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Octagon - Wikipedia

Octagon

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48 views1 page

Octagon - Wikipedia

Octagon

Uploaded by

peterpervez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Octagon

Article Talk

"Octagonal" redirects here. For other uses, see Octagon


(disambiguation) and Octagonal (disambiguation).

In geometry, an octagon (from Ancient Greek


ὀκτάγωνον (oktágōnon) 'eight angles') is an
eight-sided polygon or 8-gon.

Regular octagon

A regular octagon

Type Regular polygon

Edges and vertices 8

Schläfli symbol {8}, t{4}

Coxeter–Dynkin
diagrams

Symmetry group Dihedral (D8), order 2×8

Internal angle 135°


(degrees)

Properties Convex, cyclic,


equilateral, isogonal,
isotoxal

Dual polygon Self

A regular octagon has Schläfli symbol {8} [1] and


can also be constructed as a quasiregular
truncated square, t{4}, which alternates two types
of edges. A truncated octagon, t{8} is a
hexadecagon, {16}. A 3D analog of the octagon
can be the rhombicuboctahedron with the
triangular faces on it like the replaced edges, if
one considers the octagon to be a truncated
square.

Properties

The diagonals of the green quadrilateral are equal in length


and at right angles to each other

The sum of all the internal angles of any octagon


is 1080°. As with all polygons, the external angles
total 360°.

If squares are constructed all internally or all


externally on the sides of an octagon, then the
midpoints of the segments connecting the
centers of opposite squares form a quadrilateral
that is both equidiagonal and orthodiagonal (that
is, whose diagonals are equal in length and at
right angles to each other).[2]: Prop. 9

The midpoint octagon of a reference octagon has


its eight vertices at the midpoints of the sides of
the reference octagon. If squares are constructed
all internally or all externally on the sides of the
midpoint octagon, then the midpoints of the
segments connecting the centers of opposite
squares themselves form the vertices of a square.
[2]: Prop. 10

Regularity

A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of


the same length and internal angles of the same
size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and
rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon
is represented by the Schläfli symbol {8}. The
internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon
is 135° ( radians). The central angle is 45° (
radians).

Area

The area of a regular octagon of side length a is


given by

In terms of the circumradius R, the area is

In terms of the apothem r (see also inscribed


figure), the area is

These last two coefficients bracket the value of pi,


the area of the unit circle.

The area of a regular octagon can be


computed as a truncated square.

The area can also be expressed as

where S is the span of the octagon, or the


second-shortest diagonal; and a is the length of
one of the sides, or bases. This is easily proven if
one takes an octagon, draws a square around the
outside (making sure that four of the eight sides
overlap with the four sides of the square) and
then takes the corner triangles (these are 45–45–
90 triangles) and places them with right angles
pointed inward, forming a square. The edges of
this square are each the length of the base.

Given the length of a side a, the span S is

The span, then, is equal to the silver ratio times


the side, a.

The area is then as above:

Expressed in terms of the span, the area is

Another simple formula for the area is

More often the span S is known, and the length of


the sides, a, is to be determined, as when cutting
a square piece of material into a regular octagon.
From the above,

The two end lengths e on each side (the leg


lengths of the triangles (green in the image)
truncated from the square), as well as being
may be calculated as

Circumradius and inradius

The circumradius of the regular octagon in terms


of the side length a is[3]

and the inradius is

(that is one-half the silver ratio times the side, a,


or one-half the span, S)

The inradius can be calculated from the


circumradius as

Diagonality

The regular octagon, in terms of the side length a,


has three different types of diagonals:

Short diagonal;

Medium diagonal (also called span or height),


which is twice the length of the inradius;

Long diagonal, which is twice the length of the


circumradius.

The formula for each of them follows from the


basic principles of geometry. Here are the
formulas for their length:[4]

Short diagonal: ;

Medium diagonal: ; (silver ratio times


a)

Long diagonal: .

Construction

building a regular octagon by


folding a sheet of paper

A regular octagon at a given circumcircle may be


constructed as follows:

1. Draw a circle and a diameter AOE, where O is


the center and A, E are points on the
circumcircle.

2. Draw another diameter GOC, perpendicular to


AOE.

3. (Note in passing that A,C,E,G are vertices of a


square).

4. Draw the bisectors of the right angles GOA and


EOG, making two more diameters HOD and
FOB.

5. A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H are the vertices of the octagon.

Octagon at a given circumcircle

Octagon at a given side length, animation


(The construction is very similar to that of
hexadecagon at a given side length.)

A regular octagon can be constructed using a


straightedge and a compass, as 8 = 23, a power
of two:

Meccano octagon construction.

The regular octagon can be constructed with


meccano bars. Twelve bars of size 4, three bars of
size 5 and two bars of size 6 are required.

Each side of a regular octagon subtends half a


right angle at the centre of the circle which
connects its vertices. Its area can thus be
computed as the sum of eight isosceles triangles,
leading to the result:

for an octagon of side a.

Standard coordinates

The coordinates for the vertices of a regular


octagon centered at the origin and with side
length 2 are:

(±1, ±(1+√2))

(±(1+√2), ±1).

Dissectibility

8-cube
24 rhomb dissection
projection

Regular Isotoxal

Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon


whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal
length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2
parallelograms.[5] In particular this is true for
regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which
case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the
regular octagon, m=4, and it can be divided into 6
rhombs, with one example shown below. This
decomposition can be seen as 6 of 24 faces in a
Petrie polygon projection plane of the tesseract.
The list (sequence A006245 in the OEIS) defines
the number of solutions as eight, by the eight
orientations of this one dissection. These squares
and rhombs are used in the Ammann–Beenker
tilings.

Regular octagon dissected

Tesseract 4 rhombs and 2 squares

Skew

Symmetry

Use

Derived figures

See also

References

1. ^ Wenninger, Magnus J. (1974), Polyhedron


Models , Cambridge University Press, p. 9,
ISBN 9780521098595.

2. ^ a b Dao Thanh Oai (2015), "Equilateral triangles


and Kiepert perspectors in complex numbers",
Forum Geometricorum 15, 105--114.
http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2015volume15/FG2015
09index.html

3. ^ Weisstein, Eric. "Octagon." From MathWorld--A


Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Octagon.html

4. ^ Alsina, Claudi; Nelsen, Roger B. (2023), A Panoply


of Polygons , Dolciani Mathematical Expositions,
vol. 58, American Mathematical Society, p. 124,
ISBN 9781470471842

5. ^ Coxeter, Mathematical recreations and Essays,


Thirteenth edition, p.141

6. ^ John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-


Strauss, (2008) The Symmetries of Things,
ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Chapter 20, Generalized
Schaefli symbols, Types of symmetry of a polygon
pp. 275-278)

External links

Last edited 14 days ago by Zion Fox

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