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Linearization and Differentials

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Adnan Sadik
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7 views

Linearization and Differentials

Uploaded by

Adnan Sadik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linearization and Differentials

Adnan Sadik
November 6, 2024

1 Formulas
1. The linear approximation of f (x) around a point c:

f (x) ≈ L(x) = f (c) + f ′ (c)(x − c)

2. The differential of f (x):

df (x) = f ′ (x) dx

3. The approximation of f (x + dx) using its differential:

f (x + dx) ≈ f (x) + df (x) = f (x) + f ′ (x) dx

This can be proved using Taylor Series as well.

2 Approximation of f (x) = ln(x2 + 1) using f (x +


dx) ≈ f (x) + df (x)
We are approximating the function f (x) = ln(x2 + 1) using the differential
approximation formula:

f (x + dx) ≈ f (x) + df (x)

where df (x) = f ′ (x) dx.


The derivative of f (x) is:
2x
f ′ (x) =
x2 + 1
We will start with f (0) = ln(1) = 0, and use f (x + dx) ≈ f (x) + df (x) to
approximate the values of f (x) for x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, . . . , 4.

1
Step-by-Step Approximation
Start with x = 0 and use dx = 0.5:
- For x = 0, we know that f (0) = 0, so:
2·0
f (0.5) ≈ f (0) + f ′ (0) · 0.5 = 0 + · 0.5 = 0
1
- For x = 0.5:
2 · 0.5 1 1
f ′ (0.5) = = , f (1) ≈ f (0.5) + f ′ (0.5) · 0.5 = 0 + · 0.5 ≈ 0.4
(0.5)2 + 1 1.25 1.25
- For x = 1:
2·1
f ′ (1) = = 1, f (1.5) ≈ f (1) + f ′ (1) · 0.5 = 0.4 + 1 · 0.5 = 0.9
12 + 1
- For x = 1.5:
2 · 1.5 3
f ′ (1.5) = = ≈ 0.923, f (2) ≈ f (1.5)+f ′ (1.5)·0.5 ≈ 0.9+0.923·0.5 = 1.362
(1.5)2 + 1 3.25
- For x = 2:
2·2 4
f ′ (2) = = = 0.8, f (2.5) ≈ f (2)+f ′ (2)·0.5 ≈ 1.362+0.8·0.5 = 1.762
22 + 1 5
- For x = 2.5:
2 · 2.5 5
f ′ (2.5) = 2
= ≈ 0.690, f (3) ≈ f (2.5)+f ′ (2.5)·0.5 ≈ 1.762+0.690·0.5 = 2.107
(2.5) + 1 7.25
- For x = 3:
2·3 6
f ′ (3) = = = 0.6, f (3.5) ≈ f (3)+f ′ (3)·0.5 ≈ 2.107+0.6·0.5 = 2.407
32 + 1 10
- For x = 3.5:
2 · 3.5 7
f ′ (3.5) = = ≈ 0.528, f (4) ≈ f (3.5)+f ′ (3.5)·0.5 ≈ 2.407+0.528·0.5 = 2.671
(3.5)2 + 1 13.25

Summary of Approximations
x f (x) (Approximated)
0 0
0.5 0
1 0.4
1.5 0.9
2 1.362
2.5 1.762
3 2.107
3.5 2.407
4 2.671

2
Graphing the Approximation
We will now graph the original function f (x) = ln(x2 +1) and the approximated
values at x = 0, 0.5, 1, . . . , 4.

3
f (x)
f (x) = ln(x2 + 1)
Approximated values
2

x
−4 −2 2 4

−1

Figure 1: Graph of ln(x2 + 1) and its approximated values at x = 0, 0.5, 1, . . . , 4.

3 Problems
• Calculus 1 book
• Linearization
• Differentials

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