𝑓(3) = 20 … … … . . (2)

From (1) & (2), we get

𝑓(0) = −2𝑓(3)

Hence proved.

𝟑𝒇(𝒙)−𝒇𝟑 (𝒙)
(9) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙. Show that 𝒇(𝟑𝒙) = 𝟏−𝟑𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 → (1)

325
∴ 𝑓(3𝑥) = tan 3𝑥

and 𝑓 3 (𝑥) = [𝑓(𝑥)]3 = (tan 𝑥)3 = tan3 𝑥 → (2)

also 𝑓 2 (𝑥) = [𝑓(𝑥)]2 = (tan 𝑥)2 = tan2 𝑥 → (3)

Now,

3 tan 𝑥 − tan3 (𝑥)

=
1 − 3 tan2 𝑥

3𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓 3 (𝑥)
∴ 𝑓(3𝑥) = [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1), (2) and (3)]
1 − 3𝑓 2 (𝑥)

∵ 𝑓(3𝑥) = tan 3𝑥

𝒂𝒙 +𝒂
‾ −𝒙
(10) Show that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟐
is an even function.

Solution:

𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎−(−x)
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
→ (1)

𝑎−𝑥 + 𝑎‾(−𝑥)
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) =
2
𝑎−𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥
=
2
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎−𝑥
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) =
2

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1))

𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎−𝑥
∴ Given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
is an even function.

(11) Show that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 is an odd function

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 … … … (1)

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 + 3sin (−𝑥) + (−𝑥)

326
 = −𝑥 3 + 3[−sin 𝑥] + (−𝑥)

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 − 3sin𝑥 − 𝑥

= −[𝑥 3 + 3sin𝑥 + 𝑥]

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) … … … .. [𝑓ro𝑚(1)]

(12) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓, find 𝒇(𝟎) + 𝒇(𝟑). (Same as 14)

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5

𝑓(𝑥) = 03 − 3(0)2 + 5

=0−0+ 5

∴ 𝑓(0) = 5

𝑓(3) = 33 − 3(3)2 + 5

= 27 − 27 + 5

𝑓(3) = 5

(13) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕, show that 𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟑𝒇(𝟏).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7

∴ 𝑓(−1) = 3(−1)2 + 5(−1) + 7

= 3(1) + (+5) + 7

=3+5+7

∴ 𝑓(−1) = 15 … … … . (1)

And 𝑓(1) = 3(1)2 − 5(1) + 7

𝑓(1) = 3 − 5 + 7

𝑓(1) = 5

327
 3𝑓(1) = 3(5)

𝑓(1) = 15 … … … . . (2)

From (1) & (2), we get

𝑓(−1) = 3𝑓(1).

Hence Proved.

(14) Repeated
𝟑
(15) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, find 𝒇 (𝒙 − ) and 𝒇(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝟒

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1

3 3 2 3
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥 − ) = 2 (𝑥 − ) + 3 (𝑥 − ) + 1
4 4 4
3 9 9
= 2 [𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + ] + 3𝑥 − + 1
2 16 4
9 9
= 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + + 3𝑥 − + 1
8 4
9 18
= 2𝑥 2 + − +1
8 8
9
= 2𝑥 2 − + 1
8
9+8
= 2𝑥 2 −
8
3 1
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥 − ) = 2𝑥 2 −
4 8

And

𝑓(2𝑥 + 5) = 2(2𝑥 + 5)2 + 3(2𝑥 + 5) + 1

= 2(4𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25) + 6𝑥 + 15 + 1

= 2(4𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25) + 6𝑥 + 16

= 8𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 + 50 + 6𝑥 + 16

328
∴ 𝑓(2𝑥 + 5) = 8𝑥 2 + 46𝑥 + 66

(16) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟕 − 𝟓𝒙𝟓 + 𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙. find 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇(−𝒙)

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 7 − 5𝑥 5 + 3sin 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 7 − 5𝑥 5 + 3 sin 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)7 − 5(−𝑥)5 + 3 sin(−𝑥)

= −𝑥 7 − 5(−𝑥 5 ) + 3[− sin 𝑥]

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 7 + 5𝑥 5 − 3 sin 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥) = (𝑥 7 − 5𝑥 5 + 3 sin 𝑥) + (−𝑥 7 + 5𝑥 5 − 3 sin 𝑥)

= 𝑥 7 − 5𝑥 5 + 3sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 7 + 5𝑥 5 − 3sin 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥) = 0

𝟏
(17) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟕𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒙, find 𝒇 ( ).
𝟑

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 27𝑥 − log 3𝑥

1 1 1
∴ 𝑓( ) = 273 − log 3
3 3
1
= (33 )3 − log 3 3−1

= 31 − (−1)

=3+1

1
∴ 𝑓( ) = 4
3

(18) Repeated

329
 𝟐𝒇(𝒙)
(19) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙, show that 𝒇(𝟐𝒙) = 𝟏−𝒇𝟐(𝒙)

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 … … … … . (1)

∴ 𝑓 2 (𝑥) = [𝑓(𝑥)]2 = tan2 𝑥 … … … … (2)

∵ 𝑓(2𝑥) = tan 2𝑥

2 tan 𝑥
=
1 − tan2 𝑥
2𝑓(𝑥)
∴ 𝑓(2𝑥) = … … … … … (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2))
1 − 𝑓 2 (𝑥)

(20) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, prove that 𝒇(𝟑𝒙) = 𝟒𝒇𝟑 (𝒙) − 𝟑𝒇(𝒙)

Solution:

Give 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 … … . . (1)

∴ 𝑓(3𝑥) = cos 3𝑥 … … … … (2)

𝑓 3 (𝑥) = [𝑓(𝑥)]3 = (cos 𝑥)3 = cos 3 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(3𝑥) = cos 3𝑥

= 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(3𝑥) = 4𝑓 3 (𝑥) − 3𝑓(𝑥) … … . . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2))

Hence proved.

𝟏
(21) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔𝟒𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒙, find 𝒇 (𝟑)

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 64𝑥 + log 3 𝑥

1 1 1
∴ 𝑓 ( ) = 643 + log 3
3 3

330
 1
= (43 )3 + log 3 3−1

= 41 + (−1)

=4−1

1
𝑓( ) = 3
3

(22) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕, then find 𝒇(𝟏) + 𝒇(𝟑).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 7

∴ 𝑓(1)=14 − 3(1)2 + 7

=1−3+7

∴ 𝑓(1) = 5

𝑓(3) = 34 − 3(3)2 + 7

= 81 − 27 + 7

= 81 − 20

𝑓(3) = 61

Consider, 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(3)

= 5 + 61

= 66

(23) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙), then find 𝒇(𝟎).

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = log (cos 𝑥)

∴ 𝑓(0) = log(cos 0)

= log 1

∴ 𝑓(0) = 0

331
(24) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒, then find 𝒇(𝟑) + 𝒇(−𝟑).

Solution:

Girven 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 14

∴ 𝑓(3) = (3)2 + 6(3) − 14

= 9 + 18 − 14

∴ 𝑓(3) = 13

also 𝑓(−3) = (−3)2 + 6(−3) − 14

= 9 − 18 − 14

= −23

Consider,

𝑓(3) + 𝑓(−3) = 13 + (−23)

= 13 − 23

∴ 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(−3) = −10

𝒙𝟐 +𝟓
(25) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , find 𝒇(𝟑) + 𝒇(𝟓)
√𝒙−𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 2 +5
Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥−2

32 + 5
∴ 𝑓(3) =
√3 − 2
9+5
=
√1

𝑓(3) = 14

52 + 5
and 𝑓(5) =
√5 − 2
30
=
√3

332
 10 × (√3)2
=
√3

𝑓(5) = 10√3

Consider, 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(5)

= 14 + 10√3

𝟏
(26) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙, find 𝒇 (𝟐).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + log 2 𝑥

1 1 1
∴ 𝑓 ( ) = 42 + log 2
2 2
1
= (22 )2 + log 2 2−1

= 21 + (−1)

=2−1

1
𝑓( ) = 1
2

(27) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟖, then show that 𝒇(−𝟑) = 𝒇(𝟑) + 𝟔.

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 8

∴ 𝑓(−3) = 4(−3)2 − (−3) + 8

= 4(9) + 3 + 8

= 36 + 3 + 8

𝑓(−3) = 47 … … … … (1)

and 𝑓(3) = 4(3)2 − 3 + 8

= 4(9) − 3 + 8

333
 = 36 − 3 + 8

= 33 + 8

𝑓(3) = 41

Now, 𝑓(3) + 6

=41 + 6

= 47

= 𝑓(−3) … … … . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1))

∴ 𝑓(−3) = 𝑓(3) + 6.

𝟑𝐱 +𝟑−𝒙
(28) State whether the function 𝒇(𝒙) = is odd or even.
𝟐

Solution:

3𝑥 +3−𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
2

3−𝑥 + 3−(−𝑥 )
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) =
2
3−𝑥 + 3𝑥
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) =
2
3𝑥 + 3−𝑥
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) =
2

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

3𝑥 +3−𝑥
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
is an even function.

(29) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, show that 𝒇(𝒙) is an odd function.

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + sin 𝑥 … … … . (1)

𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 + 4(−𝑥) + sin(−𝑥)

= −𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 − sin 𝑥

334
 = −(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + sin 𝑥)

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) …………(from (1))

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + sin 𝑥 is an even function.

(30) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒙, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 , then show that 𝒇[𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝟒 ⋅ 𝒇(𝒙)

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 log 𝑥 … … . (1)

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 … … … … (2)

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]

= 𝑓[𝑥 4 ]………..(𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (2))

=2 ⋅ log 𝑥 4

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 2 × 4 log 𝑥

= 8 log 𝑥

= 4 × (2 log 𝑥)

= 4𝑓(𝑥) … … . . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1))

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = RHS

(31) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, then show that 𝒇(𝟑𝒙) = 𝟑𝒇(𝒙) − 𝟒[𝒇(𝒙)]𝟑

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 → (1)

∴ 𝑓(3𝑥) = sin 3𝑥

= 3sin 𝑥 − 4sin3 𝑥

= 3sin 𝑥 − 4(sin 𝑥)3

∴ 𝑓(3𝑥) = 3𝑓(𝑥) − 4[𝑓(𝑥)]3

335
(32) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙), then find 𝒇(𝝅/𝟐).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log (sin 𝑥)

∴ 𝑓(𝜋/2) = log (sin 𝜋/2)

= log 1

∴ 𝑓(𝜋/2) = 0

(33) Test whether the function is even or odd, if 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + cos𝑥 … … … (1)

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 3(−𝑥)4 − 2(−𝑥)2 + cos(−𝑥))

= 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ………..(from (1))

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.

𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙
(34) State whether the function 𝒇(𝒙) = is odd, or even.
𝟐

Solution:

𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = … … … … (1)
2

𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −(−𝑥)
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) =
2
𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
=
2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
=
2

336
 ∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) … … … … (from (1) )

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function

(35) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏, find 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑥 + 1) + 1

= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 1

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3

(36) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙, then prove that

(i) 𝒇(𝐦) + 𝒇(𝒏) = 𝒇(𝒎𝒏)

𝒎
(ii) 𝒇(𝒎) − 𝒇(𝒏) = 𝒇 ( 𝒏 )

Solution:

Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑎 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(𝑚) = log 𝑎 𝑚 & 𝑓(𝑛) = log 𝑎 𝑛

(i)

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓(𝑚) + 𝑓(𝑛)

= log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 → (1)

RHS = 𝑓(𝑚𝑛)

= log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑛)

RHS = log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 → (2)

from (1) & (2), we get

𝑓(𝑚) + 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑓(𝑚𝑛)

337
(il)
𝑚
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓 ( )
𝑛
𝑚
=log 𝑎 ( 𝑛 )

=log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛

= 𝑓(𝑚) − 𝑓(𝑛)

∴ 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = L𝐻𝑆
𝑚
∴ 𝑓(𝑚) − 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑓 ( )
𝑛

(37) Define even and odd function.

Solution:

(𝟏) Even function:

Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be Even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥),

e.g.:

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

e.g.: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2

= 𝑥2

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

∴ 𝑥 2 is even function.

(2) ODD Function:

Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be ODD if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

e.g., Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

338
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3

= −𝑥 3

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

∴ 𝑥 3 is an odd function

𝒙𝟐 +𝟗
(38) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , find 𝒇(𝟒) + 𝒇(𝟓).
√𝒙−𝟑

Solution:

𝑥 2 +9
Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥−3

42 + 9
∴ 𝑓(4) =
√4 − 3
16 + 9
=
√1
25
=
1

∴ 𝑓(4) = 25

52 + 9
and 𝑓(5) =
√5 − 3
25 + 9
=
√2
34
=
√2

17(√2)2
=
√2

∴ 𝑓(5) = 17√2

∴ 𝑓(4) + 𝑓(5) = 25 + 17√2

(39) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + √𝒙 + 𝟏, find 𝒇(𝟏), 𝒇(𝟒)

Solution:

339
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + √𝑥 + 1

∴ 𝑓(1) = 12 + √1 + 1

=1+1+1

∴ 𝑓(1) = 3

𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓(4) = 42 + √4 + 1

= 16 + 2 + 1

𝑓(4) = 19

(40) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎. Determine 𝒇(𝟐) + 𝒇(−𝟐).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10

∴ 𝑓(2) = 22 + 6(2) + 10

= 4 + 12 + 10

∴ 𝑓(2) = 26

And 𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 + 6(−2) + 10

= 4 − 12 + 10

𝑓(−2) = 2

∴ 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(−2) = 26 + 2

= 28

(41) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏, find 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑥 − 1) + 1

= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 − 1 + 1

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1

340
 𝟏 𝟏
(42) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − , prove that [𝒇(𝒙))𝟑 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝟑𝒇 ( )
𝒙 𝒙

Solution:
1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥

1 3
∴ LHS=[𝑓(𝑥)] = (𝑥 − )
3
𝑥
1 1 1
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 ⋅ + 3𝑥 ⋅ 2 − 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3 1
∴ LHS = [𝑓(𝑥)]3 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + − … … … . (1)
𝑥 𝑥3
1
RHS = 𝑓(𝑥 3 ) + 3𝑓 ( )
𝑥

1 1 1
= (𝑥 3 − ) + 3( − )
𝑥 3 𝑥 1⁄𝑥

1 3
= 𝑥3 − + − 3𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥
3 1
RHS = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + − … … … (2)
𝑥 𝑥3

From (1) & (2), we get

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

1
∴ [𝑓(𝑥)]3 = 𝑓(𝑥 3 ) + 3 ⋅ 𝑓 ( )
𝑥

341
Four Marks Questions

𝟏
(1) If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕), find 𝒇 (𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝒕).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 10sin (100𝜋𝑡)

1 1
∴ 𝑓( − 𝑡) = 10 sin [100𝜋 ( − 𝑡)]
200 200
𝜋
= 10 sin [ − 100𝜋𝑡]
2
1 𝜋
∴ 𝑓( − 𝑡) = 10 cos 100𝜋𝑡 … … … … … … … (sin ( − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃)
200 2

(2) Find the range 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 for [−𝟓, 𝟐].

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1

∴ 𝑓(−5) = (−5)2 + 1

= 25 + 1

∴ 𝑓(−5) = 26

𝑓(−4) = (−4)2 + 1

= 16 + 1

= 17

𝑓(−3) = (−3)2 + 1

=9+1

𝑓(−3) = 10

𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 + 1

=4+1

=5

342
𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 + 1

=1+1

=2

𝑓(0) = 0 + 1

=1

𝑓(0) = 0 + 1

𝑓(1) = 12 + 1 = 2

𝑓(2) = 22 + 1 = 5

∴ Minimum of 𝑓(𝑥) for interval [−5,2] is 1 and Maximum is 26.

∴ Range of 𝑓(𝑥) is [1,26]

𝒙+𝟑 𝟑+𝟓𝒙
(3) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙−𝟓 and 𝒕 = 𝟒𝒙−𝟏 show that 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒙.

Solution:
𝑥+3 3+5𝑥
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑡 = 4𝑥−1
4𝑥−5

𝑡+3
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) =
4𝑡 − 5
3 + 5𝑥
(4𝑥 − 1) + 3
=
3 + 5𝑥
4 (4𝑥 − 1) − 5

3 + 5𝑥 + 3(4𝑥 − 1)
= 4𝑥 − 1
4(3 + 5𝑥) − 5(4𝑥 − 1)
4𝑥 − 1
3 + 5𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 3
=
12 + 20𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 5
17𝑥
=
17

∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑥

343
 𝟐𝒙+𝟓 𝟓+𝟒𝒙
(4) Find 𝒇(𝒕) if 𝒇(𝒙) = and 𝒕 =
𝟑𝒙−𝟒 𝟑𝒙−𝟐

Solution:
2𝑥+5 5+4𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥−4 and 𝑡 = 3𝑥−2

2𝑡 + 5
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) =
3𝑡 − 4
2𝑡 + 5
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) =
3𝑡 − 4
5 + 4𝑥
2( )+5
= 3𝑥 − 2
5 + 4𝑥
3 (3𝑥 − 2) − 4

2(5 + 4𝑥) + 5(3𝑥 − 2)

= 3𝑥 − 2
3(5 + 4𝑥) − 4(3𝑥 − 2)
3𝑥 − 2
10 + 8𝑥 + 15𝑥 − 10
=
15 + 12𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 1
23𝑥
=
23

∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑥

𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
(5) If 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏, show that 𝒇(𝒚) = − 𝒙.

Solution:

𝑥−1
∵ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
𝑦−1
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) =
𝑦+1

𝑥−1
(𝑥 + 1) − 1
=
𝑥−1
(𝑥 + 1) + 1

344
 𝑥 − 1 − (𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑥+1
(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 + 1)
𝑥+1
𝑥−1−𝑥−1
=
𝑥−1+𝑥+1
−2
=
2𝑥
−1
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) =
𝑥

(6) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝟓 and 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟗, 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟐𝟓 find 𝒂 & 𝒃

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 5

∴ 𝑓(1) = 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏(1) + 5

∴ 9 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 5 …………. (∵ 𝑓(1) = 9)

∴9−5=𝑎+𝑏

∴ 4 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 … … … … . (1)

Also, 𝑓(2) = 𝑎(2)2 + 𝑏(2) + 5

∴ 𝑓(2) = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 5

∴ 25 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 5 … … … … . . (∵ 𝑓(2) = 25)

∴ 20 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏

∴ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 10 … … … … . . (2)

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑛 (1) − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑛 (2) gives

𝑎+𝑏 = 4

2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 10

∴ −𝑎 = −6

345
∴𝑎=6

Put 𝑎 = 6 in equation (1), we get

∴ 6+𝑏 =4

∴ 𝑏 =4−6

= −2

(7) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏, solve 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟏𝟔

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1

𝑓(𝑥 + 2) − 𝑓(𝑥 − 2) = 16

∴ (𝑥 + 2)2 − 1 − [(𝑥 − 2)2 − 1] = 16

∴ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 1 − (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 − 1) = 16

∴ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 − (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) = 16

∴ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3 = 16

∴ 8𝑥 = 16

∴𝑥=2

𝟏
(8) If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟐𝟎𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟓𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟐), then prove that 𝒇 (𝟐𝟓 + 𝒕) = 𝒇(𝒕).

Solution:

𝑓(𝑡) = 20cos (50𝜋𝑡 + 0.2) → (1)

1 1
Given ∴ 𝑓 ( + 𝑡) = 20cos [50𝜋 ( + 𝑡) + 0.2]
25 25

= 20cos [2𝜋 + (50𝜋𝑡 + 0.2)]

= 20cos [2𝜋 + (50𝜋𝑡 + 0.2)]

1
∴ 𝑓( + 𝑡) = 20cos (50𝜋𝑡 + 0.2) (∵ cos(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃)
25
1
∴( + 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)
25

346
 1
∴ 𝑓 (25 + 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡) ( from 0))

𝒙 𝒂
(9) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙+𝟏), then show that 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝟏) + 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇 (𝟐) .

Solution:
𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log (𝑥+1)

𝑎+1
∴ 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) = log ( )
𝑎+1+1
𝑎+1
∴ 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) = log ( )
𝑎+2
𝑎
Also 𝑓(𝑎) = log (𝑎+1)

𝑎
𝑎
and 𝑓 ( ) = log ( 𝑎 2 )
2 +1
2
𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝑓 ( ) = log ( )
2 𝑎+2

Now, Consider

𝑎+1 𝑎
𝑓(𝑎 + 1) + 𝑓(𝑎) = log ( ) + log ( )
𝑎+2 𝑎+1
𝑎+1 𝑎
= log ( × )
𝑎+2 𝑎+1
𝑎
= log ( )
𝑎+2
𝑎
∴ 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) + 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 ( )
2

(10) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟓𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙, show that 𝒇(𝒙) is an even
function.

347
Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 3 cos2 𝑥 − 5 sin2 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 4(−𝑥)4 + 2(−𝑥)2 + 1 − 3[cos (−𝑥)]2 − 5[sin (−𝑥)]2

= 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 3 cos 2 𝑥 − 5 sin2 𝑥

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.

(11) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, show that 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇(−𝒙) = 𝟎

Solution:

Given

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 + (−𝑥)2 sin(−𝑥) − 2(−𝑥) cos(−𝑥)

𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 (− sin 𝑥) + 2cos𝑥

𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 (sin 𝑥) + 2cos𝑥

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (−𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥)

=0

consider,

LHS = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(−𝑥)

= 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥cos𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥cos 𝑥

=0

= RHS

𝒙−𝟐
(12) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙−𝟏, then show that 𝒇[𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝒙

Solution:
𝑥−2
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥−1

348
LHS = 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)]

𝑥−2
= 𝑓[ ]
2𝑥 − 1
𝑥−2
= 2𝑥 −1−2
𝑥−2
2 (2𝑥 − 1) − 1

𝑥 − 2 − 2(2𝑥 + 1)
=
2(𝑥 − 2) − 1(2𝑥 − 1)

𝑥 − 2 − 4𝑥 + 2
=
2𝑥 − 4 − 2𝑥 + 1
−3𝑥
=
−3

=𝑥

= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝒙−𝟑
(13) If 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = , then prove that 𝒇(𝒀) = 𝒙.
𝟑𝒙−𝟏

Solution:
𝑥−3
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥−1

𝑦−3
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) =
3𝑦 − 1

𝑥−3
𝑓(𝑦) = 3𝑥 −1−3
𝑥−3
3 (3𝑥 − 1) − 1

𝑥 − 3 − 3(3𝑥 − 1)
=
3(𝑥 − 3) − (3𝑥 − 1)

𝑥 − 3 − 9𝑥 − 13
=
3𝑥 − 9 − 3𝑥 + 1
−8𝑥
=
−8

∴ 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥

349
 𝒙+𝟑 𝟑+𝟕𝒙
(14) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙−𝟕 and 𝒕 = 𝟐𝒙−𝟏, find 𝒇(𝒕)

Solution:
𝑥+3 3+7𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥−7 and 𝑡 = 2𝑥−1

𝑡+3
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) =
2𝑡 − 7
3 + 7𝑥
+3
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑥 − 1
3 + 7𝑥
2 (2𝑥 − 1) − 7

3 + 7𝑥 + 3(2𝑥 − 1)
=
2(3 + 7𝑥) − 7(2𝑥 − 1)

3 + 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 3
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) =
6 + 21𝑥 − 21𝑥 + 7
13𝑥
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) =
13

∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑥

(15) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒙 prove that

(a) 𝟐𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒚) = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒚) + 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒚)
(b) 𝒈(𝒎 + 𝒏) = 𝒈(𝒎) ⋅ 𝒈(𝒏) = 𝒇(𝒎) ⋅ 𝒇(𝒏)

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

𝑔(𝑥) = cos𝑥

L𝐻𝑆 = 2𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑦)

= 2sin 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑦
= sin (𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin (𝑥 − 𝑦)
= 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦)
= RHS

350
(ii) L𝐻𝑆 = 𝑔(𝑚 + 𝑛)
= cos(𝑚 + 𝑛)
= cos𝑚 cos 𝑛 − sin𝑚 ⋅ sin 𝑛
= 𝑔(𝑚) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑛) − 𝑓(𝑚) ⋅ 𝑓(𝑛)

=RHS

𝟐𝒙−𝟑
(16) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙−𝟐, then show that 𝒇[𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝒙.

Solution:
2𝑥−3
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥−2

LHS = 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)]

2𝑓(𝑥) − 3
=
3𝑓(𝑥) − 2

2𝑥 − 3
2( )−3
= 3𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 − 3
3( )−2
3𝑥 − 2
2(2𝑥 − 3) − 3(3𝑥 − 2)
=
3(2𝑥 − 3) − 2(3𝑥 − 2)

4𝑥 − 6 − 9𝑥 + 6
=
6𝑥 − 9 − 6𝑥 + 4
−5𝑥
=
−5

=𝑥

= 𝑅𝐻𝑆
𝟏
(17) If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟓𝟎𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟒), then prove that 𝒇 ( + 𝒕) = 𝒇(𝒕)
𝟓𝟎

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 50sin (100𝜋𝑡 + 0.4)

1 1
∴ 𝑓( + 𝑡) = 50sin [100𝜋 ( + 𝑡) + 0.4]
50 50
1
= 50 sin [100𝜋 ( + 2) ⋅ 0.4)]
50

= 50sin[ 2𝜋 + (100𝜋𝑡 + 0.4)]

351
 = 50 sin(100𝜋𝑡 + 0.4) … … … … … {sin(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = sinθ}

1
∴ 𝑓( + 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)
50

(18) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒, solve 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎.

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4 … … . . (1)

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 in equation (1), we get

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4

= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 4

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 … … … … . (2)

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 in equation (1), we get

𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 4

= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 4

𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5

∵ 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) − 12 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5) − 12 = 0 … … … . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2))

∴ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 − 12 = 0

∴ 4𝑥 − 12 = 0

12
∴𝑥= =3
4

𝝅
(19) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙), show that 𝒇 ( 𝟒 − 𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 − 𝒇(𝒙)

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = log (1 + tan 𝑥) → (1)

352
 𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑓 ( − 𝑥) = log [1 + lan ( − 𝑥)]
4 4
𝜋
tan 4 − tan 𝑥
= log [1 + 𝜋 ]
1 + tan 4 ⋅ tan 𝑥

1 − tan 𝑥
= log [1 + ]
1 + tan 𝑥
1 + tan 𝑥 + 1 − tan 𝑥
= log [ ]
1 + tan 𝑥
2
= log [ ]
1 + tan 𝑥
𝑚
= log 2 − log(1 + lan 𝑥) … … … … … [∵ log ( ) = log 𝑚 − log 𝑛]
𝑛
𝜋
∴ 𝑓 ( − 𝑥) = log 2 − 𝑓(𝑥) … … … … . . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1))
4

(20) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏, solve the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)

Solution:

Given 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 … … … (𝟏)

Putting 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 on both sides of equation (1), we get

𝒇(3𝑥 − 1) = (3𝑥 − 1)𝟐 − 𝟒(3𝑥 − 1) + 𝟏𝟏

= (3𝑥)2 − 2(3𝑥)(1) − 12𝑥 + 4 + 11

= (3𝑥)2 − 2(3𝑥)(1) − 12𝑥 + 4 + 11

= 9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 − 12𝑥 + 4 + 11

= 9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 16

𝒇(3𝑥 − 1)=9𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 16

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3𝑥 − 1)

𝑓(3𝑥 − 1) = 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1)

∴ 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2

353
∴ 0 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

∴ 0 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥.

3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 0

∴ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0

∴ 3𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 1 = 0

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3𝑥 − 1)

∴ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 11 = 9𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 16

∴ 0 = 8𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 5

∴ 8𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 5 = 0

∴ 8𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5 = 0

∴ 2𝑥(4𝑥 − 5) − 1(4𝑥 − 5) = 0

∴ (4𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 − 1) = 0

∴ 4𝑥 − 5 = 0 or 2𝑥 − 1 = 0

5 1
∴𝑥= or 𝑥 =
4 2

(21) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒, solve 𝒇(𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏).

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4

∴ 𝑓(1 − 𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥)2 − 3(1 − 𝑥) + 4

= 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 3 + 3𝑥 + 4

∴ 𝑓(1 − 𝑥) = 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2

and 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1) = (2𝑥 + 1)2 − 3(2𝑥 + 1) + 4

= 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 − 6𝑥 − 3 + 4

∴ 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1) = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2

354
Given

𝑓(1 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1)

∴ 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2

∴ 0 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

∴ 0 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥

3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 0

∴ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0

∴ 3𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 − 1 = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1

𝟑𝒙+𝟐
(22) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙−𝟑, show that 𝒇 = 𝒇−𝟏

Solution:
3𝑥+2
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥−3

3𝑥+2
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = → (1)
4𝑥−3

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦)

Now,

3𝑥 + 2
𝑦=
4𝑥 − 3
∴ 4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2 =0

∴ 4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2 = 0

∴ 𝑥(4𝑦 − 3) − 3𝑦 − 2 = 0

3𝑦 + 2
∴𝑥= = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦)
4𝑦 − 3

3𝑦 + 2
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) =
4𝑦 − 3

355
put 𝑦 = 𝑥, we get

3𝑥 + 2
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = = 𝑓(𝑥) … … … … . . from (1)
4𝑥 − 3

∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥.

∴ 𝑓 −1 = 𝑓
𝟏
(23) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , prove that 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙)
𝒙

Solution:

1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥+1

1 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = = 2 → (1)
𝑥2 +𝑥+1 𝑥 +𝑥

Now, Consider, 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 + 1)

1 1
= −
𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑥+1−𝑥
= 𝑥 2 +𝑥

1
=𝑥 2 +𝑥

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1))

𝒙 𝒂+𝟏
(24) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ), show that 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝟏) + 𝒇(𝒂) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒙−𝟏 𝒂−𝟏

Solution:
𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log (𝑥−1)

𝑎+1
∴ 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) = log ( )
𝑎+1−1
𝑎+1
∴ 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) = log ( )
𝑎
𝑎
Also 𝑓(𝑎) = log ( )
𝑎−1

356
 ∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓(𝑎 + 1) + 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑎+1 𝑎
=log ( 𝑎
) + log (𝑎−1)

𝑎+1 𝑎
= log [ 𝑎
× 𝑎−1]

𝑎+1
= log ( )
𝑎+1
𝟏+𝒙 𝒂+𝒃
(25) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏−𝒙), show that 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇(𝒃) = 𝒇 − (𝟏+𝒂𝒃)

Solution:
1+𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log (1−𝑥)

1+𝑎
∴ 𝑓(𝑎) = log ( )
1−𝑎
1+𝑏
and 𝑓(𝑏) = log (1−𝑏)

consider, 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)

1+𝑎 1+𝑏
= log ( ) + log ( )
1−𝑎 1−𝑏

(1 + 𝑎) (1 + 𝑏)
= log [ × ]
(1 − 𝑎) (1 − 𝑏)

1 + 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏
= log [ ]
1 − 𝑏 − 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏
1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
∴ 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) = log [ ] … … … … (1)
1 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 1+
and 𝑓 ( ) = log ( 1 + 𝑎𝑏)
1 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
1−
1 + 𝑎𝑏
(1 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)/(1 + 𝑎𝑏)
= log [ ]
(1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏)/(1 + 𝑎𝑏)

𝑎+𝑏 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
∴ 𝑓( ) = log [ ] … … … … … (2)
1 + 𝑎𝑏 1 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 1+
and 𝑓 ( ) = log ( 1 + 𝑎𝑏)
1 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
1−
1 + 𝑎𝑏

357
From (1) & (2), we get

𝑎+𝑏
𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓 ( )
1 + 𝑎𝑏

(26) State whether the following functions are even or odd. Justify:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) … … … … … (1)

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = log (−𝑥 + √1 + (−𝑥)2 )

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = log (−𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

= log (√1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)

(√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = log [(√1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥) ]
(√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥)

2
(√1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 2
= log ( )
√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥

1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥2
= log [ ]
√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
1
= log [ ]
√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
1
= log [ ]
𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2

= log 1 − log (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

= 0 − log (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) … … … . . (∵ log 𝑎 1 = 0)

= − log (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function.

358
 𝟏
(27) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏−𝒙, find 𝒇[𝒇(𝒙)].

Solution:
1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑥 … … … … (1)

1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
1−𝑥
1
∴ 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = … … … (𝑓rom (1) )
1 − 𝑓(𝑥)

1
= … … … . (𝑓rom (1) )
1
1−1−𝑥

1
=
1−𝑥−1
1
=
1−𝑥
1−𝑥
1−𝑥 𝑥−1
∴ 𝑓[(𝑥)] = =
−𝑥 𝑥

(28) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙, 𝝓(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 , show that 𝒇[𝝓(𝒙)] = 𝟑𝒇(𝒙).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥 … … … … (1)

𝜙(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 … … … … (2)

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓([𝜙(𝑥)]

= 𝑓(𝑥 3 )

=log 𝑥 3

359
=3 ⋅ log 𝑥

=3 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥)

∴ LHS = RHS
𝒙−𝟒
(29) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , show that 𝒇 ∘ 𝒇 = 𝒙 or 𝒇[𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝒙
𝟒𝒙−𝟏

Solution:
𝑥−4
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥−1 … … … … . . (1)

𝑓(𝑥) − 4
∴ [𝑓(𝑥)] = … … … … (from (1))
4𝑓(𝑥) − 1

𝑥−4
= 4𝑥 −1−4
𝑥−4
4 (4𝑥 − 1) − 1

𝑥 − 4 − 4(4𝑥 − 1)
= 4𝑥 − 1
4(𝑥 − 4) − (4𝑥 − 1)
4𝑥 − 1
𝑥 − 4 − 16𝑥 + 4
=
4𝑥 − 16 − 4𝑥 + 1
−15𝑥
=
−155

∴ 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑥

𝒙+𝟏
(30) If 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏, show that 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒚).

Solution:
𝑥+1
Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1 … … … … (1)

𝑦+1
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) = … … … … . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1))
𝑦−1

𝑥+1
+1
=𝑥−1 … … … … . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1))
𝑥+1
𝑥−1 − 1

360
 𝑥+1+𝑥−1
= 𝑥−1
𝑥 + 1 − (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥−1
2𝑥
= 𝑥 −1
1
𝑥+1−𝑥+𝑥−1

2𝑥
=
2

∴ 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥

𝒙+𝟓 𝟓+𝟒𝒙
(31) If 𝒇(𝒙) = and 𝒕 = , show that 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒙.
𝟑𝒙−𝟒 𝟑𝒙−𝟏

Solution:
𝑥+5 5+4𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥−4 & 𝑡 = 3𝑥−1 … … … . . (1)

𝑡+5
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = …………………… (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1))
3𝑡 − 4
5 + 4𝑥
+5
= 3𝑥 − 1
5 + 4𝑥
3 (3𝑥 − 1) − 4

5 + 4𝑥 + 5(3𝑥 − 1)
= 3𝑥 − 1
3(5 + 4𝑥) − 4(3𝑥 − 1)
3𝑥 − 1
5 + 4𝑥 + 15𝑥
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) =
15 + 12𝑥 − 12
19𝑥
∴ 𝑓(𝑡) =
19

∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑥

361
Six Marks Questions

𝒙+𝟏 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
(1) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙−𝟏), then show that 𝒇 ( 𝟐𝒙
) = 𝟐𝒇(𝒙)

Solution:
𝑥+1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log (𝑥−1) … … … (1)

1 + 𝑥2
1 + 𝑥2 +1
∴ 𝑓( ) = log [ 2𝑥 2 ] … … … . . (𝑓𝑟om (1))
2𝑥 1+𝑥
−1
2𝑥

1 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
= log [ 2𝑥 ]
1 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
2𝑥

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
= log [ 2 ]
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1

(𝑥 2 + 1)2
= log [ ]
(𝑥 − 1)2

𝑥+1 2
= log ( )
𝑥−1
𝑥+1
= 2 ⋅ log ( )
𝑥−1
1+𝑥 2
∴ 𝑓( 2𝑥
) = 2 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥) ……….(From (1))

𝟏 𝟏
(2) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝒙, then prove that [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟑 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝟑𝒇 (𝒙)

Solution:
1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 … … … . (1)

362
 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 3 ) = 𝑥 3 − … … … … . (2)
𝑥3
1 1 1 1
𝑓( ) = − = − 𝑥 … … . . (3)
𝑥 𝑥 1⁄𝑥 𝑥

Now,

LHS = [𝑓(𝑥)]3

13
= [𝑥 − ]
𝑥
1 1 1
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 ⋅ + 3𝑥 ⋅ 2 − 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3 1
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + −
𝑥 𝑥3
1 3
= 𝑥3 − 3
− 3𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
= (𝑥 3 − ) − 3 (𝑥 − )
𝑥3 𝑥
1
= [𝑓(𝑥 3 )] − 3𝑓 ( ) … … … . [𝑓rom (1),(2) & (3) ]
𝑥

LHS = RHS

Hence proved.

𝟏+𝒙 𝒂+𝒃
(3) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏−𝒙), then show that 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇(𝒃) = 𝒇 (𝟏+𝒂𝒃)

Solution:
1+𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = log (1−𝑥) → (1)

1+𝑎
∴ 𝑓(𝑎) = log ( )
1−𝑎
1+𝑏
&𝑓(𝑏) = log ( )
1−𝑏

363
 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)

𝑎+𝑎 1+𝑏
= log ( ) + log ( )
1−𝑎 1−𝑏
1+𝑎 1+𝑏
= log [( )×( )]
1−𝑎 1−𝑏

(1 + 𝑎)(1 + 𝑏)
= log [ ]
(1 − 𝑎)(1 − 𝑏)

1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
LHS = log [ ] … … … … (1)
1 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎+𝑏
and RHS =𝑓 ( )
1 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑎+𝑏
1+
= log ( 1 + 𝑎𝑏)
𝑎+𝑏
1−
1 + 𝑎𝑏
(1 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏)/(1 + 𝑎𝑏)
= log [ ]
(1 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏)/(𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏)

1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ] … … … … (2)
1 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏

From (1) & (2), we get

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝐿𝐻𝑆

𝑎+𝑏
𝑓( ) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)
1 + 𝑎𝑏

𝟏
(4) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝒙, then prove that.

(a) [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟐 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟐

(b) [𝒇(𝒙)]𝟑 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟑 ) + 𝟑𝒇(𝒙)

Solution:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 … … … … … … (1)

(a) 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [𝑓(𝑥)]2

364
 1 2
= (𝑥 + )
𝑥
1 1
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 ⋅ +
𝑥 𝑥2
1
= 𝑥2 + 2 +
𝑥2
1
= (𝑥 2 + )+2
𝑥2

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 ) + 2 …………… (from (1))

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = RHS

(b)

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = [𝑓(𝑥)]3

1 3
= (𝑥 + )
𝑥
1 1 1
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 ⋅ + 3𝑥 ⋅ 2 + 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3 1
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + +
𝑥 𝑥3
1 1
= (𝑥 3 + 3
) + 3 (𝑥 + )
𝑥 𝑥

= 𝑓(𝑥 3 ) + 3 ⋅ (𝑥) … … … . (fom (1)) )

= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝒙−𝟏
(5) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙
, then show that 𝒇[𝒇(𝒇(𝒙))] = 𝒙

Solution:
𝑥−1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
… … … … . (1)

𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) − 1
∴ 𝑓[𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))] = … … … … . . (2) … … … . (fom (1) )
𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑓(𝑥) − 1
Now, 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = … … … … . . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1) )
𝑓(𝑥)

365
 𝑥−1
−1
= 𝑥
𝑥−1
𝑥
𝑥−1−𝑥
∴ 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑥
𝑥−1
𝑥
−1
∴ 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)] =
𝑥−1

Put this value in (2), we get

−1
−1
𝑓[𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))] = − 1
𝑥
−1
𝑥−1
(−1 − 𝑥 − 1)/(𝑥 − 1)
=
−1/(𝑥 − 1)
−𝑥
=
−1

∴ 𝑓[𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))] = 𝑥

(6) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ). Show that the function is odd.

Solution:

Given

𝑓(𝑥) = log (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = log [−𝑥 + √1 + (−𝑥)2 ]

= log [−𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ]

(√1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)(√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
= log [ ]
√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
2
(√1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 2
= log [ ]
√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥

366
 1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥2
= log [ ]
√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
1
∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = log ( )
𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2

= log 1 − log (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

= 0 − log (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

= −log (𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )

∴ 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) … … … . ( from (1))

𝒙−𝟏
(7) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝒙
), show that 𝒇(𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝒇(𝒚) + 𝒇(−𝒚).

Solution:
𝑥−1
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = log ( ) … … . . (1)
𝑥

Putting the value of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 in equation (1), we get

𝑦2 − 1
𝑓(𝑦 2 ) = log ( ) … … … . . (1)
𝑦2

𝑦−1 −𝑦 − 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) + 𝑓(−𝑦) = log ( ) + log ( )
𝑦 −𝑦

𝑦−1 𝑦+1
= log ( ) + log ( )
𝑦 𝑦

𝑦−1 𝑦+1
= log [( )( )]
𝑦 𝑦

𝑦2 − 1
= log ( )
𝑦2

∴ 𝑓(𝑦) + 𝑓(−𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦 2 ) … … … … ( from (1))

( from (1) )

𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝟏
(8) If 𝒇(𝒙) = , Show that 𝒇 ( ) = 𝒇(𝟏 − 𝒙)
𝒙(𝟏−𝒙) 𝒙

Solution:

367
 𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(1−𝑥)
… … … . (1)

1 3 1 2
1 (𝑥 ) − 3 (𝑥 ) + 1
∴ 𝑓( ) =
𝑥 1 1
𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 )
1 1
1 𝑥 3 − 3 𝑥2 + 1
∴ 𝑓( ) =
𝑥 1 1
𝑥 − 𝑥2

3𝑥 𝑥 3
1− +
= 𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑥2 − 𝑥
𝑥3

(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑥3
2
(𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑥3

1 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1)
∴ 𝑓( ) = … … … … . (2)
𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

(1 − 𝑥)3 − 3(1 − 𝑥)2 − 1)

𝑓(1 − 𝑥) =
(1 − 𝑥)[1 − (1 − 𝑥)]

1 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 − 3(1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + 1
=
(1 − 𝑥)[1 − 1 + 𝑥]

1 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 − 3 + 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
=
(1 − 𝑥)𝑥

3𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 1
=
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)

−(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1)
=
−𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1 − 𝑥) = … … … … … . . (3)
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

From (1) & (2), we get

1
𝑓 ( ) = 𝑓(1 − 𝑥).
𝑥

368
 𝟑𝒙+𝟒 𝟕𝐱+𝟏
(9) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙−𝟕 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙−𝟑, Show that (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒙

Solution:
3𝑥+4
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥−7 … … … … (1)

7𝑥 + 4
𝑔(𝑥) = ⟶ (2)
5𝑥 − 3

𝑓°g (𝑥) = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)]

3𝑔(𝑥) + 4
= … … … … … … (𝑓rom (1))
5𝑔(𝑥) − 7

7𝑥 + 4
3( )+4
= 5𝑥 − 3
7𝑥 + 4
5( )−7
5𝑥 − 3
[3(7𝑥 + 4) + 4(5𝑥 − 3)]/(5𝑥 − 3)
=
5(7𝑥 + 4) − 7(5𝑥 − 3)/(5𝑥 − 3)

21𝑥 + 12 + 20𝑥 − 12
=
35𝑥 + 20 − 35𝑥 + 21
41𝑥
=
41

∴ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥

Also (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]

7𝑓(𝑥) + 4
=
5𝑓(𝑥) − 3

3𝑥 + 4
7( )+4
∴ 𝑦 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 7
3𝑥 + 4
5( )−3
5𝑥 − 7
[7(3𝑥 + 4) + 4(5𝑥 − 7)]
= 5𝑥 − 7
[5(3𝑥 + 4) − 3(5𝑥 − 7)]
5𝑥 − 7
21𝑥 + 28 + 20𝑥 − 28
=
15𝑥 + 20 − 15𝑥 + 21
41𝑥
=
41

369
∴ 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

𝟏
(10) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏−𝒙, show that 𝒇[𝒇(𝒇(𝒙))] = 𝒙

Solution:
1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = … … … … (1)
1−𝑥

1
∴ 𝑓[𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))] = … … … … … … … … . (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1))
1 − 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))

Now,

1
𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) =
1 − 𝑓(𝑥)

1
=
1
1−1−𝑥

1
=
1−𝑥−1
1−𝑥
1−𝑥
𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) =
−𝑥
1
∴ 𝑓[𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))] =
1 − 𝑓[𝑓(𝑥)]

1
=
1−𝑥
1−( )
−𝑥
1
=
−𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥
−𝑥
−𝑥
=
−1

𝑓[𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))] = 𝑥

𝒙−𝟓
(11) If 𝒇(𝒙) = = 𝒚, show that 𝒇(𝒚) = 𝒙.
𝟓𝒙−𝟏

370
Solution:
𝑥−5
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥−1 = 𝑦 … … … … . . (1)

𝑦−5
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) = ( from (1))
5𝑦 − 1

𝑥−5
−5
= 5𝑥 −1 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . ( from (1) )
𝑥−5
5( )−1
5𝑥 − 1
𝑥 − 5 − 5(5𝑥 − 1)
= 5𝑥 − 1
5(𝑥 − 5) − 1(5𝑥 − 1)
5𝑥 − 1
𝑥 − 5 − 25𝑥 + 5
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) =
5𝑥 − 25 − 5𝑥 +
−24𝑥
=
−24
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) =𝑥

𝟐𝒙−𝟑
(12) If 𝒇(𝒙) = = 𝒚, then show that 𝒇(𝒚) = 𝒙.
𝟑𝒙−𝟐

Solution:

Given

2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥) = = 𝑦 … … … … (1)
3𝑥 − 2
2𝑦 − 3
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) = … … … … ( from (1) )
3𝑦 − 2

2𝑥 − 3
2( )−3
= 3𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 − 3
3 (3𝑥 − 2) − 2

[2(2𝑥 − 3) − 3(3𝑥 − 2)]/(3𝑥 − 2)

=
[3(2𝑥 − 3) − 2(3𝑥 − 2)]/(3𝑥 − 2)

4𝑥 − 6 − 9𝑥 + 6
=
6𝑥 − 9 − 6𝑥 + 4
−5𝑥
=
−5

371
∴ 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥

(13) If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 and 𝒕 = 𝒚 − 𝟐, find 𝒇(𝒕).

Solution:

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5

&𝑡 =𝑦−2

∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 5

∴ 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑦 − 2)2 − 2(𝑦 − 2) + 5

= 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 4 − 2𝑦 + 4 + 5

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 13

372
 Chapter: 2. Limits

Syllabus Contents:

1. Definition of neighborhood, concept and definition of limit

2. Limits of Algebraic function

3. Limits of Trigonometric Functions with simple examples

Topics:

1. Definition of neighbourhood
2. Concept and definition of limit
3. Limits of Algebraic function
4. Limits of Trigonometric Functions with simple example

373
1.1 Definition of Neighborhood:
A neighborhood of a point is a set of points containing that point
where one can move some amount in any direction away from that point
without leaving the set.
OR
The definition of the limit says that an arbitrary neighborhood of
the limit A must capture. some tail of the sequence (𝒙𝒏 ). An
arbitrary neighborhood of A is an open interval centered at A; if it extends
distance d on each side, we can write it as (A - d, A + d).
OR
A neighborhood of A is any open interval centered at A.

1.2 Concept and definition of limit:

Concept of limit:

If we increase the number of sides of a polygon, we see that

the area of the polygon approaches to the area of a circle. if we keep
on increasing the number of sides of a polygon infinitely the
difference between the two areas becomes smaller and smaller and
at a limiting stage the area of the polygon is almost equal to the
area of the circle in other words, the limit of a polygon as the
number of sides approaches to infinity is a circle.

it should be remembered that the function may not actually reach the
limit 'l' but it get closer to 'l' as x approaches 'a' so that | f (x) -l| is
less than any given value. for example, let us have a function ƒ(𝑥) =
𝑥2 + 1
the function approaches the limit 10 as x approaches 3. We can
express it as limx→3 𝑥2 + 1 = 10, this can be shown below first x

374
approaching closer and closer to 3 from the lower side (left hand side
approach).
When x=2.99 f(x)=9.9401.
When x=2.999 f(x)=9.94001.
when x=2.9999 f(x)=9.99940001
can express this as:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 10 (Left hand side limit)
𝑥→3+

Now when x approaches to 3 from the higher side (Right hand side
approach), we obtain:
when x=3.01 f(x)=10.0601
when x=3.001 f(x)=10.006001
when x =3.0001 f(x)=10.00060001
can express this as:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 10 (Right hand side limit)
𝑥→3−

it is evident from the above example that as x is taken closer and

closer to 3, f (x) moves closer and closer to 10.
we are not concerned with what happens to f(x) when x equals “a”,
but only what happens to it when” x” is close to “a”. we emphasize
that the limit must be the same as x approaches a from the left or
from the right. That is,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙
𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑥→𝑎

375
1.3 Mathematical Definition of limit:

if corresponding to a positive number 𝜖, however small, we are able to find a

number such that | 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑙|< 𝜖 or all values of satisfying then we say
that |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿
| 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑙|< 𝜖, |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿 and write this symbolically as lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 is denoted
𝑋→𝑎
by L.
Thus, L= lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙
𝑋→𝑎

OR
The limit of 𝑓(𝑥), as x approaches a, equals L
If we can make the value of 𝑓(𝑥) arbitrarily
close to “L “(as close to L as we like) by taking
x to be sufficient close to “a” (on either side of
“a”) but not equal to a.
We write it as lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎

Remark:
𝑥 2 −1
let us consider the function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1
12 −1 1−1 0
in this case 𝑓(1) = = 1−1 = 0
1−1
which is meaningless. Thus, we can’t find the limit of f(x) by substituting 𝑥 =
1, 𝑓(1) is not defined. The concept of limit is useful in such cases. We can find
the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as x tends to one.
Remember that means that values of f(x) can be made close as we
please by taking x close enough to a but not equal to a. Therefore, in the
above
Example, we have x = 1 and so we can write.
𝑥 2 −1
L= lim
𝑋→1 𝑥−1

(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
= lim
𝑋→1 𝑥−1

= lim (𝑥 + 1) ……. (x-1) cancelled as a common factor

𝑋→1

=1+1

L =2

Thus, this helps to find the value of f(x) as x tends to 1, called the limit.

376
THEOREMS OF LIMITS:

we state the following theorems about limits without proof:

i) lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

ii) lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛
𝑥→𝑎

iii) lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥→𝑎

iv) lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎

𝑥→𝑎

v) lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎

𝑥→𝑎

Further if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑚

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

vi) lim 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑙 , where k is constant

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

vii) lim (𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙 ± 𝑚

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

viii) lim [𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)] = (lim 𝑓(𝑥)) (lim 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑙. 𝑚

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙

𝑥→𝑎
ix) lim 𝑔(𝑥) = = 𝑚 ,𝑚 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎

x) lim 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓 [lim 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑚)…limit of composite function

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

377
TYPES OF LIMITS:
Based on the nature of the functions and the process of attempting
them, we have the following types of limits.

• DIRECT METHOD
• METHOD OF FACTORIZATION
• METHOD OF SIMPLIFICATION
ALGEBRAIC
• METHOD OF RATIONALIZATION
• INFINITY TYPE
• LIMIT BASED ON FORMULA

• METHOD OF FACTORIZATION
TRIGONOMETRIC
• LIMIT BASED ON STANDARD FORMULA

2. Algebraic Limits:

A. Direct Method:
In some cases, we obtain limits of functions directly by putting x=a.

B. Method of factorization:
𝑔(𝑥)
Let we have 𝑓(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥), where both 𝑔(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑓 ℎ(𝑥) are polynomial in x,
then
𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑎)
L=lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = 𝑥→𝑎 =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 ℎ(𝑥) lim ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
ℎ(𝑎)

= 𝑘, 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 … . . 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

= ∞ … … . 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

0
=0
Then by inspection, (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of both𝑔(𝑥) & ℎ(𝑥). In this case,
first we factories the numerator and the denominator and cancel the
common factor (𝑥 − 𝑎). Hence find the limit.

Similarly
𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔(−𝑎)
If L= lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = 𝑥→−𝑎 = ℎ(−𝑎)
𝑥→−𝑎 𝑥→−𝑎 ℎ(𝑥) lim ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→−𝑎
= 𝑘, 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 … . . 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

= ∞ … … . 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

378
 0
=0
Then by inspection, (𝑥 + 𝑎) is a factor of both𝑔(𝑥) & ℎ(𝑥). In this case,
first we factories the numerator and the denominator and cancel the
common factor (𝑥 + 𝑎). Hence find the limit.

Note: Cancel out the factors which leading to indeterminacy i.e.

0 ∞
(0) or (∞), then find the limit of the remaining expression.

C. Method of simplification:
In such cases, we first simplify the function and follow the method of
factorization.

D. Method of Rationalization:

In this method, binomial expressions like 𝑎 ± √𝑏 𝑜𝑟 √𝑎 ± 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 √𝑎 ± √𝑏

rationalized then method of factorization is followed to find the limit
of the given function.
The rationalizing factor of 𝑎 + √𝑏 is 𝑎 − √𝑏 , similarly that for √𝑎 + 𝑏 is

√𝑎 − 𝑏 and for √𝑎 + √𝑏 is √𝑎 − √𝑏 and vice-versa.

Note: We can rationalize the irrational expressions by multiplying

with their conjugates to remove the indeterminacy then find the limit
of the remaining expression.

E. Infinity type:
1
In this type of limit, it is more convenient to replace 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 and as
𝑡
𝑥 → ∞, 𝑡 → 0
2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+5
Example: lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 2 −𝑥+7
1
Putting 𝑥 = ,then as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑡 → 0
𝑡

1 2 1
2 (𝑡 ) + 3 𝑡 + 5
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑡→∞ 1 2 1
3 (𝑡 ) − 𝑡 + 7

𝒙𝒏 −𝒂𝒏
F. Limit based on 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ,where n is positive, negative or
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
fractional.
𝒙𝒏 −𝒂𝒏
Result: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 , where n is positive, negative or fractional.
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂

379
 3. TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS:

A. METHOD OF FACTORIZATION:

In this case we find the common factor in numerator and denominator using
fundamental identities and relation of trigonometric ratios between
themselves, whenever applicable.

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
B. Limit based on 𝐥𝐢𝐦 , where 𝜃 is always measured in radians:
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Result: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽

It follows that:

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1. lim =1
𝜃→0 𝜃
𝜃
2. lim =1
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
3. lim =1
𝜃→0 𝜃
𝜃
4. lim =1
𝜃→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
5. lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1
𝜃→0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝜃
6. lim = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑘𝜖𝑅
𝜃→0 𝑘𝜃
𝑘𝜃
7. lim = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑘𝜖𝑅
𝜃→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝜃
8. lim = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑘𝜖𝑅
𝜃→0 𝑘𝜃
𝑘𝜃
9. lim = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑘𝜖𝑅
𝜃→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝜃

380
Summary:

1. Definition of neighbourhood
2. Concept and definition of limit
3. Definition of limit
4. Theorems of limits
5. Types of limits:
a. Algebraic Limits:
ii. Direct Method
iii. Method of factorization
iv. Method of simplification
v. Method of Rationalization
vi. Infinity type
𝒙𝒏 −𝒂𝒏
vii. Limit based on 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏 , where n is
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
positive, negative or fractional
b. Trigonometric limits:
i. Method of factorization
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
ii. Limit based on lim , where 𝜃 is always measured
𝜃→0 𝜃
in radians

381
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Question Bank OF Derivatives & Application

of derivative

Course Name: Basic Mathematics

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

Two Marks Questions

➢ Simple Algebraic Problems:

Evaluate following limits:
𝑥 2 −4
(1) lim𝑥→1
𝑥+3
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
(2) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 +1
𝒙𝟑 +𝟐𝟕
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟑
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟑
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4
(5) lim𝑥→0
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
(6) lim𝑥→1
2𝑥+3
3𝑥 2 +5𝑥
(7) lim𝑥→1
2𝑥+3
√𝒙+√𝒂
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂
𝒙+𝒂

382
 2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+5
(9) lim𝑥→−1
𝑥+1
𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +5𝑥+2
(10) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4

➢ Algebraic Factorization:
𝑥−2
(1) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 −4
𝑥 2 −9
(2) lim𝑥→3
𝑥−3
𝑥−2
(3) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 −4
𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟕
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
𝒙−𝟑
𝑥 4 −1
(5) lim𝑥→1 [ ]
𝑥−1
𝑥 2 −7𝑥+12
(6) lim𝑥→4
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−4
𝑥−2
(7) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟖
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙+𝟖
𝒙𝟑 +𝟖
(9) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
𝑥 3 +1
(10) lim𝑥→−1
𝑥 4 −1
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
(11) lim𝑥→−4
𝑥 2 +7𝑥+12
2𝑥 2 +9𝑥−5
(12) lim𝑥→−5
𝑥+5
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟑
(13) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙−𝟗

383
 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
(14) lim𝑥→2 [ ]
𝑥−2
𝑥 2 +8𝑥+15
(15) lim𝑥→−3 [ ]
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
𝑥 2 −9𝑥+20
(16) lim𝑥→5 [ ]
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+5
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
(17) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8
𝒙𝟐 −𝟕𝒙+𝟏𝟐
(18) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒
𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝟒
𝑥 3 −125
(19) lim𝑥→5
𝑥 2 −7𝑥+10
𝟑𝒙−𝟐 +𝒙−𝟏
(20) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝟓𝒙−𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟏
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15
(21) lim𝑥→3 [ ]
𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 −𝑥+3
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
(22) lim𝑥→1
𝑥 3 −1
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
(23) lim𝑥→3
𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +𝑥−3
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟔
(24) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
𝒙𝟑 +𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟖𝒙

➢ Algebraic Simplification:
2 1
(1) lim [ 2 + ]
𝑥→1 1−𝑥 𝑥−1
𝟏 𝟓
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟓 ( − )
𝒙−𝟓 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙

➢ Algebraic Rationalization:
𝟏−√𝒙−𝟒
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟓
𝒙−𝟓

384
 2−√𝑥
(2) lim𝑥→4 [ ]
4−𝑥
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟔
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒
√𝒙−𝟐
𝑥
(4) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
√1+𝑥−√1−𝑥

√2+𝑥−√2−𝑥
(5) lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

√𝑥+4−√5
(6) lim𝑥→1
𝑥−1
𝒙√𝒙−𝟐√𝟐
(7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 [ ]
𝒙−𝟐
𝒙−𝟑
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
√𝒙−𝟐−√𝟒−𝒙

√2−𝑥−√6+𝑥
(9) lim𝑥→−2
3𝑥+6

➢ Algebraic infinity:

𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
(1) lim𝑥→∞
3𝑥 2 +1
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟓
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→∞ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟕
8𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 +4
(3) lim𝑥→∞ [ ]
9𝑥 3 −4𝑥+1

𝒙𝟐 −𝟑
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞ [ ]
√𝟓+𝟒𝒙𝟒

385
➢ Trigonometry Factorization:
1−sin 𝜃
(1) lim𝜃→𝜋
2 cos2 𝜃

2−sec2 𝑥
(2) lim𝑥→𝜋
4 1−tan 𝑥

𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝜽
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜽→𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽

1−cos3 𝑥
(4) lim𝑥→0
sin2 𝑥
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝒙
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙

➢ Trigonometry Simplification:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝟎
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
√𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝅𝒙)
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝒙
sin 3𝑥
(4) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
5𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
(5) lim𝑥→0
3𝑥
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝒙
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝒙
𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝒙𝟑
tan 5𝑥
(9) lim𝑥→0
sin 6𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥
(10) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
sin 𝑏𝑥

386
 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
(11) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝒙𝟐
sin 3𝑥
(12) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
sin 2𝑥
tan 3𝑥
(13) lim𝑥→0
tan 5𝑥
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(14) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝒙𝟐
𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝟒)
(15) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜽→𝟎
𝜽𝟐
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
(16) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝐱𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
➢ Formula 1:lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝒙𝟗 −𝒂𝟗
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 [ ]
𝒙−𝒂
𝑥 6 −1
(2) lim𝑥→1 [ ]
𝑥−1
𝑥 10 −𝑎10
(3) lim𝑥→𝑎
𝑥−9
𝒙𝟏/𝟓 −𝒂𝟏/𝟓
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂
𝒙−𝒂
𝑥 −7 −𝑎−7
(5) lim𝑥→𝑎
𝑥−𝑎
𝟓
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝟐
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 [ ]
𝒙−𝟒

2 2
𝑥 7 −𝑎7
(7) lim𝑥→𝑎 [ ]
𝑥−𝑎

387
Four Marks Questions

➢ Algebraic Factorization:
𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 +11𝑥−6
(1) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −12
(2) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
𝐱 𝟑 −𝟕𝐱 𝟐 +𝟏𝟓𝐱−𝟗
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝟑 [ ]
𝐱 𝟑 −𝟒𝐱 𝟐 −𝟑𝐱+𝟏𝟖
𝒙𝟒 −𝟒
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→√𝟐
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑√𝟐𝒙−𝟖

𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟐
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐
𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐

➢ Algebraic Simplification:
𝟏 𝟗𝒙
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 ( − )
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟕
1 2
(2) lim𝑥→3 ( − )
𝑥−3 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
𝟏 𝟐
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 ( − )
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙

➢ Algebraic Rationalization:
√1+𝑥−√1−𝑥
(1) lim𝑥→0
𝑥

388
 𝟐𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
√𝒂+𝒙−√𝒂−𝒙

√𝟔−𝒙−√𝟐+𝒙
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐
𝟓𝒙−𝟏𝟎
𝑥 2 −4
(4) lim𝑥→2
√𝑥+2−√3𝑥−2

√3+𝑥−√5−𝑥
(5) lim𝑥→1 [ ]
𝑥 2 −1

➢ Algebraic infinity:
𝟕𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟑
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞ [ ]
𝟖𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟕
3𝑥 2 +4
(2) lim𝑥→∞ [ ]
5𝑥 2 +7

➢ Trigonometry Factorization:
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(1) lim𝑥→π
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝟐−𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅⁄
𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

➢ Trigonometry Simplification:
𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝒙+𝟐𝒙
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝟑𝒙+𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑𝒙
1−cos 4𝑥
(2) lim𝑥→0
𝑥2
sin 2𝑥+sin 6𝑥
(3) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
sin 5𝑥−sin 3𝑥
sin 3𝑥+7𝑥
(4) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
4𝑥+sin 2𝑥

389
 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑+𝒙)−𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑−𝒙)
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟓𝒙
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝟑𝒙𝟐
sin 6𝑥−sin 9𝑥
(7) lim𝑥→0
𝑥
4𝑥−sin 𝑥
(8) lim𝑥→0
5𝑥+tan 𝑥
3 sin 𝑥+4𝑥
(9) lim𝑥→0
7𝑥−tan 𝑥
sin(𝑥+ℎ)−sin 𝑥
(10) limℎ→0
ℎ
sin(𝑥+𝑎)+sin(𝑥−𝑎)
(11) lim𝑥→0
𝑥
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝜽−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐛𝜽
(12) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝛉→𝟎
𝜽𝟐
cos 3𝑥−cos 𝑥
(13) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
𝑥2
𝑥 2 +sin 3𝑥
(14) lim𝑥→0
2𝑥−sin 𝑥
cos 5𝑥−cos 3𝑥
(15) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
𝑥2
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
(16) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝒙𝟐
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝜽
(17) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝛉→𝟎
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
1−cos 2𝑥
(18) lim𝑥→0 [ ]
3 tan2 𝑥
𝟕𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙−𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(19) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝟒𝒙+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝑥 2 +1−cos 𝑥
(20) lim𝑥→0 ⌈ ⌉
xtan 𝑥

390
 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
➢ Formula 1:lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝒙𝟓 −𝒂𝟓
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂
𝒙𝟖 −𝒂𝟖
𝑥 3 −𝑎3
(2) lim𝑥→𝑎
𝑥 2 −𝑎2
−1⁄
𝑥 3 −1
(3) lim𝑥→1 −2⁄
𝑥 3 −1
𝒙−𝟓 −𝒂−𝟓
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂
𝒙−𝟕 −𝒂−𝟕
𝑥 5 −243
(5) lim𝑥→3
𝑥 3 −27
𝟑
𝒙𝟐 −𝟖
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 𝟓
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝟐

391
Six Marks Questions

➢ Algebraic Factorization:
𝒙𝟑 −𝟕𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟓𝒙−𝟗
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
𝒙𝟒 −𝟓𝒙𝟑 +𝟐𝟕𝒙−𝟐𝟕

➢ Algebraic Simplification:
𝒇(𝟐+𝒉)−𝒇(𝟐)
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐡→𝟎 { } , where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒉
1 2(2𝑥−3)
(2) lim𝑥→2 [ − ]
x−2 𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +2𝑥

➢ Algebraic Rationalization:
𝐱
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
√𝟗−𝒙+𝒙𝟐 −𝟑

√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏+√𝒙−𝟏
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟕
√𝒙𝟑 −𝟏

4−√9+𝑥
(3) lim𝑥→7
1−√8−𝑥

𝟑−√𝟒+𝟓𝒙
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏
𝟓−√𝟏𝟐+𝟏𝟑𝒙

➢ Algebraic infinity:
𝟒 𝟑
√𝟖𝒙𝟒 +𝟏− √𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑 −𝟏
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞
𝟒𝒙+𝟏

392
➢ Trigonometry Factorization:
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅⁄
𝟒 𝟏−√𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
(2) lim𝑥→𝜋⁄4
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

➢ Trigonometry Simplification:
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝟎 [ ]
𝐱𝟑
sin(a+h)+sin(a−h)−2sina
(2) limh→0
hsinh

√𝟐−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙−𝟏
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝒙𝟐
𝟑−𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝒙𝟒

𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
➢ Formula 1:lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝟓 𝟓
𝒙 ⁄𝟕 −𝒂 ⁄𝟕
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝟑 𝟑
𝒙 ⁄𝟕 −𝒂 ⁄𝟕
𝑥 5 −32
(2) lim𝑥→2
𝑥 7 −128

393
Similar Questions for Marks

2 Marks
Q No Similar Question no.
Simple-1 2 to 10
AF-1 2 to 5
AF-6 7 to 17
AF-18 19,21 to 23
AS-2 1
AR-1 2,3
AR-4 5,6,8,9
A∞-1 2,3
TF-3 1,2,4,5
TS-3 4,5
TS-6 9,10,12,13
TS-11 14,15
FORMULA 1 Q-1 2,3,4,5,6,7

4 Marks
Q No Similar
AF-1 2,3,5
AS-1 2,3
AR-2 1,3,4,5

394
 A∞-1 2
TS-1 3,4,8,9,14,19
TS-5 7,10,11
TS-12 13,15,16
TS-18 20
FORMULA 1 Q-1 2,3,4,5,6

6 Marks
Q No Similar
AR-4 3
FORMULA 1m Q-1 2

AF Algebraic Factorization

AS Algebraic Simplification

AR Algebraic Rationalization

A∞ Algebraic infinity

TF Trigonometry
Factorization

395
 TS Trigonometry
Simplification

FORMULA 1 𝒙𝒏 − 𝒂 𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒂

Note: if you have any difficulty or query in practice question then

solution will be available on YouTube Channel. Thank You.

396
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Solution of Question Bank

Chapter: 2 - Limits

Course Name: Engineering Mathematics

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

Two Marks Questions

• Simple Algebraic Problems:

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒙+𝟑

Solution:

Let

𝑥 2 −4
L = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥+3

12 − 4
=
1+3
1−4
=
1+3
−3
∴𝐿=
4

𝑥2 − 4 3
∴ lim =−
𝑥→1 𝑥 + 3 4

397
 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔
(𝟐) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

Solution:

Let

𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
L= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 +1

(2)2 + 2 − 6
=
22 + 1
4−4
=
4+1
0
=
5

∴𝐿=0

𝒙𝟑 +𝟐𝟕
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟑
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟑

Solution:

Let

𝑥 3 +27
L= lim 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
𝑥→−3

(−3)3 + 27
=
(−3)2 + 2(−3) + 3

−27 + 27
=
9−6+3
0
=
6

∴𝐿=0

398
 𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

Solution:

Let

𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1
L= lim 𝑥−1
𝑥→−1

(−1)2 − 3(−1) + 1
=
−1 − 1

1+3+1
=
−2

5
=
−2

5
∴𝐿=−
2

𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐

Solution:

2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
Lel 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2

2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2

2(0)2 + 3(0) + 4
∴𝐿=
02 + 3(0) + 2

4
∴𝐿= =2
2

2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
∴ lim =2
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2

399
 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

Solution:

𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→1 2𝑥 + 3

(1)2 + 1 + 1
∴𝐿=
2(1) + 3

1+2 3
∴𝐿= =
2+3 5

𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 3
∴ lim =
𝑥→1 2𝑥 + 3 5

𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙
(7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏
𝟐𝒙+𝟑

Solution:

3𝑥 2 +5𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→1 2𝑥+3

3(1)2 + 5(1)
∴𝐿=
2(1) + 3

3+5
∴𝐿=
2+3
8
∴𝐿=
5

3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 8
∴ lim =
𝑥→1 2𝑥 + 3 5

400
 √𝒙+√𝒂
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙+𝒂

Solution:

√𝑥+√𝑎
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥+𝑎

√𝑎 + √𝑎
∴𝐿=
𝑎+𝑎

2√𝑎
∴𝐿=
2𝑎
1
∴𝐿=
√𝑎

√𝑥 + √𝑎 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 √𝑎

𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟓
(9) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏

Solution:

2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+5
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→−1
𝑥+1

2(−1)2 + 3(−1) + 5
=
(−1) + 1

2(1) − 3 + 5
=
−1 + 1
2−3+5
=
0
4
=
0

∴𝐿=∞

2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+5
∴ lim𝑥→1 𝑥+1
= ∞ i.e., limit does not exist.

𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟐
(10) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟒

401
 Solution:

𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +5𝑥+2
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4

23 − 3(2)2 + 5(2) + 2
=
(2)2 − 2(2) + 4

8 − 12 + 10 + 2
=
4−4+4
8
=
4

∴𝐿=2

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2
=2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2
∴ lim =2
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4

• Algebraic Factorization:

𝒙−𝟐
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐−𝟒

Solution:
𝑥−2
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4

2−2
∴𝐿=
22 − 4
0
∴𝐿=
0

Hence there is common factor in Nr &Dr i.e., 𝑥 − 2, so to remove this factor,

we use factorization,

𝑥−2
∴𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 4

𝑥−2
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 22

(𝑥 − 2)
= lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

402
 1
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 + 2

1
=
2+2
1
∴𝐿=
4
𝑥−2 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 4 4

𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
𝒙−𝟑

Solution:

𝑥 2 −9
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 𝑥−3

𝑥 2 − 32
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3
𝑥−3

32 − 32 0
∴𝐿= =
3−3 0

∴ Nr. & Dr has common factor (𝑥 − 3).

𝑥 2 − 32
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3
𝑥−3
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3
(𝑥 − 3)

∴𝐿 =3+3

∴𝐿=6

𝑥2 − 9
∴ lim𝑥→3 =6
𝑥−3

𝒙−𝟐
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐−𝟒

Solution:
𝑥−2
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4

403
 2−2
∴𝐿=
22 − 4
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 2) is common factor in 𝑁𝑟 & 𝐷𝑟 .

𝑥−2
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2
𝑥 2 − 22
(𝑥 − 2)
= lim𝑥→2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

1
=
2+2
1
∴𝐿=
4
𝑥−2 1
∴ lim𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4 = 4

𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟕
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑

Solution:

𝑥 3 −27
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 𝑥−3

33 − 27
∴𝐿=
3−3
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 3) is common factor in Nr & Dr.

𝑥 3 − 27
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3

𝑥 3 − 33
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)

∴ 𝐿 = 32 + 3(3) + 9 = 9 + 9 + 9 = 27

404
 𝑥 3 − 27
∴ lim = 27
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3

𝒙𝟒 −𝟏
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

Solution:

𝑥 4 −1
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→1 𝑥−1

14 − 1
∴𝐿=
1−1
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 1) is common factor in Nr. & Dr.

𝑥4 − 1
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1

(𝑥 2 )2 − (12 )2
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

(𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
= lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
= lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)

= (1 + 1)(12 + 1)

= 2(2)

∴𝐿=4

𝑥4 − 1
∴L= =4
𝑥−1

𝒙𝟐 −𝟕𝒙+𝟏𝟐
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙−𝟒

Solution:

405
 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+12
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→4 𝑥 2 −3𝑥−4

42 − 7(4) + 12
∴𝐿=
42 − 3(4) − 4

16 − 28 + 12
∴𝐿=
16 − 12 − 4
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 4) is common factor in Nr. & Dr.

𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 12
= lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 4(𝑥 − 3)
= lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 4

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)
= lim
𝑥→4 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 1(𝑥 − 4)

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)
= lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑥−3
= lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 + 1

4−3
=
4+1
1
∴𝐿=
5

𝒙−𝟐
(7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐+𝒙−𝟔

Solution:
𝑥−2
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6

2−2
∴𝐿=
22 +2−6

10

406
 0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 2) is common factor of Nr & Dr.

𝑥−2
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6

∵ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
𝑥−2 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6
= lim ………………….[ ]
𝑥→2 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) − 2(𝑥 + 3)
= (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)

1
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥+3
1
∴𝐿=
2+3
1
∴𝐿=
5
𝑥−2 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 5

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖

Solution:

Let

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8

(−2)2 − 2(−2) − 8
∴𝐿=
(−2)2 + 6(−2) + 8

4+4−8
∴𝐿=
4 − 12 + 8
8−8
∴𝐿=
12 − 12
0
∴𝐿=
0

11

407
 ∴ [𝑥 − (−2)] = 𝑥 + 2 is common factor aff Nr & Dr.

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8

Now

𝑎𝑠 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 8

= 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 2(𝑥 − 4)

= (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2)

Also 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 8

= 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) + 2(𝑥 + 4)

= (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)

(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−2 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)

𝑥−4
= lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 + 4

−2 − 4
∴𝐿=
−2 + 4
−6
∴𝐿=
2

∴ 𝐿 = −3

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
∴ lim = −3
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8

𝒙𝟑 +𝟖
(9) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙𝟐+𝟑𝒙+𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 3 +8
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2

12

408
 (−2)3 + 8
=
(−2)2 + 3(−2) + 2

−8 + 8
=
4−6+2
0
∴L=
0

∴ 𝑥 − (−2) = 𝑥 + 2 is common factor of Nr & Dr.

𝑥3 + 8
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2

𝑥 3 + 23
= lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
= lim
𝑥→−2 (𝑥 + 2) + 1(𝑥 + 2)

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)
= lim
𝑥→−2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4
= lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥+1

(−2)2 − 2(−2) + 4
=
−2 + 1
4+4+4
=
−1

∴ 𝐿 = −12

𝒙𝟑 +𝟏
(10) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟏 𝒙𝟒−𝟏

Solution:

𝑥 3 +1
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→−1 𝑥 4 −1

(−1)3 + 1
=
(−1)4 − 1

−1 + 1
=
1−1

13

409
 0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − (−1)) = 𝑥 + 1 is common factor in Nr & Dr.

𝑥3 + 1
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥 4 − 1

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
= lim
𝑥→−1 (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
= lim
𝑥→−1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)

(−1)2 − (−1) + 1
∴𝐿=
(−1 − 1)[(−1)2 + 1]

(1 + 1 + 1)
∴𝐿=
(−2)(1 + 1)

3
∴𝐿=
(−2)(2)

3 −3
∴𝐿= =
−4 4

𝑥 3 + 1 −3
∴ lim =
𝑥→−1 𝑥 4 − 1 4

𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟒
(11) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟒 𝒙𝟐+𝟕𝒙+𝟏𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−4 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12

(−4)2 + 3(−4) − 4
=
(−4)2 + 7(−4) + 12

16 − 16
=
28 − 28
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ 𝑥 − (−4) = 𝑥 + 4 is commion factor in Nr & Dr.

14

410
 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−4 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12

As 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 − 4

= 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 1(𝑥 + 4)

= (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1)

Also 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 12

= 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 4(𝑥 + 3)

= (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)

(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−4 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)

(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−4 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)

(𝑥 − 1)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−4 (𝑥 + 3)

(−4 − 1)
∴𝐿=
(−4 + 3)

−5
∴𝐿=
−1

∴𝐿=5

𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙−𝟓
(12) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟓 𝒙+𝟓

Solution:

2𝑥 2 +9𝑥−5
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→−5 𝑥+5

2(−5)2 + 9(−5) − 5
=
−5 + 5
2(25) − 45 − 5
=
−5 + 5
50 − 50
=
−5 + 5

15

411
 0
𝐿=
0

∴ 𝑥 − (−5) = (𝑥 + 5) is common factor in Nr & Dr.

2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 5
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−5 𝑥+5
(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 5)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−5 (𝑥 + 5)

∴ 𝐿 = lim (2𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→−5

∴ 𝐿 = 2(−5) − 1

∴ 𝐿 = −10 − 1 = −11

2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 5
∴ lim = −11
𝑥→−5 𝑥+5

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟑
(13) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝟐𝒙𝟐−𝟑𝒙−𝟗

Solution:

𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥−9

32 − 4(3) + 3
=
2(3)2 − 3(3) − 9

9 − 12 + 3
=
12 − 9 − 9
0
𝐿=
0

(𝑥 − 3) is common factor in Nr & Dr.

Now as 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 1(𝑥 − 3)
= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)
Also 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 9 = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 9
= 2𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 3(𝑥 − 3)
= (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 3)

16

412
 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 9

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 3)

3−1
=
2(3) + 3

2
=
6+3
2
∴𝐿=
9

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 2
∴ lim 2
=
𝑥→3 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 9 9

𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
(14) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐
𝒙−𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 𝑥−2

22 − 3(2) + 2
∴𝐿=
2−2
4−6+2
=
0
0
𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 2) is Common factor of 𝑁𝑟 & 𝐷𝑟.

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

(𝑥−2)(𝑥−1)
= lim (𝑥−2)
𝑥→2

=2−1

∴𝐿=1

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
∴ lim =1
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

17

413
 𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝒙+𝟏𝟓
(15) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟑 [ 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟔
]

Solution:

𝑥 2 +8𝑥+15
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→−3 [ 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
]

(−3)2 + 8(−3) + 15
=
(−3)2 + (−3) − 6

9 − 24 + 15
∴𝐿=
9−3−6
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ 𝑥 − (−3) = (𝑥 + 3) is common factor in Nr. & Dr.

𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15
−𝐿 = lim𝑥→−3 2
𝑥 +𝑥−6
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 5)
= lim𝑥→−3
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥+5
= lim𝑥→−3
𝑥−2
−3 + 5
=
−3 − 2
2
=
−5
−2
∴𝐿=
5

𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15 2
∴ lim𝑥→−3 ( 2 )=−
𝑥 +𝑥−6 5

𝒙𝟐 −𝟗𝒙+𝟐𝟎
(16) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟓 [ 𝒙𝟐−𝟔𝒙+𝟓 ]

Solution:

𝑥 2 −9𝑥+20
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→5 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+5

18

414
 52 − 9(5) + 20
∴𝐿=
52 − 6(5) + 5

25 − 45 + 20
=
25 − 30 + 5
0
∴L=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 5) is common factor in Nr. & Dr.

𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→5
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 5)
= lim𝑥→5
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 1)

5−4
=
5−1
1
∴𝐿=
4

𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
(17) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐−𝟔𝒙+𝟖

Solution:

𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8

22 − 3(2) + 2
=
22 − 6(2) + 8

4−6+2
=
4 − 12 + 8
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 2) is common factor in Nr & Dr.

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 8

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 2)

19

415
 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 2)

(𝑥 − 1)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2
(𝑥 − 4)

2−1
∴𝐿=
2−4
1
∴𝐿=
−2

𝒙𝟐 −𝟕𝒙+𝟏𝟐
(18) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒
𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝟒

Solution:

𝑥 2 −7𝑥+12
Let L= lim𝑥→4 𝑥 3 −64

42 − 7(4) + 12
=
43 − 64
16 − 28 + 12
=
64 − 64
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 4) is common factor in 𝑁𝑟 & 𝐷𝑟.

𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 3 − 64

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 12
= lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 3 − 43
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 4(𝑥 − 3)
= lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16)

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)
= lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16)

4−3
=
42 + 4(4) + 16

1
=
16 + 16 + 16

20

416
 1
∴𝐿=
48
𝒙𝟑 −𝟏𝟐𝟓
(19) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟓
𝒙𝟐 −𝟕𝒙+𝟏𝟎

Solution:

𝑥 3 −125
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→5 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+10

53 − 125
∴𝐿=
52 − 7(5) + 10

125 − 125
∴𝐿=
25 − 35 + 10
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 5) is common factor in 𝑁𝑟 & 𝐷𝑟

𝑥 3 − 125
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→5
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10

𝑥 3 − 53
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→5
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 10

(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 25)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→5
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 2)

(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 25)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→5
(𝑥 − 2)

(52 + 5(5) + 25)

∴𝐿=
(5 − 2)

25 + 25 + 25
∴𝐿=
3
3(25)
∴𝐿=
3

∴ 𝐿 = 25

𝑥 3 − 125
∴ lim𝑥→5 = 25
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10

21

417
 𝟑𝒙−𝟐 +𝒙−𝟏
(20) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [𝟓𝒙−𝟐+𝟑𝒙−𝟏]

Solution:

3𝑥 −2 +𝑥 −1
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 5𝑥 −2 +3𝑥−1

3(0) + 0
=
5(0) + 3(0)

0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 0) i.e., 𝑥 is common factor in 𝑁𝑟 & 𝐷𝑟

3𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 −1
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 5𝑥 −2 + 3𝑥 −1

1 1
3⋅
2+𝑥
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 1 1
5⋅ 2+3⋅
𝑥 𝑥
3+𝑥
2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 5 + 3𝑥
𝑥 2

(3 + 𝑥) 𝑥𝑥
= lim ⋅
𝑥→0 𝑥2 (5 + 3𝑥)

3+0
∴𝐿=
5 + 3(0)

3
∴𝐿=
5

3𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 −1 3
∴ lim [ −2 −1
]=
𝑥→0 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 5

𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟏𝟓
(21) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝒙𝟑−𝟑𝒙𝟐−𝒙+𝟑

Solution:

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 𝑥 3 −3𝑥2 −𝑥+3

22

418
 32 + 2(3) − 15
∴𝐿=
33 − 3(3)2 − 3 + 3

9 + 6 − 15
∴𝐿=
27 − 27 − 3 + 3
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 3) is common factor in 𝑁𝑟 & 𝐷𝑟

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3
(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 1)

(𝑥 + 5)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3
(𝑥 2 − 1)

(3 + 5)
∴𝐿=
(32 − 1)

(3 + 5)
∴𝐿=
(9 − 1)

8
∴𝐿=
8

∴𝐿=1

(22) missing

Proof reading till above

23

419
 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔
(23) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝒙𝟑−𝟑𝒙𝟐+𝒙−𝟑

Solution:

𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 𝑥 3 −3𝑥2 +𝑥−3

32 − 3 − 6
=
33 − 3(3)2 + 3 − 3

0
∴𝐿 =
0

∴ (𝑥 − 3) is common factor in 𝑁𝑟 . &𝐷𝑟

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 6
∴𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 3) + 1(𝑥 − 3)

𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 2(𝑥 − 3)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 1)

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 1)

3+2
=
32 + 1
5
=
9+1
5
=
10
1
∴𝐿 =
2

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→3 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 2

24

420
 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟔
(24) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 𝒙𝟑+𝟑𝒙𝟐−𝟏𝟖𝒙

Solution:

Let

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 3
𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥

32 − 5(3) + 6
=
33 + 3(3)2 − 18(3)

9 − 15 + 6
=
27 + 27 − 54
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 3) is common factor in Nr𝑓Dr.

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 6
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 18)

𝑥(𝑥 − 2) − 3(𝑥 − 2)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1 + 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 18)

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥[𝑥(𝑥 + 6) − 3(𝑥 + 6)]

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 3)

3−2
=
3(3 + 6)
1
=
3(9)

1
∴𝐿=
27

25

421
 Algebraic Simplification:

𝟐 𝟏
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 [𝟏−𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙−𝟏]
Solution:

Let
2 1
𝐿 = lim𝑥→1 [ + ]
1 − 𝑥2 𝑥 − 1
2 1
= lim [ + ]
𝑥→1 (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) −(1 − 𝑥)

2−𝑥 1
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→1 (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) (1 − 𝑥)

2 (1 + 𝑥)
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→1 (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)

2 − (1 + 𝑥)
∴ 𝐿 = lim [ ]
𝑥→1 (1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)

2−1−𝑥
= lim [ ]
𝑥→1 (1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)

𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→1 (1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)

1
=
1+1
1
=
2
2 1 1
∴ lim [ 2
+ ]=
𝑥→1 1−𝑥 𝑥−1 2
𝟏 𝟓
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟓 (𝒙−𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐−𝟓𝒙)
Solution:

Let
1 5
𝐿 = lim [𝑥−5 − 𝑥 2 −5𝑥]
𝑥→5

1 5
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→5 𝑥 − 5 𝑥(𝑥 − 5)

26

422
 𝑥 5
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→5 𝑥(𝑥 − 5) 𝑥(𝑥 − 5)
𝑥−5
= lim [𝑥(𝑥−5)]
𝑥→5

1
= lim
𝑥→5 𝑥
1
∴𝐿=
5
1 5 1
∴ lim [ − 2 ]=
𝑥→5 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 5𝑥 5

• Algebraic Rationalization:
𝟏−√𝒙−𝟒
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟓 𝒙−𝟓
Solution:
1−√𝑥−4
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→5 𝑥−5

1 − √𝑥 − 4
− 𝑥 − 4)(1 + √𝑥 − 4)
𝑥 − 5 ) (1 √
= lim
𝑥→5 (𝑥 − 5)(1 + √𝑥 − 4)

12 − (√𝑥 − 4)2
= lim
𝑥→5 (𝑥 − 5)(1 + √𝑥 − 4)

1 − (𝑥 − 4)
= lim
𝑥→5 (𝑥 − 5)(1 + √𝑥 − 4)

1−𝑥+4
= lim
𝑥→5 (𝑥 − 5)(1 + √𝑥 − 4)

−𝑥 + 5
= lim
𝑥→5 (𝑥 − 5)(1 + √𝑥 − 4)

−(𝑥 − 5)
= lim
𝑥→5 (𝑥 − 5)(1 + √𝑥 − 4)

−1
= lim
𝑥→5 1 + √𝑥 − 4

27

423
 −1
=
1 + √5 − 4
−1
=
1 + √1
−1
=
1+1
−1
∴𝐿=
2

1 − √𝑥 − 4 1
∴ lim =−
𝑥→5 𝑥−5 2

𝟐−√𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 [ 𝟒−𝒙 ]
Solution:

(2 − √𝑥)(2 + √𝑥)
= lim𝑥→4
(4 − 𝑥)(2 + √𝑥)
4 − (√𝑥)2
= lim𝑥→4
(4 − 𝑥)(2 + √𝑥)
(4 − 𝑥)
= lim𝑥→4
(4 − 𝑥)(2 + √𝑥)
1
= lim𝑥→4
2 + √𝑥
1
=
2 + √4
1
=
2+2
1
∴𝐿=
4
2 − √𝑥 1
∴ lim𝑥→4 [ ]=
4−𝑥 4

𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟔
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒
√𝒙−𝟐
Solution:

𝑥 2 −16
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→4
√𝑥−2
(𝑥 2 −4 2 )(
√𝑥 + 2)
= lim𝑥→4
(√𝑥 − 2)(√𝑥 − 2)

28

424
 (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4)(√𝑥 + 2)
= lim𝑥→4
(√𝑥)2 − 4
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4)(√𝑥 + 2)
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→4
(𝑥 − 4)

= (4 + 4)(√4 + 2)

= 8(2 + 2)

= 8(4)

= 8(2 + 2)

= 8(4)

∴ 𝐿 = 32

𝒙
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
√𝟏+𝒙−√𝟏−𝒙
Solution:
𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0
√1+𝑥−√1−𝑥

𝑥→0

𝑥(√1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 (√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)

𝑥(√1 − 𝑥)(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 (√1 + 𝑥 +)2 − (√1 − 𝑥)2

𝑥(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 (1 + 𝑥) − (1 − 𝑥)
𝑥(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 1+𝑥−1+𝑥
𝑥(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥
= √1 + 0 + √1 − 0
1+1
∴𝑡 =
2
2
∴𝐿=
2

∴𝐿=1

29

425
 𝑥
∴ lim [ ]=1
𝑥→0 √1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥

√𝟐+𝒙−√𝟐−𝒙
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝒙
Solution:

√2+𝑥−√2−𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 𝑥

(√2 + 𝑥 − √2 − 𝑥)(√2 + 𝑥 + √2 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

[(√2 + 𝑥)2 − (√2 − 𝑥)2 ]

= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√2 + 𝑥 + √2 − 𝑥)

2 + 𝑥 − (2 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√2 + 𝑥 + √2 − 𝑥)

2+𝑥−2+𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√2 + 𝑥 + √2 − 𝑥)

2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√2 + 𝑥 + √2 − 𝑥)

2
= lim
𝑥→0 √2 + 𝑥 + √2 − 𝑥
2
=
√2 + 0 + √2 − 0
2
=
√2 + √2
2
∴𝐿=
2√2
1
∴𝐿=
√2

√2 + 𝑥 − √2 − 𝑥
∴ lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
=
√2

30

426
 √𝒙+𝟒−√𝟓
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
Solution:

√𝑥+4−√5
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→1 𝑥−1

(√𝑥 + 4)2 − (√5)2

= lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)(√𝑥 + 4 + √5)

𝑥+4−5
= lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)(√𝑥 + 4 + √5)

(𝑥 − 1)
= lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)(√𝑥 + 4 + √5)

1
= lim
𝑥→1 √𝑥 + 4 + √5
1
=
√1 + 4 + √5
1
∴ lim =
𝑥→1 2√𝑥

1
𝑥−1=
2√5

𝒙√𝒙−𝟐√𝟐
(7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 [ ]
𝒙−𝟐

Solution:

𝑥√𝑥−2√2
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 [ ]
𝑥−2

(𝑥 √𝑥 − 2√2)(𝑥 √𝑥 + 2√2)
= lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 √𝑥 + 2√2)

(𝑥√𝑥)2 − (2√2)2
= lim𝑥→2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 √𝑥 + 2√2)
𝑥 2 (𝑥) − 22 (2)
= lim𝑥→2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 √𝑥 + 2√2)
𝑥 3 − 23
= lim𝑥→2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 √𝑥 + 2√2)

31

427
 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
= lim𝑥→2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥√𝑥 + 2√2)
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
= lim𝑥→2
𝑥√𝑥 + 2√2
22 + 2(2) + 4
=
2√2 + 2√2
4+4+4
=
4√2

3(4)
=
4√2
3
∴𝐿=
√2

𝑥√𝑥 − 2√2
∴ lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
3
=
√2

𝒙−𝟑
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
√𝒙−𝟐−√𝟒−𝒙
Solution:

Let

(𝑥 − 3)
𝐿𝑥→3 lim
𝑥→3 (√𝑥 − 2 − √4 − 𝑥)(√𝑥 − 2 + √4 − 𝑥)

(𝑥−3)(√𝑥−2+√4−𝑥)
=lim
𝑥→3 (√𝑥−2)2 −(√4−𝑥)2

(𝑥−3)(√𝑥−2+√4−𝑥)
=lim (𝑥−2)−(4−𝑥)
𝑥→3

(𝑥−3)(√𝑥−2+√4−𝑥)
=lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−2−4+𝑥

(𝑥−3)(√𝑥−2+√4−𝑥)
= lim 2𝑥−6
𝑥→3

(𝑥−3)(√𝑥−2+√4−𝑥)
=lim
𝑥→3 2(𝑥−3)

√𝑥 − 2 + √4 − 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→3 2

32

428
 √3 − 2 + √4 − 3
=
2

√1 + √1
=
2
1+1
=
2
2
=2

=1

√𝟐−𝒙−√𝟔+𝒙
(9) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝟑𝒙+𝟔

Solution:

√2−𝑥−√6+𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→−2 3𝑥+6

(√2 − 𝑥 − √6 + 𝑥)(√2 − 𝑥 + √6 + 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→−2 (3𝑥 + 6)(√2 − 𝑥 + √6 + 𝑥)

(√2 − 𝑥)2 − (√6 + 𝑥)2

= lim
𝑥→−2 (3𝑥 + 6)(√2 − 𝑥 + √6 + 𝑥)

(2 − 𝑥) − (6 + 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→−2 (3𝑥 + 6)(√2 − 𝑥 + √6 + 𝑥)

2−𝑥−6−𝑥
= lim
𝑥→−2 (3𝑥 + 6)(√2 − 𝑥 + √6 + 𝑥)

−4 − 2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→−2 3(𝑥 + 2)(√2 − 𝑥 + √6 + 𝑥)

−2(𝑥 + 2)
= lim
𝑥→−2 3(𝑥 + 2)(√2 − 𝑥 + √6 + 𝑥)

−2
= lim
𝑥→−2 3(√2 − 𝑥 + √6 + 𝑥)

−2
=
3 (√2 − (−2) + √6 − 2)

33

429
 −2
=
3(√4 + √4)

−2
=
3(2 + 2)

−2
=
3(4)

−1
∴𝐿=
6

√2 − 𝑥
− √6 + 𝑥 1
∴ lim 3𝑥 + 6 =−
𝑥→−2 3𝑥 6

• Algebraic infinity

𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟏
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟏

Solution:

Let
𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
L = lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 2 +1

1 1
𝑥 2 [1 + 𝑥 − 2 ]
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 1
𝑥 2 [3 + 2 ]
𝑥
1 1
1+𝑥+ 2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 1
3+ 2
𝑥
1 1
1+ +
= ∞ ∞
1
3+∞
1+0+0
=
3+0
1
∴𝐿=
3
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 1 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 2 + 1 3

34

430
 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟓
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟕

Solution:

2𝑥 2 +3𝑥+5
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→∞
3𝑥 2 −𝑥+7
3 5
𝑥 2 [2 + 𝑥 + 2 ]
= lim𝑥→∞ 𝑥
2 1 7
𝑥 [3 − 𝑥 + 2 ]
𝑥
3 5
2+ + 2
𝑥 𝑥
= lim𝑥→∞
1 7
3−𝑥+ 2
𝑥
3 5
2 + 00 + 2
= 00
𝑎 7
3−∞+
∞02
2+0+0
=
3−0+0
2
∴𝐿=
3
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 2
∴ lim𝑥→∞ =
3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 7 3

𝟖𝒙𝟑 +𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞ [ 𝟗𝒙𝟑−𝟒𝒙+𝟏 ]

Solution:
8𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 +4
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→∞ [ 9𝑥3 −4𝑥+1 ]

5 4
𝑥 3 [8 + 𝑥 + 3 ]
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 6 4 1
𝑥 [9 − 2 + 3 ]
𝑥 𝑥
5 4
8+
+
𝑥 𝑥3
= lim
𝑥→∞ 4 1
9− 2+ 3
𝑥 𝑥
5 1
8 + 00 + 3
∴𝐿= 0
4 1
9− 2+ 3
0 0
8+0+0
∴𝐿=
9−0+0
8
∴𝐿=
9

35

431
 8𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 4 8
∴ lim [ 3 ]=
𝑥→∞ 9𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 9

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
(𝟒) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞
√𝟓 + 𝟒𝒙𝟒

Solution:

Let

𝑥 2 −3
L = lim
𝑥→∞ √5+4𝑥 4

3
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 )
= lim
𝑥→∞
√𝑥 4 ( 54 + 4)
𝑥

3
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥 )
= lim
𝑥→∞ 5
𝑥2√ +4
𝑥4

3
1−
= ∞
√0 + 4
1−0
=
√4
1
∴𝐿=
2

𝑥2 − 3 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→∞ √5 + 4𝑥 4 2

• Trigonometry factorization:
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜽→𝝅/𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽

Solution:
1−sin 𝜃
Let 𝐿 = lim𝜃→𝜋 2
2 cos 𝜃

36

432
 1 − sin 𝜃
= lim𝜋 (cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃)
𝜃→ 1 − sin2 𝜃
2

(1 − sin 𝜃)
= lim𝜋
𝜃→ (1 − sin 𝜃)(1 + sin 𝜃)
2

1
= lim𝜋 −
𝜃→ 1 + sin 𝜃
2

1
= 𝜋
1 + sin 2

1
∴𝐿=
1+1
𝐿
∴𝐿=
2
1 − sin 𝜃 1
∴ lim =
𝜃→𝜋/2 cos2 𝜃 2

𝟐−𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅/𝟒 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

Solution:

2−sec2 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝜋/4
1−tan 𝑥

2 − (1 + tan2 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→𝜋/4 1 − tan 𝑥

(sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥)

2 − 1 − tan2 𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝜋/4
1 − tan 𝑥

1 − tan2 𝑥
= lim𝑥→𝜋/4
1 − tan 𝑥
(1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + tan 𝑥)
= lim𝑥→𝜋/4
(1 − tan 𝑥)

= lim𝑥→𝜋)4 1 + tan 𝑥

= 1 + tan 𝜋/4

=1+1

37

433
 ∴𝐿=2

2 − sec 2 𝑥
∴ lim𝑥→𝜋/4 =2
1 − tan 𝑥

𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝜽
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜽→𝝅 𝟐
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Solution:

1−sin3 𝜃
Let 𝐿 = lim𝜃→𝜋/2 cos2 𝜃

13 − sin3 𝜃
= lim𝜃→𝜋/2
1 − sin2 𝜃

(1 − sin 𝜃)(1 + sin 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃)

= lim𝜃→𝜋/2
(1 − sin 𝜃)(1 + sin 𝜃)

1 + sin 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
= lim𝜃→𝜋/2
1 + sin 𝜃

𝜋 2
1 + sin 𝜋/2 + [sin ( )]
= 2
𝜋
1 + sin 2

1 + 1 + (1)2
∴𝐿=
1+1
3
∴𝐿=
2

1 − sin3 𝜃 3
∴ lim𝜃→𝜋 2
=
2 cos 𝜃 2

𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙

Solution:

1 − cos3 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 sin2 𝑥

13 − cos3 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1 − cos 2 𝑥

38

434
 (1 − cos 𝑥)(1 + cos 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 (1 − cos 𝑥)(1 + cos 𝑥)

1 + cos 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1 + cos 𝑥

1 + cos 0 + (cos 0)2

=
1 + cos 0

1 + 1 + (1)2
=
1+1
3
∴𝐿=
2

1 − cos3 𝑥 3
∴ lim =
𝑥→0 sin2 𝑥 2

𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒙
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙

Solution:

1+cos3 𝑥
𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝜋
sin2 𝑥

(1 + cos 𝑥)(1 − cos 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥) [sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos2 𝑥]

= lim
𝑥→𝜋 12 − cos2 𝑥

(1 + cos 𝑥)(1 − cos 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥)

= lim
𝑥→𝜋 (1 − cos 𝑥)(1 + cos 𝑥)

1 − cos 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→𝜋 1 − cos 𝑥

1 − cos 𝜋 + (cos 𝜋)2

=
1 − cos 𝜋

1 − (−1) + (−1)2
=
1 − (−1)

1+1+1
=
1+1
3
∴𝐿=
2

1 + cos3 𝑥 3
∴ lim =
𝑥→𝜋 sin2 𝑥 2

39

435
 • Trigonometry simplification:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝟎
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 ( 𝒙
)

Solution:
sin 𝑥 ∘
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 ( 𝑥
)

𝜋
sin (180 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝜋
sin ( 𝑥) 𝜋
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 180 ( )
𝜋𝑥 180
( )
180
𝜋
𝜋 sin (180 𝑥)
= lim𝑥→0 𝜋𝑥
180 ( )
180
𝜋
= (1)
180
sin 𝑘𝑥
[∵ lim𝑥→0 = 1]
𝑘𝑥
𝜋
∴𝐿=
180
sin 𝑥 ∘ 𝜋
∴ lim𝑥→0 =
𝑥 180∘

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 ( )
√𝒙

Solution:
sin 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0
√𝑥

sin 𝑥
= lim𝑥→0 √𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥
sin 𝑥
= lim𝑥→0 (√𝑥) ( )
𝑥
sin 𝑥
= (lim𝑥→0 (√𝑥)) (lim𝑥→0 )
𝑥

40

436
 = (√0)(1)

sin 𝑥
(∵ lim𝑥→0 = 1)
𝑥

= 𝑂(1)

∴𝐿=0
sin 𝑥
∴ lim𝑥→0 = 0.
√𝑥

𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝅𝒙)
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

Solution:

sin (𝜋𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 (𝜋𝑥)

sin 𝜋𝑥
= 𝜋 (lim ) (∵ lim 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘lim 𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥→0 𝜋𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

= 𝜋(1)

∴𝐿=𝜋

sin 𝜋𝑥
∴ lim =𝜋
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝒙→𝟎 𝟓𝒙

Solution:
sin 3𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 5𝑥

sin 3𝑥 3
∴ 𝐿 = lim ⋅
𝑥→0 3𝑥 5
3 sin 3𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = lim ( )
𝑥→0 5 3𝑥
3 sin 3𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = [lim ]
5 𝑥→0 3𝑥
5
∴ 𝐿 = (1)
5

41

437
 3
∴𝐿=
5
sin 3𝑥 3
∴ lim = =
𝑥→0 5𝑥 5

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝒙

Solution:
sin 4𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 3𝑥

sin 4𝑥 4
= lim𝑥→0 ⋅
4𝑥 3
4 sin 4𝑥
= (lim𝑥→0 )
3 4𝑥
4
=
3
sin 𝑘𝑥
(∵ lim𝑥→0 = 1)
𝑘𝑥
4
∴𝐿=
3
sin 4𝑥 4
∴ lim𝑥→0 =
3𝑥 3

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝒙]

Solution:
sin 3𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 [sin 7𝑥]

sin 3𝑥

∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 [ sin𝑥 7𝑥 ].
𝑥

sin 3𝑥
(lim𝑥→0 𝑥 )
=
sin 7𝑥
(lim𝑥→0 )
𝑥

42

438
 sin 3𝑥 3
lim𝑥→0 ( 3𝑥 )
=
sin 7𝑥 7
(lim𝑥→0 7𝑥 )

sin 3𝑥
3 ⋅ (lim𝑥→0
3𝑥 )
∴𝐿=
sin 7𝑥
7 (lim𝑥→0 7𝑥 )

3(1) sink 𝑥
∴𝐿= [∵ lim𝑥→0 = 1]
7(1) 𝑘𝑥
3
∴𝐿=
7

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 ( 𝒙
)

Solution:
1−cos 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 𝑥

2 sin2 𝑥
2 𝑥
= lim ∵ 1 − cos 𝑥 = 2 sin2
𝑥→0 𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑥 sin (2)
= 2lim sin ( ) ⋅
𝑥→0 2 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 sin (2) 1
= 2lim sin ( ) ⋅ 𝑥 ⋅
𝑥→0 2 2
2
𝑥
𝑥 sin (2) 1
= 2 [lim sin ( )] [lim 𝑥 ]
𝑥→0 2 𝑥→0 ( ) 2
2

= (1)(sin 0)(1)

= (1)(0)

∴𝐿=0

1 − cos 𝑥
∴ lim ( )=0
𝑥→0 𝑥

43

439
 𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝒙𝟑

Solution:
3sin 𝑥−sin 3𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 [ ]
𝑥3

3sin 𝑥 − [3sin 𝑥 − 4sin3 𝑥]

= lim𝑥→0
𝑥3

3sin 𝑥 − 3sin 𝑥 + 4sin3 𝑥

= lim𝑥→0
𝑥3

4sin3 𝑥
= lim𝑥→0
𝑥3

sin 𝑥 3
= 4lim𝑥→0 ( )
𝑥

sin 𝑥 3
= 4 [lim𝑥→0 ]
𝑥

∴ 𝐿 = 4(1)3

∴𝐿=4

3sin 𝑥 − sin 3𝑥
∴ lim𝑥→0 [ ]=4
𝑥3

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝒙
(9) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝒙

Solution:
tan 5𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0
sin 6𝑥

tan 5𝑥
( 𝑥 )
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0
sin 6𝑥
( 𝑥 )

tan 5𝑥
(lim𝑥→0 )
= 𝑥
sin 6𝑥
(lim𝑥→0 )
𝑥

tan 5𝑥 5
(lim𝑥→0 )
∴𝐿= 5𝑥
sin 6𝑥 6
(lim𝑥→0 6𝑥 )

44

440
 (1)5 sin 𝑘𝑥
∴𝐿= (∵ lim𝑥→0 = 1)
(1)6 𝑘𝑥
5
∴𝐿=
6

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝒙
(10) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙]

Solution:
sin 𝑎𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 sin 𝑏𝑥

sin 𝑎𝑥
( 𝑥 )
= lim
𝑥→0 sin 𝑏𝑥
( 𝑥 )

sin 𝑎𝑥
( 𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑎
= lim
𝑥→0 sin 𝑏𝑥
( )𝑏
𝑏𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥
(lim 𝑎𝑥 )
𝑥→0
=𝑎⋅
sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑏 (lim )
𝑥→0 𝑏𝑥

𝑎(1) sin 𝑘𝑥
= (lim = 1)
𝑏(1) 𝑥→0 𝑘𝑥
𝑎
∴𝐿=
𝑏
sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
lim =
𝑥→0 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑏

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
(11) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
1−cos 2𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 𝑥2

2sin2 𝑥
= lim𝑥→0 (∵ 1 − cos 2𝑥 = 2sin2 𝑥)
𝑥2

sin 𝑥 2
= lim𝑥→0 2 ( )
𝑥

45

441
 sin 𝑥 2
= 2lim𝑥→0 ( )
𝑥

sin 𝑥 2
= 2 [lim𝑥→0 ]
𝑥
sin 𝑥
= 2(1)2 (∵ lim𝑥→0 = 1)
𝑥

∴𝐿=2
1−cos 2𝑥
∴ lim𝑥→0 𝑥2
= 2.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
(12) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙]

Solution:
sin 3𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 sin 2𝑥

sin 3𝑥
( 𝑥 )
= lim𝑥→0
sin 2𝑥
( 𝑥 )

sin 3𝑥
lim𝑥→0 𝑥
=
sin 2𝑥
lim𝑥→0 𝑥

sin 3𝑥 3
lim𝑥→0 ( 3𝑥 )
=
sin 2𝑥
lim𝑥→0 ( 2𝑥 ) ⋅ 2

sin 3𝑥
3 (lim𝑥→0 3𝑥 )
∴𝐿=
sin 2𝑥
2 ⋅ (lim𝑥→0 2𝑥 )

3(1) sin 𝑘𝑥
∴𝐿= (∵ lim𝑥→0 = 1)
2(1) 𝑘𝑥

3
∴𝐿=
2
sin 3𝑥 3
∴ lim𝑥→0 =
sin 2𝑥 2

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442
 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙
(13) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝒙

Solution:

tan 3𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 tan 5𝑥

tan 3𝑥
( 𝑥 )
= lim
𝑥→0 tan 5𝑥
( 𝑥 )

tan 3𝑥
lim ( 𝑥 )
𝑥→0
=
tan 5𝑥
lim ( 𝑥 )
𝑥→0

tan 3𝑥 3
(lim3𝑥 )
= 𝑥→0
tan 5𝑥 5
(lim )
𝑥→0 5𝑥

3(1) tan 𝑘𝑥
= (∵ lim = 1)
5(1) 𝑥→0 𝑘𝑥

3
∴𝐿=
5
tan 3𝑥 3
∴ lim =
𝑥→0 tan 5𝑥 5

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(14) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
1−cos 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 𝑥2

1−cos 𝑥
L= lim 𝑥2
𝑥→0

𝑥
2 sin2 ( )
= lim 2 [∵ 1 − cos 𝑥 = 2 sin2 (𝑥 )]
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 2

sin2 𝑥
= 2lim 22
𝑥→0 𝑥

47

443
 𝑥 2
sin
= 2lim ( 2)
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥 2
sin 2
= 2 [lim 𝑥 ]
𝑥→0
2 (2)

𝑥 2
sin (2) 1
= 2 [(lim 𝑥 ) ]
𝑥→0
( ) 2
2

sin 𝑥 2 2
= 2 [lim 𝑥 2 ] ⋅ ( 1)
𝑥→0 2
2
1
= 2(1)2
4
1
=2⋅
4
1
∴=
2
1 − cos 𝑥 1
𝑥→0 =
𝑥2 2

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝜽/%)
(15) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝜽→𝟎 𝜽𝟐

Solution:

𝜃
sin2 (4 )
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝜃→0 𝜃2

sin 𝜃 2
= lim ( 4 )
𝜃→0 𝜃

sin 𝜃 22
1
= lim ( ) ( 4 )
𝜃→0 4 𝜃
4

48

444
 sin 𝜃 2
1
= (lim 4 )
16 𝜃→0 𝜃
4
1
= (1)2
16
1
∴𝐿=
16
𝜃
sin2 (4 ) 1
∴ lim =
𝜃→0 𝜃2 16

sin 𝜃 2
= lim ( 4 )
𝜃→0 40
4

𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
(16) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝐱𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Solution:

1 − cos 2𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 xsin 𝑥
1 − cos 2𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 xsin 𝑥

2sin2 𝑥
= lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥sin 𝑥

sin 𝑥
= 2lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = 2(1) (lim = 1)
𝑥→0 𝑥

∴𝐿=2

1 − cos 2𝑥
∴ lim =2
𝑥→0 xsin 𝑥

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445
 𝒙𝒏 −𝒂𝒏
• Formula 1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
= 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙𝟗 −𝒂𝟗
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂

Solution:

𝑥 9 −𝑎9
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝑎
𝑥−𝑎

𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑛
= 9(𝑎)9−1 (lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎

∴ 𝐿 = 9𝑎8

𝑥 9 − 𝑎9
∴ lim = 9𝑎8
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎

𝒙𝟔 −𝟏
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

Solution:

𝑥 6 −1
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→1 𝑥−1

𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
= 6(1)6−1 (∵ lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎

= 6(1)5

∴𝐿 =6

𝑥6 − 1
∴ lim =6
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1

𝒙𝟏𝟎 −𝒂𝟏𝟎
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
Solution:
Let

𝑥 10 −𝑎10
L = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

= 10𝑎10−1

∴ 𝐿 = 10𝑎9

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446
 𝑥 10 − 𝑎10
∴ lim = 10𝑎9
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

𝒙𝟏/𝟓 −𝒂𝟏/𝟓
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂

Solution:
1 1
𝑥 5 𝑎5
𝐿 = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
1 1−1
= 𝑎5
5
11 − 5
=
5 𝑎5
1 4 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
∴ 𝐿 = 𝑎−5 (∵ lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 )
5 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
1 4
∴ 𝐿 = 𝑎 −5
5
1 1
𝑥 5 − 𝑎 5 1 −4
∴ lim = 𝑎 5
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 5
𝑥

𝒙−𝟕 −𝒂−𝟕
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂

Solution:

𝑥 −7 −𝑎 −7
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
= −7(𝑎)−7−1 (∵ lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎

∴𝐿 = −7𝑎−8

𝑥 −7 − 𝑎−7
∴ lim = −7𝑎−8
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

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447
 𝒙𝟓/𝟐 −𝟑𝟐
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 𝒙−𝟒

Solution:

𝑥 5/2 −32
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→4 𝑥−4

5 5
𝑥 2 − 42
= lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4

5 5 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
= 42−1 (∵ lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 )
2 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎

5 5−2
= 4 2
2
5
= 43/2
2
5
= √43
2
5
= √64
2
5
= (8)
2

∴ 𝐿 = 20

𝑥 5/2 − 32
−lim = 20
𝑥→4 𝑥−4

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝟕 −𝒂𝟕
(7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂

Solution:
2 2
𝑥 7 −𝑎7
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

2 2−1
= ⋅ 𝑎7
7
2 2−7 2
∴ 𝐿 = 𝑎 7 = 𝑎−5/7
7 7

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448
 2 2
𝑥 7 − 𝑎7 2 −5/7
∴ lim = ⋅𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 7

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449
 Four Marks Questions

• Algebraic Factorization
𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟏𝒙−𝟔
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝟔𝒙+𝟖

Solution:

𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 +11𝑥−6
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+8

23 − 6(2)2 + 11(2) − 6
∴𝐿 =
22 − 6(2) + 8

8 − 24 + 22 − 6
∴𝐿=
4 − 12 + 8
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 2) is common factor in Nr & Dr.

= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)

= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
∴𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−4

𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8

2 −6 11 −6
2 −6 6
2∣
1 −4 3 0
𝑥 2 𝑥1 𝑥 0

∴ 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3)

(2 − 1)(2 − 3)
∴𝐿=
2−4
(1)(−1) 1
∴𝐿= =
−2 2

54

450
 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 2

𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟐
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟑−𝒙𝟐−𝒙−𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −12
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 −𝑥−2

8 + 4 − 12
=
8−4−4
0
𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 2) is common factor in 𝑁𝑥 & 𝐷𝑟

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

1 1 0 −12
2
∣ 2 6 12
3 6 0

∴ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6)

1 −1 −1 −2
2 2 2 2]
1 1 1 [0
∴ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

(2 − 1)(2 − 3)
∴𝐿 =
2−4
(1)(−1) 1
∴𝐿= =
−2 2

𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 6 1
lim =
∴ 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 2

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451
 𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟐
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟑−𝒙𝟐−𝒙−𝟐
Solution:

Let

𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 12
𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

23 + 22 − 12
=
23 − 22 − 2 − 2
8 + 4 − 12
=
8−4−4
0
∴𝐿 =
0

∴ (𝑥 − 2) is common factor in 𝑁𝑟 & 𝐷𝑟

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

2 1 1 0 −12
2 6 12
3 6 0

∴ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6)

1 −1 −1 −2
2∣2 2 2
1 1 1 0
∴ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6)
∴𝐿 = lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6
= lim 2
𝑥→2 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1

22 − 3(2) − 16
=
22 + 2 + 1
4−6+6
=
4+3
4
∴𝐿 =
7

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452
 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12 4
∴𝐿− 3 2
=
𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥−2 7
4−6+6
=
4+3
4
∴𝐿=
7

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12 4
∴l 3 2
=
𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥−2 7

𝒙𝟑 −𝟕𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟓𝒙−𝟗
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 [𝒙𝟑−𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟏𝟖]

Solution:

Let,

𝑥 3 −7𝑥 2 +15𝑥−9
L = lim [𝑥 3 −4𝑥2 −3𝑥+18]
𝑥→3

33 − 7(3)2 + 15(3) − 9
=
33 − 4(3)2 − 3(3) + 18

27 − 63 + 45 − 9
=
27 − 36 − 9 + 18
72 − 72
=
−9 + 9
0
∴𝐿=
0

(𝑥 − 3) is common factor in Nr & Dr.

𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 9
∴ 𝐿 = lim [ 3 ]
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 18

1 −7 15 −9
3 −12 9
3|
−4 3 0
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥 ∘

∴ 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 9 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3)

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453
 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)

1 −4 −3 18
3 −3 −18
3∣
1 −1 −6 0
𝑥2 𝑥 1
𝑥 0

∴ 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 18 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6)

= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)

𝑥−1
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 + 2

3−1
∴𝐿=
3+2
2
∴𝐿=
5

𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 9 2
∴ lim 3 =
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 18 5

𝒙𝟒 −𝟒
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→√𝟐 𝒙𝟐+𝟑√𝟐𝒙𝟖

Solution:

𝑥 4 −4
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→√2
𝑥 2 +3√2𝑥−8

(√2)4 − 4
∴𝐿=
(√2)2 + 3√2(√2) − 8

22 − 4
=
2 + 3(2) − 8

4−4
=
2+6−8
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − √2) is common factor in 𝑁𝑟 & 𝐷𝑟.

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454
 𝑥4 − 4
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→√2 𝑥 2 + 3√2𝑥 − 8
𝑥 4 −(√2)4
= lim
𝑥→√2 𝑥 2 +4√2𝑥−√2𝑥−8

2
(𝑥 2 −√2 )[𝑥 2 +(√2)2 ]
= lim
𝑥→√2 𝑥(𝑥+4√2)−√2(𝑥+4√2)

(𝑥−√2)(𝑥+√2)(𝑥 2 +2)
= lim
𝑥→√2 (𝑥−√2)(𝑥+4√2)

(𝑥+√2)(𝑥 2 +2)
= lim 𝑥+4√2
𝑥→√2

(√2+√2)(√2)2 +2)
=
√2+4√2

2√2(2 + 2)
∴𝐿=
5√2

2√2(4)
∴𝐿=
5√2
8
∴𝐿=
5

𝑥4 − 4 8
∴ lim =
𝑥→√2 𝑥 2 + 3√2𝑥 − 8 5

𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟐
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +4𝑥+12
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→−2 𝑥 3 −3𝑥+2

(−2)3 + (−2)2 + 4(−2) + 12

=
(−2)3 − 3(−2) + 2

−8 + 4 − 8 + 12
=
−8 + 6 + 2
0
∴𝐿=
0

𝑥 − (−2) = (𝑥 + 2) is common factor in Nr.4Dr.

59

455
 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2

−2 1 1 4 12
−2 2 −12
1 −1 6 0

∴ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6)

1 0 −3 2
−2 ∣ −2 4 2
1 −2 1 0

∴ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥: +1)

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)

𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 6
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1

(−2)2 − (−2) + 6
∴𝐿=
(−2)2 − 2(−2) + 1

4+2+6
∴𝐿=
4+4+1
12
∴𝐿=
9
4
∴𝐿=
3

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 12 4
∴ lim =
𝑥→−2 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2 3

60

456
 • Algebraic simplification:
𝟏 𝟗𝒙
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 [𝒙−𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑−𝟐𝟕]

Solution:

Let

1 9𝑥
𝐿 = lim [ − 3 ]
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 27
1 9𝑥
= lim [ − 3 ]
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 33
1 9𝑥
∴𝐿 = lim [ − ]
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9)

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9 − 9𝑥
= lim [ ]
𝑥→9 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 9)

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9)

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9)

𝑥−3
= lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 9)

3−3
=
32 + 3(3) + 9

0
=
27

=0

1 9𝑥
∴ lim = 0 − 3 ]=0
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 27

61

457
 𝟏 𝟐
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑 [ − 𝟐 ]
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙 −𝟒𝒙+𝟑

Solution:

Let

1 2
𝐿 = lim [ − 2 ]
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3
1 2
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥−1−2
= lim [ ]
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)

(𝑥 − 3)
= lim ]
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)

1
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 1

1
=
3−1
1
∴𝐿=
2
1 2 1
lim ( − 2 )=
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3 2

𝟏 𝟐
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 (𝒙−𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑−𝟑𝒙𝟐+𝟐𝒙)

Solution:
1 2
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 [𝑥−2 − 𝑥 3 −3𝑥2 +2𝑥]

1 2
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 2
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)

62

458
 𝑥+1
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

2+1
=
2(2 − 1)

3
=
2(1)

3
𝐿=
2
1 2 3
− ]=
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2
3
∴𝐿=
2
1 2 3
∴ lim [ − 3 2 ]=
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2

• Algebraic Rationalization:
√𝟏+𝒙−√𝟏−𝒙
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

Solution:

√1+𝑥−√1−𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 𝑥

(√1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥)(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)
= lim (√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥

(√1 + 𝑥)2 − (√1 − 𝑥)2

= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)

(1 + 𝑥) − (1 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)

1+𝑥−1+𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)

2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥)

63

459
 2
= lim
𝑥→0 √1 + 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥
2
=
√1 + 0 + √1 − 0
2
=
1+1
2
=
2

𝐿=1

√1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥
=1
𝑥

∴𝐿=1

√1 + 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥
∴ lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝟐𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
√𝒂+𝒙−√𝒂−𝒙

Solution:
2𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0
√𝑎+𝑥−√𝑎−𝑥

2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0
√√𝑎 + 𝑥 − √𝑎 − 𝑥)(√𝑎 + 𝑥 + √𝑎 − 𝑥) + √𝑎 − 𝑥)

2𝑥(√𝑎 + 𝑥 + √𝑎 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 (√𝑎 + 𝑥)2 − (√𝑎 − 𝑥)2

2𝑥(√𝑎 + 𝑥 + √𝑎 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑎 + 𝑥 − (𝑎 − 𝑥)

2𝑥(√𝑎 + 𝑥 + √𝑎 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑎+𝑥−𝑎+𝑥

2𝑥(√𝑎 + 𝑥 + √𝑎 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥

= lim (√𝑎 + 𝑥 + √𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑥→0

64

460
 = √𝑎 + 0 + √𝑎

= √𝑎 + √𝑎

∴ 𝐿 = 2√𝑎

2𝑥
∴ lim = 2√𝑎
𝑥→0 √𝑎 + 𝑥 − √𝑎 − 𝑥

√𝟔−𝒙−√𝟐+𝒙
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝟓𝒙−𝟏𝟎

Solution:

√6−𝑥−√2+𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 5𝑥−10

(√6 − 𝑥 − √2 + 𝑥)(√6 − 𝑥 + √2 + 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→2 (√6 − 10)(√6 − 𝑥 + √2 + 𝑥)

(√6 − 𝑥)2 − (√2 + 𝑥)2

= lim𝑥→2
(5𝑥 − 10)(√6 − 𝑥 + √2 + 𝑥)

(6 − 𝑥) − (2 + 𝑥)
= lim𝑥→2
(5𝑥 − 10)(√6 − 𝑥 + √2 + 𝑥)

6−𝑥−2−𝑥
= lim𝑥→2
(5𝑥 − 10)(√6 − 𝑥 + √2 + 𝑥)

4 − 2𝑥
= lim𝑥→2
(5𝑥 − 10)(√6 − 𝑥 + √2 + 𝑥)

−2(𝑥 − 2)
= lim𝑥→2
5(𝑥 − 2)(√6 − 𝑥 + √2 + 𝑥)

−2
= lim𝑥→2
5(√6 − 𝑥 + √2 + 𝑥)

−2
=
5(√6 − 2 + √2 + 6)

−2
=
5(√4 + √8)

−2
=
5(2 + 2√2)

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461
 −2
=
5 × 2(1 + √2)

−1
∴𝐿=
5(1 + √2)

√6 − 𝑥 − √2 + 𝑥 −1
∴ lim =
𝑥→2 5𝑥 − 10 5(1 + √2)

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐
√𝒙+𝟐−√𝟑𝒙−𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 2 −4
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2
√𝑥+2−√3𝑥−2

(𝑥 2 − 4)(√𝑥 + 2 + √3𝑥 − 2)
= lim
𝑥→2 (√𝑥 + 2 − √3𝑥 − 2)(√𝑥 + 2 + √3𝑥 − 2)

(𝑥 2 − 22 )(√𝑥 + 2 + √3𝑥 − 2)
= lim
𝑥→2 (√𝑥 + 2)2 − (√3𝑥 − 2)2

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(√𝑥 + 2 + √3𝑥 − 2)

= lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 + 2) − (3𝑥 − 2)

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(√𝑥 + 2 + √3𝑥 − 2)

= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 + 2

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(√𝑥 + 2 + √3𝑥 − 2)

= lim
𝑥→2 −2𝑥 + 4

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)(√𝑥 + 2 + √3𝑥 − 2)

= lim
𝑥→2 −2(𝑥 − 2)

(𝑥 + 2)(√𝑥 + 2 + √3𝑥 − 2)
= lim
𝑥→2 −2

(2 + 2)(√2 + 2 + √3(2) − 2)
=
−2

4(√4 + √4)
=
−2

= −2(2 + 2)

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462
 𝐿 = −2(4)

∴ 𝐿 = −8

𝑥2 − 4
∴ lim [ ] = −8
𝑥→2 √𝑥 + 2 − √3𝑥 − 2

√𝟑 + 𝒙 − √𝟓 − 𝒙
(𝟓) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 [ ]
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
Solution:

√3+𝑥−√5−𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→1 [ 𝑥 2 −1
]

(√3 + 𝑥 − √5 − 𝑥)(√3 + 𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥)
= lim− [ ]
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(√3 + 𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥)

(√3 + 𝑥)2 − (√5 − 𝑥)2

= lim𝑥→1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(√3 + 𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥)

(3 + 𝑥) − (5 − 𝑥)
= lim𝑥→1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(√3 + 𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥)

3+𝑥−5+𝑥
= lim𝑥→1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(√3 + 𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥)

2𝑥 − 2
= lim𝑥→1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(√3 + 𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥)

2(𝑥 − 1)
= lim𝑥→1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(√3 + 𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥)

2
= lim𝑥→1
(𝑥 + 1)(√3 + 𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥)

2
=
(1 + 1)(√3 + 1 + √5 − 1)

2
=
2(√4 + √4)

1
∴𝐿=
2+2

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463
 1
∴𝐿=
4

√3 + 𝑥 − √5 − 𝑥 1
lim [ 2
]=
𝑥→1 𝑥 −1 4

• Algebraic infinity:
𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑
(𝟏) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞ [ 𝟐 ]
𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕

Solution:

7𝑥 2 +5𝑥−3
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→∞ [8𝑥 2 −2𝑥+7]

5 3
𝑥 2 (7 +
− )
𝑥 𝑥2
= lim
𝑥→∞ 2 2 1
𝑥 (8 − 𝑥 + 2 )
𝑥
5 3
7+
−
𝑥 𝑥2
= lim
𝑥→∞ 2 7
8−𝑥+ 2
𝑥
5 3
7 + 60 − 2
= 00
2 7
8− + 2
∞ 00
7+0−0
=
8−0+0
7
=
8

7𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 7
∴ lim =
𝑥→∞ 8𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7 8

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464
 𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟒
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞ 𝟓𝒙𝟐+𝟕

Solution:

3𝑥 2 +4
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→∞
5𝑥 2 +7

𝑥 2 [3 + 1𝑥]
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 [5]

4
3+
2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 7
5+𝑥

4
3+2
= ∞∞
1
5+∞

3+0
∴𝐿=
5+0

3𝑥 2 + 4
5𝑥 2 + 7
3
=
5

• Trigonometry Factorization:
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(𝟏) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙

Solution:
1+cos 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝜋
tan2 𝑥

1 + cos 𝑥 2 2
= lim (∵ sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥 )
𝑥→𝜋 sec 2 𝑥 − 1 ∴ sec 𝑥 − 1 = tan 𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→𝜋 1
( 2 − 1)
cos 𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→𝜋 1 − cos 2 𝑥
( )
cos2 𝑥

69

465
 (1 + cos 𝑥) cos 2 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→𝜋 (1 − cos 𝑥)(1 + cos 𝑥)

cos2 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→𝜋 1 − cos 𝑥

(cos 𝑥)2
= lim
𝑥→𝜋 1 − cos 𝑥

(cos 𝜋)2
=
1 − cos 𝜋

(−1)2
=
1 − (−1)

1
∴𝐿=
2
1 + cos 𝑥 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→𝜋 tan2 𝑥 2

𝟐 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝝅
𝒙→ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟒

Solution:

2 − sec 2 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝜋
𝑥→ cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
4

2 − (1 + tan2 𝑥)
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ cos 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
4

2 − 1 − tan2 𝑥
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
4

1 − tan2 𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝜋
4 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
sin2 𝑥
1−
= lim𝑥→𝜋 cos2 𝑥
4 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)
= lim𝑥→𝜋/4
cos2 𝑥(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
= lim𝑥→𝜋/4
cos2 𝑥

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466
 cos 𝜋/4 + sin 𝜋/4
=
𝜋 2
(cos 4 )
1 1
+
= √2 √2
1 2
( )
√2
2
= √2
1
2
2 2
= ×
√2 1
∴ 𝐿 = 2√2
2−sec2 𝑥
∴ lim𝑥→𝜋 = 2√2.
4 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥

• Trigonometry Simplification:

𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙+𝟐𝒙
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝟑𝒙+𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝒙

Solution:
3sin 2𝑥+2𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 3𝑥+2tan 3𝑥
3sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝑥 )
= lim (
𝑥→0 3𝑥 + 2tan 3𝑥
( 𝑥 )

3 sin 2𝑥 2𝑥
+ 𝑥
= lim𝑥→0 [ 𝑥 ]
3𝑥 tan 3𝑥
𝑥 + 2 𝑥
sin 2𝑥
3lim𝑥→0 ( 𝑥 ) + lim𝑥→0 2
=
tan 3𝑥
lim𝑥→0 3 + 2lim𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 2𝑥
3 (lim𝑥→0 2𝑥 ) ⋅ 2 + 2
=
tan 3𝑥
3 + 2 (lim𝑥→0 3𝑥 ) ⋅ 3

3(1)2 + 2
=
3 + 2(1)3

6+2
=
3+6

71

467
 3sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 8
∴ lim ( )=
𝑥→0 3𝑥 + 2tan 3𝑥 9

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
Solution:
1−cos 4𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0
𝑥2

2 sin2 2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
sin 2𝑥 2
= lim 2 ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥

sin 2𝑥 2
= 2 [lim 2 ( )]
𝑥→0 2𝑥

sin 2𝑥 2
= 2 [2lim ]
𝑥→0 2𝑥

sin 2𝑥
= 2(2)2 ⋅ (lim )
𝑥→0 2𝑥

sin 𝑘𝑥
= 2(4)(1) (∵ lim𝑥→0 = 1)
𝑘𝑥

∴𝐿=8

1 − cos 4𝑥
∴ lim ( )=8
𝑥→0 𝑥2

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝒙
(𝟑)𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙

Solution:
sin 2𝑥+sin 6𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 [sin 5𝑥−sin 3𝑥]

sin 2𝑥 + sin 6𝑥
( )
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 sin 5𝑥 − sin 3𝑥
( )
𝑥

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468
 sin 2𝑥 sin 6𝑥
( 𝑥 + 𝑥 )
= lim𝑥→0
sin 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥
( 𝑥 − 𝑥 )
sin 2𝑥 sin 6𝑥
(lim𝑥→0 𝑥 ) + (lim𝑥→0 𝑥 )
=
sin 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥
(lim𝑥→0 𝑥 ) − (lim𝑥→0 𝑥 )
sin 2𝑥 2 sin 6𝑥
= (lim𝑥→0 ) + (lim𝑥→0 )⋅6
2𝑥 6𝑥
sin 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥 3
(lim𝑥→0 ) ⋅ 5 − (lim𝑥→0 )
5𝑥 3𝑥
(1) ⋅ 2 + (1) ⋅ 6
=
(1) ⋅ 5 − (1) ⋅ 3
2+6
=
5−3
8
=
2
∴𝐿=4
sin 2𝑥 + sin 6𝑥
= lim𝑥→0 [ ]=4
sin 5𝑥 − sin 3𝑥

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙+𝟕𝒙
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [𝟒𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙]
Solution:
sin 3𝑥+7𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 [4𝑥+sin 2𝑥]
sin 3𝑥 + 7𝑥
( 𝑥 )
= lim𝑥→0
4𝑥 + sin 2𝑥
( 𝑥 )

sin 3𝑥 7𝑥
( 𝑥 + 𝑥)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 4𝑥 sin 2𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑥 )

sin 3𝑥
lim 𝑥 + 𝑥→0
lim 7
𝑥→0
=
sin 2𝑥
lim 4 + lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

sin 3𝑥
3 (lim 3𝑥 ) + 7
= 𝑥→0
sin 2𝑥
4 + 2 (lim 2𝑥 )
𝑥→0

3(1) + 7
=
4 + 2(1)

3+7
=
4+2

73

469
 10
=
6
5
∴𝐿=
3
sin 3𝑥 + 7𝑥 5
∴ lim [ ]=
𝑥→0 4𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 3

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑 + 𝒙) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑 − 𝒙)
(𝟓)𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ ]
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

Solution:

sin(3 + 𝑥) − sin(3 − 𝑥)
𝐿et 𝐿 = lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥

3+𝑥+3−𝑥 (3 + 𝑥) − (3 − 𝑥)
2 cos ( 2 ) ⋅ sin ( 2 )
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
3+𝑥−3+𝑥
2 cos(3) ⋅ sin ( )
= lim 2
𝑥→0 𝑥
2cos 3 ⋅ sin 2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
= 2cos 3lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
= 2cos 3(1) (∵ lim = 1)
𝑥→0 𝑥

= 2cos 3

∴ 𝐿 = 2cos3

sin (3 + 𝑥) − sin (3 − 𝑥)
∴ lim [ ] = 2cos 3
𝑥→0 𝑥

74

470
 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝟓𝒙
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝒙𝟐

Solution:

tan2 5𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 3𝑥 2

1 tan2 5𝑥
= lim
3 𝑥→0 𝑥 2

1 tan 5𝑥 2
= lim ( )
3 𝑥→0 𝑥

1 tan 5𝑥 2
= (lim 5 ⋅ )
3 𝑥→0 5𝑥

1 tan 5𝑥 2
= [5lim ]
3 𝑥→0 5𝑥

1 tan 5𝑥 2
= 52 [lim ]
3 𝑥→0 5𝑥

25 tan 𝑘𝑥
= (1)2 ∵ lim =1
3 𝑥→0 𝑘𝑥

25
∴𝐿=
3

tan2 5𝑥 25
∴ lim =
𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 3

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝒙
(𝟕) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
𝒙

Solution:
sin 6𝑥−sin 9𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥 sin 6𝑥 sin 9𝑥 −
lim [( )−( ) )
𝑥→0 𝑥 → 0 𝑥 𝑥
sin 6𝑥 sin 9𝑥
= lim (lim ) − (lim )
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 6𝑥 sin 9𝑥
= 6 (lim ) − 9 (lim )
𝑥→0 6𝑥 𝑥→0 9𝑥

75

471
 = 6(1) − 9(1)

=6−9

=3

𝟒𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟓𝒙+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

Solution:
4𝑥−sin 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 5𝑥+tan 𝑥

4𝑥 − sin 𝑥
( )
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 5𝑥 + tan 𝑥
( )
𝑥
4𝑥 sin 𝑥
[𝑥 − 𝑥 ]
= lim
𝑥→0 5𝑥 tan 𝑥
[𝑥 + 𝑥 ]

sin 𝑥
lim (4 − )
𝑥→0 𝑥
= tan 𝑥
lim (5 + 𝑥 )
𝑥→0

sin 𝑥
(lim 4) − (lim 𝑥 )
= 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
tan 𝑥
(lim 5) + (lim )
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥

4−1
=
5+1
3
=
6
1
∴𝐿=
2
4𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→0 5𝑥 + tan 𝑥 2

76

472
 𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝟒𝒙
(9) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟕𝒙−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

Solution:
3sin 𝑥+4𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 7𝑥−tan 𝑥

3 sin 𝑥 + 4𝑥
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 7𝑥 − tan 𝑥
𝑥
3 sin 𝑥 4𝑥
( 𝑥 + 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→0 7𝑥 tan 𝑥
(𝑥 − 𝑥 )

sin 𝑥
3 (lim ) + lim 4
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
= tan 𝑥
lim 7 − lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

3(1) + 4
=
7−1
314
∴𝐿=
6
7
∴𝐿=
6

𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙+𝒉)−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(10) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒉
𝒉→𝟎

Solution:
sin (𝑥+ℎ)−sin 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = limℎ→0 ℎ

𝑥+ℎ+𝑥 𝑥+ℎ−𝑥
2 cos ( ) ⋅ sin ( )
= lim 2 2
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ ℎ
cos (𝑥 + 2) ⋅ sin (2)
= 2lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
ℎ sin 2
= 2lim cos (𝑥 + ) ⋅
ℎ→0 2 ℎ ⋅ 1)
2 2

77

473
 sin ℎ
ℎ 1 2 )
= 2 [lim cos (𝑥 + )] (lim
ℎ→0 2 2 ℎ→0 ℎ
2
1
= 2 ⋅ ⋅ cos(𝑥 + 0) ⋅ (1)
2

𝐿 = cos 𝑥

𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙+𝒂)+𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙−𝒂)

(11) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

Solution:
sin (𝑥+𝑎)+sin (𝑥−𝑎)
Lel 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑎𝜃+𝑏𝜃 𝑎𝜃−𝑏𝜃
−2sin ( )⋅sin ( )
L= lim 2
𝜃 2
2
𝜃→0

˙
𝑎+𝑏 𝜃 𝑎−𝑏 𝜃
−2sin [( 2 ) ] ⋅ sin [( 2 ) ]
= lim
𝜃→0 𝜃2
(𝑥 + 𝑎) − (𝑥 − 𝑎)
2 sin[(𝑥 + 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)] ⋅ cos [ ]
2
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥+𝑎+𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎−𝑥+𝑎
= lim 2 sin ( ) ⋅ cos ( )
𝑥→0 2 2
2 sin 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑎
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
= 2 cos 𝑎 ⋅ lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = 2cos 𝑎(1). [∵ lim ( ) = 1]
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin (𝑥 + 𝑎) + sin (𝑥 − 𝑎)
∴ lim = 2cos 𝑎.
𝑥→0 𝑥

78

474
 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝜽
(𝟏𝟐)𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜽→𝟎
𝜽𝟐

Solution:
cos 𝑎𝜃−cos 𝑏𝜃
Let 𝐿 = lim𝜃→0 𝜃2

𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
sin [( 2 ) 𝜃] sin [( 2 ) 𝜃]
= lim − 2 :
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜃

𝑎+𝑏 0 𝑎−𝑏 𝜃
sin [( 2 ) ] sin [( 2 ) ]
= −2 lim lim
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜃→0 𝜃
{ }{ }

𝑎+𝑏
𝑎+𝑏 sin [( ) 𝜃)
= −2 {( ) lim 2 }
2 𝜃→0 𝑎+𝑏 𝜃
( 2 )

𝑎−𝑏
𝑎−𝑏 sin [( 2 )] 𝜃
{( ) lim }
2 𝜃→0 𝑎−𝑏 𝜃
( )
2

𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 (1)
= −2 {( ) (1)} {( ) }
2 2

2
= − (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )
4

−(𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2
∴𝐿= =
2 2

79

475
 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(13) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

Solution:

cos 3𝑥 − cos 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥2
3𝑥 𝑥
[1 − sin2 ( 2 )] − [1 − sin2 (2)]
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2

3𝑥 −1 𝑥
1 − sin2 ( 2 ) + sin2 (2)
= lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥2

𝑥 3𝑥
sin2 (2) − sin2 ( 2 )
= lim { }
𝑥→0 𝑥2

3𝑥 𝑥
sin2 ( 2 ) sin2 (2)
= {lim ] − {lim }
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 𝑥2

3𝑥 2 𝑥 2
sin ( 2 ) sin (2)
= {lim ( ) } − {lim ( ) }
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

sin
= {lim 𝑥→0
2 3
2𝑥

3
= { (1)}
2
9 1
= −
4 4
8
=
4

∴𝐿=2

cos 3𝑥 − cos 𝑥
∴ lim ( )=2
𝑥→0 𝑥2

80

476
 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
(14) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Solution:

𝑥 2 +sin 3𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 2𝑥−sin 𝑥

𝑥 2 + sin 3𝑥
( 𝑥 )
= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥
( 𝑥 )

sin 3𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑥 )
= lim
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥
(2 − )
𝑥
3𝑥 𝑥
sin2 ( ) sin2 ( )
∴ 𝐿 = lim { 2 − 2 }
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥2

sin 3𝑥
lim 𝑥 + lim
𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
∴𝐿=1
sin 𝑥
lim 2 − lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

sin 3𝑥
0 + 3 (lim 3𝑥 )
𝑥→0
=
sin 𝑥
2 − (lim )
𝑥→0 𝑥

3(1)
=
2 − (1)

3
=
1

∴𝐿=3

𝑥 2 + sin 3𝑥
−lim =3
𝑥→0 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥

81

477
 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝟓𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝟑𝒙
(15) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ ]
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

Solution:

cos 5𝑥 − cos 3𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim { }
𝑥→0 𝑥2
5𝑥 3𝑥
[1 − sin2 ( 2 )] − [1 − sin2 ( 2 )]
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
5𝑥 3𝑥
1 − sin2 ( ) − 1 + sin2 ( )
= lim 2 2
𝑥→0 𝑥 2

3𝑥 5𝑥
sin2 ( 2 ) − sin2 ( 2 )
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
3𝑥 5𝑥
sin2 ( 2 ) sin2 ( 2 )
= lim { − }
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥2

3𝑥 2 5𝑥 2
sin 2 sin 2
= lim ( ) − lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

3𝑥 2 5𝑥 2
3 sin 2 ) − (5 lim sin 2 )
∴ 𝐿 = ( lim
2 𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 𝑥→0 5𝑥
2 2

3𝑥 2 5𝑥 2
3 sin 2 5 sin 2
= [ (lim )] − [ (lim )]
2 𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 𝑥→0 5𝑥
2 2
2 2
3 5
= [ (1)] − [ (1)]
2 2
9 25
= −
4 4
−16
=
4

∴ 𝐿 = −4

cos 5𝑥 − cos 3𝑥
∴ lim ( ) = −4
𝑥→0 𝑥2

82

478
 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
(16) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

Solution:

cos 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥 − 2𝑥
−2 sin ( 2 ) ⋅ sin ( 2 )
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
3𝑥 𝑥
sin , sin (− )
= −2lim 2 2
𝑥→0 𝑥2
3𝑥 𝑥
sin 2 sin (2)
= −2lim ( ) ⋅ (− )
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

3𝑥 𝑥
sin 2 sin 2
= 2 (lim ) (lim )
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

3𝑥 𝑥
3 sin 2 1 sin 2
∴ 𝐿 = 2 [ lim ] [ lim 𝑥 ]
2 𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 𝑥→0
2 2

3 1
= 2 ( (1)) ( (1))
2 2
3
∴𝐿=
2
cos 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 3
∴ lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥2 2

𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝟒𝜽
(17) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝜽→𝟎 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝟐𝜽

Solution:

1 − cos 4𝜃
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝜃→0 1 − cos 2𝜃

2 sin2 2𝜃
= lim
𝜃→0 2 sin2 𝜃

83

479
 sin2 2𝜃
2
= lim 𝜃2
𝜃→0 sin 𝜃
𝜃2

sin2 2𝜃
lim 2
= 𝜃→0 𝜃2
sin 𝜃
lim
𝜃→0 𝜃 2

sin 2𝜃 2
lim ( 𝜃 )
= 𝜃→0
sin 𝜃 2
lim ( )
𝜃→0 𝜃

sin 2𝜃 2
(2lim 2𝜃 )
= 𝜃→0
sin 𝜃 2
(lim 𝜃 )
𝜃→0

(2(1))2
∴𝐿=
(1)2

∴𝐿=2

1 − cos 4𝜃
∴ lim =2
𝜃→0 1 − cos 2𝜃

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
(18) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙

Solution:
1−cos 2𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 3 tan2 𝑥

2sin2 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 3tan2 𝑥

sin2 𝑥
2 𝑥2
= lim
𝑥→0 3 tan2 𝑥
𝑥2

sin 𝑥 2
2 (lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
)
=
3 tan 𝑥 2
(lim 𝑥 )
𝑥→0

84

480
 2 (1)2
=
3 (1)2

2
∴𝐿=
3
1 − cos 2𝑥 2
lim =
𝑥→0 3tan2 𝑥 3

𝟕𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙−𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(19) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝟒𝒙+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

Solution:

7𝑥cos 𝑥−3sin 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0
4𝑥+tan 𝑥

7𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
7 cos 𝑥 − 3 ( 𝑥 )
= lim tan 𝑥
𝑥→0
4+( 𝑥 )

sin 𝑥
= 7lim cos 0 − 3lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
tan 𝑥
lim 4 + lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
7(1) − 3(1)
=
4 + (1)

7−3
=
4+1
4
∴𝐿=
5
7𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 4
∴ lim =
𝑥→0 4𝑥 + tan 𝑥 5

85

481
 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(𝟐𝜽)𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ ]
𝒙→𝟎 𝐱𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

Solution:

𝑥 2 + 1 − cos 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim [ ]
𝑥→0 xtan 𝑥

𝑥 2 + sin ⋅ 2sin2 𝑥
∴ 𝐿 = lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥tan 𝑥

𝑥 2 + 2sin2 𝑥
= lim [ 𝑥tan 𝑥2
𝑥→0 𝑥 ]
𝑥2

sin 𝑥 2
1 + 2( )
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→0 tan 𝑥
( 𝑥 )

sin 𝑥 2
lim (1) + 2 (lim 𝑥 )
= 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
tan 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

1 + 2(1)2
=
(1)

1+2
=
1

∴𝐿=3

𝑥 2 + 1 − cos 𝑥
lim [ ]=3
𝑥→0 𝑥tan 𝑥

𝒙𝒏 −𝒂𝒏
• Formula 1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 = 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙−𝒂
𝒙𝟓 −𝒂𝟓
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙𝟖−𝒂𝟖

Solution:

𝑥 5 −𝑎5
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 8 −𝑎8

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482
 𝑥 5 − 𝑎5
( )
𝑥−𝑎
= lim 8
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎8
( 𝑥−𝑎 )

𝑥 5 − 𝑎5
(lim 𝑥 − 𝑎 )
𝑥→𝑎
=
𝑥 8 − 𝑎8
(lim 𝑥 − 𝑎 )
𝑥→𝑎

5𝑎 5−1
=8𝑎8−1

5 𝑎4
=
8 𝑎7
5 1
∴𝐿= ⋅
8 𝑎3

𝑥 5 − 𝑎5 5
∴ lim 8 8
= 3
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 8𝑎

𝒙𝟑 −𝒂𝟑
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙𝟐−𝒂𝟐

Solution:

𝑥 3 −𝑎3
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 2 −𝑎2

𝑥 3 − 𝑎3
( 𝑥−𝑎 )
= lim 2
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎2
( )
𝑥−𝑎

𝑥 2 𝑎3
lim (𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎
=
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
(lim ( 𝑥 − 𝑎 )]
𝑥→𝑎

3𝑎3−1
=
2𝑎2−1

3 𝑎2
= ⋅
2 𝑎
3𝑎
∴𝐿=
2

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483
 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 3𝑎
∴l = =
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 2

𝒙−𝟒/𝟑 − 𝟏
(𝟒) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏
𝒙−𝟐/𝟑 − 𝟏

Solution:

Let
−1
𝑥 3 −1
𝐿 = lim −2/3
𝑥→1 𝑥 −1

𝑥 −1/3 − 1
( )
𝑥−1
= lim −2/3
𝑥→1 𝑥 −1
( 𝑥−1 )

𝑥 −1/3 − 1
(lim )
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
=
𝑥 −2/3 − 1
(lim )
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

1 1
− 3 (−1)−3−1
𝐿 = 2
2
− 3 (1)−3−1

1 1
= ⋅
2 1
1
∴𝐿=
2

𝒙−𝟓 − 𝒂−𝟓
(𝟓) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂
𝒙−𝟕 − 𝒂−𝟕

Solution:

𝑥 −5 −𝑎 −5
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 −7 −𝑎−7
𝑥 −5 − 𝑎−5
= lim𝑥→𝑎 −7 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥 − 𝑎−7
𝑥−𝑎

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484
 𝑥 −5 − 𝑎−5
(lim𝑥→𝑎 )
𝑥−𝑎
=
𝑥 −7 − 𝑎−7
(lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 )
−5𝑎−5−1
=
−7𝑎−7−1
5 𝑎−6
= ⋅ −8
7 𝑎
5
∴ 𝐿 = 𝑎2
7
𝑥 −5 − 𝑎−5 5 2
∴ lim𝑥→𝑎 −7 = 𝑎
𝑥 − 𝑎−7 7

𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐𝟒𝟑
(𝟔) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕

Solution:

𝑥 5 −243
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 𝑥 3 −27

𝑥 5 − 35
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 3 − 33

𝑥 5 − 35
( 𝑥−3 )
= lim 3
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 33
( 𝑥−3 )

𝑥 5 − 35
[lim 𝑥 − 3 ]
𝑥→3
=
𝑥 3 − 33
[lim 𝑥 − 3 ]
𝑥→3

5(3)5−1
=
3(3)3−1

5(3)4
=
3(3)2

= 5(3)

∴ 𝐿 = 15

𝑥 3 − 243
∴ lim = 15
𝑥→3 𝑥 3 − 27

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485
 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 −𝟖
(6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟒 𝟓
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝟐

Solution:
3
𝑥 2 −8
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→4 5
𝑥 2 −32

𝑥 3/2 − 43/2
= lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 5/2 − 45/2

3 3
𝑥2 −42
( 𝑥−4

=lim 5 5
𝑥→4 𝑥2−42
( 𝑥−4 )

3
3 −1 5
⋅4 2
= 2
5 42−1
2

3−2
3 4 2
=5 ⋅ 5−2
4 2

3
=5 ⋅ 43/2

1 3
3
= ⋅ 42−2
5

3 −1
= ⋅4
5
3 1
=5 ⋅ 4

3
∴𝐿=
20

𝑥 3/2 − 8
∴ lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 5/2 − 32

3
=
20

90

486
 Six Marks Questions
• Algebraic Factorization:

𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟗
(𝟏)𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟑
𝒙𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐𝟕
Solution:

𝑥 3 −7𝑥 2 −15𝑥−9
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 𝑥 4 −5𝑥3 +27𝑥−27

33 − 7(3)2 + 15(3) − 9
=
34 − 5(3)3 + 27(3) − 27

27 − 63 + 45 − 9
=
81 − 135 + 81 − 27
0
∴𝐿=
0

∴ (𝑥 − 3) is common factor in 𝑥 r & 𝐷𝑟.

𝑥 3 −7𝑥 2 +15𝑥−9
∴ 𝐿 = lim𝑥→3 4 3 311 − 7 15 − 9
𝑥 −5𝑥 +27𝑥−27
∴ 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 15𝑥 − 9 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3)
3 2

∴ 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3)

∴ 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 27𝑥 − 27 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3)

(𝑥 − 3)(−3)(𝑥 − 1)
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3

𝑥−1
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2 +𝑥−3
3−1
=
32 +3−3
2
∴2=
9

𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 9 2
∴ lim 4 3
=
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 27𝑥 − 27 9

91

487
 • Algebraic simplification:
𝒇(𝟐+𝒉)−𝒇(𝟐)
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒉→𝟎 { 𝒉
} - Where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐

Solution:
𝑓(2+ℎ)−𝑓(2)
Let 𝐿 = limℎ→0 { ℎ
}, where 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2

∴ 𝑓(2 + ℎ) = 3(2 + ℎ)2 − 5(2 + ℎ) + 2

= 3(4 + 4ℎ + ℎ2 ) − 10 − 5ℎ + 2

= 12 + 12ℎ + 3ℎ2 − 8 − 5ℎ

= 12 + 7ℎ + 3ℎ2 − 8

∴ 𝑓(2 + ℎ) = 3ℎ2 + 7ℎ + 2

𝑓𝑓(2) = 3(2)2 − 5(2) + 2

= 12 − 10 + 2

∴ 𝑓(2) = 4

3ℎ2 + 7ℎ + 4 − 4
∴𝐿 = lim { }
ℎ→0 ℎ

3ℎ2 + 7ℎ + 0}
= lim { }
ℎ→0 ℎ

3ℎ2 + 7ℎ
= lim { }
ℎ→0 ℎ

ℎ(3ℎ + 7)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

= 3(0) + 7

=7

𝐿=7

𝑓(2 + ℎ) − 𝑓(2)
∴ lim { }=7
ℎ→0 ℎ

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488
 𝟏 𝟐(𝟐𝒙−𝟑)
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 [ − 𝟑 𝟐 ]
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙 −𝟑𝒙 +𝟐𝒙

Solution:
1 2(2𝑥−3)
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 [ − 3 2 ]
𝑥−2 𝑥 −3𝑥 +2𝑥

1 2(2𝑥 − 3)
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2)

1 2(2𝑥 − 3)
= lim [ − ]
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 2(2𝑥 − 3)
= lim [ ]
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6
= lim [ ]
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
= lim [ ]
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
= lim [ ]
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑥−3
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

2−3
𝐿=
2(2 − 1)

−1
∴𝐿=
2(1)

−1
∴𝐿=
2
1 2(2𝑥 − 3) 1
lim [ − 3 ] = −
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2

93

489
 • Algebraic Rationalization:
𝒙
(𝟏) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎
√𝟗 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
Solution:
𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0
√9−𝑥+𝑥 2 −3

𝑥(√9−𝑥+𝑥 2 +3)
= 9−𝑥+𝑥 2 −9

𝑥(√9−𝑥+𝑥 2 +3)
= lim 𝑥(𝑥−1)
𝑥→0

√9−𝑥+𝑥 2 +3
=lim 𝑥−1
𝑥→0

√9−0+0+3
=
0−1

3+3
= −1

6
∴𝐿=
−1

∴ 𝐿 = −6
𝑥
∴ lim = −6
𝑥→0 √9 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 3

√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 + √𝒙 − 𝟏
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟏 √𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏

Solution:

√𝑥 2 − 1 + √𝑥 − 1
Let Lin = l
√𝑥 3 − 1

√𝑥 − 1√𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 − 1
= lim
𝑥→1 √𝑥 − 1√𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
√𝑥 − 1
= lim
𝑥→1 √𝑥 − 1√𝑥 + 1 + 1]

√𝑥 + 1 + 1
= lim ( )
𝑥→1 √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

94

490
 √1 + 1 + 1
=
√12 + 1 + 1

√2 + 1
∴𝐿=
√3

√𝑥 2 − 1 + √𝑥 − 1 √2 + 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→1 √𝑥 3 −1 √3

𝟒 − √𝟗 + 𝒙
(𝟑) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ ]
𝒙→𝟕 𝟏 − √𝟖 − 𝒙

Solution:

4 − √9 + 𝑥
let 𝐿 = lim [ ]
𝑥→7 1 − √8 − 𝑥

(4 − √9 + 𝑥)(1 + √9 + 𝑥)(1 + √8 − 𝑥)
= lim [ ]
𝑥→7 (1 − √8 − 𝑥)(4 + √9 + 𝑥)(1 + √8 − 𝑥)

[42 − (√1 + 𝑥)2 ][1 + √8 − 𝑥]

= lim
𝑥→7 [12 − (√8 − 𝑥)2 ][4 + √8 + 𝑥]

[16 − (9 + 𝑥)][1 + √8 − 𝑥]
= lim
𝑥→7 [1 − (8 − 𝑥)][4 + √9 + 𝑥]

(16 − 9 − 𝑥)(1 + √8 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→7 (1 − 8 + 𝑥)(4 + √9 + 𝑥)

(7 − 𝑥)(1 + √8 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→7 (−7 + 𝑥)(4 + √9 + 𝑥)

−(𝑥 − 7)(1 + √8 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→7 (𝑥 − 7)(4 + √9 + 𝑥)

−(1 + √8 − 𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→7 (4 + √9 + 𝑥)

−(1 + √8 − 7)
=
4 + √9 + 7

95

491
 −(1 + √1)
∴𝐿=
4 + √16

−(1 + 1)
∴𝐿=
4+4
−2
∴𝐿=
8
1
∴𝐿=−
4

4 − √9 + 𝑥 1
∴ lim [ ]=−
𝜆→7 1 − √8 − 𝑥 4

𝟑−√𝟒+𝟓𝒙
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟏 𝟓−√𝟏𝟐+𝟏𝟑𝒙

Solution:

Let

(3 − √4 + 5𝑥)
𝐿 = lim
𝑥→1 (5 − √12 + 13𝑥)

(3 − √4 + 5𝑥)(3 + √4 + 5𝑥)(5 + √12 + 13𝑥)

= lim
𝑥→1 (5 − √12 + 13𝑥)(3 + √4 + 5𝑥)(5 + √12 + 13𝑥)

(32 − (√4 + 5𝑥)2 ][5 + √12 + 13𝑥)

= lim
𝑥→1 [52 − (√12 + 13𝑥)2 ][3 + √4 + 5𝑥]

[9 − (4 + 5𝑥)][5 + √12 + 13𝑥]

= lim
𝑥→1 [25 − (12 + 13𝑥)][3 + √4 + 5𝑥]

(9 − 4 − 5𝑥)(5 + √12 + 13𝑥)

= lim
𝑥→1 (25 − 12𝑥13𝑥)(3 + √4 + 5𝑥]

5(5 + √12 + 13𝑥)

𝐿 = lim
𝑥→1 13(3 + √4 + 5𝑥)

5 5 + √12 + 13𝑥
= ⋅ lim ( )
13 𝑥→1 3 + √4 + 5𝑥

96

492
 5 (5 + √12 + 13(1))
=
13 (3 + √4 + 5(1))

5(5 + √25)
=
13(3 + √9)

5 (5 + 5)
=
13 (3 + 3)

5(2)(5)
=
13(2)(3)

25
∴𝐿=
26

3 − √4 + 5𝑥 25
∴ lim [ ]=
𝑥→1 5 − √12 + 13𝑥 26

• Algebraic Infinity:
𝟒 𝟑
√𝟖𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏 − √𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏
(𝟏) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→∞
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏
Solution:
4 3
√8𝑥 4 +1− √27𝑥 3 −1
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→∞ 4𝑥+1

4 3
√𝑥 4 (8 + 1/𝑥 4 ) − √𝑥 3 (27 − 1/𝑥 3 )
∴= lim
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 + 1

4
1/3 3
= lim (𝑥 4 )1/4 √8 + 1/𝑥 4 − √(𝑥 3 ) √27 − 1/𝑥 3
𝑥→∞

31
4 1 √27− 3
𝑥 √8 + − 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥4
∴ 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 + 1
4
𝑥 (√8 + 𝑦𝑥4 − 3√27 − 𝑦𝑥 3 ]
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥(4 + 𝑦𝑥)

√8 + 14 − √21 − 13
4 3

𝑥 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ 4 + 𝑌𝑥

97

493
 4 3
4 3
4√8 + 𝑦00 − √27 − 𝑦00
=
1
4+
00
4 3
√8 + 0 − √27 − 0
=
4+0
4
√8 − 3
∴𝐿=
4

• Trigonometric Factorization:
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅 𝟏−√𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝟒
Solution:
Let

1 − tan 𝑥
𝐿 = lim𝜋
𝑥→
4
1 − √2 sin 𝑥

(1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + √2 sin 𝑥)

= lim𝜋
𝑥→
4
(1 − √2 sin 𝑥)(1 + √2 sin 𝑥)

(1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + √2sin 𝑥)

= lim
𝑥→𝜋/4 1 − 2sin2 𝑥

(1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + √2 sin 𝑥)

= lim𝜋
𝑥→ 1 − tan2 𝑥
4
1 + tan2 𝑥

(1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + √2 sin 𝑥)(1 + tan2 𝑥)

= lim𝜋
𝑥→ (1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + tan 𝑥)
4

(1 + √2 sin 𝑥)(1 + tan2 𝑥)

= lim𝜋
𝑥→ (1 + tan 𝑥)
4

𝜋
[1 + √2 sin (4 )] [1 + (tan 𝜋/4)2 ]
= tan 𝜋
1+( 4 )

1 1 2
[1 + √2 ⋅ ] [1 + ( ) ]
√2 √2
=
1
−1𝑥 + (1 + 1)
√2

98

494
 1
(1 + 1) (1 + )
= 2
2
2+1
2( 2 )
=
2
3
∴𝐿=
2
1 − tan 𝑥 3
∴ lim =
𝑥→𝜋/4 1 − √2sin 𝑥 2

(1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + √2 sin 𝑥)

∴ 𝐿 = lim𝜋
𝑥→ cos 2𝑥
4

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝝅 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝟒

Solution:

sin2 𝑥−cos2 𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝜋 1−tan 𝑥
4

−cos 2𝑥
= lim𝜋 [∵ sin2 𝑥 − cos2 𝑥 = −cos 2𝑥]
𝑥→ 1 − tan 𝑥
4

1 − tan3 𝑥
−( )
1 + tan2 𝑥
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ 1 − tan 𝑥
4

(1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + tan 𝑥)

= lim𝜋 −
𝑥→ (1 − tan 𝑥)(1 + tan2 𝑥)
4

1 + tan 𝑥
= − lim
𝑥→𝜋/4 1 + tan2 𝑥

1 + tan 𝜋/4
=−
1 + (tan 𝜋/4)2

1+1
=−
1+1
2
=−
2

99

495
 𝐿 = −1
sin2 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥
lim = −1
𝑥→𝜋/4 1 − tan 𝑥

• Trigonometry Simplification.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 [ ]
𝒙𝟑
Solution:
tan 𝑥−sin 𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 [ ]
𝑥3

sin 𝑥
= lim [ cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ]
𝑥→0 𝑥3

sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥

= lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥

sin 𝑥(1 − cos 𝑥)

= lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥

tan 𝑥
= lim [ (1 − cos 𝑥)]
𝑥→0 𝑥3
tan 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
= lim [( )( )]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥2

tan 𝑥 2sin2 (𝑥/2)

= lim [( )( )]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥2

𝑥 2
tan 𝑥 sin 2
= [lim𝑥→0 ( )] ⋅ [lim𝑥→0 ( ) ]
𝑥 𝑥

sin 𝑥/2 2
= (1) {2 [lim𝑥→0 ] }
2𝑥/2

1 sin 𝑥/2 2
= {2 [ (lim )] }
2 𝑥→0 𝑥/2

1
= 2[ (1)2 ]
𝑔2

100

496
 2
=
4
1
∴𝐿=
2

tan 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1
∴ lim ( 3
)=
𝑥→0 𝑥 2

𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒂+𝒃)+𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒂−𝒃)−𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂

(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒃→𝟎 𝒉𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒉

Solution:
sin (𝑎+ℎ)+sin (𝑎−ℎ)−2sin 𝑎
Let 𝐿 = limℎ→0 ℎsin ℎ

𝑎+ℎ+𝑎−ℎ 𝑎+ℎ−𝑎+ℎ
2 ⋅ sin ( ) cos ( ) − 2sin 𝑎
= lim 2 2
ℎ→0 ℎsin ℎ
2 ⋅ sin 𝑎 ⋅ cos ℎ − 2 sin 𝑎
= lim
ℎ→0 hsin ℎ
2sin 𝑎(cosh − 1)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎsinh
−(1 − cos ℎ)
= 2 sin 𝑎 ⋅ lim
ℎ→0 ℎsinh

−2sin2 ℎ/2
= 2sin 𝑎 ⋅ lim
ℎ→0 ℎsinh

sin ℎ/2 2
= −4sin 𝑎 ⋅ lim ( )
ℎ→0 ℎ

sinh /2 2 1
= −4sin 𝑎lim ( ) ⋅
ℎ→0 2ℎ/2 sinh
( )
ℎ

(sin2 ℎ/2)/ℎ2
= −4sin 𝑎lim
ℎ→0 ℎsinh /ℎ2

1 sin ℎ/2 2 1
∴𝐿 = −4sin 𝑎 ⋅ [ (lim )] ⋅
2 ℎ→0 1/2 sin ℎ
(lim )
ℎ→0 ℎ

2
1 1
= −4 sin 𝑎 [ (1)] ⋅
2 (1)

101

497
 ∴ 𝐿 = −2sin 𝑎

sin(𝑎 + 1) + sin(𝑎 − ℎ) − 2 sin 𝑎

∴ lim { } = −2 sin 𝑎
ℎ→0 ℎsinh

√𝟐−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙−𝟏
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐𝟐

Solution:

√2−cos 𝑥−1
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→0 𝑥2

(√2 − cos 𝑥 − 1)(√2 − cos 𝑥 + 1)

= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (√2 − cos 𝑥 + 1)

(√2 − cos 𝑥)2 − 12

= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (√2 − cos 𝑥 + 1)

2 − cos 𝑥 − 1
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (√2 − cos 𝑥 + 1)

1 − cos 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (√2 − cos 𝑥 + 1)

2 sin2 𝑥
= lim 2
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (√2 − cos 𝑥 + 1)

2
sin2 𝑥
1
= lim 2 ( 2 ) ⋅
𝑥→0 𝑥 (√2 − cos 𝑥 + 1
)

sin 𝑥/2 2 1
∴ 𝐿 = lim 2 ( )
𝑥→0 2𝑥/2 √1 − cos 𝑥 + 1

sin 𝑥 2
1 2 1
= 2 [ lim 𝑥 ] ⋅ [lim ]
2 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 √1 − cos 𝑥 + 1
2
2
1 1
= 2 [ (1)] ⋅ [ ]
2 √1 − cos 0 + 1
1 1
= 2( )( ]
4 √1 − 1 + 1

102

498
 1 1
= [ ]
2 0+1
1
∴𝐿=
2

√2 − cos 𝑥 − 1 1
∴ lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥2 2

𝟑−𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟒

Solution:

3 − 4 cos 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥
Let 𝐿 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4

3 − 4 cos 𝑥 + (2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4

3 − 4cos 𝑥 + 2cos 2 𝑥 − 1
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4

2 − 4 cos 𝑥 + 2 cos 2 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4

2[cos2 𝑥 − 2cos 𝑥 + 1]
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4

(cos 𝑥 − 1)2
∴ 𝐿 = 2lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4

(1 − cos 𝑥)2
= 2lim
𝑥→0 𝑥4
2
2 sin2 𝑥
( 2
= 2lim )
𝑥→0 𝑥4

sin4 𝑥
= 2lim 4 24
𝑥→0 𝑥

sin 𝑥 4
= 8lim ( 2 )
𝑥→0 𝑥

103

499
 𝑥 4
sin 2
= 8 [lim 𝑥 ]
𝑥→0 2
2

sin 𝑥 4
1 2 ]
= 8 [ lim 𝑥
2 𝑥→0
2
4
1
= 8 [ (1)]
2
1
=8⋅
16
1
∴𝐿=
2
3 − 4cos 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 1
∴ lim [ ] =
𝑥→0 𝑥4 2

𝒙𝒏 −𝒂𝒏
Formula 1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
= 𝒏𝒂𝒏−𝟏

𝒙𝟓/𝟕 −𝒂𝟓/𝟕
(1) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝒂
𝒙𝟑/𝟕 −𝒂𝟑/𝟕

Solution:

𝑥 5/7 −𝑎 5/7
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 3/7 −𝑎3/7

𝑥 5/7 − 𝑎5/7 1
= lim𝑥→𝑎 )
(𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑥 3/7 − 𝑎3/7
( 𝑥−𝑎

𝑥 5/7 − 𝑎5/7 1
= (lim𝑥→𝑎 ) ⋅ (lim𝑥→𝑎 3/7 )
𝑥−𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎3/7

5 5−1 1
= ⋅ 𝑎7 ⋅
7 3 37−1
7⋅𝑎

5 𝑎−2/7
= ⋅
3 𝑎−4/7

104

500
 5 −2+4
= ⋅𝑎7 7
3
5 2/7
∴𝐿= ⋅𝑎
3

𝑥 5/7 − 𝑎5/7 5 2/7

∴ lim𝑥→𝑎 = ⋅𝑎
𝑥 3/7 − 𝑎3/7 3

𝒙𝟓 −𝟑𝟐
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟕−𝟏𝟐𝟖

Solution:

𝑥 5 −32
Let 𝐿 = lim𝑥→2 𝑥 7 −128
𝑥 5 − 25
= lim 7
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 27

𝑥 5 −25 1
= lim ( 𝑥−2
) ⋅ 𝑥7 −27
𝑥→2 ( )
𝑥−2

𝑥 5 − 25 1
= (lim )⋅ )
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 7 − 27
(lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2

1
= 5 ⋅ (2)5−1 ⋅
7 ⋅ (2)7 − 1

5 24
= ⋅
7 26
5
=
7 × 22
5
=
7 × 22
5
=
7×4
5
∴=
28

𝑥 5 − 32 5
lim 7 =
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 128 28

105

501
 Chapter: 3. Derivatives & Application of derivative

Syllabus Contents:

3.1 Definition of the derivative.

3.2 Derivatives of standard function. (No proof by first principle)
3.3 Differentiation of sum, difference, product and quotient of two or
more functions
3.4 Differentiation of composite function with simple example.
3.5 Second order derivative.
3.6 Geometrical Meaning of Derivative
3.7 Tangents & Normal to the curve,
3.8 Maxima & minima of the function
3.9 Radius of curvature

502
3.1 Definition of the derivative.
To express the rate of change in any function we have the
concept of derivative which involves infinitesimally small
changes in the dependent variable with reference to a small
change in independent variable

The process of finding out the derivative of continuous function

is called differentiation. A derivative is the limit of the ratio of
the increment in the function corresponding to a small
increment in the argument as the later (𝛿𝑥) tends to zero.

Fig. 3.1

Consider a continuous function

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ... (1) as shown in Fig. 3.1

where ' 𝑥 ' is an independent variable and ' 𝑦 ' is the dependent
variable.

Let ' 𝛿𝑥 ' be a small increment in ' 𝑥 ' and ' 𝛿𝑦 ' be a
corresponding small increment in ' 𝑦 '.

Then, we have,

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)

Subtracting (1) from (2), we get,

503
 ∴ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

Now, 𝛿𝑥 → 0, 𝛿𝑥 ≠ 0, dividing both

𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
∴ = …. (3)
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥

This is called the incrementary ratio of dependent variable 𝑦

𝛿𝑦
with respect to independent variable 𝑥 i.e. We can say is the
𝛿𝑥
change in 𝑦 with respect to a small unit change in 𝑥.

If we take limit of this increment ratio 𝛿𝑥 → 0, we get what is

called the derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 and is denoted by
𝑑𝑦
.
𝑑𝑥

Now, taking lim𝛿𝑥→0 on both sides of result (3)

𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
∴ lim𝛿𝑥→0 = lim𝛿𝑥→0
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
d𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
∴ = lim𝛿𝑥→0 …. (4)
dx 𝛿𝑥

DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE

If 𝑥 and 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 belong to the domain of the function defined 𝑦 =

𝑓(𝑥), then
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim𝛿𝑥→0
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥
represents the derivative of 𝑦 or 𝑓(𝑥) w.r. to 𝑥, provided the
limit exisis.

This limit is called the definition of derivative. It is also called

First Principal of Derivative. This is also known as Leibnitz
definition of derivative.

504
For convenience, if we put 𝛿𝑥 = ℎ, then, we have
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
Using the limits, the derivatives of standard function is
obtained.

DIFFERENT NOTATIONS FOR DERIVATIVE

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
The notation or (𝑦) or {𝑓(𝑥)} represents the derivative of
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
the function x. It is also written as y ′ or f ′ (x) or y1 or ẏ.

Remarks:
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦
(1) means lim𝛿𝑥→0 and not the quotient of 𝑑𝑦 and 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥

𝛿𝑠 ds 𝛿𝑝 dp
Similarly, lim𝛿t→0 = , lim𝛿r→0 = .
𝛿𝑡 dt 𝛿𝑟 dr

𝑑
(2) (𝑦) is read as "dee- 𝑦 by dee- 𝑥 ". or "dee-dee 𝑥 of 𝑦 ".
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(3) (𝑦) or {𝑓(𝑥)} is a symbol denoting the operation of
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
differentiation.

(4) The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is.

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = | = lim
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎 ℎ→0 ℎ

505
3.2 Derivatives of standard function. (No proof
by first principle)

Let us find derivatives of some standard functions from the

definition of derivative as follow:
Derivative of a Constant Function
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘, 𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅

∴ f(x + h) = k ... as it is independent of x.

Then, from the definition of derivative, we get,

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑘−𝑘
= lim = lim 0 = 0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

𝑑
Thus, (𝐾) = 0
𝑑𝑥

In words, derivative of a constant w.r. to x is zero.

In general, derivative of a constant w.r. to any variable is zero.

For instance,
d d 3 d d
(5) = 0, (− ) = 0, (𝜋) = 0, (10) = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 dr ds

506
Derivative of K ⋅ x 2 , K ≠ 0, K ∈ R, K is a coefficient of x 2
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐾 ⋅ 𝑥 2

∴ f(x + h) = K(x + h)2

Then, from definition of derivative, we have,

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ = limℎ→0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ
𝐾(𝑥+ℎ)2 −𝐾𝑥 2
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝐾{𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 − 𝑥 2 }
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝐾{2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 }
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝐾 ⋅ ℎ(2𝑥 + ℎ)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
= lim 𝐾(2𝑥 + ℎ)
ℎ→0

= K(2𝑥 + 0)

= K(2𝑥)

= 2K𝑥
𝑑
This; k(𝑥)2 = 𝐾 ⋅ (2𝑥) = 2𝐾𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
It follows that (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(𝑘𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑘. 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

Derivative of √𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥

∴ 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = √𝑥 + ℎ

507
Then, from the definition of derivative, we have,
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ = limℎ→0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ
√𝑥 + ℎ − √𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
This limit is based on rationalization. Rationalizing numerator,
we get,
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+ℎ−𝑥 1
∴ = limℎ→0 ×
𝑑𝑥 ℎ √𝑥+ℎ+√𝑥

ℎ 1
= limℎ→0 ⋅ limℎ→0 … ℎ → 0, ℎ ≠ 0, cancel it.
ℎ √𝑥+ℎ+√𝑥

1
=1×
√𝑥 + 0 + √𝑥
1 1
= =
√𝑥 + √ 𝑥 2 √𝑥

Thus,
𝑑 1
(√𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑥
1
In words, the derivative of √𝑥 w.r. to 𝑥 is
2√𝑥

1
It follows that the derivative of √𝑟 w.r. to 𝑟 is
2√𝑟

1
the derivative of √𝑡 w.r. to 𝑡 is … so on.
2√ 𝑡

508
List of Derivatives of standard functions:
𝑑
(1) (𝑘) = 0 , k is constant
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(2) (1) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(3) (𝑘𝑥) = 𝑘 , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(4) (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1 , 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(5) (𝑘. 𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑘. 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1
(6) ( ) = − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑘 𝑘
(7) ( ) = − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑛
(8) ( ) = − 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
𝑑 𝑘 𝑘.𝑛
(9) ( ) = − 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
𝑑 1
(10) (√𝑥) = 2
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑
(11) (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(12) (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 . log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
(13) (log 𝑒 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
(14) (log 𝑎 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 log𝑒 𝑎
𝑑
(15) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(16) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(17) (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(18) (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(19) (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

509
 𝑑
(20) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
(21) (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1
(22) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1
(23) (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 1
(24) (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 1
(25) (𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 1
(26) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

510
3.3 Differentiation of sum, difference, product and
quotient of two or more functions

Derivative of sum or difference

If 𝑦 = 𝑈 ± 𝑉 then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉
= ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Corollary:
If 𝑦 = 𝑈 ± 𝑉 ± 𝑊 ± ⋯ then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑊
= ± ± ±⋯
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Product
If 𝑦 = 𝑈. 𝑉
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈
=𝑈⋅ +𝑉⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Corollary 1:

If 𝑈 is a derivable function of 𝑥 and 𝐾 is a scalar multiple, then,

𝑑 𝑑𝑈
(𝐾 ⋅ 𝑈) = 𝐾 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Corollary 2:
If 𝑦 = 𝑈 ⋅ 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑊, where 𝑈, 𝑉, 𝑊, are differentiable functions of 𝑥,
then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= [𝑈𝑉𝑊]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉
= 𝑈𝑉 + 𝑉𝑊 + 𝑈𝑊
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

511
Derivative of Quotient
𝑈
If 𝑦 =
𝑉

then

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑉 × (𝑈)) − (𝑈 × (𝑉))
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑉2

Derivative of Scalar Multiplication of a function

Let 𝑦 = 𝑘. 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
Then = 𝑘. {𝑓(𝑥)}
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3.4 Differentiation of composite function with

simple example.

Derivative of Composite Functions (Chain Rule)

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑈) and 𝑈 = 𝑔(𝑥), then 𝑦 = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] is called a function of a

function or a composite function

We will now state and prove a theorem for finding the

derivative of composite function, known as Chain Rule of
derivatives.

512
Statement of Theorem:

If 𝑦 is a differentiable function of 𝑈 and 𝑈 is differentiable

function of 𝑥, then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑈
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑥
This is a Chain Rule of composite derivatives.

Corollary:

If ' 𝑦 ' is a function of ' 𝑈 ', ' 𝑈 ' is function of ' 𝑉 ', and ' 𝑉 ' is a
function of 𝑥, then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉
= × ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑥
(For double composite function)

This way it can be extended for more composite function.

Note: The single composite function can also be stated as

below:
𝑑 𝑑
If [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) and [𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Then, we have for,

𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓{𝑔(𝑥)}] = 𝑓 ′ {𝑔(𝑥)} × [𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ {𝑔(𝑥)} × 𝑔′ (𝑥)

513
 With the help of this above result, we can easily understand the
derivatives of composite functions as mentioned below:

Standard functions Composite functions

(1)
𝑑
(𝑥) = 1 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(2)
𝑑
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝑛. [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(3)
𝑑 1
( ) = − 𝑥2
1 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ( )=− 2
. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) [𝑓(𝑥)]

(4)
𝑑
(√𝑥) = 2
1 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 (√𝑓(𝑥)) = . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑓(𝑥)

(5)
𝑑
(log 𝑒 𝑥) =
1 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 [log 𝑒 (𝑓(𝑥))] = . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

(6)
𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(7)
𝑑
(𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 . log 𝑒 𝑎 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ) = 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) . log 𝑒 𝑎 . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(8)
𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝑓(𝑥)]. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

514
(9)
𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑓(𝑥)] = −𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(10)
𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 [𝑓(𝑥)]. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(11)
𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑓(𝑥)] = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 [𝑓(𝑥)]. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(12)
𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [sec (𝑓(𝑥))]
𝑑𝑥
= sec (𝑓(𝑥)). 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑓(𝑥)). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

(13)
𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 [cosec (𝑓(𝑥))]
𝑑𝑥
= −cosec (𝑓(𝑥)). 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑓(𝑥)). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

(14)
𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) =
1 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑓(𝑥))) = . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − [𝑓(𝑥)] 2

(15)
𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) =
1 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑓(𝑥))) = 2
. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1 + [𝑓(𝑥)]

515
3.5 Second order derivative

Higher order derivatives (Second order derivative)

Consider the relation
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)… (1)
Differentiating w.r to x, we get,
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦) = [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝑦1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)… (2)
This is called the first order derivative.
𝑑𝑦
If or 𝑦1 is further differentiable at 𝑥, we get,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 ′
( )= [𝑓 (𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
𝑜𝑟 𝑦2 = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
This is called second order derivative.
Similarly, we can define
𝑑3𝑦 ′′′ (𝑥),
𝑑4𝑦 𝑑5𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑦
𝑜𝑟 𝑦3 = 𝑓 , , … , 𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
Note:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
(1) Derivative of or 𝑦1 w.r.to 𝑥 is or 𝑦2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
(2) ≠( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

516
Application of derivative

INTRODUCTION
We are, at this stage, quite familiar with the process of
differentiation, including different rules of differentiation. The
application of differentiation in various sub-topics of
Mathematics and in the study of Engineering Sciences is
unavoidable. Some of such applications which we are intended

(1) Tangent and Normal

(2) Maxima and Minima
(3) Radius of Curvature.

3.6 Geometrical Meaning of Derivative

Fig. 4.1

517
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be the continuous curve in the domain (𝑎, 𝑎 + ℎ) as
shown in the Fig. 4.1.

Let 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) and 𝑄(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ)) be two points on the curve,
where ℎ ≠ 0, ℎ > 0. Then, the slope of the secant line 𝑃𝑄 is
difference of 𝑦-coordinates of points
=
difference of 𝑥-coordinates of points

𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)

= =
𝑎+ℎ−𝑎 ℎ
Now, as the point ' 𝑄 ' approaches to point ' 𝑃 ' along the curve,
h →0' and when the point 𝑄 coincides with point 𝑃, the limiting
position of a secant line 𝑃𝑄 is

∴ Slope of tangent at point 𝑃 on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is

= lim𝑄→𝑃 slope of secant line 𝑃𝑄

= limℎ→0 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
= limℎ→0
ℎ
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)
𝑑𝑦
= of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Thus, geometrically of 𝑓(𝑥) represents the slope of the
𝑑𝑥
tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at any point on the curve.

518
Notes:
𝑑𝑦
(1) If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is the given curve, then = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = tan 𝜃, where
𝑑𝑥
𝜃 is the angle made by tangent, with positive direction of 𝑥
axis, represents the slope of a tangent at any point of the
curve, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) .

(2) The slope of tangent at a particular point where 𝑥 = 𝑎 is

𝑑𝑦
| = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎

(3) The slope of the tangent at the point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the curve is
𝑑𝑦
= | = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1 ,𝑦1)

This is obtained from the expression for 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) by putting 𝑥 = 𝑥1

𝑑𝑦
(4) | = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) also represents the gradient of the curve at
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑎.
𝑑𝑦
(5) In case of parametric functions, obtain at the required
𝑑𝑥
point.
𝑑𝑦
(6) For a tangent parallel to 𝑥-axis, = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0.
𝑑𝑥

(7) If two lines are parallel then their slopes are equal i.e.

𝑚1 = 𝑚2 and if they are perpendicular then 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = −1.

519
3.7 Tangents & Normal to the curve
Slope of the Normal to the curve:
As normal is perpendicular to tangent to the curve at that
point
Hence
Slope of normal × slope of tangent=-1
−1
∴ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 =
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑥=𝑎
−1
∴ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 =
𝑓 ′ (𝑎)
−1
∴ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 =
𝑑𝑦
at 𝑥 = a
𝑑𝑥

Equation of a Tangent and Normal to the given curve:

Equation of the tangent to given curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with slope m is given by
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
And equation of normal to given curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
Is given by
1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚

3.8 Maxima & Minima of the function:

Definition of Maxima: A point x = a is a point of global

maximum for f(x) if f(x) ≤ f(a) for all x∈D (the domain of f(x)).
Definition of Minima: A point x = a is a point of global
minimum for f(x) if f(x) ≥ f(a) for all x∈D (the domain of f(x)).

520
Method to find maxima and minima of a function:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a given function, then steps to find maxima and
minima are as follows:
𝑑𝑦
1. Find first order derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) that is .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Take = 0,gives equation in 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. Find values of 𝑥 for = 0, known as stationary points of
𝑑𝑥
function.
4. Let stationary points are 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 .
𝑑2𝑦
5. Find , and check its value at all stationary points.
𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑑 𝑦
6. If [ ] < 0, then 𝑥 = 𝑥1 is point of Maxima.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=𝑥1
𝑑2𝑦
7. If [ ] > 0, then 𝑥 = 𝑥2 is point of Minima.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=𝑥2

8. Then maximum of function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥1 and minima

of 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥2 .

3.9 Radius of curvature:

Curvature is bending of a curve at a particular point on it.

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a given curve then radius of curvature is
denoted by 𝜌 and is given by
3⁄
𝑑𝑦 2 2
[1 + ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝜌=
𝑑2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
Note:
(1) Curvature is reciprocal of radius of curvature.
(2) At point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) radius of curvature is given by 𝜌(𝑥1,𝑦1) .

521
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Question Bank OF Derivatives & Application of

derivative

Course Name: Engineering Mathematics

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

Two Marks Questions

𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 if

(1) 𝐲 = 𝐱𝟑
𝟏
(2) 𝐲=𝐱

(3) 𝐲 = 𝟓𝐱
(4) 𝐲 = 𝟐𝐱 𝟐
(5) 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐱
(6) y = (x 2 + 1)(x 2 − 1)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞𝐱
(7) 𝐲= 𝐱

(8) y = sin⁡ x + cos⁡ x

(9) y = ax + ex + log10 x + log α α
(10) y = x 2 ⋅ cos x
(11) y = log10 x + 3

522
 sin⁡ t+1
(12) y = sin⁡ t−1
√𝐱+𝟏
(13) 𝐲=
√𝐱−𝟏

(14) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 + 𝒆𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 + 𝒆𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂

(15) 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 . 𝒙𝟓
(16) 𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟓)
1
(17) y = 2x+3

(18) y = 2x + cos 3x
𝟐
(19) 𝐲 = (𝐱 𝟑 − 𝟑𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟓)
(20) y = sin5 x
(21) 𝐲 = √𝟏 + 𝐱 𝟐
2
(22) y = e3x
(23) y = log⁡(4 − 3x)
(24) 𝐲 = 𝐞𝟑𝐱 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝐱
(25) 𝐲 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑)
𝟏
(26) 𝐲=
√𝐱+𝟐

(27) y = √log e ⁡ x
(28) 𝐲 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐞𝟑𝐱 )
−𝟏 𝐱
(29) 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐧
(30) y = sin−1 (√x)

523
Four Marks Questions:

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
(1) Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 1+log 𝑥
𝐱𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
(2) If 𝒚 = , find 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
𝑑𝑦
(3) Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 3𝑥 . log 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin x−cos x
(4) Find 𝑑𝑥 If⁡y = sin x+cos x
𝟏+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
(5) If 𝒚 = 𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙, then show that 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙(𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ 𝒙)𝟐

(6) Find 𝑎, 𝑏, if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏, 𝑓 (1) = 9, 𝑓 ′ (1) = 8

𝒅𝒚 𝝅
(7) If 𝒚 = 𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝟕√𝟐, 𝒅𝒙 = √𝟐 when 𝒏 = 𝟒 ,

find 𝒂&𝒃.
𝑑𝑦
(8) Find 𝑑𝑥 If⁡y = cos(x ⋅ ex )
𝒅𝒚
(9) Find 𝒅𝒙 If⁡𝐲 = (𝟏 + 𝐱 𝟐 ) ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝐱.
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
(10) Find 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑦 = tan−1 (1+cos 𝑥)
𝒅𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(11) Find 𝒅𝒙, if 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )
√𝟐

𝑑𝑦 1−cos 2𝑥
(12) Find 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑦 = tan−1 (√1+cos 2𝑥)

𝒅𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(13) Find 𝒅𝒙, if 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙]

(14) 𝐲 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠[𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟒 − 𝟑𝐱)]

(15) y = 10√sin x

524
 𝒅𝒚
(16) Find 𝒅𝒙 if 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡(𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ √𝒙)⁡
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(17) Find 𝒅𝒙𝟐 if 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙

(18) Problems on second order derivative: -

𝑑2 𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 2 :

a. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙)
𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
b. 𝑦 = 𝑎cos⁡(log⁡ 𝑥), Show that 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟐
−𝟏 𝟐 𝒅 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
c. 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙, show that (𝟏 − 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(19) If 𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑥 show that 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(20) If 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒂 show that 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

525
 Six Marks Questions:

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(1) If 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙, prove that 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟐
𝟐𝒅 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(2) If 𝒚 = 𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) + 𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙), Prove that 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 +

𝒚 = 𝟎.
𝑚 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
(3) If 𝑦 = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) prove that (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −

𝑚2𝑦 = 0.
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑚 sin−1 𝑥
(4) If 𝑦 = 𝑒 prove that (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(5) If 𝒚 = √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + √𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏, prove that (𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 +
𝒅𝒚
𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎.

526
 Application of Derivatives

Two Marks Questions:

(1) Find the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 at Which slope is −𝟓.

(2) Find the inclination of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 at
(1, −3).
(3) Find the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 Where the tangent
is parallel to x-axis
(4) Find the slope of the tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 at the point
(−1,3).
(5) Find the co-ordinates of the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
at which the tangent has slope −𝟒.
𝒙−𝟑 𝟑
(6) Find the slope of the tangent to 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙+𝟓 at (𝟎, − 𝟓)

(7) Find inclination of tangent to 2𝑦 + 7 = 𝑥 3 at (1, −3)

(8) Find the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 3 at 𝑥 = 4.
(9) Find the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 5 at 𝑥 = 2

527
 Four Marks Questions:

(1) Find the equation of the tangents to the curve

⁡𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 where it cuts 𝒙-axis.

(2) Find the equations of tangents and Normal to

a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 at (2,5)
b. 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎 at (𝟏, 𝟐).
c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1 at 𝑥 = −2
1
(3) Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 at Which tangents are

parallel to 𝑥-axis.
(4) A Metal wire 𝟑𝟔⁡𝐜𝐦 long is bent to form a rectangle. Find it's
dimensions when its area is maximum.
(5) Find the Maximum and Minimum value of 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝟔𝒙.
(6) Find the value of x for which function is maximum and
minimum:
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥
b. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 5
(7) Find the radius of curvature for the curve
⁡⁡𝒚 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝒙 at 𝒙 = 𝝅/𝟐.
(8) Find radius of curvature of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at (2,8).
(9) Find the curvature at (3, −4) to the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25.

528
 Six Marks Questions

(1) If tangent to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 perpendicular to the

line 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏. Find the point of contact.
(2) Divide 120 into two parts such that their product is
Maximum.
(3) A Metal wire 𝟏𝟎𝟎⁡𝐜𝐦 long is bent to form a rectangle. Find it's
dimensions when it's area is maximum.
(4) A telegraph wire hangs in the form of a curve
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒂⁡𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐬𝐞𝐜⁡ 𝒂), where ' 𝒂 ' is 𝒂 constant. Show that the
𝒙
radius of curvature at any point is 𝒂. 𝒔𝒆𝒄 (𝒂)’.

529
Chapter-3:

Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Solution of Question Bank

Chapter: 3 - Derivatives & Application of Derivatives

Course Name: Engineering Mathematics

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

Two Marks Questions

𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥
, if

(1) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥3

𝑑 𝑑 3
∴ (𝑦) = (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 3𝑥 3−1

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝟏
(2) 𝒚 =
𝒙

Solution:
1
∵𝑦=𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
∴ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

530
 𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

(3) 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙

Solution:

𝑦 = 5𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
∴ = (5 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 5𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 5
𝑑𝑥

(4) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐

Solution:

∵𝑦 = 2𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = (2𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
=2 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

= 2(2𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥

(5) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ cot 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
∴ = (𝑒 ⋅ cot 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒𝑥. (cot 𝑥) + cot 𝑥 . (𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

531
 = 𝑒 𝑥 . (− cosec 2 𝑥) + cot 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑒 𝑥 [cot 𝑥 − cosec 2 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥

(6) 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)

Solution:

∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 1)

∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 )2 − 12

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥4 − 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 4
∴ = (𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 4𝑥 4−1 = 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙
(7) 𝒚 = 𝒙

Solution:
log𝑐 𝑥
∵𝑦=
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 log 𝑒𝑥
∴ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑥⋅ (log 𝑥) − log 𝑒𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 − log 𝑒𝑥 (1)
=
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1 − log 𝑒𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

(8) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution:

532
∵ 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = [sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (sin 𝑥) + (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

(9) 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝜶 𝜶

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 + log 𝛼 𝛼

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
∴ = (𝑎 + 𝑒 𝑥 + log10 + log 𝛼 𝛼)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑎 ) + (𝑒 ) + (log10 𝑥) + (log 𝛼𝛼 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = 𝑎 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 𝑎 + 𝑒 𝑥 + + (0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 10

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = 𝑎2 ⋅ log 𝑒 𝑎 + 𝑒 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ⋅ log10
𝑒

(10) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2
∴ = (𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 2
= 𝑥2 ⋅ (cos 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 ⋅ (− sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 ⋅ (2𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = −𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

533
(11) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 + 𝟑

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = log10 𝑥 + 3

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = (log10 𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (log10 𝑥) + (3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ⋅ +(0)
𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 10

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 10

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕+𝟏
(12) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕−𝟏

Solution:

sin 𝑡 + 1
∵𝑦=
sin 𝑡 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 sin 𝑡 + 1
∴ = [ ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 1
𝑑 𝑑
(sin 𝑡 − 1) ⋅ (sin 𝑡 + 1) − (sin 𝑡 + 1) ⋅ (sin 𝑡 − 1)
= 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(sin 𝑡 − 1)2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(sin 𝑡 − 1) [ (sin 𝑡) + (1)] − (sin 𝑡 + 1) [ (sin 𝑡) − (1)]
= 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(sin 𝑡 − 1)2

(sin 𝑡 − 1)[cos 𝑡 + 0] − (sin 𝑡 + 1)[cos 𝑡 − 0]

=
(sin 𝑡 − 1)2

(sin 𝑡 − 1) cos 𝑡 − (sin 𝑡 + 1)cos 𝑡

=
(sin 𝑡 − 1)2

[(sin 𝑡 − 1) − (sin 𝑡 + 1)]cos 𝑡

=
(sin 𝑡 − 1)2

[sin 𝑡 − 1 − sin 𝑡 − 1]cos 𝑡

=
(sin 𝑡 − 1)2

534
 −2. cos 𝑡
=
(sin 𝑡 − 1)2

√𝒙 + 𝟏
(13) 𝒚 =
√𝒙 − 𝟏

Solution:

√𝑥 + 1
∵𝑦=
√𝑥 − 1

𝑑 𝑑 √𝑥 + 1
∴ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 − 1

𝑑 𝑑
(√𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥 + 1) − (√𝑥 + 1) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥 − 1)
=
(√𝑥 − 1)2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(√𝑥 − 1) [ (√𝑥) + (1)] − (√𝑥 + 1) [ (√𝑥) − (1)]
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(√𝑥 − 1)2

1 1
(√𝑥 − 1) [ + 0] − (√𝑥 + 1) [ − 0]
2√𝑥 2√𝑥
=
(√𝑥 − 1)2

1 1
(√𝑥 − 1) ( ) − (√𝑥 + 1)
2√𝑥 2√𝑥
=
(√𝑥 − 1)2

1
[√𝑥 − 1 − √𝑥 − 1]
2 𝑥
= √
(√𝑥 − 1)2

1
(−2)
2 𝑥
= √
(√𝑥 − 1)2

1
−
= √𝑥
(√𝑥 − 1)2

𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥[√𝑥 − 1]2

535
 (14) 𝒀 = 𝒆𝒙𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 + 𝒆𝒂𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒂𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂

Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥log 𝑎 + 𝑒 𝑎log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑎log 𝑎

𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑒 log 𝑎 + 𝑒 log 𝑥 + 𝑒 log 𝑎

𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 ………………….(∵ 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 ]

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑎 𝑑 𝑎
∴ = (𝑎 ) + (𝑥 ) + (𝑎 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑎 𝑥 . log 𝑒 𝑎 + 𝑎. 𝑥 𝑎−1 + 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑎 𝑥 . log 𝑒 𝑎 + 𝑎. 𝑥 𝑎−1
𝑑𝑥

(15) 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 ⋅ 𝒙𝟓

Solution:

𝑦 = 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 5

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 5
∴ = (5 ⋅ 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 5 𝑑 𝑥
= 5𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥 ) + 𝑥 5 ⋅ (5 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 5𝑥 ⋅ 5𝑥 5−1 + 𝑥 5 ⋅ 5𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 5

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 5𝑥+1 ⋅ 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 ⋅ 5𝑥 ⋅ log 5𝑒
𝑑𝑥

(16) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓)

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = log (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5).

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = [log(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

536
 1 𝑑 2
= ⋅ (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5)
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= ( (𝑥 2 ) + 2 (𝑥) + (5))
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = 2 (2𝑥 + 2 + 0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 + 1)
∴ = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5

𝟏
(17) 𝒚 =
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

Solution:

1
∵ 𝑦=
2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
∴ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 × 13
1 𝑑
=− 2
⋅ (2𝑥 + 3)
(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑 𝑑
=− 2
⋅ [2 (𝑥) + (3)]
(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−1
= ⋅ [2 ⋅ (1) + 0]
(2𝑥 + 3)2

𝑑𝑦 −2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3)2

(18) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + cos 3𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
∴ = [2 + cos 3𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

537
 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
= (2 ) + (cos 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 2𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 2 + (−3sin 3𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 2 − 3sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝟐
(19) 𝒚 = (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)

Solution:

𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3
∴ = (𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3
= 2(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)2−1 ⋅ (𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑
= 2(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5) ⋅ [ (𝑥 ) − 3 (𝑥 2 ) + (5)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 2(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)[3𝑥 3−1 − 3 ⋅ (2𝑥 2−1 ) + 0]

= 2(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)[3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥]

= 2(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)[3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥]

= 2(3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥)(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)

= 2 × 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 6𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5)
𝑑𝑥

(20) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = sin5 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = (sin 𝑥)5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

538
 𝑑
= 5(sin 𝑥)5−1 ⋅ (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

= 5(sin 𝑥)4 ⋅ (cos 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 5cos 𝑥 ⋅ sin4 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

(21) 𝒚 = √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = √1 + 𝑥 2

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = (√1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
∴ = ⋅ (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑑 2
∴ = [ (1) + (𝑥 )]
𝑑𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = (0 + 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2√1 + 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2

𝟐
(22) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙

Solution:
2
∵ 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3𝑥2
∴ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

539
 2 𝑑
= 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ (3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥

2 𝑑 2
= 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ 3 ⋅ (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
2
= 3𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ (2𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 2
∴ = 6𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥

(23) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙)

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = log (4 − 3𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = [log(4 − 3𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= ⋅ (4 − 3𝑥)
4 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 𝑑
= [ (4) − 3 ⋅ (𝑥)]
4 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= [0 − 3(1)]
4 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −3
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 4 − 3𝑥

(𝟐𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ sin 2𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 3𝑥
∴ (𝑦) = (𝑒 ⋅ sin 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

540
 𝑑 𝑑 3𝑥
= 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ (sin 2𝑥) + sin 2𝑥 ⋅ (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 ⋅ (2) + sin 2𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ (3)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2 ⋅ 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

(25) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = sec(2𝑥 + 3)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = [sec(2𝑥 + 3)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= sec(2𝑥 + 3) ⋅ tan(2𝑥 + 3) ⋅ (2𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥

= sec (2𝑥 + 3) ⋅ tan (2𝑥 + 3) ⋅ 2

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2 ⋅ sec (2𝑥 + 3) ⋅ tan (2𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥

𝟏
(26) 𝒚 =
√𝒙 + 𝟐

Solution:

1
∵ 𝑦=
√𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
∴ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 + 2

−1 𝑑 𝑑
= ⋅ (√𝑥 + 2) ⋅ (𝑥 + 2)
(√𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−1 1
= (1)
𝑥+2 2√𝑥 + 2

𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥 + 2)√𝑥 + 2

541
(27) 𝒚 = √𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = √log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = (√log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= (log 𝑒 𝑥)
⋅
2√log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
= ⋅
2√log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥√log 𝑒 𝑥

(28) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒆𝟑𝒙 )

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = sin(𝑒 3𝑥 )

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = [sin (𝑒 3𝑥 )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3𝑥
∴ = cos(𝑒 3𝑥 ) ⋅ (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= cos(𝑒 3𝑥 ) ⋅ 𝑒 3𝑥 (3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

= cos (𝑒 3𝑥 ) ⋅ 𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ (3)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑒 3𝑥 ⋅ cos(𝑒 3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

−𝟏
(29) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Solution:

542
𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥
−1 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin

𝑑(𝑦) 𝑑 sin−1 𝑥
∴ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑
∴ = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ⋅ (sin−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 1
∴ = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ⋅
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
−1
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 sin 𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

(30) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝒙)

Solution:

𝑦 = sin−1(√𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = [sin−1 (√𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= ⋅ (√𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
√1 − (√𝑥)2

1 1
=
√1 − 𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥√1 − 𝑥

Four Marks Questions

𝒅𝒚 𝒙
(1) Find 𝒅𝒙
, if 𝒚 = 𝟏+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙.

Solution:

543
 𝑥
∵ 𝑦=
1+log 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
∴ = [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + log 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(1 + log 𝑥) ⋅ (𝑥) − 𝑥 ⋅ (1 + log 𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 + log 𝑥)2

𝑑 𝑑
(1 + log 𝑥)(1) − 𝑥 [ (1) + (log 𝑥)]
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 + log 𝑥)2

1
(1 + log 𝑥) − 𝑥 (0 + )
= 𝑥
(1 + log 𝑥)2

1 + log 𝑥 − 1
=
(1 + log 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 log 𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥)2

𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
(2) If 𝒚 = . Find .
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝒅𝒙

Solution:

𝑥sin 𝑥
∴𝑦=
𝑥2 + 1
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥sin 𝑥
∴ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1

2 𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥. sin 𝑥) − (𝑥. sin 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

2 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + 1)[𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥)] − 𝑥sin 𝑥 [𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (1)]
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1)[𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥(1)] − 𝑥sin 𝑥[2𝑥 + 0]

∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) − 2𝑥 2 sin 𝑥

∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

544
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 ⋅ cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥cos 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) + sin 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )

∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2

𝒅𝒚
(3) Find , if 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥

∵ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
∴ (𝑦) = (3 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
= 3𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 (cos 𝑥) + 3𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 ⋅ (log 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ (3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 3𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ (− sin 𝑥) + 3𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 ⋅ + cos 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ 3𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 3
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
∴ = −3𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(4) Find 𝒅𝒙
if 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

Solution:

sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
∵𝑌=
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
∴ (𝑦) = [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) − (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)[cos 𝑥 − (− sin 𝑥)] − (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)

=
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

545
 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) − [−(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)]
=
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2 + (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)2

=
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 + 2 sin xcos 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 − 2 cos𝑥 sin 𝑥

=
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

1+1
=
(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 2
∴ = 2 2
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 2sin 𝑥cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 1 + sin 2𝑥

𝟏+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
(5) If 𝒚 = 𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙, then show that 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒙(𝟏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟐

Solution:

1 + log 𝑥
∵𝑦=
1 − log 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 1 + log 𝑥
∴ (𝑦) = [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − log 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(1 − log 𝑥) (1 + log 𝑥) − (1 + log 𝑥) ⋅ (1 − log 𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 − log 𝑥)2

1 1
(1 − log 𝑥) (0 + ) − (1 + log 𝑥) (0 − )
= 𝑥 𝑥
(1 − log 𝑥)2

1
(1 − log 𝑥 + 1 + log 𝑥)
=𝑥
(1 − log 𝑥)2

2
= 𝑥
(1 − log 𝑥)2

546
 𝑑𝑦 2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(1 − log 𝑥)2

(6) Find 𝒂, 𝒃, if 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃, 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟗, 𝒇′ (𝟏) = 𝟖.

Solution:

∵ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏 → (1)

𝑑
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥

= 𝑎(2𝑥) + 0

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑎𝑥

At 𝑥 = 1,

𝑓 ′ (1) = 2𝑎(1)

∴ 8 = 2𝑎

∴𝑎=4

Put 𝑥 = 1 in equ (1), we get

𝑓(1) = 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏

∴ 9 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 (∵ 𝑓(1) = 9)

∴ 9 = 4 + 𝑏 (∵ 𝑎 = 4)

∴9−4=𝑏

∴𝑏=5

∴ 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑏 = 5

𝒅𝒚
(7) If 𝒚 = 𝒂𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒃𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝟕√𝟐; 𝒅𝒙
= √𝟐 when 𝒙 = 𝝅/𝟒 , find 𝒂&𝒃.

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = acos 𝑥 + bsin 𝑥 → (1)

547
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = (acos 𝑥 + bsin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
=𝑎 (cos 𝑥) + 𝑏 (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∴ = − asin 𝑥 + bcos 𝑥 → (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
put 𝑥 = 4 in (2), we get

𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
( ) 𝜋 = −𝑎 sin + bsin
𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 4 4
4

1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
∴ √2 = −𝑎 +𝑏 (∵ = √2 at 𝑥 = )
√2 √2 𝑑𝑥 4

∴ 2 = −𝑎 + 𝑏

∴ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = −2 → (3)
𝜋
Put 𝑥 = in equation (1), we get
4

𝜋 𝜋
∴ (𝑦)𝜋 = 𝑎cos + 𝑏sin
4 4 4
1 1
∴ (𝑦)𝜋/4 = 𝑎 +𝑏
√2 √2
𝑎 𝑏
∴ 7√2 = + (∵ 𝑦 = 7√2 at 𝑥 = 𝜋/4)
√2 √2

∴ 14 = 𝑎 + 𝑏

∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 14 ⟶ (4)

From equation (3) +equation (4), we get

𝑎 − 𝑏 = −2

𝑎 + 𝑏 = 14

2𝑎 = 12

∴𝑎=6

Put 𝑎 = 6 in (4), we get

∴ 6 + 𝑏 = 14

548
∴ 𝑏 = 14 − 6

∴𝑏=8

∴𝑎 =6&𝑏 =8

𝒅𝒚
(8) Find 𝒅𝒙
if 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙 ⋅ 𝒆𝒙 ).

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = cos (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = [cos (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = sin(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) ⋅ (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
∴ = sin(𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 ) ⋅ [𝑥 ⋅ (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∴ = sin (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 ) ⋅ [𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (1)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = (𝑥 + 1) ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ sin (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚
(9) Find if 𝒚 = (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) ⋅ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ tan−1 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = [(1 + 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ tan−1 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ = (1 + 𝑥 2 ) (tan−1 𝑥) + tan−1 𝑥 ⋅ (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = (1 + 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ + tan−1 𝑥 [0 + 2𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 1 + 2𝑥 tan−1 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

549
 𝒅𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(10) Find 𝒅𝒙
, if 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)

Solution:

sin 𝑥
∵ 𝑦 = tan−1 ( )
1 + cos 𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
⋅ 2 ∵ sin 𝑥 = 2sin 𝑥/2 ⋅ cos 𝑥/2
∴ 𝑌 = tan −1
[ 2 ] …….…….[ ]
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 = 2cos2 𝑥/2
2
sin 𝑥/2
∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]
cos 𝑥/2

tan 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 ( )
2
𝑥
∴𝑦=
2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
∴ (𝑦) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
∴ = (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = (1)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2

𝒅𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(11) Find 𝒅𝒙
, if 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 [ ]
√𝟐

Solution:

cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
∵ 𝑦 = sin−1 [ ]
√2
1 1
= sin−1 [ cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥]
√2 √2
𝜋 𝜋
= sin−1 [sin 4 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + cos 4 ⋅ sin 𝑥]

𝜋
∴ 𝑦 = sin−1 [sin ( 4 + 𝑥)] ……….[∵ sinA. cosB + cosA. sinB = sin (A + B)]

550
 𝜋
∴𝑦= +𝑥
4
𝑑 𝑑 𝜋
∴ (𝑦) = ( + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 0+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ =1
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
(12) Find 𝒅𝒙
, if 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [√𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙]]

Solution:

1−cos 2𝑥
∵ 𝑦 = tan−1 [√1+cos 2𝑥]

2 sin2 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 [√ ] … … … … … … … … … . [∵ 1 − cos 2𝑥 = 2sin2 𝑥 ]
2 cos2 𝑥 1 + cos 2𝑥 = 2cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 [√tan2 𝑥]

∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 (tan 𝑥) [∵ tan−1 (tan 𝑥) = 𝑥]

∴𝑦=𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ =1
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
(13) Find 𝒅𝒙
, if 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙]

Solution:
cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥
∵ 𝑦 = tan−1 [cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥]

551
 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = tan −1
[ cos 𝑥 ]
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
1 − tan 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]
1 + tan 𝑥

tan 𝜋/4 − tan 𝑥

∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 [ 𝜋 ]
1 + tan ⋅ tan 𝑥
4
𝜋
∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 [tan ( − 𝑥)]
4
𝜋
∴𝑦= −𝑥
4
𝑑 𝑑 𝜋
∴ (𝑦) = ( − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 0−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = −1
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚
(14) Find 𝒅𝒙
, if 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 [𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙)].

Solution:

∴ 𝑦 = log[tan(4 − 3𝑥)]

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = {log[tan(4 − 3𝑥)]}
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
∴ = ⋅ [tan(4 − 3𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 tan(4 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
∴ = ⋅ sec 2 (4 − 3𝑥) ⋅ (4 − 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 tan (4 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 sec 2 (4 − 3𝑥)
∴ = ⋅ (−3)
𝑑𝑥 tan (4 − 3𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 −3sec 2 (4 − 3𝑥)
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 tan (4 − 3𝑥)

552
 𝒅𝒚
(15) Find , if 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙

Solution:

∵𝑦 = 10√sin 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = [10√sin 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 10√sin 𝑥 ⋅ log10
𝑒 ⋅ (√sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= 10√sin 𝑥 ⋅ log10
𝑒 ⋅ ⋅
(sin 𝑥)
2√sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 10√sin 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑒 10 ⋅ cos 𝑥
2√sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
∴ = ⋅ log 𝑒 10 ⋅ 10√sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2√sin 𝑥

𝒅𝒚
(16) find 𝒅𝒙
, if 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 √𝒙).

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = log(tan √𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = [log(tan √𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
∴ = ⋅ (tan √𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 tan √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
∴ = ⋅ sec 2 √𝑥 ⋅ (√𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 tan √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 sec 2 √𝑥 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 tan √𝑥 2√𝑥

𝑑𝑦 sec 2 √𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 ⋅ tan √𝑥

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(17) Find 𝒅𝒙𝟐
, if 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙.

553
Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
∴ ( )= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑦 −1 𝑑
∴ 2
= 2 2
(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 −1
∴ = (0 + 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

𝑑2 𝑦 −2𝑥
∴ 2
=
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

(18) problems on second order derivative:

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
Find 𝒅𝒙𝟐
:

(a) 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙)

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = log (tan 2𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = [log (tan 2𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
∴ = ⋅ (tan 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
∴ = ⋅ sec 2 2𝑥 ⋅ (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = ⋅ sec 2 2𝑥 ⋅ (2)
𝑑𝑥 tan 2𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 ⋅ sec 2 2𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 tan 2𝑥

554
 𝑑𝑦 2⋅ 1
∴ = .
2
𝑑𝑥 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2×2
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 2 × cos 2𝑥 . sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4
∴ = ……….{𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥}
𝑑𝑥 sin 4𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ ( )= (4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑
∴ 2 = 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑
∴ 2 = 4(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡4𝑥). (4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
∴ 2 = 4(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡4𝑥). 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
∴ 2 = −16. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐4𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡4𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(b) If 𝒚 = 𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙), show that 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 𝑎cos (log 𝑥) → (1)

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = [𝑎cos (log 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑎 [cos (log 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = 𝑎[−sin (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ = −𝑎sin (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

555
 𝑑𝑦
𝑥. = −𝑎sin (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
(𝑥. ) = [−𝑎sin (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
∴ 𝑥. 2
+ ⋅ (𝑥) = [−𝑎sin (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] ⋅ (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ 𝑥. 2
+ ⋅ (1) = −𝑎[cos (log 𝑥)] ⋅ (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
∴ 𝑥. 2
+ = −𝑎cos (log 𝑥) ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
∴ 𝑥. [𝑥. 2
+ ] = 𝑥. [−𝑎cos (log 𝑥) ⋅ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥2. 2
+𝑥 = −𝑎cos (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦 ……. from (1)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + y = 0

Hence proved.

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
c. If 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙, show that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

Solution:

∴ 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 → (1)
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
∴ √1 − 𝑥 2 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ [√1 − 𝑥 2 ] = (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ √1 − 𝑥 2 ⋅ ( )+ ⋅ (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
∴ √1 − 𝑥 2 2
+ ⋅ (0 − 2𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 2

556
 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (−𝑥)
∴ √1 − 𝑥 2 + =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
−𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence proved.

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(19) If 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 show that 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = log 𝑥 → (1)

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴𝑥 =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ (𝑥 ⋅ ) = (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴𝑥 ( )+ ⋅ (𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥 + =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Hence proved.

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(20) If 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒂, show that 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎.

Solution:

∴ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒂

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑥𝑦) = (𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

557
 𝑑 𝑑
∴𝑥⋅ (𝑦) + 𝑦 ⋅ (𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴𝑥 + 𝑦(1) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
∴ [𝑥 ⋅ + y] = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥⋅ ( )+ . (𝑥) + =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴𝑥 + + =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴𝑥 2
+2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence proved.

Six Marks Questions

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(1) If 𝒚 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙, prove that + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒙𝟐

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 2sin 2𝑥 − 5cos 2𝑥 → (1)

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦) = [2 sin 2𝑥 − 5 cos 2𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ = 2 (sin 2𝑥) − 5 ⋅ (cos 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2cos 2𝑥 ⋅ 2 − 5(−sin 2𝑥) ⋅ 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 4cos 2𝑥 + 10sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ ( )= [4 cos 2𝑥 + 10 sin 2𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ 2
= 4 (cos 2𝑥) + 10 (sin 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
∴ = 4(−2 sin 2𝑥) + 10[2 cos 2𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 2

558
 𝑑2 𝑦
∴ = −8. sin 2𝑥 + 20. cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2 𝑦
∴ = −4[2sin 2𝑥 − 5cos 2𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
∴ 2 = −4𝑦 (∴ from (1))
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
∴ 2 + 4𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥

Hence proved.

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(2) If 𝒚 = 𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) + 𝒃𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙), prove that 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎.

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = acos(log 𝑥) + bsin(log 𝑥) ⟶ (1)

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = [acos(log 𝑥) + bsin(log 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ =𝑎⋅ [cos(log 𝑥)] + 𝑏 [sin(log 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ = 𝑎[− sin(log 𝑥)] ⋅ + 𝑏[cos(log 𝑥)] ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴𝑥 = −𝑎 sin(log 𝑥) + bcos(log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ [𝑥 ] = [− asin(log 𝑥) + b cos(log 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
∴𝑥 ( )+ ⋅ (𝑥) = −𝑎 [sin(log 𝑥)] + 𝑏 ⋅ [cos(log 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴𝑥 2
+ (1) = −𝑎cos (log 𝑥) ⋅ + 𝑏[−sin (log 𝑥)] ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥2 2
+𝑥 = −𝑎cos (log 𝑥) − 𝑏sin (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥2 2
+𝑥 = −[𝑎cos (log 𝑥) + 𝑏sin (log 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

559
 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥2 2
+𝑥 = −𝑦 (∴ from (1) )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑥2 2
+𝑥 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒎 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(3) If 𝒚 = (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) . prove that (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution:

𝑚
∵ 𝑦 = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) … … … … … (1)

𝑑 𝑑 𝑚
∴ (𝑦) = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑑
∴ = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) ⋅ (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑚−1 1
∴ = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) [1 + (2𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑥
∴ = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) [1 + ]
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑚−1 √𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥
∴ = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) ( )
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑚−1
∴ √𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑚
∴ √𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑚
∴ (√𝑥 2 − 1 ) = 𝑚 ⋅ (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑚−1 1
∴ √𝑥 2 − 1 ( )+ ⋅ (√𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) (1 + . (2𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2 − 1

560
 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 2
𝑚−1 √𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥
∴ √𝑥 2 − 1 + ⋅ . (2𝑥) = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2 − 1 √𝑥 2 − 1

2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑚
∴ (√𝑥 2 − 1) +𝑥 = 𝑚2 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (𝑥 2 − 1) 2
+𝑥 = 𝑚2 𝑦 (∵ from (1) )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (𝑥 2 − 1) 2
+𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence proved.

−𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(4) If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒎𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
, prove that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟎.

Solution:
−1 𝑥
∵ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 sin ⟶ (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑚sin−1 𝑥
∴ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑
∴ = 𝑒 𝑚 sin 𝑥 ⋅ (𝑚 sin−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 1
∴ = 𝑒 𝑚 sin 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑚
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ √1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 −1
∴ (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑚 ⋅ ⋅ 𝑒 𝑚sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 −1 𝑚⋅
∴ √1 − 𝑥 2 ⋅ ( )+ ⋅ ⋅ (0 − 2𝑥) = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑚sin 𝑥
⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) ⋅ 2
− ⋅ √1 − 𝑥 2 ⋅ = 𝑚2 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑚 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
−𝑥 = 𝑚2 𝑦 (∵ from (1))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
−𝑥 = 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence proved

561
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
(5) If 𝒚 = √𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + √𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏, prove that (𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎.

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = √2𝑥 + 1 + √2𝑥 − 1 … … … . . (1)

𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ = ⋅ (2) + (2)
𝑑𝑥 2√2𝑥 + 1 2√2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ = +
𝑑𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 √2𝑥 − 1

𝑑𝑦 √2𝑥 − 1 + √2𝑥 + 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √(2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1)

𝑑𝑦 √2𝑥 − 1 + √2𝑥 + 1
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 √4𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦
∴ √4𝑥 2 − 1 = √2𝑥 − 1 + √2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ √4𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 … … … … . (2) (∵ from (1))

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ (√4𝑥 2 − 1 ) = (𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
∴ √4𝑥 2 − 1 ( )+ ⋅ (√4𝑥 2 − 1) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1(8𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
∴ √4𝑥 2 − 1 2
+ ⋅ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√4𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
2

2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (√4𝑥 2 − 1) + (4𝑥) = (√4𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (4𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = y ………..(from (2))

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (4𝑥 2 − 1) 2
+ 4𝑥 =𝑦 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (4𝑥 2 − 1) 2
+ 4𝑥 −𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

562
Hence proved

3.1 Application of Derivatives

Two Marks Questions

(1) Find the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 at which slope is −𝟓.

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 → (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ = (3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3 − 2𝑥 → (2)
𝑑𝑥

∵ Slope of tangent to curve (1) is −5.

𝑑𝑦
i.e., = −5 → (3)
𝑑𝑥

From (2) & (3) we get

3 − 2𝑥 = −5

→ −2𝑥 = −5 − 3

∴ −2𝑥 = −8

∴𝑥=4

put 𝑥 = 4 in (1), we get

563
𝑦 = 3(4) − 42

∴ 𝑦 = 12 − 16 = −4

Required point is (4, −4)

(2) Find the inclination of the tangent to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 at (𝟏, −𝟑)

Solution:

Given curve is

𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ⟶ (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2𝑥
∴ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

inclination of the tangent to curve (1) at (1, −3) is

𝑑𝑦
( ) = 2𝑒 2(1) = 2𝑒 2
𝑑𝑥 (1,−3)

𝑑𝑦
∴( ) = 14.718
𝑑𝑥 (1,−3)

(3) Find the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 where the tangent is parallel
to 𝒙-axis.

Solution:

Given curve is -

𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 → (1)

𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑦) = (2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
∴ = 2 (𝑥 2 ) − 6 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2(2𝑥) − 6(1)
𝑑𝑥

564
 𝑑𝑦
∴ = 4𝑥 − 6 … … … … . (2)
𝑑𝑥

Tangent to curve (1) is parallel to 𝑥-axis and slope of 𝑥-aress is zero i.e.,
tangent to curve (1) has slope zero

𝑑𝑦
= 0 → (3)
𝑑𝑥

From (2) & (3), we get

4𝑥 − 6 = 0

6 3
∴𝑥= =
4 2
3
Put 𝑥 = in (1), we get
2

3 2 3
∴ 𝑦 = 2( ) − 6( )
2 2
9
∴ 𝑦 = 2 ( ) − 3(3)
4
9 9 − 18 9
∴𝑦= −9= =−
2 2 2
3 9
∴ ( , − ) is the required point.
2 2

(4) Find the slope of the tangent to 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 at the point (−𝟏, 𝟑).

Solution:

Given curve is

y= 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 ⟶ (1)

𝑑 𝑑 2
∴ (𝑦) = (𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2𝑥 + 3 ⟶ (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴( ) = 2(−1) + 3 = −2 + 3 = 1
𝑑𝑥 (−1,3)

∴ slope of tangent to curve (1) at (−1,3) is 1

565
(5) Find the co-ordinates of the point on the curve 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 at which
the tangent has Slope -4.

Solution:

Given curve is

𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 … … … … . . (1)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 6 − 2𝑥 … … … … (2)
𝑑𝑥

Let at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )Slope of tangent to curve (1) is −4

𝑑𝑦
∴[ ] = −4 … … … . (3)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1 ,𝑦1 )

𝑑𝑦
But 𝑑𝑥
at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is given by

𝑑𝑦
[ ] = [6 − 2𝑥](𝑥1 ,𝑦1 ) = 6 − 2𝑥1 … … . . (4)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1,𝑦1 )

From (2) &-(3), we get

6 − 2𝑥1 = −4

∴ −2𝑥1 = −4 − 6

∴ −2𝑥1 = −10

∴ 𝑥1 = 5

put 𝑥 = 𝑥1 = 5 in (1), we get 𝑦1 as

𝑦1 = 6(5) − 52
∴ 𝑦1 = 30 − 25 = 5

∴ coordinates on curve (1) at which slope of tangent is −4 are (5,5).

Proof reading done till here

𝒙−𝟑 𝟑
(6) Find the slope of the tangent to 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙+𝟓 at (𝟎, − 𝟓).

566
Solution:

Given equation of curve is

𝑥−3
𝑦 = → (1)
2𝑥 + 5
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥−3
(𝑦) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 5
𝑑 𝑑
(2𝑥 + 5) (𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥 − 3) (2𝑥 + 5)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 5)2

(2𝑥 + 5)(1 − 0) − (𝑥 − 3)(2 + 0)

=
(2𝑥 + 5)2

(2𝑥 + 5) − 2(𝑥 − 3)
=
(2𝑥 + 5)2

2𝑥 + 5 − 2𝑥 + 6
=
(2𝑥 + 5)2

11
=
(2𝑥 + 5)2
𝑑𝑦 11
[𝑑𝑥 ] 3 = [(2𝑥+5)2 ] 3
(0,− ) (0,− )
5 5

𝑑𝑦 11
[𝑑𝑥 ] 3 = (2(0)+5)2
(0,− )
5

𝑑𝑦 11
[𝑑𝑥 ] 3 =
(0,− ) (5)2
5

𝑑𝑦 11
[ ] 3 =
𝑑𝑥 (0,− ) 25
5

(7) Find inclination of tangent to 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟕 = 𝒙𝟑 at (𝟏, −𝟑).

Solution:

Given curve is,

2𝑦 + 7 = 𝑥 3 ⟶ (1)

𝑑 𝑑 3
(2𝑦 + 7) = (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

567
 𝑑𝑦
∴2 + 0 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 2
∴ = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

Inclination of tangent to curve (1) at point (1, −3). is

𝑑𝑦 3
[ ] = [𝑥 2 ](1,−3)
𝑑𝑥 (1,−3) 2

𝑑𝑦 3 3
∴[ ] = (1)2 =
𝑑𝑥 (1,−3) 2 2

3
∴ Slope of tangent to curre (1) at (1, −3) is 2.

(8) Find the gradient of the curve 𝒚 = √𝒙𝟑 at 𝒙 = 𝟒.

Solution:

∵ Given curve is

𝑦 = √𝑥 3 ⟶ (1)

∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3/2

𝑑𝑦 3 3−1
∴ = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 3 1/2
∴ = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

Slope of tangent to curve (1) at 𝑥 = 4 is

𝑑𝑦 3
( ) = [𝑥 1/2 ]𝑥=4
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=4 2

𝑑𝑦 3
∴( ) = (41/2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=4 2

𝑑𝑦 3
∴( ) = ×2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=4 2

𝑑𝑦
∴( ) =3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=4

568
(9) Find the gradient of the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓 at 𝒙 = 𝟐.

Solution:

Given curve is
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 5 … … … … (1)

𝑑 𝑑 3
∴ (𝑦) = (𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2 + 4 … … … … (2)
𝑑𝑥

Slope of tangent to curve (1) at 𝑥 = 2 is

𝑑𝑦
( ) = [3𝑥 2 + 4]𝑥=2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=2

= 3(2)2 + 4

= 12 + 4

𝑑𝑦
∴( ) = 16
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=2

Four Marks Questions

(1) Find the equation of the tangents to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 Where

it cuts 𝒙-axis.

569
Solution:

Given curve is

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 … … … … (1)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2
∴ = (𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2𝑥 − 2 … … … … . (2)
𝑑𝑥

point where curve (1) cuts 𝑥-axis has 𝑦 = 0.

∴ put 𝑦 = 0, to find that point in equation (1)

∴ 0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3

∴ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 1(𝑥 − 3) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = −1

Equation of tangent to curve (1) with slope ' 𝑚 ' at 𝑥 = 3 is

𝑑𝑦
Slope (𝑚) = [ ] = 2(3) − 2 = 6 − 2 = 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=3

At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 32 − 2(3) − 3

∴𝑦 =9−6−3=0

∴ Equation of tangent to curve (1) with slope 𝑚 = 4 at (3,0) is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

𝑦 − 0 = 4(𝑥 − 3)

∴ 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 12

∴ 0 = 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 12

∴ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 12 = 0

Also at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (−1)2 − 2(−1) − 3 = 1 + 2 − 3 = 0

570
 𝑑𝑦
&𝑚 =( ) = [2𝑥 − 2](−1,,0) = 2(−1) − 2 = −2 − 2 = −4
𝑑𝑥 (−1,0)

∴ Equation of tangent to curve (1) at point (−1,0) with slope 𝑚 = −4 is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

∴ 𝑦 − 0 = −4(𝑥 − (−1))

∴ y = −4(𝑥 + 1)

∴ 𝑦 = −4𝑥 − 4

4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0.

∴ Equations of tangent to curve (1) are

4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 12 = 0 or 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0.

(2) Find the equation of targets and normal to

(a) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓 at (2,5)

Solution:

Given curve is

𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 ⟶ (1)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2(2𝑥) − 4 = 4𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴[ ] = 4(2) − 4 = 8 − 4 = 4
𝑑𝑥 (2,5)

∴ Equation of tangent to curre (1) at (2,5) with slope 𝑚 = 4 is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

∴ 𝑦 − 5 = 4(𝑥 − 2)

∴ 𝑦 − 5 = 4𝑥 − 8

571
∴ 0 = 4𝑥 − 8 + 5 − 𝑦

∴ 0 = 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3
∴ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0
−1 1
Slope of normal to curve (1) = 𝑚
= −4

∴ Equation of normal to curve (1) with slope −1/4 at point (2,5) is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

1
∴ 𝑦 − 5 = − (𝑥 − 2)
4

∴ 4(𝑦 − 5) = −𝑥 + 2

∴ 4𝑦 − 20 = −𝑥 + 2

∴ 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 20 − 2 = 0

∴ 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 22 = 0

(b) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎 at (𝟏, 𝟐).

Solution:

Given curve is:

Given curve 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 40 ⟶ (1)

𝑑𝑦
∴ 4(2𝑥) + 9(2𝑦) =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
∴ 8𝑥 + 18𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −8𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 18𝑦

𝑑𝑦 4𝑥
∴ =− → (2)
𝑑𝑥 9𝑦

Slope of tangent to curve (1) at (1,2)

𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
∴[ ] =[ ]
𝑑𝑥 (1,2) 9𝑦 (1,2)

572
 𝑑𝑦 4(1) 2
∴[ ] =− =−
𝑑𝑥 (1,2) 9(2) 9

−2
∴ Equation of tangent to curve (1) dt point (1,2) with slope 9
is:

∴ 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

−2
∴𝑦−2= (𝑥 − 1)
9

∴ 9(𝑦 − 2) = −2(𝑥 − 1)

∴ 9𝑦 − 18 = −2𝑥 + 2

∴ 9𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 18 − 2 = 0

∴ 2𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 20 = 0
−1 −1
slope of Normal to curve (1) at (1,2) is 𝑑𝑦 i.e., = 9/2
[ ] −2/9
𝑑𝑥 (1,2)

∴ Equation of normal to the curve (1) at (1,2) is

9
𝑦 − 2 = (𝑥 − 1)
2

∴ 2(𝑦 − 2) = 9(𝑥 − 1)

∴ 2𝑦 − 4 = 9𝑥 − 9

∴ 0 = 9𝑥 − 9 + 4 − 2𝑦

∴ 9𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0

(c) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙−𝟐 − 𝟏 at 𝒙 = −𝟐

Solution:

Given curve is

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1 → (1)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴[ ] = 3(−2)2 − 2(−2) = 3(4) + 4 = 16
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=−2

∴ Equation of tangent to curve (1) with slope 16 at 𝑥 = −2 where y is

573
𝑦 = (−2)3 − (−2)2 − 1

= −8 − 4 − 1

∴ 𝑦 = −13

i.e., at point (−2, −13) is

𝑦 − (−13) = 16[𝑥 − (−2)]

∴ 𝑦 + 13 = 16(𝑥 + 2)

∴ 𝑦 + 13 = 16𝑥 + 32

∴ 0 = 16𝑥 − 𝑦 + 32 − 13

∴ 16𝑥 − 𝑦 + 19 = 0

Slope of normal to curve (1) at (−2,-13) is

1 1
− =−
𝑑𝑦 16
[𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑥=−2

1
Equation of normal to curve (1) at (−2,-13) with slope − is
16

1
𝑦 − (−13) =− [𝑥 − (−2)]
16
1
∴ 𝑦 + 13 = − (𝑥 + 2)
16

∴ 16(𝑦 + 13) = −𝑥 − 2

∴ 16𝑦 + 208 = −𝑥 − 2

𝑥 + 16𝑦 + 210 = 0.

𝟏
(3) Find the points on the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒙 at which targets are parallel to
𝒙-axis.

Solution:

Given curve is -

574
 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + … … … . . (1)
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 1 − 2 … … … … . (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

At point where tangents to curve (1) is parallel to 𝑥-axis has as x-axis has
slope zero, as x-axis has slope zero

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 0 … … … . . (3)
𝑑𝑥

from (2) & (3) we get

1
1− =0
𝑥2
1
1=
𝑥2

∴ 𝑥2 = 1

∴ 𝑥 2 = ±1
1
At 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 1 + 1 = 2

1
At 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −1 + −1 = −1 − 1 = −2

∴ At (1,2) & (−1, −2) tangent is parallel to 𝑥-axis.

(4) A Metal wire 𝟑𝟔 𝐜𝐦 long is bent to form a rectangle. Find it's

dimensions when its area is Maximum.

Solution:

Let length and breadth of rectangle is 'l’ and 'b' respectively.

Then, area of = 𝑙 × 𝑏 → (1)

Rectangle length of wire is 36 cm.

∴ Perimeter of Rectangle = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)

∴ 36 = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)

∴ 18 = 𝑙 + 𝑏

∴ 𝑏 = 18 − 𝑙 → (2)

575
𝐴 = 𝑙 × (18 − 𝑙)

𝐴 = 18𝑙 − 𝑙 2 … … … … . (3)

To maximize area, differentiate (3) w.r.t ' 𝑙 '.

𝑑𝐴 𝑑
∴ = (18𝑙 − 𝑙 2 )
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐴
∴ = 18 − 2𝑙 → (4)
𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐴
Let 𝑑𝑙
=0

∴ 18 − 2𝑙 =0

∴ 18 = 2𝑙

∴𝑙=9

Differentiating (4), we get

𝑑 𝑑𝐴 𝑑
( ) = (18 − 2𝑙)
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙

𝑑2 𝐴
∴ = 0 − 2 = −2
𝑑𝑙 2

𝑑2 𝐴
∵ [ 2] = −2 < 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=9

𝑑2𝐴
∵[ ] < 0 Hence 𝑙 = 9 is point of maximum.
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡=9

Also 𝑏 = 18 − 𝑙 = 18 − 9 = 9

∴ Dimensions of Rectangle for area to be maximum. are 𝑙 = 9 cm and 𝑏 = 9 cm.

(5) Find the Maximum and Minimum value of 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝟔𝒙

Solution:

Let

𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 96𝑥 → (1)

576
 𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 96
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑑𝑥
=0

∴ 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 96 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 32 =0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 32 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) − 8(𝑥 − 4) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 8) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = 8

Differentiating (2) w.r.t. 𝑥, we get

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
( )≐ (3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 96)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
∴ = 6𝑥 − 36
𝑑𝑥 2

At 𝑥 = 4

𝑑2 𝑦
( ) = 6(4) − 36 = 24 − 36 = −6 < 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=4

∴ At 𝑥 = 4 function 𝑦 has Maximum value and that Maximum value is

𝑦𝑥=4 = 43 − 18(4)2 + 96(4)

= 64 − 18(16) + 384

= 64 − 288 + 384

𝑦𝑥=4 = 160

𝑑2 𝑦
[ 2] = 6(8) − 36 = 48 − 36 = 6 > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=8

& At 𝑥 = 8,

∴ At 𝑥 = 8 function 𝑦 has Minimum value. and Minimum value is

𝑦𝑥=8 = 83 − 18(8)2 + 96(8)

577
∴ 𝑦𝑥=8 = 128

∴ Maximum value is 160 and Min'mum is 128

(6) Find the value of 𝒙 for which function is Maximum and Minimum:

(a) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 … … … … (1)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 24 … … … . . (2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑑𝑥
=0

∴ 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 24 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) − 2(𝑥 − 4) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 4

Differentiate (2) w.r. to 𝑥.

𝑑2 𝑦
∴ = 6𝑥 − 18
𝑑𝑥 2

At 𝑥 = 2

𝑑2 𝑦
[ 2] = 6(2) − 18 = 12 − 18 = −6 < 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=2

∴ 𝑥 = 2 is point of Maximum.

& At 𝑥 = 4

𝑑2 𝑦
[ 2] = 6(4) − 18 = 24 − 18 = 6 > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=4

∴ 𝑥 = 4 is point of Minimum.

578
b. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓

Solution:

∵ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 5 … … … … (1)

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2(3𝑥 2 ) − 9(2𝑥) + 12
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 12 … … … … . (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Let = 0.
𝑑𝑥

∴ 6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 12 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0

∴ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0

∴ 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) − 1(𝑥 − 2) = 0

∴ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

∴ 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 1

Differentiate (2) w.r.to 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
= 12𝑥 − 18
𝑑𝑥 2

At 𝑥 = 2

𝑑𝑦
[ ] = 12(2) − 18 = 24 − 18 = 6 < 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=2

∴ 𝑥 = 2 is point of Minimum.

At 𝑥 = 1

𝑑2𝑦
[ 2] = 12(1) − 18 = 12 − 18 = −6 < 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1
𝑥 = 1 is point of Maxima.

(7) Find the curature radius of curvature of the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
at 𝒙 = 𝝅/𝟐

Solution:

579
 ∵ 𝑦 = 2sin 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 → (1)

Radius of curvature for (1) is denoted as 𝝆 and is given by

3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
[1 + ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝜌= … … … … . . (2)
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

∴ Differentiating (1) w.r.t 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦
= 2cos 𝑥 − 2cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Differentiating above equation w.r.t 𝑥, we get

𝑑2 𝑦
∴ = −2sin 𝑥 + 4sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
put values of 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑑𝑥 2
in (2), we get

[1 + (2cos 𝑥 − 2cos 2𝑥)2 ]3/2

𝜌=
−2sin 𝑥 + 4sin 2𝑥

3
𝜋 2 2
[1 + (2 cos 𝜋 − 2 cos (2 2 )) ]
∴ 𝜌𝑥=𝜋 = 𝜋 𝜋
2 −2 sin 2 + 4 sin [2 (2 )]

3
[1 + [2(0) − 2(−1))2 ]2
∴ 𝜌𝑥=𝜋 =
2 −2(1) + 4(0)

(1 + 4)3/2 53/2
∴ 𝜌𝑥=𝜋/2 = =
−2 −2

5√5
𝜌𝑥=𝜋/2 = units
−2

(8) Find radius of curvature of the cure 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 at (𝟐, 𝟖).

Solution:

∵ Radius of curvature of curve (1) is denoted by 𝜌 and is given by

580
 3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
[1 + ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝜌= … … … … (2)
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

∴ Differentiating (1) w.r.t 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
∴ = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
put rules of and in (2), we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

3
[1 + (3𝑥 2 )2 ]2
∴𝜌=
6𝑥
3
(1 + 9𝑥 4 )2
∴𝜌 =
6𝑥

[1 + 9 ⋅ (2)4 ]3/2
∴ 𝜌(3,3) =
6(2)

[1 + 9(16)]3/2
∴ 𝜌(3,3) =
12

(1 + 144)3/2
=
12

(145)3/2
∴ 𝜌(2,3) = = 145.503
12

(9) Find the curvature at (𝟑, −𝟒) to the curve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓.

Solution:

we have, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 → (1)

∴ Resiprocal of Radius of curvature is curvature ie if Radius of curvature is 𝜌

1
then curvature is 𝜌.

First, we find Radius of curvature, denoted by 𝜌 and given by

581
 3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
[1 + ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝜌= … … … … (1)
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

𝜌 and given by

Differentiating (1) w.r.to ' 𝑥 '.

𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
∴ =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦

𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

Differentiating above equation w.r.t 𝑥, we get

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑦 (𝑥) − 𝑥 (𝑦)
= −[ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦 2

𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑦(1) + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴ 2=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2

𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦
∴ 2=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
getting values of 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑑𝑥 2
in (1), we get

3/2
−𝑥 2
[1 + ( 𝑦 ) ]
𝜌=
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
3/2
𝑥2
[1 + 2 ]
𝑦
∴𝜌=
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
3/2
𝑦2 + 𝑥2
2
∴𝜌=𝑦 [ ]
𝑦2

582
 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )3/2
𝑦3
∴ 𝜌=
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )3/2
∴𝜌=
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )3/2
∴𝜌=
𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
∴ 𝜌= −𝑥
𝑥𝑦 ( 𝑦 ) − 𝑦 2

3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
∴𝜌=
−𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
∴𝜌=
−(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
3
∴ 𝜌 = −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2−1

∴ 𝜌 = −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1/2

∴ 𝜌(3,−4) = −[(3)2 + (−4)2 ]−1/2

∴ 𝜌(3,−4) = −[9 + 16]3/2

∴ 𝜌(3,−4) = −(25)3/2 = −53 = −125 units

1 1 1
∴ Curvature of the curve at (3, −4) = = =− units
𝜌(3,−4) −125 125

Six Marks Questions

(1) If target to the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 perpendicular to line 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏.

Find the point of contact.

Solution:

Given curve is

583
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 … … … … . (1)

and 3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 … … … … . (2)

let at point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) tangent to curve (1) is perpendicular to line (2)

Let 𝑚1 = slope of tangent to curve (1) at point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑚2 = slope of line (2).

𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑚1 = [𝑑𝑥 ] … … … … (3)
(𝑥1 ,𝑦1 )

Differentiating equation (1) w.r to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦
[ ] = [2𝑥 + 3](𝑥1 ,𝑦1 ) = 2𝑥1 + 3 … … … . . (4)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1,𝑦1 )

and slope of line (2) i.e., line 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 1 = 0. is

−1 1
𝑚2 = =
−3 3
∵ 𝑚𝑖 𝑚2 = −1 (∵ tangent to (1) and line (2) are perpendicular to each other)

𝑑𝑦 1
∴[ ] ⋅ = −1
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1 ,𝑦1 ) 3

𝑑𝑦
∴[ ] = −3
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1 ,𝑦1 )

(2𝑥1 + 3) = −3 … … … … … from (3)

∴ 2𝑥1 + 3 = −3

∴ 2𝑥1 = −3 − 3

∴ 2𝑥1 = −6

∴ 𝑥1 = −3

𝑥1 = −3

As point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is on curve (1), so 𝑥 = 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑦1 satisfy the equation of

curve (1), hence to find 𝑦1 put 𝑥 = 𝑥1 in curve (1).

𝑦1 = (−3)2 + 3(−3) + 7

𝑦1 = 9 − 9 + 7

∴ 𝑦1 = 7

584
∴ (−3,7) is point of contact of curve (1) ant and line (2).

(2) Divide 120 into two parts such that their product is maximum

Solution:

Let 𝑥&𝑦 are two parts of 120,

i.e., 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 120 … … … . . (1)

∴ 𝑦 = 120 − 𝑥

Let product 𝑃 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦

i.e., 𝑃 = 𝑥(120 − 𝑥)

∴ 𝑃 = 120𝑥 − 𝑥 2 … … … … . (2)

∴ To Maximise 𝑃, differentiate (2) w.r.t 𝑥

𝑑𝑃
∴ = 120 − 2𝑥 … … … … . (3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃
Let 𝑑𝑥
=0

∴ 120 − 2𝑥 = 0

∴ 2𝑥 = 120

∴ 𝑥 = 60

Differentiate (3) W.r.t 𝑥, we get

𝑑 𝑑𝑃 𝑑
( )= (120 − 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑝
= −2 < 0
𝑑𝑥 2

∴ At 𝑥 = 60,

𝑑2 𝑝
[ 2] = −2 < 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=60

∴ 𝑥 = 60 is point of Maximum.

∴𝑦 = 120 − 𝑥

= 120 − 60

585
∴ 𝑦 = 60

∴ 𝑥 = 60 & 𝑦 = 60 are points of Maximum.

(3) A Metal wire 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐦 long is bent to form a rectangle. find is's
dimensions when its area is Maximum.

Solution:

Let the length and

breadth of rectangle is ' 𝑙 ' and 'b'
respectively.
∵ length of Metal wire = 100
∴ perimeter of Rectangle = 100

∴ 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) = 100

∴ 𝑙 + 𝑏 = 50

∴ 𝑏 = 50 − 𝑙

∵ Area of Rectangle (𝐴) = 𝑙 × 𝑏

∴ 𝐴 = 𝑙(50 − 𝑙)
∴ 𝐴 = 50𝑙 − 𝑙 2 … … … . . (1)

To maximize Area, differentiate (1) w.r.t 𝑙

𝑑𝐴
∴ = 50 − 2𝑙
𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐴
Let 𝑑𝑙
=0

∴ 50 − 2𝑙 = 0

∴ 𝑙 = 25

Differentiate (2), w.r.t ' 𝑙 ' we get

𝑑2 𝐴
∴ = −2
𝑑𝑙 2
𝑑𝑒 𝐴
∴[ ] = −2 < 0
𝑑𝑙 2 𝑙=25

∴ 𝑙 = 25 is point of Maximum.

586
𝑏 = 50 − 𝑙

∴ 𝑏 = 50 − 25

∴ 𝑏 = 25

∴ 𝑙 = 25, 𝑏 = 25 are point of Maximum

∴ With 𝑙 = 25 cm & 𝑏 = 25 cm, rectangle area will be Maximum.

(4) A telegraph wire hangs in the form of curvature curve.

𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒂𝐥𝐨𝐠 [𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝒂)], where ' 𝒂 ' is a constant. Show that the radius of
𝒙
curvature at any point is 𝒂𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝒂).

Solution:
𝑥
∵ 𝑦 = 𝑎log [sec ( )] → (1)
𝑎
Radius of curvature for curve (1) is denoted by 𝜌, & is given by
3/2
𝑑𝑦 2
[1 + ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝜌= → (2)
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2

Differentiating (1), w.r.t 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
=𝑎 𝑥 ⋅ sec (𝑎) ⋅ tan (𝑎) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 sec ( )
𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎tan (𝑎) ⋅ 𝑎

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
∴ = tan ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
Differentiating above equation w.r.t 𝑥, we get

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
( )= [tan ( )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 1
2
= sec 2 ( ) ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑥
∴ 2
= sec 2 ( ) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎

587
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
Put values of and in equation (2), we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

3/2
𝑥 2
{1 + [tan (𝑎)] }
𝜌=
1 2 𝑥
𝑎 sec (𝑎)
𝑥 3/2
[1 + tan2 (𝑎)]
∴𝜌=
1 2 𝑥
𝑎 sec (𝑎)
𝑥 3/2
𝑎 [sec 2 (𝑎)]
∴𝜌= 𝑥 … … … … … . (1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥)
2
sec (𝑎)
3
𝑥 2×2
𝑎 [sec (𝑎)]
∴𝜌= 𝑥
sec 2 (𝑎)
𝑥 3
𝑎 [sec ( )]
∴𝜌= 𝑎
𝑥 2
[sec (𝑎)]

𝑥 3−2
∴ 𝜌 = 𝑎 [sec ( )]
𝑎
𝑥
∴ 𝜌 = 𝑎sec ( )
𝑎
Hence proved.

588
Chapter: 5 Statistic (AI)

Syllabus Contents:

5.1 Basic Definitions-Raw data, variate, frequency, cumulative

frequency
5.2 Classification of data, class interval, mid value. length of the
interval.
5.3 Measure of central tendency - (mean. median & mode),
5.4 Mean deviation, Standard deviation. Coefficient of variable

5.1 Basic Definitions-Raw data, variate, frequency, cumulative

frequency
Definition:

Raw data:

Raw data (sometimes called source data, atomic data or primary data)
is data that has not been processed for use. A distinction is sometimes
made between data and information to the effect that information is
the end product of data processing.

e.g.: marks obtained by 10 students out of 20 are-

15, 13, 8, 10, 11, 16, 18, 14, 12

variate:

A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be

measured or counted. A variable may also be called a data item. Age,
sex, business income and expenses, country of birth, capital
expenditure, class grades, eye colour and vehicle type are examples of
variables.

Frequency:

The frequency (f) of a particular value is the number of times the

value occurs in the data. The distribution of a variable is the pattern of
frequencies, meaning the set of all possible values and the frequencies
associated with these values. Frequency distributions are portrayed as
frequency tables or charts.

589
Cumulative Frequency:

The cumulative frequency of a value of a variable is the number of

values in the collection of data less than or equal to the value of the
variable. For example: Let the raw data be 2, 10, 18, 25, 15, 16, 15,
3, 27, 17, 15, 16. The cumulative frequency of 15 = 6 (Since, values
≤ 15 are 2, 10, 15, 15, 3, 15).

5.2 Classification of data, class interval, mid value. length of

the interval.

Classification of data:

Classification of data in statistics is the process of organizing data into

homogeneous or comparable groups as per their general
characteristics. The raw data cannot be readily recognized, and it is
also not fit for additional analysis plus study.

Class interval:

Class interval refers to the numerical width of any class in a particular

distribution. It is defined as the difference between the upper-class
limit and the lower-class limit.

Class Interval = Upper-Class limit – Lower class limit.

Mid-value:

Mid-value is the middle value of any interval, hence for calculating

mid-value we will take the average of the lower term of the interval
and middle term of the interval. Average is taken by first finding the
sum of lower limit interval and upper limit of interval and then dividing
it by two.

length of the interval:

The length of an interval is the absolute value of the difference

between the upper endpoint and the lower endpoint of an interval. It
is also called the amplitude of the interval.

590
5.3 Measure of central tendency - (mean. median & mode)

The objective of statistical analysis is to get a single value that

describes the characteristic of the entire mass of clusted data. Such a
value is called the central value or an 'average' or the expected value
of the variable.

The types of averages are:

1 Arithmetic mean

2 Median

3 Mode

1. Arithmetic Mean of Raw Data

Calculation of arithmetic mean of raw data by

(A) Direct method
(B) Short cut method OR Assumed mean method

(A)Direct method: If x1 , x2 , x3 , … , xn are ' N ' number of observations

of a variable x; then the mean value.

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 Σ𝑥𝑖
𝑥‾ = =
Total number of observations 𝑁

(B) Short cut method OR assumed mean method:

In this method we assume approximate value of mean from given

data and proceed for calculation of mean value.

591
 ∑ fi di
𝑥‾ =𝐴+
N
A = Assumed mean ;
N = ∑ fi = Total number of observations.
f = Frequency.
di = xi − A

Mean of Ungrouped Data:

Calculation of mean of ungrouped data by
(A) Direct method
(B) Short cut method OR Step deviation method OR assumed mean
method.

(A) Direct method:

Let 𝑥 be variate and 𝑓 be the frequency. Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … . 𝑥𝑛 values of
variate 𝑥 be distributed with frequencies 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 , … 𝑓𝑛 say.
∑𝑓𝑗 𝑥𝑖 ∑𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Then, mean = 𝑥‾ = =
∑𝑓𝑖 𝑁

𝑁 = Σ𝑓𝑖 = Total number of observations.

(B) Short cut method OR assumed mean method OR Step

deviation method:

In this method we assume approximate value of mean from given

data and proceed for calculation of mean value.

∑ fi di
x̅ =A+
N
A = Assumed mean ;
N = ∑ fi = Total number of observations.
f = Frequency.
di = xi − A

592
 Mean of Grouped Data:

Calculation of mean of grouped data by

(A) Direct method

(B) Step deviation method

(A) Direct method: In this type of distribution; data is given by

classes using class-intervals. We consider the center value of class-
intervals and calculate mean.
The center value

upper boundry + lower boundry

𝑥𝑖 = of the given class
2

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑥‾ = ,
𝑁

𝑓𝑖 = corresponding class frequency, 𝑁 = Σ𝑓𝑖

= total number of observations.

(B) Step-deviation method:

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑥‾ = 𝐴 + ×𝐶
𝑁

were

A = assumed mean of the given data,

xi = mid-value of class-interval,
C = equal width of class interval = upper boundary - lower boundary.
xi − A
di =
C

593
Mean of Combined Distribution

Let A and B be two sets of observations.

Let N1 = Total number of observations in set A, x̅1 = Mean of set A.
N2 = Total number of observations in set B, x̅2 = Mean of set B.
Then the combined mean of A and B is,

𝑁1 𝑥‾1 + 𝑁2 𝑥‾2
𝑥‾ =
𝑁1 + 𝑁2

Median:

It is measure of central tendency when the observations of the data

are arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitudes, then
the value of the middle observations according to the number of
observations is odd or even is called median. Median divides the data
in to two equal parts i.e. half part above the median and half part
below the median.

Median of Raw Data:

Let x be a variate with N number of observations and these
observations are arranged in ascending order.

(i) If 𝐍 = even number; then

𝑁 th N th
( ) place observation +( +1) place observation
Median = 2 2
2

594
(ii) (ii) 𝐍 = odd number
𝑁+1 th
Median = ( ) place observation.
2

Median of Ungrouped Data:

Let x be variate and f be the frequency.
Let 𝑁 = Total number of observations.
𝑁+1 th
Then Median = ( ) place.
2

𝑁
Value that is closer to or less than frequency value corresponding to
2

the observation.

We have to prepare the table containing a column of cumulative

frequency. The last value in this column is total frequency 𝑁.

𝑁+1 th
Then Median = ( ) place.
2
N
Value that is closer to or less than frequency value corresponding to
2

the observation.
We have to prepare the table containing a column of cumulative
frequency. The last value in this column is total frequency 𝑁.

Median of Grouped Data:

When the frequency distribution is given in terms of class intervals.
The calculation of median is:
(𝑁/2)−𝑐.𝑓.
Median = 𝑙 + ×𝑐
𝑓𝑚

𝑙 = lower limit of median class.

595
Median class is decided by calculating N/2 value that corresponds to
cumulative frequency value in table or value lesser than 𝑁/2 value.

c.f. = cumulative frequency (less than) of class prior to median class

fm = frequency of median class.
𝑐 = class width.
N = total frequency.

Mode:
The mode or modal value is that value in a series of observation which
occurs with the greatest frequency count the number of times the
various value repeats themselves and the value occurring maximum
number of times is the modal value.

Mode of Raw Data:

Let x be a variate taking n values as:

𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … … . , 𝑥𝑛

Mode of this raw data is the value of 𝑥 that occurs maximum number
of times.
Mode of Ungrouped Data:
Let 𝑥 be the variable and 𝑓 be the frequency.
Let the distribution be:
The mode of this distribution is the value of 𝑥 that has maximum
frequency value

Mode of Grouped Data:

𝑓1 − 𝑓0
Mode = 𝑙 + ×𝑐
2𝑓1 − 𝑓0 − 𝑓2

596
𝑙 = lower limit of modal class,

f0 = frequency of class previous to modal class.

𝑓1 = frequency of modal class or maximum frequency.

f2 = frequency of class succeeding modal class. 𝑐 = class width

5.4 Mean deviation, Standard deviation. Coefficient of variable

Mean deviation

(A) Raw data:

597
The mean deviation is also called as coverage deviation. It is the
average difference between the items in a distribution and the median
or mean of that distribution.
For individual observation:

1
M.D. = Σ|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾|
𝑁

where
𝑥‾ = Mean of 𝑛 values of a variate 𝑥𝑖

1
= Σ|di |
N
Σ|xi − M|
M.D. = where M = Median.
N

(B) Mean deviation for ungrouped data:

∑ 𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾| ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
Mean deviation = = (Mean deviation about mean)
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑁

|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑀| ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑀. 𝐷 = ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = (Mean deviation about median).
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑁

where 𝑀 = Median

(C) Mean deviation for grouped data:

∑ fi |xi − x̅| ∑ fi di
M.D. = = (Mean deviation about mean)
N N

598
where xi = mid value

Σfi |xi − M|
∴ M.D. =
Σfi

(Mean deviation about median).

Standard Deviation (S.D.):

It is very important absolute measure of dispersion. The square root
of the mean of the squares of the deviations from mean is called
standard deviation. It is denoted by ' 𝜎 '.

Variance (𝝈𝟐 ) :

The square of standard deviation is called as variance. For any data

e.g., Raw, ungrouped, grouped data we have to calculate first
standard deviation then variance = 𝜎 2 for any data.

Coefficient standard deviation:

The ratio of standard deviation to mean is called coefficient of
standard deviation.

S.D. 𝜎
Coefficient of S.D. = =
Mean 𝑥‾

Coefficient of Variation:
To compare the variability of different groups we express the ratio
standard deviation to the mean in percentage is called coefficient of
variation.

599
 S.D. 𝜎
Coefficient of variation: Variation = × 100 = 𝑥‾ × 100
Mean

(A) Standard Deviation for Raw data:

Standard Deviation = S.D.

∑ (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾)2 ∑ 𝑑𝑖2

𝜎=√ = √
𝑁 𝑁

∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑥‾ = Mean =
𝑁

𝑁 = Total number of observations.

(B) Standard deviation for ungrouped data:

Σ𝑓𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾)2 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2

σ=√ =√ … 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾
𝑁 𝑁

𝑁 = Σ𝑓𝑖

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑥‾ = mean =
Σ𝑓𝑖

(C) Standard deviation for grouped data:

600
 ∑ fi d2i
𝜎=√ … about mean
N

N = Σfi, di = |xi − x̅|, xi = centre value of class-interval.

∑ fi xi
x̅ = mean =
N

(D) Grouped Frequency Distribution:

In a grouped frequency distribution if step deviations are considered.

2
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2 ∑ (𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 )
𝜎=√ −( ) × 𝐶..about arbit
𝑁 𝑁
𝑥𝑖 − 𝐴
𝑑𝑖 = ; variance = 𝜎 2 .
𝐶

Comparison of two sets of Observation:

If there are two sets, set I and set II having their respective means
and standard deviations and we want to know which set is more
consistent then follow the procedure given below,

• Calculate co-efficient of variation for set I by formula,

𝛿
• (C. V)set I = X̅ × 100

• Calculate co-efficient of variation for set II by formula,

𝛿
• (C. V)set II = X̅ × 100

• Now, compare (C. V) )set I and ( C. V) )set II

• (C. V) )set II < ( C. V) )set I
▪ then set II is more consistent

601
Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Question Bank

Chapter: 5 - Statistics

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani

Measures of Central tendency:

Two Marks Questions

(1) Following are the marks obtained by 10 students find

median & mode. 25, 15, 23, 27, 14, 25, 23, 23, 25, 22

(2) The mean of a group of 8 observations is 9 two new

observation 10 & 13 are added to the group. find the
mean of 10 observations.

(3) Find median & mode of the following data:

16,19,12,14,13,17,16,19,20,15,16,13.

(4) Find 𝑲, if the mean of the following observations is 𝟐. 𝟓

if given observations are 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝑲, 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟐

(5) Find median of the following data:

800,725,750,900,925,910,1000,790,870,920.

(6) Find 𝐾, if the mean of the following observations is 16 if given

observations are 11, 9, 15, 17, 𝐾, 23, 27

602
 (7) The crushing strengths of some concrete blocks are given as
follows: 4.8 × 104 , 4.2 × 104 , 5.1 × 104 , 3.8 × 104 , 4.4 × 104 , 4.7 × 104 ,
find the mean.

(8) Find median of the following data: 34,32,48,38,24,30,27,21,35.

(9) The daily earning of 12 workers in a factory are 25, 24,23,

32, 40, 27, 30, 20, 25, 10, 15, 45. Find the median and
mode.

(10) Find mean of the following data.

𝐗𝐢 2 3 4 5 6

𝐅𝐢 25 15 10 5 5

(11) If sum of all observations is 1728 & arithmetic mean

of observations is 64. Find number of observations.

(12) Marks obtained by 10 students are 40,72,83,57,94,

49,65,79,87,64 resp. Calculate Mean.

(13) Calculate Mean of the following distribution:

𝑥𝑖 1 3 5 7 9

𝑓𝑖 14 23 27 21 15

(14) calculate Median and mode of the following data:

5,8,10,9,7,6,5,8,5

603
 Four Marks Questions

(1) Find median of the following data.

𝐗𝐢 3 4 5 6 7
𝐅𝐢 8 14 19 12 7

(2) Find median of the following distributions:

C.I 𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎
Fi 5 8 15 16 6

(3) The marks obtained by 49 students in a competitive

examination are given below. calculate median.

Marks 5 − 10 10 − 15 15 − 20 20 − 25 25 − 30 30 − 35 35 − 40 40 − 45
No. Of
5 6 15 10 5 4 2 2
students

(4) Find the mode from the following data:

Marks 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

No. of 7 10 16 32 24 18 10 5
students

604
 (5) Calculate Mean using assumed-Mean method

Wt in 𝐤𝐠𝐬 35 40 45 50 55

No. of boys 8 14 19 12 7

(6) Calculate Mean of following data:

Marks 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50 50 − 60

No. of
5 10 25 30 20 10
students

(7) Calculate mean, Median, Mode of the following data

which is obtained as a result of experiment.

Length in cm 2 4 6 8 10 12

No. of Bars 1 3 10 4 2 1

(8) Find the Median of the following distribution:

Marks obtained 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50

No. of students 5 8 27 14 6

(9) Find Mode of the following distribution:

Class-
0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50
interval
Frequency 5 8 15 16 6

605
 (10) Find the mode from the following data:

Age 0−6 6 − 12 12 − 18 18 − 24 24 − 30 30 − 36 36 − 42

Freq 6 11 25 35 18 12 6

606
 Six Marks Questions

(1) The weight in grams of 300 fins of same size but of

different gauges used for packing biscuits by a certain
biscuits company are given bellow:

Weight 900- 920- 940- 960- 980- 1000- 1020- 1040-

in gms 920 940 960 980 1000 1020 1040 1060

𝐅𝐢 4 11 63 90 73 38 16 5

Calculate the Mean by step Deviation Method.

(2) find 'the Median of following data:

Daily
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟐𝟗 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟒 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟑𝟗 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟗
Wages

No. of
4 6 10 5 7 3 9 6
workers

607
Statistics (Measures of Dispersion)

Two Marks Questions

(1) Coefficient of variation of a certain distribution is 5 &

mean is 60. find the standard deviation.
(2) Calculate Mean deviation about the Mean of the digits:
𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗.
(3) Find the standard deviation for the following data:
𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗

608
 Four Marks Questions

(15) Calculate the standard deviation of the following frequency

distribution:
Xi 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Fi 4 6 9 12 9 6 4

(16) Find mean deviation from mean of the following:

C.I 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50

Fi 5 8 15 16 6

(17) Find mean deviation from mean of the following:

C.I. 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 𝟑 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎

𝐅𝐢 4 6 10 18 9 3

(18) Calculate the Mean deviation from

(i) Mean
(ii) Median. of the following data:

𝒙𝒊 10 11 12 13 14

𝒇𝒊 3 12 18 12 3

609
(19) Find the Mean deviation from Median of the following
distribution:

Weight
(in 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟓
gms)
No of
7 12 16 25 19 15 6
items

(20) From the following data, calculate S.D.

Marks 5 15 25 35 45 55

No. of students 10 20 30 50 40 30

610
Six Marks Questions

(1) Find median deviation from the median from the following
distributions:

C.I 10 − 15 15 − 20 20 − 25 25 − 30 30 − 35 35 − 40

Fi 3 7 16 12 9 6

(2) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the following

frequency distribution.

Class-Interval 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50

Frequency 14 23 27 21 15

(3) calculate (1) S.D, (11) coefficient of variance from the

following data

Rain Fall 70 − 80 80 − 90 90 − 100 100 − 110 110 − 120 120 − 130

No Of
6 7 12 13 21 18
Places

611
(4) Following are the Marks obtained by two students 𝒙 & 𝒚

Marks obtained
44 80 76 48 52 72 68 56 60 641
by 𝒙

Marks obtained
48 75 54 60 63 69 72 51 57 56
by 𝒚

Which student is More Consistent?

(5) Using step-Deviation Method, find standard deviation of the

following data:

Class

Interval 0−5 5 − 10 10 − 15 15 − 20 20 − 25 25 − 30

Frequency 3 5 9 15 20 16

(6) In two factories 𝐴&𝐵, engaged in the same industry in the

area, the average weekly wages (in Rs.) & the S. D. are as
follows:

Factory Average wages (𝑥‾) S.D. (𝜎)

A 34.5 5.0

B 28.5 4.5

Which of two is more consistent?

612
(7) The two sets of observations are given below:

Set-I Set-II

Mean = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟓 Mean = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟕𝟓

S.D. = 𝟕. 𝟑 S.D. = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟓

Which of two is more consistent?

613
 Government Polytechnic, Mumbai

Subject: Solution of Question Bank

Chapter: 5 - Statistics

Subject Teacher: Jyoti J Ratnani.

Measures of Central Tendency

Two Marks Questions

(1) Following are the marks obtained by 10 students. find Median &
Mode: 𝟐𝟓, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟑, 𝟐𝟕, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟐𝟑, 𝟐𝟑, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟐𝟐.

Solution:

Here Ho. of observations = 𝑁 = 10.

Write the given observations in Ascending order,

14,15,22,23,23, ,23,25,25,25,27

we get

∵ 𝑁 = 10 i.e even

𝑁 th 𝑁 th
( 2 ) + ( 2 + 1) observation
∴ Median =
2
10 th 10 th
( ) + ( 2 + 1) observation
∴ Median = 2
2
5𝑡ℎ + 6𝑡ℎ
=
2
23 + 23
=
2

614
∴ Median = 23

Now, since there are tur observations with Maximum repetitions that are 23,
25. Hence given data has two Modes

∴ Mode = 25 and 23

(2) The mean of a group of 8 observations is 9. Two new observations

10 & 13 are added to the group. Find the Mean of 10 observations.

Solution:

Let Mean of 8 observation is 𝑥

̅̅̅1 i.e., ̅̅̅
𝑥1 = 9 and mean of 10 observations given in
example is 𝑥2 .
Σ𝑥𝑖
∴ 𝑥‾1 =
8

∴ ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 8𝑥‾1

∴ ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 8 × 9 (given)

∴ ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 72

If we add two new observations to previous Sum, we get

∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 10 + 13 = 72 + 10 + 13 = 95

Also
Σ𝑥𝑖 + 10 + 13
𝑥2 =
̅̅̅
10
95
∴ ̅̅̅
𝑥2 = = 9.5
10
Hence Mean of those 10 observations is 9.5

615
(3) Find Mean and Mode of the following data:
𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟑.

Solution:

Let 𝑥‾ = Mean of given data

Sum of all observations
∴ 𝑥‾ =
No. of observations
16 + 19 + 12 + 14 + 13 + 17 + 16 + 19 + 20 + 15 + 16 + 13
∴ 𝑥‾ =
12
∴ 𝑥‾ = 15.8333

To find Mode arrange the data in Ascending order,

12,13,13,14,15,16,16,16,17,19,19,20

∵ In above data most frequent observations is 16.

Hence Mode = 16.

(4) Find 𝒌, if the Mean of the following observations is 𝟐. 𝟓. If given

observations are 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝒌, 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟐.

Solution:

Given observations are

1,2,3,2,3, 𝑘, 1,3,1,3,5,2 i.e. 𝑁 = 12 (No. of observations )

Let 𝑥‾ → Arithmetic Mean of given data

∴ 𝑥‾ = 2.5 (given)
1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 𝑘 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 12
But 𝑥‾ =
12
26 + 𝑘
∴ 𝑥‾ =
12

616
 26 + 𝑘
∴ 2.5 =
12
∴ 2.5 × 12 = 26 + 𝑘

∴ 30 = 26 + 𝑘

∴ 30 − 26 = 𝑘

∴4=𝑘

∴𝑘=4

(5) Find the Median of the following data:

800,725,750,900,925,910,1000,790,870,920.

Solution:

To find Median arrange data in Ascending Order,

725,750,790,800,870,900,910,920,925,1000

Here 𝑁 = 10
𝑁 th 𝑁 th
( ) observation +( +1) observation
Hence Median = 2 2
2

10 th 10 th
( 2 ) observation + ( 2 + 1) observation
=
2
5th observation + 6th observation
=
2
870 + 900
=
2
1770
=
2
= 885

∴ Median = 885

617
(6) Find 𝒌 if Mean of the following observations is 16. If given
observations are 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟕, 𝒌, 𝟐𝟑, 𝟐𝟕.

Solution:

Given observations are 11,19,15,17, 𝑘, 23,27

Let 𝑥‾ = Mean of Given data

∴ 𝑥‾ = 16

11 + 19 + 15 + 17 + 𝑘 + 23 + 27
A1so 𝑥‾ =
7

112 + 𝑘
∴ 16 =
7
∴ 16 × 7 = 112 + 𝑘

112 = 112 + 𝑘

∴ 112 − 112 = 𝑘

∴𝑘=0

(7) The crushing strengths of some concrete blocks are given as

follows:

𝟒. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 , 𝟒. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 , 𝟓. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 , 𝟑. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 , 𝟒. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 , 𝟒. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 , Find the Mean.

Solution:

Given observations are

4.8 × 104 , 4.2 × 104 , 5.1 × 104 , 3.8 × 104 , 4.4 × 104 , 4.7 × 104 .

Mere 𝑁 = 6

Let 𝑥‾ → Mean of given data

618
 s𝑢𝑚 of all obscrvations
∴ 𝑥‾ =
Total no. of observations
(4.8 × 104 ) + (4.2 × 104 ) + (5.1 × 104 ) + (3.8 × 104 ) + (4.4 × 104 ) + (4.7 × 104 )
∴ 𝑥‾ =
6
(4.8 + 4.2 + 5 ⋅ 1 + 3.8 + 4.4 + 4.7) × 104
∴ 𝑥‾ =
6
27 × 104
∴ 𝑥‾ =
6
∴ 𝑥‾ = 4.5 × 104

(8) Find Median of the following data:

𝟑𝟒, 𝟑𝟐, 𝟒𝟖, 𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟑𝟎, 𝟐𝟕, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟑𝟓.

Solution:

To find Median arrange data in Ascending data

21,24,27,30,32,34,35,38,48

Here 𝑁 = 9 i.e., odd

𝑁+1 th
∴ Median = ( ) placed observation
2

9+1 th
=( ) placed observation
2

= 5th paced observation

∴ Median = 32

(9) The daily earning of 12 workers in a factory are

𝟐𝟓, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟐𝟑, 𝟑𝟐, 𝟒𝟎, 𝟐𝟕, 𝟑𝟎, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟒𝟓, Find Median and Mode.

619
Solution:

Given observations are 25,24,23,82,40,27,30,20,25,10,15,45

Arrange them in Ascending order,

10,15,20,23,24,25,25,27,30,32,40,45

Here 𝑁 = 12 i.e., even

𝑁 th 𝑁 th
( ) placed observation + ( 2 + 1) placed observation
Median = 2
2
12 th 12 th
(2) placed observation + ( + 1) placed observation
Median = 2
2
6th placed observation + 7th placed observation
Median =
2
25 + 25
Median =
2
∴ Median = 25

Now, since from given observations Most repeated observation is 25.

∴ Mode = 25

(10) Find Mean of the following data:

620
 𝑥𝑖 2 3 4 5 6

𝑓𝑖 25 15 10 5 5

Solution:

Let 𝑥‾ → Mean of given data

𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊

2 25 50

3 15 45

4 10 40

5 5 25

6 5 30

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 60 ∵ ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 190

∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
∴ 𝑥‾ =
∑ 𝑓𝑖
190
∴ 𝑥‾ =
60
∴ 𝑥‾ = 3.16667

(11) If sum of all observations is 1728 and arithmetic Mean of

observations is 64. Find number of observations.

621
Solution:

Let Σ𝑥𝑖 = sum of all observations

𝑥‾ = Mean of given data

𝑁 = No. of observation
∑𝑥𝑖
Now, ∵ 𝑥‾ =
N

Here Σ𝑥𝑖 = 1728, 𝑥‾ = 64

1728
∴ 64 =
𝑁
1728
∴𝑁=
64
∴ 𝑁 = 27

(12) Marks obtained by 10 students are 𝟒𝟎, 𝟕𝟐, 𝟖𝟑, 𝟓𝟕, 𝟗𝟒, 𝟒𝟗, 𝟔𝟓, 𝟕𝟗, 𝟖𝟕, 𝟔𝟒
respectively. Calculate mean.

Solution:

Given observations are,

40,72,83,57,94,49,65,79,87,64

And 𝑁 = 10

Let 𝑥‾ = Mean of given data

Sum of all observations
∴ 𝑥‾ =
No. of observations
40 + 72 + 83 + 57 + 94 + 49 + 65 + 79 + 87 + 64
∴ 𝑥‾ =
10
690
∴ 𝑥‾ =
10

622
∴ 𝑥‾ = 69

(13) calculate Mean of the following distribution.

𝑥𝑖 1 3 5 7 8

fi 14 23 27 21 15

Solution

Let 𝑥‾ = Mean of the given data.

𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊

1 14 14

3 23 69

5 27 135

7 21 147

8 15 120

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 100 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 485

∑𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
∵ 𝑥‾ =
∑𝑓𝑖
485
∴ 𝑥‾ =
100
∴ 𝑥‾ = 4.85

623
(14) Find Median and Mode of following data: 𝟓, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟗, 𝟕, 𝟔, 𝟓, 𝟖, 𝟓.

Solution

Given observations are 5,8,10,9,7,6,5,8,5

Let 𝑥‾ → Mean of given data

Here 𝑁 = 9

To find Median arrange data in Ascending order

5,5,5,6,7,8,8,9,10

∵ 𝑁 = 9 i.e., odd

𝑁 + 1 th
∴ Median = ( ) placed observation
2

9 + 1 th
=( ) placed observation
2
= 5th placed observation

∴ Median = 7

Now, since the Most frequent observation is 5.

∴ Mode = 5.

624
Four Marks Questions

(1) Find Median of following data

𝑥𝑖 3 4 5 6 7

𝑓𝑖 8 14 19 12 7

Solution:

𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑐. 𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

3 8 8

4 14 22

5 19 41

6 12 53

7 7 60

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 60

Here N= ∑ 𝑓𝑖 =60 is even

N 𝑡ℎ
∴ Median = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 observation
2
60
∴ Median = = 30𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 observation
2
∴ Median = 5

625
(2) Find Median of the following distributions:

C.I 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50

fi 5 8 15 16 6
Solution:

C. I. fi C.F Less than

0 − 10 5 5

10 − 20 8 13

20 − 30 15 28

30 − 40 16 44

40 − 50 6 50

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 50

𝑁 th
Median Class= ( ) observation
2

50 th
=( ) observation
2

50 th
=( ) observation
2

= (25)th observation

= (25)th observation

∵ 25th observation completes in class is 20-30

∴ Median Class is 20-30

626
 Here 𝑁 = 50, 𝐿 = 20, 𝐶 = 10, 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑓 = 13, 𝑓𝑖 = 19
𝑁
−𝐶⋅𝑓
∵ Median = 𝐿 + ( 2 )×𝐶
𝑓𝑖
50
− 13
= 20 + ( 2 ) × 10
19
25 − 13
= 20 + ( ) × 10
19
12
= 20 + ( × 10)
19
= 20 + 6.3157
∴ Median = 26.3157

(3) The Mark obtained by 49 students in a competitive examination are

given below. Calculate Median.

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Marks
− 10 − 15 − 20 − 25 − 30 − 35∘ − 40 − 45
No. of
5 6 15 10 5 4 2 2
students

627
 𝑁Th
C. I. fi Less than Median Class = placed observation
2

5 − 10 5 5 49th
= placed observation.
2
10 − 15 6 11 Median class = 24.5 placed observation
15 − 20 15 26 ∵ 24.5th placed observation belongs
to class 15 − 20
20 − 25 10 36
Here 𝐿 = 15, 𝑁 = 49, 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑓 = 11, 𝑓𝑖 = 15
25 − 30 5 41
𝑁
( 2 − 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑓)
30-35 4 45 ∵ Median =𝐿+ ×𝑐
𝑓𝑖
35-40 2 47 49
( 2 − 11)
= 15 + ×5
40-45 2 49 15
(24.5 − 11)
= 15 +
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 49 3
= 15 + (4.5)
∴ Median = 19.5

(4) Find the mode from the following data:

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Marks
−5 − 10 − 15 − 20 − 25 − 30 − 35 − 40

No. of
7 10 16 32 24 18 10 5
Students

Solution:

628
 C.I fi
∵ 32 is Maximum frequency
0−5 7 Which is of Class 15 − 20

5 − 10 10
∴15-20 is the modal class.
10 − 15 16=𝑓0 Here L = 15, 𝑓0 = 16, 𝑓1 = 32, 𝑓2 = 24
32 − 16
15 − 20 32=𝑓1 ∴ Mode = 15 + ×5
2(32) − 16 − 24
20 − 25 24 = 𝑓2 1.6
= 15 + ×5
64 − 40
25 − 30 18 16
= 15 + ( × 5)
24
30 − 35 10
4
∴ Mode = 15 + ( × 5)
35 − 40 5 6
= 15 + 3.333
∴ Mode = 18.3333

(5) Calculate Mean Using Assumed-Mean Method.

Wt in kgs 35 40 45 50 55

No. of boys 8 14 19 12 7

Solution:

629
 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊 = 𝒙𝒊 − 𝑨 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊

= 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟒𝟓

35 8 -10 -80

40 14 -5 -70

45 19 0 0

50 12 5 60

55 7 10 70

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 60 ∑ 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊 = −20

Let 𝐴 = 45 (Assumed Mean)

∑ 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊
Mean=𝐴 + ∑ 𝑓𝑖

(−20)
∴Mean=45 +
60

1
∴Mean=45 −
3

∴Mean=44.6667

(6) Calculate mean of following data:

Marks 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50 50 − 60

No. of students 5 10 25 30 20 10
Solution:

630
 C. I 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖

0 − 10 5 5 25

10 − 20 10 15 150 Mean =
∑𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
∑𝑓𝑖

20 − 30 25 25 625 3300
=
100
30 − 40 30 35 1050
Mean = 33
40 − 50 20 45 900

50 − 60 10 55 550

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 100 ∴ ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 3300

(7) Calculate Mean, Median, Mode of the following data.

Length in cm 2 4 6 8 10 12

No of Bar 1 3 10 4 2 1

Solution:

631
 (1) Mean: -

𝑥𝑖 fi 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖

2 1 2

4 3 12

6 10 60

8 4 32

10 2 20

12 1 12

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 21 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 138

∑𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Mean =
∑𝑓1

138
=
21
Mean = 6.5714

632
(2) Median:

𝑥𝑖 fi c.f Less than

2 1 1

4 3 4

6 10 14

8 4 18

10 2 20

12 1 21

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 21

𝑁+1 th
Median = ( ) placed observation
2

21+1 th
=( ) placed observation
2

= 11th placed observation

∵ 11th placed observation

corresponds to observation 6.

∴ Median = 6

Mode:

from given table Maximum frequency is 10, Which is of observation 6.

∴ Mode = 6.

633
(8) Find the Median of the following distribution:

Marks obtained 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50

No. of students 5 8. 27 14 6

Solution:

𝐶. 𝐼 fi c.f less than

0 − 10 5 5

10 − 20 8 13

20 − 30 27 40

30 − 40 14 54

40 − 50 6 60

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 60

𝑁
∴ Median Class = Class corresponding to 𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2

∵ 30th placed observation corresponds to the class 20-30.

∴ Median class is 20-30.

Here 𝐿 = 20, 𝑁 = 60, 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑓 = 13, 𝑓𝑖 = 27, 𝐶 = 10

𝑁
−𝑐.𝑓
∴ Median = L + ( 2
)×𝑐
𝑓𝑖
𝑁
−𝑐.𝑓
∴ Median = 20 + ( 2
)×𝑐
𝑓𝑖

634
 (30−13)
∴ Median = 20 + × 10
27

17
= 20 + [ × 10]
27
∴ Median = 26.2962

(9) Find Mode of the following distribution:

Class
0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50
Interval

frequency 5 8 15 16 6

Solution:

𝐶. 𝐼 𝑓𝑖

0 − 10 5

10 − 20 8

20 − 30 15

30 − 40 16

40-50 6

∴ 30 − 40 class is Modal class.

Here 𝐿 = 30, 𝑓1 = 16, 𝑓0 = 15, 𝑓2 = 6, 𝐶 = 10

𝑓1 −𝑓0
∵ Mode = 𝐿 + ( )×𝐶
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2

635
 16−15
∴ Mode = 30 + [ ] × 10
2(16)−15−6

1
∴ Mode = 30 + ( ) × 10
32−21

1
= 30 + ( × 10)
11
∴ Mode = 30.9090

(10) find the mode from the following data:

Age 0−6 6 − 12 12 − 18 18 − 24 24 − 30 30 − 36 36 − 42

frequency 6 11 25 35 18 12 6

Solution:

𝐶. 𝐼 𝑓𝑖 Modal class = Class corresponding the maximum frequency

0−6 6
Here 35 is Maximum frequency and which is of Class 18 − 24
6 − 12 11
∴ 18 − 24 is Modal class
12 − 18 25 = 𝑓0

18 − 24 35=𝑓1 Here 𝐿 = 18, 𝐶 = 6, 𝑓1 = 35, 𝑓0 = 25, 𝑓2 = 18.

24 − 30 18 = 𝑓2 𝑓1 −𝑓0
∴Mode = 𝐿 + ×𝐶
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
30 − 36 12
35−25
∴ Mode = 18 + [ ]×6
2(35)−25−18
36 − 42 6
10
= 18 + ×6
(70−43)

= 18 + 2.222

∴ Mode = 20.222

636
Six Marks Questions

(1) The weight in grams of 300 fins of same size but of different gauges
used for packing biscuits by, a certain biscuits company are given
below:

900 920 940 960 980 1000 1020 1040

weight
− 920 − 940 − 960 − 980 − 1000 − 1020 − 1040 − 1060
𝑓𝑖 4 11 63 90 73 38 16 5

Solution:

𝑥𝑖 − 𝐴
𝑑𝑖 =
𝑐
C. I 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑥𝑖 − 990
𝑑𝑖 =
20

900 − 920 4 910 −4 −16

920 − 940 11 930 −3 −33

940 − 960 63 950 −2 −126

960 − 980 90 970 −1 −90

980 − 1000 73 990 0 0

1000 − 1020 38 1010 1 38

1020 − 1040 16 1030 2 32

1040 − 1060 5 1050 3 15

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 300 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 =-180

637
 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
∵ Mean = 𝐴 + ×𝑐
∑ 𝑓𝑖
(−180)
= 990 + × 20
300
= 990 − (6 × 2)

= 990 − 12

∴ Mean = 978

(2) Find the Median of the following data:

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Daily Wages
− 14 − 19 − 24 − 29 − 34 − 39 − 44 − 49

No. of
4 6 10 5 7 3 9 6
Workers

Solution:

As Given Classes are not continuous.

so, we have to Make them continuous.

For that we have to subtract corrected factor from Lower limit of every class
and add to upper limit of every class., where
(𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠) − (𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡′𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠)
corrected factor =
2

15 − 14
=
2

∴ Corrected factor = 0.5

638
 C.I C.B 𝑓𝑖 c. f less than

10-14 9.5-14.5 4 4

15-19 14.5-19.5 6 10

20-24 19.5-24.5 10 20

25-29 24.5-29.5 5 25

30-34 29.5-34.5 7 32

35-39 34.5-39.5 3 35

40-44 39.5-44.5 9 44

45-49 44.5-49.5 6 50

𝑁th
Median class=class corresponding to placed observation.
2
𝑁 50
= = 25
2 2

∵ 25th placed observation corresponds to class 24.5-29.5

∴ 24.5 − 29.5 is Median Class.

∴ 𝐿 = 24.5, 𝑁 = 50, 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑓 = 20, 𝑓𝑖 = 5, C = 5

𝑁
−𝑐⋅𝑓
∵ Median = 𝐿 + ( 2 ) × 𝐶.
𝑓𝑖

50
− 20
Median = 𝐿 + ( 2 ) × 𝐶.
5

5
= 24.5 + ( × 5)
5
= 24.5 + (1 × 5)

639
 =24.5 + 5

Median =29.5

640
 Measure of Dispersion

Two Marks Questions

(1) Coefficient of variation of a certain distribution is 5 and Mean is 60. Find the standard
deviation.

Solution

Mean = 60, coefficient of variation = 5 then 𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷 = ?

𝑆. 𝐷
∴ Coefficient of variation = × 100
Mean
𝑆. 𝐷
∴ 5= × 100
60
10
∴5=𝑆⋅𝐷×
6
5×6
∴ = 𝑆. 𝐷
10
30
∴ 𝑆. 𝐷 = =3
10

(2) Calculate Mean deviation about the Mean of the digits: 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗.

Solution:

641
 𝒙𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
̅|

1 -4 4

2 -3 3

3 -2 2

4 -1 1

5 0 0

6 1 1

7 2 2

8 3 3

9 4 4

∑ 𝒙𝒊 =45 ∑|𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
̅| =20

Here N=9

Σ𝑥𝑖 45
∵ 𝑥‾ = = =5
N 9
̅|
Σ|𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
∵ 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑁
20
=
9

∴ 𝑀𝐷 = 2.222

642
 (3) Find the standard deviation for the following data: 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗.

Solution:

𝒙𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐
(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙

1 -4 16

2 -3 9

3 -2 4

4 -1 1

5 0 0

6 1 1

7 2 4

8 3 9

9 4 16

∑ 𝒙𝒊 =45 ̅)𝟐 =60

∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙

Σ𝑥𝑖 45
∵ 𝑥‾ = = =5
N 9

̅)𝟐
∑(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
∵𝑆⋅𝐷 =√
𝑁

60
=√
5

= √12

∵ 𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷 = 3.464

643
Four Marks Questions

(1) Calculate the standard deviation of the following frequency distribution.

𝑥𝑖 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

fi 4 6 9 12 9 6 4

Solution

𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾
𝒙𝒊 𝒇 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐 𝒇𝒊(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐
= 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟏𝟎
7 4 28 −3 9 36
8 6 48 −2 4 24
9 9 81 −1 1 9
10 12 120 0 0 0
11 9 99 1 1 9
12 6 72 2 4 24
13 4 52 3 9 36
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑁 = 50 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 =500 ∑ 𝑓𝑖(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾)2 = 138

2𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 500
∵ 𝑥‾ = = = 10
Σ𝑖 50

∑ 𝑓𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾)2
∵𝑆⋅𝐷=𝜎=√
𝑁

138
=√
50

∴ 𝜎 = 1.6613

(2) Find Mean Deviation from Mean of the following:

644
 c. 1 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50

fi 5 8 15 16 6

Solution:

𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾ =
C.I. 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐 𝒇𝒊(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐
𝒙𝒊 − 𝟏𝟎
0-10 5 5 25 -22 22 110
10-20 8 15 120 -12 12 96
20-30 15 25 375 -2 2 30
30-40 16 35 560 8 8 128
40-50 6 45 270 18 18 108
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 50 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 1350 2𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾| = 472

∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 1350
∵ 𝑥‾ = = = 27
∑ 𝑓𝑖 50

∑ 𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾| 472

𝑀⋅𝐷 = = = 9.44
∑ 𝑓𝑖 50

(3) Find Mean deviation from Mean of the following:

C.I 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50 50 − 60 60 − 70

𝑓𝑖 4 6 10 18 9 3

Solution:

645
 𝑐. 1 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾ = 𝑥𝑖 − 41.2 |𝑥𝑖 − 41.2| 𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾|

10 − 20 4 15 60 −26.2 26.2 104.8

20 − 30 6 25 150 −16.2 16.2 97.2

30 − 40 10 35 350 −6.2 6.2 62

40 − 50 18 45 810 3.8 3.8 68.4

50 − 60 9 55 495 13.8 13.8 124.2

60 − 70 3 65 195 23.8 23.8 71.4

Σ𝑓𝑖 = 50 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 2060 ∑𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾| = 528

Σ𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 2060
𝑥‾ = = = 41.2
Σ𝑓𝑖 50
Σ𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾| 528
∴ 𝑀. 𝐷 = = = 10.56.
Σ𝑓𝑖 50

(4) Calculate the Mean deviation from

(i) Mean

(ii) Median of the following data:

𝑥𝑖 10 11 12 13 14

𝑓𝑖 3 12 18 12 3

646
Solution:

𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒄. 𝒇 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾ = |𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾| = 𝒇𝒊 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾| |𝒙𝒊 − 𝐌| 𝒇𝒊 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝐌|

𝒙𝒊 − 𝟏𝟐 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝟏𝟐| ‾ |
= |𝒙𝒊 − 𝟏𝟐

10 3 3 30 -2 2 6 2 6

11 12 15 132 -1 1 12 1 12

12 18 33 216 0 0 0 0 0

13 12 45 156 1 1 12 1 12

14 3 48 42 2 2 6 2 6

𝚺𝒇𝒊 ∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 = ∑𝒇𝒊 |𝒙𝒊 ‾|

∑𝒇𝒊 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝑴
= 𝟒𝟖 576 − 𝒙‾| = 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟑𝟔

∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 576
∵ 𝑥‾ = = = 12
∑ 𝑓𝑖 48

𝑁+1 th
∵ Median = observation corresponding to ( ) placed observation
2

𝑁+1 48+1 49
But 2
= 2
= 2
= 24.5

∴ Median = Observation corresponding to 24.5th

∴ Median = 12
∑𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 −𝑥‾| 36
∵ M.D from Mean = = = 0.75
∑𝑓𝑖 48

∑𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 −𝑀| 36

M.D from Median = ∑𝑓𝑖
= 48 = 0.75

(5) Find the Mean deviation from Median of the following distribution:

Weight (in gms) 10 − 15 15 − 20 20 − 25 25 − 30 30 − 35 35 − 40 40 − 45

No. of items 7 12 16 25 19 15 6

647
Solution:

C.I 𝒇𝒊 𝒄. 𝒇 𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏

10 − 15 7 7

15 − 20 12 19

20 − 25 16 35

25 − 30 25 60

30 − 35 19 79

35 − 40 15 94

40 − 45 6 100

𝚺𝒇𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑁 th
∵ Median = observation corresponding to ( 2 ) placed observation

𝑁 100
But 2
= 2
= 50

∴ Median class = Observation corresponding to 50th

Class corresponding to 50th observation is class 25-30

∴ 25-30 is the Median class.

Hence here

∴ 𝐿 = 25, 𝑁 = 100, 𝑐 ⋅ 𝑓 = 35, 𝑓𝑖 = 25, C = 5

𝑁
−𝑐⋅𝑓
∵ Median = 𝐿 + ( 2 ) × 𝐶.
𝑓𝑖

100
− 35
∴ Median = 25 + ( 2 )×5
25

50 − 35
∴ Median = 25 + ( )×5
25

648
 15
∴ Median = 25 + ( )×5
25
∴ Median = 25 + 3

∴ Median = 28

(6) From the following data, calculate 𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷.

Marks 5 15 25 35 45 55

No. of students 10 20 30 50 40 30

Solution:

𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾ =
𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐 𝒇𝒊(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐
𝒙𝒊 − 𝟑𝟓
5 10 50 -30 900 9000
15 20 300 -20 400 8000
25 30 750 -10 100 3000
35 50 1750 0 0 0
45 40 1800 10 100 4000
55 30 1650 20 400 12000
∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 180 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 6300 ∑ 𝒇𝒊(𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐 = 36000
` ``````
∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 ‾ 6300
∵𝑥= = = 35
∑ 𝑓𝑖 180

∑ 𝑓𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾)2
∴𝑆⋅𝐷 =√
∑ 𝑓𝑖

36000
=√
180

∴ 𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷 = 14.142

649
Six Marks Questions

(1) Find Median deviation from the median from the following distributions:

C⋅I 10 − 15 15 − 20 20 − 25 25 − 30 30 − 35 35 − 40

𝑓𝑖 3 7 16 12 9 6

Solution:

|𝒙𝒊 − 𝑴|
C.I 𝒇𝒊 𝒄. 𝒇 less than 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝑴|
= |𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑|

10 − 15 3 3 12.5 12.70833 38.12499

15 − 20 7 10 17.5 7.70833 53.95831

20 − 25 16 26=𝑐. 𝑓 22.5 2.70833 43.33328

25 − 30 12=𝑓 38 27.5 2.29167 27.50004

30 − 35 9 47 32.5 7.29167 65.62503

35 − 40 6 53 37.5 12.29167 73.75002

∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 68 ∑ 𝒇𝒊 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝑴| =302.29167

N
Median class = Class corresponding to 2
placed observation

N 53
But 2
= 2
= 26.5

Median class = class corresponding to 26.5th placed observation

∴ 26.5th placed observation corresponds to class 25 − 30

∴ 25 − 30 is Median class

Here 𝐿 = 25, 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑓 = 26, 𝑓 = 12, 𝐶 = 5, 𝑁 = 53

𝑁
− 𝑐. 𝑓
∵ Median = 𝐿 + ( 2 )×𝐶
𝑓

650
 53
− 26
= 25 + ( 2 )×5
12

53 − 52
= 25 + ( )×5
24

= 25 + 0.20833

∴ Median = 25.20833
∑𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 −M| 302.29167
∵ M.D from Mean = = = 4.4455
∑𝑓𝑖 68

(2) Calculate the Mean and standard deviation of the following frequency
distribution.

Class Interval 0 − 10 10 − 20 20 − 30 30 − 40 40 − 50

frequency 14 23 27 21 15

Solution:

𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾
𝒄. 𝐈 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐 𝒇𝒊 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐
= 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝟓

0 − 10 14 5 70 −20 400 5600

10 − 20 23 15 345 −10 100 2300

20 − 30 27 25 675 0 0 0

30 − 40 21 35 735 10 100 2100

40 − 50 15 45 675 20 400 6000

∑ 𝒇𝒊 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙‾)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎

∑ 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎

∑ 𝑥1 𝑓𝑖 2500
∴ 𝑥‾ = = = 25
∑ 𝑓𝑖 100

651
 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥‾)2
∵𝑆⋅𝐷 =√
∑ 𝑓𝑖

16000
=√
100

= √160

∴ 𝑆. 𝐷 = 12.649

(3) Calculate (i) S.D, (iI) coefficient of variance from the following data.

Rain fall 70 − 80 80 − 90 90 − 100 100 − 110 110 − 120 120 − 130

No. of places 6 7 12 13 21 18

Solution:

C.I 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝐴 𝑑𝑖 2 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2
𝑑𝑖 =
𝐶

𝑥𝑖 − 95
=
10

70-80 6 75 -2 4 -12 24
80-90 7 85 -1 1 -7 7
90-100 12 95 0 0 0 0
100-110 13 105 1 1 13 13
110-120 21 115 2 4 42 84
120-130 18 125 3 9 54 162
∑ 𝑓𝑖 =77
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 =90 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2 =290

∑ 𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑖
𝑥‾ = 𝐴 + ×𝐶
∑ 𝑓𝑖

90
= 95 + ( × 10)
77

∴ 𝑥‾ = 106.6883

652
 2
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖2 ∑ (𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 )
𝑆. 𝐷 = √ −( ) ×𝐶
𝑁 𝑁

290 90 2
=√ − ( ) × 10
77 77

290 8100
=√ − × 10
77 5929

= 5.74512
∴ 𝑆. 𝐷 = 5.74512
S.D
(ii) ∵ Coefficient of variance = Mean
× 100

5.74512
= × 100
106.6883

= 5.3849

∴ 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉 = 5.3849

(4) Following are the Marks obtained by two students’ 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Marks obtained by 𝑥 44 80 76 48 52 72 68 56 60 64

Marks obtained by 𝑦 48 75 54 60 63 69 72 51 57 56

Which student is More consistent?

653
Solution:

𝒙𝒊 𝒅𝒙𝒊 𝒅𝒙𝒊 𝟐 𝒚𝒊 𝒅𝒚𝒊 = 𝒚𝒊 − 𝟔𝟎. 𝟓 𝒅𝒚𝒊 𝟐

= 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟔𝟐

44 -18 324 48 -12.5 156.25

80 18 324 75 14.5 210.25
76 14 196 54 -6.5 42.25
48 -14 196 60 -0.5 0.25
52 -10 100 63 2.5 6.25
72 10 100 69 8.5 72.25
68 6 36 72 11.5 132.25
56 -6 36 51 -9.5 90.25
60 -2 4 57 -3.5 12.25
64 2 4 56 -4.5 20.25

∑ 𝒙𝒊 =620 ∑ 𝒅𝒙𝒊 𝟐 =1320 ∑ 𝒚𝒊 =605 ∑ 𝒅𝒚𝒊 𝟐 =742.5

Here N=10

Σ𝑥𝑖 620
∵ 𝑥‾ = = = 62
N 10

∑ 𝑑𝑥𝑖 2
∵ 𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷𝑥𝑖 = 𝜎𝑥𝑖 = √
𝑁

1320
=√
10

𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷𝑥𝑖 = 11.48

Here N=10

Σ𝑦𝑖 605
∵ 𝑦‾ = = = 60.5
N 10

∑ 𝑑𝑦𝑖 2
∵ 𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷𝑦𝑖 = 𝜎𝑦𝑖 = √
𝑁

742.5
=√
10

𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷𝑦𝑖 = 8.6168

654
 𝑆⋅𝐷𝑥𝑖 𝑆⋅𝐷𝑦𝑖
𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑥‾
× 100 and 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝑦 = 𝑦‾
× 100

11.48 8.6168
𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝑥 = 62
× 100 and 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝑦 = 60.5
× 100

𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝑥 = 18.516 and 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝑦 = 14.2426

∵ 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝑥 > 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝑦

∵ student 𝑦 is More consistent.

(5) Using Step-Deviation Method, Find standard deviation of the following data:

Class Interval 0−5 5 − 10 10 − 15 15 − 20 20 − 25 25 − 30

frequency 3 5 9 15 20 16

Solution:

𝑪. 𝑰 𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝑰 𝒙𝒊 − 𝑨 𝒅𝒊 𝟐 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝒇 𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝟐
𝒅𝒊 =
𝑪

𝒙𝒊 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
=
𝟓
0-5 3 2.5 -2 4 -6 12
5-10 5 7.5 -1 1 -5 5
10-15 9 12.5 0 0 0 0
15-20 15 17.5 1 1 15 15
20-25 20 22.5 2 4 40 80
25-30 16 27.5 3 9 48 144
∑ 𝒇𝒊 =68 ∑ 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊 =92 ∑ 𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝟐 =256

Solution:

2
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
∵𝑆⋅𝐷 =√ −( )
𝑁 N

655
 256 92 2
∵𝑆⋅𝐷 =√ −( )
68 68

∵ 𝑆 ⋅ 𝐷 = 1.39077

(6) In two factories A&B, engaged in the same industry in the area, the average weekly
wages (in RS) & the S.D are as follows.

Factory Average wages (𝒙‾) S.D (𝝈)

𝑨 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓 𝟓. 𝟎

𝑩 𝟐𝟖. 𝟓 𝟒. 𝟓

Which of two is mote consistent?

Solution:

Let 𝜎𝐴 & ̅̅̅

𝜒𝐴 is S.D and Mean for factory A and that for 𝐵 are 𝜎𝐵 and 𝑥‾𝐵 respectively.

∴ 𝑥‾𝐴 = 34.5 & 𝜎𝐴 = 5

∴ 𝑥‾𝐵 = 28.5 & 𝜎𝐵 = 4.5

Let 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝐴 → coefficient of rariance of 𝐴

C ⋅ 𝑉𝐵 → coefficient of variance of 𝐵

𝑆⋅𝐷 𝜎𝐴 5
∵ 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝐴 = × 100 = × 100 = × 100 = 14.4927
Mean 𝑥‾𝐴 34.5
𝑆⋅𝐷 𝜎𝐵 4.5
𝐶. 𝑉𝐵 = × 100 = × 100 = × 100 = 1.5.7894
Mean 𝜒‾𝐵 28.5

∵ 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝐴 < 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝐵

∴ Factory 𝐴 is more consistent.

656
(7) The two sets of observations are given below:

set I set II

Mean = 82.5 Mean = 48.75

S.D = 7.3 S.D = 8.35

Which of two is More consistent?

Solution:

Let 𝒙‾𝑰 & 𝒙‾II are mean of set I and set II also 𝝈𝑰 and 𝝈𝐈𝐈 are S.D of set I and set II respectively.

∴ 𝒙‾𝑰 = 82.5 𝝈𝑰 = 7.3

𝒙‾II = 48.75 𝝈𝐈𝐈 = 8.35

Let 𝐶. 𝑉𝐼 → Coefficient of variance of set 𝐼

C. VII → Coefficient of variance of set II

𝝈𝑰 7.3
∵ C. 𝑉𝐼 = ̅̅̅
𝑥
× 100 = 82.5 × 100 = 8.8484
𝐼

𝝈𝐈𝐈 8.35
& 𝐶𝑉𝐼𝐼 = × 100 = × 100 = 17.1282
𝒙‾II 48.75

∵ 𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉𝐼 < 𝐶. 𝑉𝐼𝐼

Hence set I is more consistent

657