+0) WikieeDiA « YJ theFree Encyclopedia WIKIPEDIA Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,!!linotes 1] were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914-1918). It consisted of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria; this was also known as the Quadruple Alliance,|2](=tes2} The Central Powers’ origin was the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879. Despite having nominally joined the Triple Alliance before, Italy did not take part in World War I on the side of the Central Powers and later joined on the side of the Allied Powers. The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria did not join until after World War I had begun. The Central Powers faced, and were defeated by, the Allied Powers, which themselves had formed around the Triple Entente Background ‘The Central Powers started with the Dual Alliance between the German Empire and Austria-Hungary.3! Then the Ottoman Empire joined with the German— Ottoman alliance,4! then Bulgaria with the Bulgaria— Germany treaty.{5] Name Central Powers 1914-1918 ‘a The Central Powers as of 14 October 1915 Status Miltary alliance Membership Germany Mi Austria-Hungary [Ottoman Empire mm Bulgaria (from 1915) Historical era World War| +Established 1914 ‘Dissolved 1918 Preceded by Dual Alliance (1879) German—Ottoman alliance Bulgaria—Germany treaty (1915)The name "Central Powers" is derived from the location of these countries; all four were located between the Russian Empire in the east and France and the United Kingdom in the west.!61 Collaboration Leaders of the Central Powers (left to right): Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany; Some examples of the Central Powers — Kaiser and King Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary; collaborating militaristically are listed below. Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire; Militaristic collaboration Tsar Ferdinand | of Bulgaria The caption reads: "Vereinte Krafte fiihren zum Ziel” ("United Powers Lead to the Goal") In the Gorlic forces launched an assault on Russian positions to lessen pressure on the Austro- Hungarians to the south, diverting Russian troops from the Austro-Hungarian lines.!7] At the Battle of Caporetto, Austro-Hungarian forces broke through the Italian lines, in part due to the German use of mustard gas on the Italian Second Army, [81 ‘arnéw Offensive, German Economical collaboration Germany had plans to creat Hungary, Germany, and others.{91 Mitteleuropa economic association. Members would include Austria~ Main member states “é At the start of the war, the Central Powers consisted of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Ottoman Empire joined later in 1914, followed by the Tsardom of Bulgaria in Allied and Central Powers during World War | 1915.21 Allied Powers Allied colonies, dominions, territories or occupations Central Powers Central Powers’ colonies or occupations Neutral countriesNation Date of entry Austro-Hungarian Empire | 28 July 1914 Scerman Empire 1 August 1914 [Zi ottoman Empire 2 August 1914, announced 29 October 1914 mm Tsardom of Bulgaria 14 October 1915 German Em War justifications In early July 1914, in the aftermath of the assassination of Austro- Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and faced with the prospect of war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German government informed the Austro-Hungarian government that Germany would uphold its alliance with Austria- Hungary and defend it from possible Russian intervention if a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia took place.!"°] When Russia enacted a general mobilization, Germany viewed the act as provocative.“ The Russian government promised Germany that its general mobilization did not mean preparation for war with Germany but was a reaction to the tensions between Austria- Hungary and Serbia] The German government regarded the Russian promise of no war with Germany to be nonsense in light of its general mobilization, and Germany, in turn, mobilized for war."4] On 1 August, Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia stating that since both Germany and Russia were in a state of military mobilization, an effective state of war existed between the two countries.""2) Later that day, France, an ally of Russia, declared a state of general mobilization.(!2] Europe in 1914 German soldiers on the battlefield in ‘August 1914 on the Western Front, shorlly after the outbreak of war German cavalry entering Warsaw in 1915 In August 1914, Germany attacked Russia, citing Russian aggression as demonstrated by the mobilization of the Russian army, which had resulted in Germany mobilizing in response.!*31After Germany declared war on Russia, France, with its alliance with Russia, prepared a general mobilization in expectation of war. On 3 August 1914, Germany responded to this action by declaring war on France.""4] Germany, facing a two-front war, enacted what was known as the Schlieffen Plan, which involved German armed forces moving through Belgium and swinging south into France and towards the French capital of Paris. This plan was hoped to quickly gain victory against the French and allow German forces to concentrate on the Eastern Front. Belgium was a neutral country and would not accept German forces crossing its territory. Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality and Bc a German battlecruiser SMS Seyaitz heavily damaged after the Batle of Juana invaded the country to launch an offensive towards Paris. This caused Great Britain to declare war against the German Empire, as the action violated the Treaty of London that both nations signed in 1839 guaranteeing Belgian neutrality, 25126] Subsequently, several states declared war on Germany in late August 1914, with Italy declaring war on Germany in August 1916,7) the United States in April 1917,"8) and Greece in July be} 1917! ‘German Fokker Drl fighter aircraft of Jasta 26 at Erchin in German- Colonies and dependencies occupied France Europe After successfully beating France in the Franco-Pru province of Alsace-Lorraine upon its founding in 1871. However, the province was still claimed by French revanchists,!20ll@1T Jeading to its recession to France at the ‘Treaty of Versailles.!22] n War, the German Empire incorporated the Africa ‘The German Empire was late to colonization, only beginning overseas expansion in the 1870s and 1880s. Colonization was opposed by much of the government, including chancellor Otto von Bismarck, but it became a colonial power after participating in the Berlin Conference. Then, private companies were founded and began settling parts of Africa, the Pacific, and China. Later these groups became German protectorates and colonies.[231 Cameroon was a German colony existing from 1884 until its complete occupation in 1915. It was ceded to France as a League of Nations Mandate at the war's end.!241 German East Africa was founded in 1885 and expanded to include modern-day Tanzania (except Zanzibar), Rwanda, Burundi, and parts of Mozambique. It was the only German colony to not be fully conquered during the war, with resistance by commander Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck lasting until November 1918. Later it was surrendered to the Allies in 1919 and split between the Belgian Congo, Portuguese Mozambique, and the newly founded colony of Tanganyika.(25)South West Africa, modern-day Namibia, came under German rule in 1885 and was absorbed into South Africa following its invasion in 1915.16) ‘Togoland, now part of Ghana, was made a German protectorate in 1884. However, after a swift campaign, it was oceupied by the Allies in 1915 and divided between French Togoland and British Togoland.271 Asia The Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory was a German dependency in East Asia leased from China in 1898.[8] Japanese forces occupied it following the Siege of Tsingtao/291 Pacific German New Guinea was a German protectorate in the Pacific. It was occupied by Australian forces in (a0) 1914.13German Samoa was a German protectorate following the Tripartite Convention.'3"] It was occupied by the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in 1914.[32] Declarations of war Datel%2I24135 | Declared by | Declared against 1914 4 August mm Russia Germany Bel gus = igium sauoust Tess 4August | SES Britain 6 August | BR Serbia = cormany BAugust | KPH Montenegro 23August | @ Japan 1915 28 August | Mal Italy = cermany 1916 9 March El Portugal = cermany 28 August DE Romania 1917 6 Apri nited States Panama T April Cuba 27 June HE Greece = = Germany 22 July Ssiam 4 August = Liberia 14 August | China 26 October | EB Brazil 1918 23 April [hl Guatemala 6 May = Nicaragua 23 May Costa Rica = TH Germany 12 July ey ait 19 July Honduras Austro-Hungarian EmpireWar justifications Austria-Hungary regarded the sination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand as having been orchestrated with the assistance of Serbia."°] The country viewed the assassination as setting a dangerous precedent of encouraging the country’s South Slav population to rebel and threaten to tear apart the multinational country.4] Austria-Hungary sent a formal ultimatum to Serbia demanding a full-scale investigation of Serbian government complicity in the assassination and complete compliance by Serbia in agreeing to the terms demanded by Austria-Hungary.°] Serbia submitted to accept most of the demands. However, Austria- Hungary viewed this as insufficient and used this lack of full compliance to justify military intervention.!86 These demands have been viewed as a diplomatic cover for an inevitable Austro- Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia (36) Russia had warned Austria-Hungary that the Russian government would not tolerate Austria-Hungary invading Serbia.!36] However, with Germany supporting Austria-Hungary's actions, the Austro- Hungarian government hoped that Russia would not intervene and that the conflict with Serbia would remain a regional conflict.4°) ‘Austro-Hungarian soldiers in a trench on the Italian front ‘Austro-Hungarian soldiers marching up Mount Zion in Jerusalem in the Ottoman Empire, during the Middle Eastern campaign Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia resulted in Russia declaring war on the country, and Germany, in turn, declared war on Russia, setting off the beginning of the clash of alliances that resulted in the World War.!37] Territory Austria-Hungary was internally divided into two states with their own governments, joined through the Habsburg throne. Austria, also known as Cisleithania, contained various duchies and principalities but also the Kingdom of Bohemia,!28 the Kingdom of Dalmatia,/39! and the Kingdom ofGalicia and Lodomeria.!4°) Hungary (Transleithania) comprised the Kingdom of Hungary!"] and the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.!42] In Bosnia and Herzegovina, sovereign authority was shared by both Austria and Hungary.43] Declarations of war Datel28I84I35) | Declared by Declared against 1914 28 July Austria Hungary | EM Serbia August | BI Montenegro | ll Austria-Hungary SAugust | MM Austria-Hungary | guy Russia rerugst yee, Austria-Hungary 25 August | @ Japan 2BAugust ‘Ml Austria-Hungary | ff Belgium 1915 23 May Hay Austria-Hungary 1916 18 March | Mill Austria-Hungary | [Il Portugal 28 August | ll Romania Mi AustriaeHungary 1917 27 June HE Greece 22 July = siam 14August | SE China Austria-Hungary 7 December nited States 10 December | gg! Panama 1918 6 May Nicaragua Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire War justifications The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the side of the Central Powers in November 1914. The Ottoman Empire had gained strong economic connections with Germany through the Berlin-to- Baghdad railway project that was still incomplete at the time.!44] The Ottoman Empire made a formal alliance with Germany signed on 2 August 1914.45! The alliance treaty expected that the Ottoman Empire would become involved in the conflict in a short amount of time./45] However, for the firstseveral months of the war, the Ottoman Empire maintained neutrality though it allowed a German naval squadron to enter and stay near the strait of Bosphorus.!46] Ottoman officials informed the German government that the country needed time to prepare for conflict.48) Germany provided financial aid and weapons shipments to the Ottoman Empire.!45] After pressure escalated from the German government demanding that the Ottoman Empire fulfill its treaty obligations, or else Germany would expel the country from the alliance and terminate economic and military assistance, the Ottoman government entered the war with the recently acquired cruisers from Germany, along with their own navy, launching a naval raid on the Russian ports of Odessa, Sevastopol, Novorossiysk, Feodosia, and Yalta,!47I[48] thus engaging in military action in accordance with its alliance obligations with Germany. Shorty after, the Triple Entente declared war on the Ottoman Empire.!49] Declarations of war Datel231134)135) Declared by Declared against 1914 1 November | jum Russia Ottoman Empire 7 TB France S November WUE 11 November | [lj Ottoman Empire ‘© Japan 2December | IRM Serbia 3December | IM Montenegro Ottoman Empire 5 December | @ Japan 1915 21 August | al aly [i Ottoman Empire 1916 30 August | [J Ottoman Empire | ffl Romania 1917 27 June SE Greece [i Ottoman Empire Bulgaria War justifications preparations for an assault on the ‘Suez Canal in 1914 Kaiser Wilhelm II visiting the Turkish cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim during his stay in Istanbul in October 1917 as a guest of Sultan Mehmed VAfter Bulgaria's defeat in July 1913 at the hands of Serbia, Greece and Romania. It signed a treaty of defensive alliance with the Ottoman Empire on 19 August 1914.[5°] Bulgaria was the last country to join the Central Powers, which it did in October 1915 by declaring war on Serbia.!24I It invaded Serbia in conjunction with German and Austro-Hungarian forces.{54) Bulgaria held claims on the region of Vardar Macedonia then held by Serbia following the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the Treaty of Bucharest (1913).{54I As a condition of entering the war on the side of the Central Powers, Bulgaria was granted the right to reclaim that territory.{531l54] Bulgarian soldiers firing at incoming aircraft Declarations of war Datel®3124I35) | Declared by Declared against 1915, 14 October | gm Bulgaria | BRM Serbia S55 Britain 15 October | I Montenegro teOctober France guy Bulgaria Bay 19.0ctober NEU ia 1916 1 September | jum Bulgaria | ff Romania 1917 2 July Hecreece | guy Bulgaria Co-belligerents South African Republic In opposition to offensive operations by Union of South Africa, which had joined the war, Boer army officers of what is now known as the Maritz Rebellion "refounded" the South African Republic in September 1914. Germany assisted the rebels, with some operating in and out of the German _ Flag of the South AVrican colony of German South-West Africa. The rebels were all defeated or Republic captured by South African government forces by 4 February 1915.(551 Senussi OrderThe Senussi Order was a Muslim political-religious tariga (Sufi order) and clan in Libya, previously under Ottoman control, which had been lost to Italy in 1912.'56] Ip 1915, they were courted by the Ottoman Empire and Germany, and Grand Senussi Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi declared jihad and BA attacked the Italians in Libya and the British in Egypt in the Senussi Campaign, [57] Flag of the Senussi Declarations of war Datel®$) Declared by Declared against 1915 21 August | fall taly | i Senussi Sultanate of Darfur In 1915, the Sultanate of Darfur renounced allegiance to the Sudanese government and aligned with the Ottomans. They were able to contact them via the Senussi. Prior to this they were a British ally. The Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition preemptively invaded to prevent an attack on Sudan.{59] 4 small force was sent after the sultan and he was killed in action in November 1916.{£2] The invasion ended with an Anglo-Egyptian victory in November 19161591] Flag of Darfur Zaian Confederation ‘The Zaian Confederation began to fight against France in the Zaian War to prevent French expansion into Morocco.!©1] The fighting lasted from 1914 and continued after the First World War ended, to 1921. The Central Powers (mainly the Germans) began to attempt to incite unrest to hopefully divert French resources from Europe.!®2! Dervish State Flag of the DervishThe Dervish State fought against the British, Ethiopian, Italian, and French Empires between 1896 and 1925.!63) During World War I, the Dervish State received many supplies from the German and Ottoman Empires to carry on fighting the Allies. However, looting from other Somali tribes in the Korahe raid eventually led to its collapse in 1925, {64I[6s1l661l67] Client states German client states Poland The Kingdom of Poland was a client state of Germany proclaimed on 5 November 1916 and established on 14 January 1917.8) This government was recognized by the emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary in November 1916, and it adopted a constitution in 1917.'69! The decision to create a Polish State was taken by Germany in order to attempt to legitimize its military occupation amongst the Polish inhabitants, following upon German propaganda sent to Polish inhabitants in 1915 that German soldiers were arriving as liberators to free Poland from subjugation by Russia/7°l The German government utilized the state alongside punitive threats to induce Polish landowners living in the German-occupied Baltic territories to move to the state and sell their Baltic property to Germans in exchange for moving to Poland. Efforts were made to induce similar emigration of Poles from ia to the state.!71] Pru: Lithuania ‘The Kingdom of Lithuania was a client state of Germany created on 16 February 1918.72] Belarus The Belarusian Democratic Republic was a client state of Germany created in 1918.1731 Ukraine The Ukrainian State was a client state of Germany led by Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi from 29 April 1918, after the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic was overthrown.|74] Crimea The Crimean Regional Government was a client state of Germany created on 25 June 1918. It was officially part of the Ukrainian State but acted separate from the central government. Kuban People's Republic The Kuban People's Republic eventually voted to join the Ukrainian State! Courland and SemigalliaThe Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a client state of Germany proclaimed on 8 March 1918.[76] ‘The Duchy of Courland was absorbed on September 22, 1918, by the United Baltic Duchy. Neither state, however, had any recognition other than by the German Empire_'771[78] United Baltic Duchy ‘The United Baltic Duchy, was proclaimed on 12 April 1918, by the Baltic German ruling class. It was to encompass the former Estonian governorates and incorporate the recently established Courland and Semigallia into a unified state.!78] Finland Finland had been an autonomous Grand Duchy under the Russian Empire since 1809, and when the empire collapsed in 1917, Finland gained its independence. After the Finnish Civil War, in which Germany backed the Whites against the Soviet-supported labor movement, there were efforts in May 1918 to establish a Kingdom of Finland, with a German prince elected as king. However, the signing of the Armistice, which ended World War I and weakened Germany's influence, intervened and prevented these plans from moving forward.[79] Georgia ‘The Democratic Republic of Georgia declared independence in 1918.80] Don ‘The Don Republic was founded on 18 May 1918.!8"! Their ataman Pyotr Krasnoy portrayed himself as willing to serve as a pro-German warlord.[821 Ottoman client states Jabal Shammar Jabal Shammar was an Arab state in the Middle East that was closely associated with the Ottoman Empire.l83] Azerbaijan In 1918, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, facing Bolshevik revolution and opposition from the ‘Muslim Musavat Party, was then occupied by the Ottoman Empire, which expelled the Bolsheviks while supporting the Musavat Party. The Ottoman Empire maintained a presence in Azerbaijan until the end of the war in November 1918.64) QatarInitially an Ottoman puppet, Qatar held an Ottoman garrison even following its independence from the Ottomans in 1913. Following a treaty with Britain, it became a British puppet. Its Ottoman Garrison left prior to this on August 20, 1915./851[861 Yemen Yemen Vilayet or Yemen was an autonomous region of the Ottoman Empire that stayed allied with the Sultan and fought against the Allies during the South Arabian campaign. [87] Nations supported by the Central Powers States listed in this section were not officially members of the Central Powers. Still, during the war, they cooperated with one or more Central Powers members on a level that makes their neutrality disputable. Ethiopia ‘The Ethiopian Empire was officially neutral throughout World War I but widely suspected of sympathy for the Central Powers between 1915 and 1916. At the time, Ethiopia was one of only two fully independent states in Africa (the other being Liberia) and a major power in the Horn of Africa. Its ruler, Lij Iyasu, was widely suspected of harbouring pro-Islamic sentiments and being sympathetic to the Ottoman Empire.!88! The German Empire also attempted to reach out to Iyasu, dispatching several unsuccessful expeditions to the region to attempt to encourage it to collaborate in an Arab Revolt-style uprising in East Africa. One of the uns ful expeditions was led by Leo Frobenius, a celebrated Lijlyasu, ruler of Ethiopia ethnographer and personal friend of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Under Iyasu's ji) so:6 picured in is directions, Ethiopia probably supplied weapons to the Muslim Dervish Oomanestyle turban with rebels during the Somaliland Campaign of 1915 to 1916, indirectly helping governor Abdullahi Sadiq the Central Powers’ cause.!891 The Allies jointly pressured the aristocracy for the designated emperor's removal on the 10th of September, 1916 stating he was a threat to both the Allies and Ethiopia.!9°) Fearing the rising influence of Iyasu and the Ottoman Empire, the Christian nobles of Ethiopia conspired against lyasu. Tyasu was first excommunicated by the Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarch and eventually deposed in a coup d'état on 27 September 1916. A less pro-Ottoman regent, Ras Tafari Makonnen, was installed on the throne.!891 Liechtenstein Liechtenstein was officially neutral throughout World War I, though the general population and government was supportive of the Central Powers, particularly Austria-Hungary, of which the two countries had been in a customs union since 1852. However, from September 1914 food deliveries from Austria-Hungary began to decrease, which quickly soured the initial war support.!21! By 1916 allfood deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued.!9!I[92] From 1916, Liechtenstein was embargoed by the Entente countries due to their connections to the Central Powers, which caused mass ‘unemployment in the country.!93! The government remained sympathetic to the Central Powers until 7 November 1918, when the November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch took place and a new government took power.1941 Upper Asir Upper Asir revolted away from Asir in 1916 and fought against them. [95] Leopold Freiherr von Imhof, Governor of ; Liechtenstein from Kingdom of Greece 19140 1918 The Kingdom of Greece was in a political dispute with Venizelists. The Central Powers supported the nation until King Constantine's abdication in 1917.96) Romania Following their armistice with the Central Powers, Romania was involved in the Russian Civil War against both the Whites and the Reds. Romania fought alongside the Central Powers until the country rejoined the war against them on November 10, 1918.[97] Non-state combatants Other movements supported the efforts of the Central Powers for their own reasons, such as the radical Irish Nationalists who launched the Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916; they referred to their "gallant allies in Europe”. However, most Irish Nationalists supported the British and allied war effort up until 1916, when the Irish political landscape was changing. In 1914, Jézef Pilsudski was permitted by Germany and Austria-Hungary to form independent Polish legions. Pilsudski wanted his legions to help the Central Powers defeat Russia and then side with France and the UK and win the war with them.[28] Below is a list of these non-state combatants. = Irish Citizen Armyl29] Irish Republican Brotherhood = Irish Volunteers = White Guard (Finland) = Polish Legions(12) = IMROLO) = Al Haydara Mansurl192I Armistice and treatiesBulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies on 29 September 1918, following a successful Allied advance in Macedonia.“°3! The Ottoman Empire followed suit on 30 October 1918 in the face of British and Arab gains in Palestine and Syria°4) Austria and Hungary concluded ceasefires separately during the first week of November following the disintegration of the Habsburg Empire and the Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto;!1°51106] Germany signed the armistice ending the war on the morning of 11 November 1918 after the Hundred Days Offensive, and a succession of advances by New Zealand, Australian, Canadian, Belgian, British, French and US forces in north-eastern France and Belgium. There was no unified treaty ending the war; the Central Powers were dealt with in separate treaties.(1071Central Powers by date of armistice Country Flag Name Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Austria. Hungary Germany Date 29 September 1918 30 October 1918 4 November 1918, 11 November 1918, Country Flag | Name HE cermany = Austria mmm Bulgaria == Hungary Ottoman TE Empire! Turkey Central Powers treaties Treaty of, Versailles Saint-Germain Neuilly Trianon ‘Sévres/Lausanne Results Germany was required to demilitarize the Rhineland, to reduce their army to 100,000 men, and'the navy to 15,000 sailors, and to pay 132 billion {gold marks (uss33 billion). Tanks, submarines, and an air force were all forbidden. The Trealy of Savres caused resentment ‘among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire and resulted in the outbreak of the Turkish War of Independence, after which the Treaty of Lausanne was signed. Date Signed 28 June 1919 10 September 1919 ar November 1919 4 June 1920 10 August 1920/24 July 1923The collapse of the Central Aposteard depicting the flags of Powers in 1918 the Central Powers’ countries Poster for a 1916 charity bazaar The leaders of the Central raising funds for widows and Powers in 1914 orphans of the Central Power states Leaders Austria-Hungary «= Franz Joseph I!"%8l - Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1848-1916)= Karl 1198] — Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1916-1918) German Empire = Wilhelm 1118] - German Emperor Ottoman Empire = Mehmed Vil - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1909-1918)= Mehmed Vil'8l - Suttan of the Ottoman Empire (1918-1922) Bulgaria «= Ferdinand II") - Tsar of Bulgaria Co-belligerents and lesser allies Sultanate of Darfur = Ali Dinar!"9l - sultan of Darfur South African Republic = Manie Maritz(""') - Boer General and leader of the Maritz Rebellion Dervish State = Mohammed Abdullah Hassanl""2I - emir of the Dervish State Senussi Order = Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi!'"9) - Leader of the Senussi from 1902-1933, Emirate of Jabal Shammar = Saud bin Abdulaziz!""4] - Emir of Jabal Shammar Client states Azerbaijan = Fatali Khan Khoyskil'"®) - Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (1918-1919) Ukraine = Pavlo Skoropadskyil"'§] - Hetman of Ukraine (1918) Statistics Economic statistics of the Central Powers [notes SII117) Population Land GDP GDP per capita Sountry (millions) | (million km?) __($ billion) ®‘Country Population Land GDP GOP Par/eaPitailitary Deaths (millions) (milion km?) ($ billipn) @daceal Powers) _ Mainland 67.0 05 244.3) 3,648 Germany Colonies 10.7 3.0 64 601 (1914) Total 714 38, 2507) 3.227 Austria-Hungary , aS 506 06 1005) 1,980 Ottoman Empire ms 23.0 18 253 1,100 mmm Bulgaria (1915) 48 Of 74 1,527 Proport f Central Powers’ Total 156.1 60, 3839) 2459 falalilios Allies, total, Alles total 793.3 675 1,096.5 UK, France and Hussinony 259.0 226 622.8 Military statistics of the Central Powers !"8) Percentage im 7 Killed in in Missing Total casualties Country Mobilized action Wounded in action casualties of total force mobilized = 2,037,000 Semany 13250,000/ 4087000 6.267.143 1,152,800 9,456,943 1% a Austtia- 7,800,000 “4P%3m) 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,314,200 94% Hungary 3058000} 774884 763,163 250.000 1,785,000 oor Giemen 9.086, (fo.84%) ; 785, * = 75,844 9 I ara 1,200,000 ean 153,390 27,029 255,263 21% Total 25,257,421 4,378,928 10,803,533 «3,629,820 «18,812,290 75% See also = Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War = Color books, transcripts of official documents released by each nation early in the war = Diplomatic history of World War | = Home front during World War I covering all major countries = International relations of the Great Powers (1814-1919) = Axis powers = Kaiserreich (disambiguation)= Spa Conferences (First World War) Footnotes 1. German: Mittelmachte; Hungarian: Kézponti hatalmak; Ottoman Turkish: ysl» Si, romanized: Ittifaq Devletleri, Baglasma Devietleri, Bulgarian: LleHTpanan can, romanized: Centralni sil 2. German: Vierbund, Ottoman Turkish: GUE! 8, romanized: Dértlii Ituifaq, Hungarian: Kézponti hatalmak, Bulgarian: UetBopeH cbl03, romanized: Cetvoren sijuz 3. All figures presented are for the year 1913. References 1..e.g. in Britain and the Olympic Games, 1908-1920 (https://books.google.com/books?id=UpGkCg AAQBAJ&pg=PA185) by Luke J. Harris p. 185 2. Hindenburg, Paul von (1920). Out of my life (https://archive.org/details/outofmylifeOOhinduoft) London : Cassell. p. 113 — via Internet Archive. 3. Andrew, Christopher (1966). "German World Policy and the Reshaping of the Dual Alliance" (http s:/iwww.jstor.org/stable/259939). Journal of Contemporary History. 1 (3): 137-151. ISSN 0022- 0094 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094).. 4. "Avalon Project - Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August, 1914” (https://avalon.| aw.yale.edu/20th_century/turkgerm.asp). avalon.law. yale.edu. Retrieved 22 October 2024. 5. "Bulgaria" (https://wwitoday.com/wwiScLocationDetail.php?id=30). wwitoday.com. Retrieved 22 October 2024. . "Central Powers" (https://nzhistory.govt.nziwar/central-powers). New Zealand History. Stone, Norman (1998). The Eastern Front 1914-1917. . Seth, Ronald (1965). Caporetto: The Scapegoat Battle. Macdonald. p. 147 "The September Memorandum (September 9, 1914)" (https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_document cfm? document_id=980). German History in Documents and Images (GHD). Retrieved 19 December 2022. 10. Cashman, Greg; Robinson, Leonard C. An Introduction to the Causes of War: Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War | to Iraq. Rowman & Littlefield. 2007. p. 57 11. Meyer, G. J. (2006). A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918, Delta Book p. 39. 12. Meyer, G.J. A World Undone: The Story of the Great War, 1914 to 1918. Delta Book. 2006. p. 95. 13. Hagen, William W. (2012). German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation. Cambridge University Press. p, 228. 44. Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. 2009. p. 1556 16. Eric Van Hooydonk (2006). "Chapter 15" (https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0_6pPNR40EC8&q =%22London*conference%22+1839&pg=PA417). In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.). Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, p. 417. ISBN 9789004149526. Retrieved 30 May 2012. 16. E.H. Kossmann, The Low Countries, 1780-1940 (Oxford UP, 1978) pp. 517-44. ©eErne17. 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"Ferdinand" (http:/Awww.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/204384/Ferdinand). Encyclopeedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015. 110. O'Fahey, R.S. (2008). The Darfur Sultanate: A History. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 283-284, ISBN 978-0-231-70038-2. 111. "Salomon Gerhardus Maritz | Boer War, Commando Leader, Transvaal | Britannica” (https://www.b ritannica.com/biography/Salomon-Gerhardus-Maritz). www.britannica.com. Retrieved 29 September 2024, 112. Abdullahi (Badiyow), Abdurahman (2015). The Islamic Movement in Somalia (hitps://books.goog| e.com/books?id=sHYoDWAAQBAJ&q=qaadiriyah). Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 71. ISBN 9781912234035. 113. Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Senussi"_(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A 6dia_Britannica/Senussi). In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopeedia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 649-651 114, Glubb, John Bagot (1 April 2014). "Ibn Sa'ud” (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/28082 7ilbn-Saudi#ref22894). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 30 January 2015. 115, Ahmadova, Firdovsiyya (2017). "Founders of the Republic: Fatali Khan Khoyski" (https:/web.archi ve.org/web/20170714121016/http://irs-az.com/new/pdf/201508/144076290140894955 1 pdf) (PDF). irs-az.com/new/pdf/201508/1440762901408949551.paf. Archived from the original (http://ir s-az.com/new/paf/201508/1440762901408949551 paf) (PDF) on 14 July 2017 116. lomopia Yxpainu @ oco6ax XIX-XX cm (https://books google, com/books?id=tXniAAAAMAAJ&q=% 22%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C %D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D1%83%D1%81%D 1%96%D1%94%D1%97%20%D0%A3%D0%BA%D 1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%DO%B 8%22) (in Ukrainian). Bp-80 "Ykpaiva”. 1995. p. 222. ISBN 978-5-319-00882-4. 117. S.N. Broadberry, Mark Harrison. The Economics of World War | (https://books.google.com/books?i d=Y9GP9gtGikgC). illustrated ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 9-10. 118. Spencer Tucker (1996). The European Powers in the First World War (https:l/books.google.com/b 00ks?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&q=Direct+and+Indirect+Costs+ofthe+Great+World+War&pg=PA172). Taylor & Francis. p, 173. ISBN 978-0-8153-0399-2, Further reading = Akin, Yigit. When the War Came Home: The Ottomans' Great War and the Devastation of anEmpire (2018) «= Aksakal, Mustafa. The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War (2010) = Brandenburg, Erich. (1927) From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870-1914 (1927) online (https:/web.archive.org/web/20170315175229/http://www.dli.ernet.in/ha ndle/2015/12322). « Clark, Christopher. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2013) = Craig, Gordon A. "The World War | alliance of the Central Powers in retrospect: The military cohesion of the alliance (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1875406)". Journal of Modern History 37.3 (1965): 336-344, = Dedijer, Vladimir. The Road to Sarajevo, comprehensive history of the assassination with detailed material on the Austrian Empire and Serbia. (1966) = Fay, Sidney B. The Origins of the World War (2 vols in one. 2nd ed. 1930). online (https://archive. orgidetails/in.ernet.dli.2015.499097), passim = Gooch, G, P. Before The War Vol Il pp 373-447 on Berchtold (1939) = Hall, Richard C. "Bulgaria in the First World War". Historian 73.2 (2011): 300-315. online (https:/Av ww.questia. comllibrary/journal/1G1-260060597 /bulgaria-in-the-first-world-war) Archived (hitps://we b.archive.orgiweb/20200727185657/https://www.questia comv/library/journallG1-260060597/bulg aria-in-the-first-world-war) 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine = Hamilton, Richard F. and Holger H. Herwig, eds. Decisions for War, 1914-1917 (2004), scholarly essays on Serbia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, Britain, Japan, Ottoman Empire, Italy, the United States, Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece. = Herweg, Holger H. The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 (2009). = Herweg, Holger H., and Neil Heyman. Biographical Dictionary of World War | (1982). = Hubatsch, Walther. Germany and the Central Powers in the World War, 1914— 1918 (1963) online (https://www.questia.com/library/107552/germany-and-the-central-powers-in-the-world-war-1914) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201116102820/https://www.questia.com/library/107552/g ermany-and-the-central-powers-in-the-world-war-1914) 16 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine = Jarausch, Konrad Hugo. "Revising German History: Bethmann-Hollweg Revisited". Central European History 21#3 (1988): 224-243, historiography in JSTOR (https://wwwjstor.org/stable/45 46122) = Pribram, A. F. Austrian Foreign Policy, 1908-18 (1923) pp 68-128. = Rich, Norman. Great Power Diplomacy: 1814-1914 (1991), comprehensive survey = Schmitt, Bernadotte E. The coming of the war, 1914 (2 vol 1930) comprehensive history online vol 1 (https://archive.org/details/comingofwar191401bern); online vol 2 (https://archive.org/detailsicom ingofwar191402bern), esp vol 2 ch 20 pp 334-382 = Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume |: To Arms (2003). = Tucker, Spencer C., ed, The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1996) 816pp = Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I (2014) = Wawro, Geoffrey. A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War | and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire (2014) = Williamson, Samuel R. Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War (1991) = Zametica, John. Folly and malice: the Habsburg empire, the Balkans and the start of World War ‘One (London: Shepheard-Walwyn, 2017). 416pp. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wlindex.php?title=Central_Powers&oldid=1255280477"