Fourier Series, 4. Periodic Functions: Tf tho value of: each ordinate, f(4), repeats itself at * equal intervals in the absisa, tags, ther #0 is j iodic Function. aid - eee val periodic function wrth o period T Fs FeT)= af(ta2T)= Examples: ~ iF SiN CX) = Sin (X29M) =I (4 UT) = i) os (4x) 2. Fourier Sens: We knob that (sin 0 &(@s%) have a poriod oj an, and we are familiar wrth many proportion of (i-2-values continuity, differentiablity, integral). So we try to express a potiadic function $00 with ¢ period 2 A a sories of sinor’ Bb casings : fn = $4 a,c05%4 0, Gasdx+-.-4decns nas © + sings bisin 4... 4 basin nu4s~ which we call the Fourier series of foo. This sdries consists of : i) A constant term do. ° i) A Component at the fundamenta) Frequency, daterminec by the valuan a,b, ; ii) Components of the harmonics ( roultiples of Sundamenta, Jrequency) determined bY 1A), bby... * Those Coofficionts ,do,0,0,..,bi,bs. aro’ callad Fourier coetficients, or Fourier Constants.3. Dirichlets Conditions for a Fourier Geries: Lek FRR bea function of Ar petiod. | Focus on. the, valuas of \f00 in -thoanintorval (Hy arr) C Mote thal we take a1 or o-0 most of times| Lf, {00 on the interval (a 12m) iD ') YW ingle valued | ii) b bounded has almast a finile number of maxima & pinima. wha Only a finite nwnber o} discant inwities. Then SpW= Oo y DOr COS NX +S by Sin mH e 2 war net converges to $1) @ PM gt value of x for whict FO.» continuow 6 to Zl4C@x*)+ £00) ak pants of discontinuity if 4, Determination of Fourier Coefficients: Euler forrpulae- tse Useful integrals in, Fowrer. serien': (i) [sin nu dy =0 Gi) cas nxdy=0 tii) Point nx due 09) 7) cos nn dys . (Jsinme-cosmedt-0 i) Feasnx-sinemxdu- 0 (vii) “foin mx sinmxdx-9 (viii) ay cos nx Cos MX =O (wo Cuvj2 vt Ruyuny uur whee We ude. Vz fudx,... ., ule Us UN ae enAS * The Fourier seri@s for the function $00 in (0%: A4Iny 4b given f0od= oe 5.05 casnn6 + s bo sin NX, Whae, = ome 1" foods ) ‘Thee formulae called as 1a an Euler formulae Poe [Foner * We generally take mee Pye) ET or a0 e “QU Find the Fourier varias teprasenting D40O02%, O6Ke OT > : fo: 22,4 Enos mn + © bosin nx. ‘Then by Furs Jonnie, ez ® of foo bos 1. Jpoosinnxds ln zh “sin ny de ° : on Lie der iT = Lf cosnx, sinny | TE nT Jo Onz | See on eat 2+ [ X @in ay 2 + Fras nxdy - SINDL, COSnx eee et eal AQ (:N) = CBO asin see “| 3 et~(B2) Find the Fourier soriee to represent X-2? from Xe fo 2 -T 6 Ghow that bop pe — le yw: Bs Zooomr + F bn SIND”, then, Coat (xv de apn. we wr a on p= al fod.cos nx di e 4 7 7 2b 2) cossnxd \ = b few) os Y 1 Lor sine eax) coon : anos J “me aT oot aa Lt i? (I 2p) - Coreen] = cor - bo= *foosin nnxwdy WT = bt box aOR in NAA oye af) ont ( Ts cose mid SED ° T 7 (ax 0) BSE — (2x) sin omy 2d 4 w-n) EN -T-WICD *] ; Tet oe ft THY et! a,c gi . aev)> - 4 Pel pt z- ot al 2( so. B) 1 Pub, x20), - Lely 7 p vs = ! pt(Q2) Expand Ji-as% , OLue OM | j i fell iss to in 0 Fourier Geries. Hance asi av tf — Note i f0D=z Yosh = Jz. sin(%) lA fine Ba 5 Qo (05 + 5 bnsin n7 “1 foysinox dt “4 n(%,)sinnx du alfa to) olla sin(n- 4) x _ ar int ST _ inl eT og n-b 7 2:0, on we On: M2 {fon os race bis Ms? oD Oe a To 1- OS = ern COS > Bs sin(1) os onde ‘a ot $ El sinfd)xf-Bsinfn-4) yaya |When we pul x=0 cg cosfneli yy cosfin-n) O= 22 g A , nly nh C" 4 7 aloe 2b (te) ai be ya! apt tea - Fa ) 4 > 77 133s" a m4 a7 ani ae: ra!TT -1 < x0, (4) Consider fed: {° 4 Also, prove that ! rhe Bees g x lA foe oo , $F dy DsNX + EF bo vin ne 2 i oa : the : wollte fa: a {mi me Pha Oh: 2 { J-n scnsnxdy + cos nxdx } wet fmol ain nx sna ft LA sentry - >fow = meme {Nf Phriss iP nn em 088 x {jrsin nity iJasiomean} = ELT See, measoe sion [v9 {glee + Zl on ie = 1-209] = Gp® » if oidodd, ys if nu wen. bn= Thws, Fourier Series D fi): - TB Wsfan-)x]_ sinn. SINIX ge as (On- ar 2 + Ssin3x. Tut X20, we get .2 = oD 2 fal ! L 7 OC Bl yet arts trai hyn DP ot Sf discont (ere )3 eed j oexen Find» 1G. _ sink aFS 7 (Q.5) Find the Fourier ‘ae of the function defined ay a OLKS fo= {: WT) Ty ene at let ftw & 4. Sapcosm + $ bo (0s nv. ns nel ao Now. gy = + of Sond ey, =f rte fen-ade e 2/2 rr a [te thr , HBO IE % On: Teal % 05 made @ be [teria a [x sin _ cosnx 7% a A “ay ua ny ALD Tv + « 4 . Pt . 3 a i SAT ee Bae 1i = {Spain 1) sin('Y) 4, et - NT +e Ff) nt, 4 (@ st, cos (2?) ilety My ‘ a (> asin We des e b ft knsin ma: 4 A | My r * aur gin ry , { ) r{ Ww fi py but + ob bon sn 4 sinna'y’ ” bp © Zz NAS 0000 Sitilg =~ hn, attr one oy +g § sin (4 sin Yh wife (2) Tait) a + [on tvsint"23] ° “AIP 4 on (Y= ie not ‘, ree aor of C0, 04, Orne bb Bidar fon): uf i ie on] : (2.5) Find the Fowier Soria’ for the function e al, oS t¢ To flt= { 0, -Th.ele TWh, . 1, Mctet. Note that this iy an odd function. Lot fity- a 2. dn os nt + Z be sin nt then, gy > 7 fatOye q Ju) cos na de -—»> odd function. o LT ~ : 7 Lo] =0 bras ty i a, Ji sin nv dy —» Even function 22 = 2 WE) sin nude e 22 aysin nude - % ~@s0n WT 4 NY WT Ws, 2 2 fey 5 (0X, > Efe os) | ‘Thu, fli) 2): SINK _ 2510 2X, Sin Gx -o+-| 5. @) Even function: e f ee) eo aid to be ewe function (or symmmetyic) eo raph of such a functi ice) wi respect to Y-dvis, oe io euninctlg ath 4 . 4 : ty " In this care, gh FOOdx = 2: ,[Foodx.,(b) Odd Function: A function FO) A called odd (or skews « syromebic) function if f(x = = fix) y ry a ; , x” ft 5 , \ 7X oP tn this cue e q) foody=0. * Expason of @ Eien 40d Functions - {OB Gen ~ . ft) odd 0s} fooddx o> + dl foddr =o a af Fonda Ts : Mf scorny de: 2 a On: of F004 cas nx dx = 2 (4) cos xd x bo= © gf fon sinnxds L Ttoysinoad --& CQOSIN NXAK bk yoodome 22, to =0. ». AW (Q. ) Bnd alte fue sari nee of the" "etiodic Junctia Led FO) = ws 5 dn cos Dy t Bes sin MX, euen function, by =0, ane 2. [ef om, ar % So 3 Sine XU an Ao = cee: i fddy = ~ 4 2 " . ret e Sa. gt [cas na de , 2h x SHH, DX _ Ash tt - mace n 2 gic)? Es 4 ay. Ps ay Foose — ‘cosox as 4x _t Fae G8 Find the Fouriar Serie’ of fod: Bin Cra} Obsore that f00 4 an odd fi 620 bde20 an one bas & 2 Massin nx dy - ap aun 3y? seh 6x osha - 6 sie J sot 4 er. Cia (<2) : 229 (6 -Wapsinn + ($- a (§- 1 sin3ze. ‘i6. Half Range series , period O to 7. "The given function uv’ defined in the interval (0.1) Gi is inmeteria whatevor the function may be oulvide the intewal (0,my / On= 9. 1 fodcos nt do b bo -O. i To get the varie of cosines only. we assume that the’ function fox) 4 enon in the interval CTT), Similody, to express f00 as a vine sories we extend the function in the interval (1,1) a odd. Function, (08) bn = % AT fadsin nydy & n=O. (29) Repiosent the follouing function by a. Fourie t sine sories : , O; exe Tr, “ n= 2." forra cosnnce os 2 | 100 ch. - 2 " ‘i = 2 Vip 2 2) Yodus ve cos nada | ty, Tx Som |F = — {sin (a) | 2 1, n 2) hi 2 e ~ f= oT — Os x4 b 7 6005 BXe- Leos Bxa * Mb x2 : we get(A. Find Maine Sories (ii) Casing sarin for tho funckin fO0= CX In’ OCuETT () Sine Series: bo= 2% Motsinmdu = % J: a wT . [ @sinny.e ef ncos px0'fe Journ sinrn ed 3 =e [P-eh eo rl] ° T(t) = O(c 2. 20 fi-cer wie T ( lane ) - 29 = (CT) 6 ete 5 22(E ME) sin ox ” Cosine, Serie : S e % Jee a ely = 3&1) On = 2 2 Or worthy: rl, 7 cae cone. ef nsin mets "[-Mraosnxe* dy 6 a hy 1=2[e"er- + 2 S (-n)J oT : © Bish (ee ion) Thus, L (oe. 2 £2 tye 27eo- 4 COs NL, 7 | re a is NXorg. anil FC % Change of Intervals: Functions having orbitvory Period : In many problems, the period of the funtion is rol always mr but T or 2c. This Period rust be Converted into At period & the independent variable % 4 abo to be changed Proporti nally Let the function £00 be dofined in the interval COO or (0,2). Now we want ty change this function to the function of oT period. * j the length of the interval (period) for ia e Cc ‘oT ae 7 Kor 40 = ~ 26 & 60, Put Zz a or L: Cm \ 26 the function $00 of. period DMIe y ty, - into F(Z) or Fey gf peliod on. Tee Assume “FG) can be gxpanded an Fouriar series F(z) =f 2). a & &% O5nz +S basinhz 2h he om, a 1 @ doz ET Fede - a (Ad = t jfedx. dy = =f F()cos neduz 1") #(<2)ens nz dz = “feo cos (Ex)de ms, bn uf F00 sin (OI)¥# For Half series . Interval’ (0,6), () Cosine Serres | tt ftv) = a +d, @s(™) +0, cos (2M) + - +0005 ("%),.. whele, q,- ns fFO0dH 5 n= BEf feo cos( nx) dx Gi) Sine Series : : f= b sin (™). b,sin(™%) tere bain (11), : Where, bys 2 “fod sin( Mn) dv. 12) A paiodic function of period b # defined as f(z Wx); -22%<2 Nae : Obseywe that Fis an auan - 2 function. => bn=0 Nn en. 2 7 7 2 @ do=2 | fsddn = sstae= hw) Qnz 2 oot J cos (ee =f Saar A nlm nlx, u -[% eae ot i \ = BD — ae = (BY ELH Oo] -3 i for na odd, Oo , O15 WH.FS : _ ienel nana: “PIs Len = > af 7 ons [ @neta) \ (9.8) Find Fourier half- range even expansion of Y= ~ foo: (1 1) » O6%ef. let _@, 2 at : fox)= Bs ao cos) + S bn Cin( PX.) ° 22 Vfoode = DVT x day ° ~ ¢ Jl ti q 71% Sh = n= : J fe cos MP de , 7 2 ¥, ky i 1) vit + me e 4 & an = {t- ay Ua ae oe {regen fd(A184) Find the Fourier half- range. cosine sovies of f(t)= { ot » o2tal 2 (1-t) 2b <9. Le ges % $a, cas(T) + $ bn in 7A) of Hdd = 4 neat + *(20-Hdt - Pi + & Ot- tI = l41=2. Gne Ze 4 ft) cos (ot) dt, = {Jt @s/ ne 1 ane os ya 2 =pt sin — 2 ws (nity oh =(9TaY* i +[20-8 SH (rth) 2 ps (bITa) = (NT) &.[tr)- \) - 8 [cor0s(2)] = Fppot®) -1 +0" T a Thus, oO oat $i) =e Bo, Seo ter) os) nelNow, a (Q15) Obtain the periodic F(t) = sin (It) 4 4, 2 lel f(t)= a 1S On COS (amt) 1. Qo= a ofsin( tt) dt = _ On = f ! “7 tm coslinent fg T - GNM pte 7. ST LET per = -4 > Di : pues: ub wn 6 cos (TH) -T/f L t(n-1) = i » & odd ne] _ Fourier cosine expansion of the function defined bi tef. Los al a F fSin(GE) os (ON) at = ra 2. He eh sa + “NEY, sin?) can Qhe( nITtly) 0. L pe d = 4 H[inlosnmt)— infor a (Ws (in-o.at) |) (9) (n?-1) =F Isola f sin (aged at { 1 nse). | = aq [!- = 0, lofay. 2. BL 1 eye pre \ = To? 2 Sly cos 1) (Q.16) Find the Fourie function of period @ ; pie expansion of the periodic foo = {px > hero, PX, OL4E My, Let f(a). 40 2S dacas (al), $ S bysin( mt). @ os Ja Observe — that , f= 1. bs texet Note that Ix} : abo in gone oe function = Y= tot jy > by =0. 7 A ol (h-%) dx . sb PX -# a 1 [eye dos. 2 a} (a-Wc0s cos (2na)dy 2AC (40: 8 Cam) 4 Cs (aniTx) 7% — (nm Jo F sa( ea. = {> nu odd Ons nM een. ‘fd2e by 2 2 if Tr a (5 os (BCAna2)Tx)FSS i eRe @.17) Prove that (b-%-4 ! Lain (Pr OLnLL, an odd function, Extend the function te (4,0) a) on odd” function. Th we hare fo0= By emeey 3 bn snp KE (LL) @ whore ,%=0 b On= AIDEN. ow, / bn = T JC44] sinto (om PYLE estan, sige! a 3 £ (4) [coon Tye taco) +e(Q.\8) Find the Fouriar serie op (-2)2) for | FO = Bi in -24% 420, , IN DLHeE2, Given function bb ‘biter wen e@ nor odd. Hee ¢=2 | hen: 2 9.4 Sona 5 (Pe) + $ bosin( Hh) > See SJ Fwy = [lads wltdx] e & [outs ¢ We "3, nw Qn = astenensfoamyydy- 4 sf Joes (PMX {fx os(PB dx i} 1 "2: (nm “tr a3 {2 sinl | }\° nt xn er cos 2 " = 1 iF eh, =a Gp feo-1} = (Pies oead : 3 onset 1 SJasin| (2dr i: x Si0(STX) dx cos(on: vx), 0 a? any ae hes i 4 = HSH) (1 Gr) + (24) G0 2 spon fost ete 4 ri 5) ene pr!