Key words: Magnet, force, magnetism, magnetic field, attract, repel, non-

KS3 Science contact force, domains, permanent, temporary, induced, compass,

magnetic north, poles, solar winds, magnetosphere, navigation,
Year 8 - Electromagnets electromagnets, current, solenoid, core, coils, armature,
What is a magnet? Magnetic fields How magnetic fields interact
Bar magnets A magnet creates a magnetic field around it. You cannot see a If you bring two bar magnets together, there are
Most materials are not magnetic, but some are. magnetic field, but you can observe its effects. two things that can happen, attraction and
A magnetic material can be magnetised or will be attracted to a We can see magnetic fields around a bar magnet using iron repulsion:
magnet. filings sprinkled onto paper or by plotting the lines using a small
These metals are magnetic: compass.
● iron if you bring a north pole and a south pole
● cobalt The force is a
together, they attract and the magnets
● nickel non-contact force stick together
Steel is mostly iron, so steel is magnetic too. because the magnet if you bring two north poles together, or
and the material do two south poles together, they repel
not have to touch and the magnets push each other away
each other.

A bar magnet Magnetic force diagrams We say that colliding opposite magnetic fields
Use arrows to show the attract:
A bar magnet is a permanent magnet. This means that its Direction that the force
magnetism is there all the time and cannot be turned on or off. Is acting.
A bar magnet has two magnetic poles: The closer together the
north pole (or north-seeking pole) Lines the stronger the
south pole (or south-seeking pole. Video link force.
The force is strongest
At the poles.

Testing for magnets Temporary magnets

There are 2 types of temporary magnet;
How can you test if a piece of metal is actually a 1) A magnetic material can be magnetised by lining up the
domains; Domains are groups of millions of atoms.This
magnet? is done by gently stroking a magnetic material slowly in Poles that are the same, repel when they collide;
one direction.
Seeing if it sticks to a magnet is not a good test,
because unmagnetised iron, steel, cobalt and nickel
objects will also do this. So you can only show that an
object is a magnet if it repels a known magnet.

Hold the piece of metal next to a compass. As

compass needles have a small magnet on the tip of 1) A magnetic material core can be magnetised using a
current of electricity running through wire coiled
the arrow head, if the metal is magnetic the compass
 Key words: Magnet, force, magnetism, magnetic field, attract, repel, non-
KS3 Science Year 8 - Electromagnets contact force, domains, permanent, temporary, induced, compass,
magnetic north, poles, solar winds, magnetosphere, navigation,
electromagnets, current, solenoid, core, coils, armature,
Electromagnets Making electromagnets stronger Uses of electromagnets
Electromagnets have some advantages over
You can make an electromagnet stronger by doing these things:
When an electric current flows in a wire, it creates a permanent magnets. For example:
● wrapping the coil around a piece of iron (such as an
magnetic field around the wire. This effect can be used to iron nail)
make an electromagnet. A simple electromagnet comprises a ● they can be turned on and off
● adding more turns to the coil
length of wire turned into a coil and connected to a battery ● increasing the current flowing through the coil ● the strength of the magnetic field can be
or power supply. There is a limit to how much current can be passed safely varied
through the wire because the resistance of the wire causes
heating.
Many objects around you contain electromagnets.
The magnetic field around an electromagnet is just the same as They are found in electric motors and
the one around a bar magnet. It can, however, be reversed by loudspeakers.
reversing the current (turning the battery around).

Video link

Earth’s Magnetic field Magnetosphere, Solar winds and navigation

The Earth behaves as if it contains a giant magnet. It The Earth’s magnetic field produces the magnetosphere.
produces a magnetic field in which the field lines are most The magnetosphere protects the Earth from the Sun’s radiation
concentrated at the poles. This magnetic field can be and from highly charged particles thrown off during solar storms.
detected using magnetic materials or magnets As Earth’s magnetosphere is strongest at the poles, this is where
the greatest deflection occurs. As a result of the deflection, we
see the Northern and Southern lights in the sky. Electric bells luse electromagnets in the following
Many animals use the Earth’s magnetic field for navigation. E.g. way:
homing pigeons, turtles and whales and dolphins. If the
magnetiosphere is disrupted by solar winds animals can find
themselves off course. 1. The switch is open and the metal arm is
away from the gong.
2. The switch is closed. An electric current
flows through the electromagnet, producing
a magnetic field.
3. The metal arm is attracted to the
electromagnet. It hits the gong which makes
KS3 Science Additional keywords:
Year 8 - Organisms Trachea, lungs, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, gaseous exchange,
diaphragm, inhalation, exhalation, capillaries, diffusion, semi-permeable

Structure of the Lungs Video link Breathing Mechanism Adaptations of the respiratory system
● Air enters the body and is warmed as it travels
through the mouth and nose to the trachea. ● The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries so
● The trachea divides into two bronchi. One oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between
bronchus enters each lung. the air in the alveoli and the blood in the
● Each bronchus branches out into smaller tubes capillaries.
called bronchioles. Air travels through these ● Capillaries surround the alveoli in the lungs.
bronchioles. Both the capillaries and alveoli walls are very
● At the end of the bronchioles, the air enters one thin - just one cell thick.
of the many millions of alveoli where gaseous ● Alveoli and capillaries are made of semi-
exchange takes place. permeable membranes which allow oxygen
and carbon dioxide to pass through them.

The respiratory system includes the lungs which

contain a system of branching tubes which carry
oxygen from the air into our blood and remove the
waste gas carbon dioxide from our body as we
breathe out.
Asthma and the respiratory system Exercise and the respiratory system
Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow and The cardio-respiratory system works together to get
swell and produce extra mucus. oxygen to the muscles and remove carbon dioxide
This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing,
from the body.
wheezing and shortness of breath
Severe asthma attacks can be life-threatening. Signs of an Normal and asthma airways
asthma emergency include: During exercise the muscles need more oxygen in
● Rapid worsening of shortness of breath or wheezing order to contract and they produce more carbon
● No improvement even after using a quick-relief dioxide as a waste product.
inhaler, such as albuterol
● Shortness of breath when doing minimal physical To meet this increased demand by the muscles, the
activity. following happens:
Prevention and long-term control are key in stopping
Breathing depth and rate increase – this gets more
asthma attacks.
 Additional keywords: Cilia, mucus, heart disease, cancer, nutrient, absorb,
KS3 Science Year 8 - Matter medicine, recreational drug, bolus, chyme, duodenum, ilium, pancreas.
Smoking Journey through the GI tract Health - Diet
Smoking is very harmful to health. Smoking damages A nutrient is a substance needed by
the ciliated lining of the trachea, bronchi and 1. Mouth - chews food and forms a bolus. Mixes food organisms to stay alive and healthy. A
bronchioles. Cilia usually removes mucus from the with saliva rich in enzymes. healthy human diet involves seven different
2. Oesophagus - peristalsis moves the bolus downwards kinds of nutrient:
airways. Smokers cough to remove the mucus because
towards the...
the cilia are damaged. 3. Stomach Different groups of people require different
4. Small intestine diets to support their health.
Tobacco smoke contains many harmful substances. 5. Large intestine
6. Rectum Nutrient Use in the body Good sources
● Tar - damages the alveoli making gas exchange
7. Anus
difficult. Causes coughing and leads to cancer.
Carbohydrate To provide energy Cereals, bread,
● Nicotine - increases heart rate and blood pasta, rice and
pressure, leading to heart disease. Is highly potatoes
addictive.
● carbon monoxide - replaces oxygen in the red Protein For growth and Fish, meat, eggs,
repair beans, pulses and
blood cells. Causing circulatory system to work dairy
harder to deliver enough oxygen. Leading to
heart disease. Lipids (fats and To provide energy. Butter, oil and nuts
oils) Also to store
energy in the body
Health - Recreational drugs and well-being Video linkof the digestive system
Adaptations and insulate it
Digested food molecules are absorbed in the small intestine. against the cold.
A drug is a substance that has an effect on the body:
This means that they pass through the wall of the small intestine
● medicines are drugs that help people suffering from and into our bloodstream. Once there, the digested food Minerals Needed in small Salt, milk (for
pain or disease molecules are carried around the body to where they are amounts to calcium) and liver
● recreational drugs are taken by people because they maintain health (for iron)
needed.
like the effects they have on their bodies.
● Some recreational drugs are legal, such as tobacco and Vitamins Needed in small Fruit, vegetables,
alcohol, although there are restrictions on who can buy Only small, soluble substances can pass across the wall of the amounts to dairy
them. Caffeine, found in coffee, is another recreational small intestine. Large insoluble substances cannot pass through. maintain health
drug. Most other recreational drugs are illegal, and To maximise absorption the body has the following adaptations:
these include cannabis, ecstasy and heroin. Dietary fibre To provide Vegetables, bran
● Large surface area - maximises absorption of essential roughage to help
to keep the food
nutrients.
Recreational drugs can be classified as a depressant or a moving through
● Thin walls - allows fast and efficient exchange of the gut
stimulant. Most recreational drugs can be addictive. nutrients into the blood.
● Long distance - allows time for all nutrients to be Water Needed for cells Water, fruit juice,
absorbed. and body fluids milk