OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

TPD 101 MATERIAL

(NOTE , QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)

AFTER READING SOLVE QUESTIONS TO BE SURE YOU

UNDERSTOOD THE TOPIC

COMPILED BY DREBAKARE

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 SUCCESS TIPS
This course is very simple and quiet interesting so to say, but many people
found their selves failing it because they didn’t see anything serious in it. Though
is a unit course but take it very important because I know you wouldn’t allow
anything to disturb you from getting your 5.00GP.
Here are some tips that help you get your “A” in this course:
1) Never let any day pass without reading it so as for you to get used to it because
is a “la cram la pour” course
2) Always discuss it with your friend(s) or do group discussion on it
3) Always read with questions i.e. when you are through reading it, always solve
questions on it to check your progress
4) Always pray because is only God that gives “A”
If you can follow all these, trust me “A” is coming your way
CHAPTER ONE

HISTORICAL RULES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY, SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND

INDUSTRIALIZATION.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING.

The skilful use of materials and metals by man through the ages has been one of the most significant factors
that account for the attainment of his present standard of living. In fact, there are different stages of man’s
history which are identified as:-
1. The stone age
2. Bronze age
3. Iron age
4. Middle or dark age
5. Adamic age
6. Industrial revolution
7. Space age
8. The present silicon age i.e. Computer age

THE STONE AGE

Man has realised the importance of tools and techniques in making the survival achievable. Primitive
technology was developed within this period were made stone, wood and bones. It is a common knowledge
that man is physically not well endowed for survival in most of the climates in which he lives.
However, he has come to survive and dominate over all other creatures through cooperative effort and the
technology developed out of the cooperation.

THE BRONZE AND IRON AGE

During the Neolithic age or period of civilization i.e about 3000-1000 BC, Copper, Bronze and Iron were
discovered and their use was a great improvement over the use of Stone ,wood and bones because they could
be formed into different shapes as required. They could absorb larger forces. The discovery of basic machines
on which modern technology is based.
1. The lever
2. Wedge
3. Inclined plane
4. Pulley
5. Wheel
6. Axle and Screw
All these are features of metal uses.

THE MIDDLE OR DARK AGE

The middle or dark age follow the metal ages and the technologies introduced within this period include water wheels,
mills, plough and printing technologies among others. The discovery of the steam engine by the middle of the 18th
century in England later fuelled the industrial revolution that occurred in Europe and North America in the 19th century.
The Steam engine facilitated the building of more sophisticated machines that were used in the different industrial
enclopes. Among the different technologies developed were mining, shipping advancement, transportation and textile.
There are lots of mobile inventions and these are:-
1) Electric motor- by Michael Faraday 1821
2) Steam turbine – Charles Parsons 1884
3) Internal combustion engine – Rudolph Diesel 1893
As time went on, a major breakthrough occurred in chemical technology with the application of atomic principle in the
manufacture of atomic bomb. The atomic principle was also applied in power generation. As machine become more
sophisticated and complicated, the precision monitoring are control induced development in building electronic
culmating. In development of Computer age by Presper Eckert jr. in the middle of 20th century.
The computer today impact every aspect of human existence.
THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE
The Nigerian experience include the pre historic period subsequently followed by the pre-colonial period.
Various technology developed among different tribes include:-
1) Mining and metal extraction
2) Metal palpitation
3) Dyeing, indigenous food processing and preservation technology
With colonization, modern technology and engineering that were required by the colonial master for the
exploration of Nigerian agricultural resources gradually replaced what existed before. The present need of
Nigeria is to develop Local capabilities in Engineering and Technology to aid sustainable development which
will enable us to compare effectively in the new World environment. The capacity development should include
various activities such as:-
1) The ability to select from available technologies
2) Ability to master imported technologies
3) Ability to adopt technology to suit specific production competition
4) The ability to introduce the degree of nobility in the production of products or process i.e Minor
innovation.
5) The ability to establish functional R and D facilities to search for innovation and conduct basic
research.
A major benefit of such development is the reduction of technological dependency of Nigeria on the
advanced countries.

CHAPTER TWO

ENGINEERING AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

The Engineering Discipline

The Engineering discipline of the early ages evolved in line with the survival means of man. At the
beginning, the main human activities revolved around production of food, provision of residential houses,
recreational facilities and protection against invasion from wild animals and other humans.
In view of this, engineering as an act was mostly applied for Agriculture, Civil and Military purposes.
Therefore, in the beginning, the basic Engineering discipline were:-
1) Agricultural Engineering
2) Civil Engineering
3) Military Engineering later known as Mechanical Engineering
However, with increase in diversification and specialization of activities along the development
history of man in line with many other Engineering disciplines emerged.
In the present age, the following Engineering disciplines could be identified among others, we
have:-
Agricultural, Food, Soil, Water, Civil, Structure, Electronic, Computer, Communication, Mechanical,
Astronomical, Industrial or Production Engineering, Marine, Automobile, Control, Mining, Metallurgical and
Ceramic Engineering, Biomedical and Biochemical Engineering
It should be noted that the new engineering disciplines are bound to match in the advancement with technology
and increase in specification and specialization

ENGINEERING AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

At the beginning of human history, man continues to exist and its existence was controlled by changes
in weather, and natural phenomenon. In the modern age, the action of technology which incorporate
engineering activities and its nature could be observed in agriculture, mineral exploration, electricity
generation and manufacturing activities and many others.
Natural environment (biosphere):- The natural environment which is sometimes referred to as the biosphere
is made up of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
Atmosphere: - This is the gaseous envelop of the Earth. It consist of CO2 and O2 which are essential for plant
and animals life on Earth.
Hydrosphere: - This is the aqueous component of biosphere existing as ice, water, vapour either under the
ground or on the surface.
Lithosphere:- This is the solid portion of the soil. It consists of rocks, mountains, solid and liquid minerals. It
aids plant growth.
There are six components/elements in biosphere.
1) Carbon
2) Oxygen
3) Hydrogen
4) Nitrogen
5) Phosphorus
6) Sulphur
They make up of 95% of all living things. The natural environment maintains this nutrients or elements in
specific proportions in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere. However, human activities in the modern
age disrupt this balance by causing stress on the environment. The stress manifest in air, water and soil
pollution, soil erosion and desertification.

Air Pollution
There are five major components in air pollution. They are;-
Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide, Hydrocarbon, Nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter.
Sources of Air Pollution
1) Engineering activities used for mining, industrial production, manufacturing, agriculture,
transportation and communication
Effects of these pollutant on the Biosphere
*Extinction of some plants and animal species due to change in air composition
*Acid rain formation
S + O2  SO2
Fuel
SO2 +2H2O  H2SO4 + H2
acid rain
*Ozone layer depletion:-
3O2 + UV  2O3
Ozone
Ozone is a blue highly reactive gas forming a layer at the upper atmosphere, thereby protecting
us from the harmful radiation: Agricultural and Industrial activities produce hydrocarbons that
combine with the ozone thereby depleting the cover.

Water Pollution
Water pollution is divided into degradation and non-degradation pollution .
Degradable pollutants: Degradable pollutant are generally of organic waste origin. Bacteria action in the
environment causes these pollutant to change their form. The presence of these pollutant to large quantity
in rivers can lead overgrowth of algae. Whose activities would increase the toxity of the rivers. Offensive
odours are also produced.
Non-degradable pollutants: They do not change in composition in the water with time. They include a
variety of salts and heavy metals such as lead, Mercury and Cadmium. Silts as pollutant is caused when
wind or water erodes the soil and deposit it into water waste.
Sources of Water pollutant
1) Silt erosion
2) Domestic and Industrial activities
3) Oil Spillage either through tankers or burst pipes
 4) Automobiles

Soil Pollution
Soil pollution is caused by the presence of materials in the soil which are harmful to human beings
when they exceed the maximum amount of concentrated levels. It is typically caused by Industrial
activities, Agricultural, Chemicals or improper disposal of waste.
Soil pollutants are those contaminants judged to be threats to the environment and public health. They are
toxicants which occurs both naturally and derived in various kinds of chlorinated organics.
The most common types of soil pollutant are:
1) Inorganic Substances e.g. heavy metals such as lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) etc.
2) Organic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum etc.

Causes of Soil Pollution

1) Accidental Splits
2) Acid rain (which is caused by air pollution)
3) Deforestation
4) Intensive farming

How to Manage Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Environmental degradation is the reduction in the quality of air, water and soil
Air Pollution (Prevention and Control)
a. Method of controlling gas pollution:- Combustion is used when the pollutants are in the form of organic
gases or vapours. Absorption is when the gaseous effluents are passed through scrubbers and
absorbers. Adsorbents kept in suitable containers.
b. Use of better designed equipment and smokeless fuels, hearths in industries and at home.
c. Automobiles should be properly maintained and adhere to recent emission standard.
d. More trees should be planted along road side and houses.

Water Pollution
Water pollution is a human-induced change in the chemical, physical and biological quality of water that is
injurious to its existing, intended or potential uses such as boating, water swing, swimming etc.
The discharge of toxic chemicals from a pipe or release of livestock waste into a nearby water body is
considered pollution. The contamination of ground water, lakes etc.
Sources of Water Pollution
Sewage outfalls and oil spills are examples of point source pollution. The non-point pollution refers to all
other discharges that release contaminant to water bodies.
Prevention and Control
i. Sewage should be treated before it is discharge in to the rivers or ocean
ii. Waste food materials paper, decaying vegetables and plastics should not be thrown in open drains.
iii. Oil sticks should be skimmed off from the surface with suction device
Sawdust may be spread over oil sticks to absorb oil components.

Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution

i. Soil erosion can be prevented by planting cover crops
ii. Use of control ploughing
iii. Conservation of wetlands
iv. Encouraging biological diversity by planting different types of crops together.
v. Inorganic pollutant can be extracted from the soil by absorbing or adsorbing in the solid soil matrix
vi. Soil PH is one of the major factors in controlling heavy metals.
CHAPTER THREE

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT O F ENGINEERING OCCUPATION AND TRAINING

Engineering education is an aspect of an engineering combining the practical aspect with the occupation.
Most of what constitute engineering education was shaped by what is commonly termed THE
ENGINEERING SCIENCE REVOLUTION which was started by the technological needs during and
immediately after World War II and later promoted by the infusion of massive government funding for
university research.
The research account of engineering education looks at the happening before the 1950’s when engineering
was taught largely by individuals with industrial experience. Engineering pedagogy which is the act of
teaching the student to become engineers was large practice based and included personal and interpersonal
skills interwoven with the critical necessary system building engineering skills. Disciplinary knowledge judge
by today’s standard was minimal but a fundamental understanding of basic principles was instilled.
As at the 1950’s, engineering was taught by a balance of older industry/experienced faculty and the new
younger research faculty, thus a new technology in the technology in the engineering field which was
interwoven with practice emerged. However in ensuring next decades, the industry experienced faculty retired
and were replaced by researches to form the research university. The pendulum of engineering pedagogy
swung from the practice based curriculum to an engineering science based model. The engineering faculty
then moved same teachers who had the real working experience to faculty engaged almost totally in research
and having no practical engineering experience. This was intended to offer a student a rigorous scientific
foundation that would equip them to address the unknown future technical challenges but this later resulted in
a cultural shift that substantially diminished the value of the key personal or interpersonal and system building
engineering skills and attitudes that had previously been the hall mark of an engineering education.
Today, this shift has resulted in a gap and torsion created by the difference of opinion between the
engineering educators and the broader engineering community that ultimately employ engineering graduates.
Overtime, the modern engineering education and the real world of engineering practice have drifted apart
and the gaps keep widening. It is an established fact that today’s engineering graduates most often cannot
think from fundamentals and do not possess the broad range of personal and interpersonal and system building
skills and knowledge that allows them to successfully function an engineering tips to produce high quality
products and system through well trained in science and mathematics. Most often, today, engineering
companies spend huge sums of money to train their newly employ and there is now a loud cry for change. In
a bid to close up this gap, some schools in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia have formed a
network to develop a new vision of engineering education. This network is called ( CDIO initiative ). The
CDIO is a comprehensive program that returns engineering education to its heritage by restoring the proper
balance between engineering practice and the disciplinary knowledge of science and mathematics.

DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN NIGERIA

The Nigerian University education and training system is beset by a number of inadequacies. Namely:-
1) The low entry standard
2) Non-uniformity in entering processes for all engineering faculty in the Country
3) Moderate academic quality of entrance for the profession
4) Low level of the knowledge of mathematics and physical science for the study of the profession
5) Short and inadequate period of training in the university.
The Nigerian system is identical with that of Britain with some social, Industrial and Economic limitation
which will end up producing mere calculators and not engineers. The world engineering originates from
“ingenious person” which requires cleverness, resourcefulness and inventiveness. There is a need for a sound
education and training as developing Countries move towards engineering man power development for rapid
acquisition of modern technology. Up to the recent years engineering and technical education for Nigerians
was of the lowest priority with the educational system of the country. The YABA college of technology
established in 1930 was planned to provide a program of higher education and vocational training that would
produce well qualified assistance in engineering and other vocational profession. Professor Fafunwa noted a
high level of drop out and a low number of staff ( inadequate staff strength ) as a problem in engineering
profession. After the independence, some Universities like University of Nsukka, University College, Ibadan,
University of Ife and the University of Benin were then created and now we have about 27 federal and state
owned universities with more than half of them having faculty of engineering and technology. Despite the
number, it will appear that the foreign component in the input, in design, construction, maintenance and
management of engineering and technological system is still far out of proportion to the expected indigenous
contributions.
The weakness in the university engineering education system are thus:-
1) Low entry standard
2) Difference in University admission processes
3) Moderate numbers of engineering entrance with high academic quality
4) Poor background knowledge of mathematics and sciences
5) Short and inadequate academic period for the profession
6) Poor awareness and limited provision of continue education facilities
7) Little post graduate and research activities
8) Provision of on the course industrial experience.

CHAPTER FOUR
Organisation of Engineers in public and private sectors.
Engineers in Nigeria:-
1) Student Engineers
2) Graduate Engineers
3) Corporate Engineers
4) Associate Engineers
5) Honorary fellow Engineers
Engineers are people who are qualified or practice engineering. They have licenced.
Engineering is the fusion of science and technology. Engineering is a field or discipline practice profession
and art that relates to the development, acquisition and application of technical, scientific and mathematical
knowledge about the understanding, design, development, invention and use of materials, machines, structures
system and processes of specific purposes.
Public sector is that portion of economic system that is controlled by national, state or provincial and local
government. Is conserved with providing various government services. They are owned and operated by the
government.
Private sector is the part of a country economic system that is owned by individuals and companies rather than
the government. It is usually composed of organisations that are privately owned and not part of the
government.
Goals in achieving public-private partnership
1) Obtaining more value for money
2) Better risk allocation
3) Faster implementation
4) Improved service quality
5) Adding revenue streams
6) Reducing life cycle cost
7) Reducing waste and blocking avenues for corruption.
 QUESTIONS
Please make sure you have read the note very well before looking into these questions because the questions
are taken from the note line by line.
1) The ____________ use of materials and metals makes______________ to attain his ______________
Of living.
2) List the seven ages we have
3) During the stone age, the tools were made up of _______________ , _____________ and __________
4) The survival of man was achievable because he was able to __________________ of ______________
5) Man is able to survive and dominate over all other creatures because of his ____________________
6) Neolithic age is also called__________________ in what year___________________
7) ___________________ ,__________________ and __________________ brought about great
improvement during the bronze and iron age because they can be ____________________
8) List the machines that were made through them
9) The technology introduced during the dark were ________________ ,_____________ ,____________
and __________________
10) They discovered _______________ in the middle of ______________ century in_______________
and later__________________ that occur in ____________________ century in _________________
and ___________________.
11) ________________ facilitated the building of more sophisticated machines used in the
different________________.
12) Among the different technologies developed were ___________________ ,________________
,_____________ and _____________________.
13) Mobile inventions that occurs are:-
__________________ by Michael Faraday in______________
Steam turbine by ______________ in ________________
__________________ by Rudoleh Diesel in _________________
14) As time went on , a major breakthrough occur in ________________________ with the application of
__________________ principle in the manufacture of _______________________. The atomic
principle was also applied in ________________________
15) In the development of computer age by ________________ in the middle of ________________
century.
16) The Nigeria experience include the _____________________ and subsequently by the
______________ period.
17) The various technology developed among different tribes are (list them)
18) The present need of Nigeria is to develop local capabilities in _________________ and ____________
to aid sustainable development which will enable us to ______________________
19) List the capacity development
20) The major benefit of such development is the ____________________________ of Nigeria on the
advanced countries
21) Engineering discipline evolved in line with the __________________________ means of man
22) At the beginning, the main human activities revolved round
______________,_____________,______________ and _________________________.
23) The basic engineering discipline that were in existence from the beginning
are_______________,________________ and ________________
24) It should be noted that the new engineering discipline are bound to match in the advancement with
technology and increase in __________________ and ______________________
25) Existence of man is controlled by changes in _____________________and ____________________
phenomenon
26) Natural environment also called ___________________ is made up of
_______________,_____________ and lithosphere
27) _________________ is the gaseous part of the earth crust. It consist of _____________ and
____________
28) Hydrosphere is the ____________________ part of the earth crust.
29) _______________________ is the solid portion of the earth
30) List the 6 components /elements in biosphere
31) They make up of ______________ % of living things.
32) There 5 major components in air pollution : name them
33) List 5 sources of air pollution
34) List the 3 effects of air pollutant on the biosphere
35) Water pollution is divided into _______________ and _______________ pollution.
________________ pollutants are generally of organic waste origin
36) _________________ action in the environment causes these pollutant to change their form.
37) _________________ pollutants do not change in composition in the water with time. They include
varieties of _______________ and heavy __________________ such as _______________ ,
____________ and _____________________.
38) List the sources of water pollutant.
39) ______________ is caused by the presence of ________________ in the soil which are
______________ to human being
40) Much of what constitute engineering education was shaped by what is commonly termed
____________ which was started by the _________________ during and immediately after World
War II
41) The engineering pedagogy means____________________
42) The pendulum of engineering pedagogy swung from the practise base curriculum to an engineering
_________________
43) The engineering faculty then moved ____________________ who had the real working experience to
__________________________ almost totally in research and having no practical engineering
experience
44) Before 1950’s when engineering was taught largely by individuals with
__________________experience
45) CDIO is a comprehensive program that _____________________ by restoring the
__________________ of science and mathematics
46) The Nigerian system is identical with that of Britain with some____________________
,____________________ and _________________________ limitation which will end up producing
mere calculators and not engineers
47) The word engineers originates from ______________________ which requires ______________ ,
__________________________ and inventiveness
48) The YABA college of technology established in ______________________ was planned to
____________________ that would produce well qualified assistance in engineering and
________________
49) Who noted high level of drop out and a low number of staff as a problem in engineering profession
50) Mention those Universities that were created after the independent. How many federal and state own
university do we have now
51) _______________ is the fusion of science and technology
52) ________________ sector is that portion that is controlled by national, state or provincial and local
government
53) __________________ is the part of a country economic system that is managed by individuals and
companies rather than government
54) List the goals in achieving public private partnership(list 5)
55) ______________ is the process of making electricity available to large no of people
56) List (4) energy sources
57) Environment degradation is the reduction in the _________________________
58) The Nigerian University education and training system is beset by numbers of inadequacies name them
(list 5)
59) List five types of Engineer in Nigeria
60) In a bid to close up this gap, some schools in_______________, ___________, Africa, _________
and Australia have formed a network to develop a new vision of engineering education.
61) Engineering is a field or discipline practice profession and art that relates to___________, acquisition
and _____________, scientific and __________ about the understanding, _________, development,
invention and use of ________, __________, structures system and processes of specific purposes.
62) List 8 weaknesses in the university engineering education system
63) It is an established fact that today’s ____________most often cannot think from fundamentals and do
not possess the broad range of _________________________ and knowledge that allows them to
successfully function and engineering tips to produce high quality products and system through well
trained in _______________________.

ANSWERS
1) Skilful , Man , Standard
2) Stone, Bronze, Iron, Middle, Adamic, Industrial revolution, Space, Silicon
3) Stones, Bones and Wood
4) Understood the important of tools
5) Co-operative efforts and the technology developed out of it
6) Period of Civilization , 3000-1000 BC
7) Copper, Bronze and Iron , Because they can be formed into shapes
8) The lever, Wedge, Inclined plane, Pulley, Wheel, Axle and Screw
9) Water wheels, Mill, Plough, Printing technology
10) Steam engine, 18th century , in England , later fuelled the industrial revolution that occurred in 19th
century , in Europe and North America
11) Steam engine , Industrial enclopes
12) Mining , Shipping advancement , Textile, Transport
13) Electric motor- by Michael Faraday 1821
Steam turbine – Charles Parsons 1884
Internal combustion engine – Rudolph Diesel 1893
14) Chemical technology, Atomic principle, Atomic bomb, Power generation
15) Presper Eckert Jnr , 20th
16) Pre historic period and pre-colonial period
17) i. Metal and mining extraction
ii. Metal Palpitation
iii . Dyeing
iv. Food processing and Preservation technology
18) Engineering and technology , compare effectively in the new world environment
19) i. Ability to select from available technology
ii. Ability to master imported technologies
iii. Ability to adopt technology to suit specific production competition
iv. The ability to introduce the degree of nobility in the production of products or process i.e minor
Innovation
v. The ability to establish functional R and D facility to search for innovation and conduct basic
Research
20) To reduce the technological dependency of Nigeria on the advanced Countries
21) Survival means
22) Production of food, Provision of residential houses, recreational facilities and protection against
invaders
23) i . Civil Engineering
ii. Mechanical / Military Engineering
iii .Agricultural Engineering
24) Specialization and Specification
25) Weather and Natural Phenomenon
26) Biosphere , Lithosphere , Hydrosphere and Atmosphere
27) Atmosphere , CO2 and O2
28) Aqueous part of the earth crust
29) Lithosphere
30) Carbon, Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulphur
31) 95%
32) Carbon-monoxide, Sulphur-dioxide, Nitrogen oxide, Particulate matter, Hydrocarbon
33) i. Depletion of ozone layer
3O2 + UV  2O3
Ozone
ii. Acid rain formation
S + O2  SO2
SO2 +2H2O  H2SO4 + H2
acid rain
iii. Extinction of some plant and animal due to the change in environment
34) i. Degradable and Non-degradable
Degradable is generally organic waste origin
35) Bacterial
36) Non-degradable, Salts and heavy metals such as lead, mercury and cadmium
37) i. Silt erosion
ii. Domestic and industrial activities
iii. Oil spillage either through tankers or burst pipes
iv. Automobiles
38) Soil pollution , presence of materials, harmful to human being
39) Water pollution.
40) The Engineering Science Revolution, Technological needs
41) The act of teaching students to become engineers
42) Science based model
43) Some Teachers, faculty engaged
44) Industrial
45) Returns engineering education to its heritage, the proper balance between engineering practice and
the disciplinary knowledge
46) Social, Industrial and Economic limitation.
47) Ingenious person, which requires Cleverness, Resourcefulness and inventiveness
48) 1930, to provide a program of higher education and vocational training, and other vocational
profession .
49) Profession Fafunwa
50) i. University of Nsukka
ii. University college, Ibadan
iii. University of Ife
iv. University of Benin
and we have 27 universities now
51) Engineering
52) Public Sector
53) Private Sector
54) i. Obtaining more value for money
ii. Better risk allocation
iii. Faster implementation
iv. Improved service quality
v. Adding revenue streams
vi. Reducing life cycle cost
vii. Reducing waste and blocking avenues for corruption.
55) Electrification
56) i. Electricity
ii. Solar
iii. Fuel
 iv. Biotech
57) Environmental degradation is the reduction in the quality of air, water and soil
58) i. The low entry standard
ii. Non-uniformity in entering processes for all engineering faculty in the Country
iii. Moderate academic quality of entrance for the profession
iv. Low level of the knowledge of mathematics and physical science for the study of the profession
v. Short and inadequate period of training in the university.
59) i. Student Engineers
ii. Graduate Engineers
iii. Corporate Engineers
iv. Associate Engineers
v. Honorary fellow Engineers
60) North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia.
61) Engineering is a field or discipline practice profession and art that relates to the development,
acquisition and application of technical, scientific and mathematical knowledge about the
understanding, design, development, invention and use of materials, machines, structures system and
processes of specific purposes.
62) i. Low entry standard
ii. Difference in University admission processes
iii. Moderate numbers of engineering entrance with high academic quality
iv. Poor background knowledge of mathematics and sciences
v. Short and inadequate academic period for the profession
vi. Poor awareness and limited provision of continue education facilities
vii. Little post graduate and research activities
vii. Provision of on the course industrial experience.
63) It is an established fact that today’s engineering graduates most often cannot think from fundamentals
and do not possess the broad range of personal and interpersonal and system building skills and
knowledge that allows them to successfully function an engineering tips to produce high quality
products and system through well trained in science and mathematics.