CE536/L - PRINCIPLES OF

REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

MODULE 6
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
TWO-WAY SLAB

Prepared by:
Engr. Victor Czar A. Austria

Faculty, CE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture and
Technology
Palawan State University
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 OVERVIEW

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
❖ A professional course common for civil engineering students designed to
provide fundamental concepts, principles and theories in the structural
strength analysis and design of plain, reinforced, and prestressed concrete
elements in a structure.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
❖ Design structural element using techniques in structural design in reinforced
concrete with respect to National Structural Code of the Philippines.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
❖ Calculate the minimum spacing of slab reinforcement and minimum
thickness using code provisions.
❖ Design the minimum spacing of slab reinforcement and minimum thickness
using Equivalent Frame Method

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
❖ An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, physical sciences,
engineering sciences to the practice of civil engineering.
❖ An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and
interpret data.
❖ An ability to design, build, improve, and install systems or processes which
meet desired needs within realistic constraints.
❖ An ability to recognize, formulate, and solve civil engineering problems.
❖ An understanding of the effects and impact of civil engineering projects on
nature and society, and of the civil engineers’ social and ethical
responsibilities.
❖ Specialized engineering knowledge in each applicable field, and the ability
to apply such knowledge to provide solutions to actual problems.
❖ An ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing using the English
language.
❖ An ability to engage in life-long learning and an acceptance of the need to
keep current of the development in the specific field of specialization.
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TIME FRAME:

❖ This module can be covered in two weeks.

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 LESSON 6: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL
MEMBERS TWO-WAY SLAB

Lecture
Introduction
6.1

6.1.1. Introduction
Two-way slabs are called as such because the transmission of the floor loads is in
two orthogonal directions: namely short and long direction as shown in Figure 6.1. Thus,
there are moments in two directions. By definition of NSCP 2015, two-way slabs are
where the ratio of short span to long span is greater than 0.50. Less than 0.50 ratio is for
one way-slab.

Figure 6.1. Two-way slab curvatures in two directions.

6.1.2. Types of Two-Way Slabs

Two-way slabs in general, among others, can be classified into three basic types
which are described in the discussion below.

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6.1.2.a. Conventional Slab
These slabs are bounded at four (4) sides of the panel with stiff beams. This
is the most commonly used slab system in the Philippines.

Figure 6.2. Two-way Beam Supported Slab

6.1.2.b. Flat Plate

A flat plate floor system is a reinforced concrete frame system with a uniform
thickness that is supported directly over the columns or the load-bearing walls. The
flat plate floor system is a common floor construction type employed in the
construction of the building.

Figure 6.3. Flat Plate Floor System

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 6.1.2.c. Flat Slab
A floor system that usually does not have beams or girders in which load is
transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns and load-bearing walls also
known as drop panels and the drop panel acts as a T-beam on the support.

Figure 6.4. Flat Slab Floor System

6.1.3. Slab Thickness

The first step in designing a slab is always the slab thickness since this has to
satisfy serviceability requirements. If a detailed analysis for the thickness requirements of
the slab based on deflection serviceability requirement is to be avoided, the
recommended minimum thickness in Table 408.3.1.2 for two-way slabs can be followed.

Table 6.1. Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Two-Way Slab with Beams

Spanning Between on All Supports (NSCP Table 408.3.1.2)

afm Minimum height (mm)

𝒂𝒇𝒎 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 Section 408.3.1.1 applies (a)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + )
1400 (b)
𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 < 𝒂𝒇𝒎 < 𝟐. 𝟎 Greater of: 36 + 5𝛽(𝑎𝑓𝑚 − 0.20)
125 (c)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + 1400)
(d)
𝒂𝒇𝒎 > 𝟐. 𝟎 Greater of: 36 + 9𝛽
90 (e)

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 The minimim slab thickness for two-way slabs without beams are covered in
Section 408.3.1 of the NSCP. For flat plates, the recommended minimum thickness is
given in Table 408.3.1.1. Howerver, the minimum thickness is 125 mm.

For slabs with drop panels (flat slabs), the minimum thickness is also listed in the
same table for flat plates and the corresponding minimum thickness is 100 mm.

𝐸𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝛼𝑓 = (Eq. – 6.1)
𝐸𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

Where:
af – ratio of stiffness of the beam and the slab
β – ratio of long span to short span
ln – clear span of long span

For slabs with beam on all four (4) sides, the values of af of all of the four (4) beams
are computed and the mean value is designated as afm.

The calculation for moment of inertia of the exterior beam can be taken as that of
the rectangle with a factor of 1.50 and for the interior beam, a factor of 2.0 is applied.

Example 6.1. For slab panels 1 to 4, determine the slab thickness based on minimum
thickness. (Note: In computing for af, assume a preliminary slab thickness, h = 140 mm).

Beam Sizes: b h
Transverse 250 500
Longitudinal 300 600

Rebar:
Fy = 276 MPa (Grade 40)

Solution:
1. The details of the calculations to determine the required slab thickness for panel 1
is shown below.

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Width: a
Short Slab Dimensions
5000 300 a2
𝐵𝑎𝑓2 = + = 2650 𝑚𝑚
2 2
5000 4600
𝐵𝑎𝑓4 = + = 4800 𝑚𝑚
2 2
b
Long Slab Dimensions
7000 250 a4
𝐵𝑎𝑓1 = + = 3625 𝑚𝑚
2 2
7000 7200
𝐵𝑎𝑓3 = + = 7100 𝑚𝑚
2 2

3625

Section Through ‘b’

Section Through ‘a’

2. Solve for af,

3
𝑏ℎ
𝐸𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐸 ( ⁄12)𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 (𝑏ℎ3 )𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝛼𝑓 = = 3 =
𝐸𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝐸 (𝑏ℎ ⁄12) (𝑏ℎ3 )𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏

1.5(250)(500)3
𝛼𝑓1 = = 4.7125
(3625)(140)3
1.5(300)(600)3
𝛼𝑓2 = = 13.3671
(2650)(140)3

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 2.0(250)(500)3
𝛼𝑓3 = = 3.2080
(7100)(140)3
2.0(300)(600)3
𝛼𝑓2 = = 9.8397
(4800)(140)3

3. Average value of af, afm

4.7125 + 13.3671 + 3.2080 + 9.8397

𝑎𝑓𝑚 = = 7.7818
4

4. Minimum thickness,
Since afm > 2.0,

𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 1400)
ℎ = 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓: 𝑜𝑟 90𝑚𝑚
36 + 9𝛽

𝐿 = 𝑙𝑛 = 7000 − 250 = 6750 𝑚𝑚

𝑆 = 5000 − 300 = 4700 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 6750
𝛽= = = 1.4362
𝑆 4700

𝑓𝑦 276
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 1400) 6750 (0.8 1400)
ℎ= = = 135.76𝑚𝑚
36 + 9𝛽 36 + 9(1.4362)

Since 135.76 mm > 90 mm, use 135.76.

Say,
𝒉 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Lecture
Direct Design Method
6.2

6.2.1. Introduction
The Direct Design Method gives the design positive and negative moments for the
slab panel in short and long directions. It takes into consideration the pattern loading on
live load that would result into the critical loadings. Hence, this approximate method is
based on the behavior of “regular slabs”. Thus, this method is subject to limitation listen
in NSCP Section 408.10.2. If any of the limitations listed is not satisfied, then Direct
Design Method becomes inapplicable. In this situation, a more accurate analysis, like the
Equivalent Frame Method, is necessary.

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6.2.2. Limitation of the Applicability of Direct Design Method (In Accordance with
NSCP Section 40810.2)

1. There shall be at least three continuous spans in each direction

2. Successive span lengths measured center-to-center of supports in each direction
shall not differ by more than one-third the longer span.
3. Panels shall be rectangular with the ratio of longer to shorter panel dimensions,
measured center to center of supports, not exceed 2
4. Column offset shall not exceed 10% of the span in direction of offset from either
axis between centerlines of successive columns
5. All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel
6. Unfactored live load shall not exceed two times the unfactored dead load.
7. For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, equation 408.10.2.7a shall
be satisfied for beams in the two perpendicular directions.

𝛼𝑓1 𝑙22
0.2 ≤ ≤ 5.0 (Eq. – 6.2)
𝛼𝑓2 𝑙12

6.2.3. Total Factored Static Moment for a Span

The slab analysis is done in one direction at a time, l1 is always in the direction of
the analysis while l2 is the perpendicular of l1. The clear span in the direction of l1 is
designated as ln.

Equilibrium requires that the height of the moment diagram for a beam with
uniformly distributed load is given by the formula of,

𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝑜 = (Eq. – 6.3)
8

Take note that this will be the height of moment diagram regardless of fixity
conditions. Correspondingly, the height of the moment diagram which represents the
absolute sum of the positive and negative moments in each direction is given by NSCP
Section 408.10.3.2.

𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛 2 (Eq. – 6.4)
𝑀𝑜 =
8

Given that the product of qu (KPa) and l2 (m) represents the uniform distributed
load in the slab with tributary width equal to l2. Hence, the definition of l2 in NSCP Section
408.10.3 of the NSCP is measured from the centerlines of the panel on each side
connecting the column supports as shown in Figure 6.5. Note that values of l2 and ln varies
if you are considering the transverse or the longitudinal section.

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 Middle
Strip
Column
Strip
l2
Middle
Strip

Figure 6.5. l2 as Tributary Width

6.2.4. Distribution of Total Factored Static Moment

The total height of the moment diagram, Mo, is divided into negative and positive
moment. For an interior span, the total moment Mo of distributed as 0.65Mo for negative
moment and 0.35Mo for positive moment as illustrated in the figure below.

Figure 6.6. Distribution of Total Factored Static Moment

For exterior spans, the distribution of Mo is shown in Figure 6.7 for different cases
listed in Section 408.10.4.1 and 408.10.4.2.

There will be two values for negative moment at the interior support of the span:
one for the exterior span and the other one is for the interior span. These two values will

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in generally be different. Conservatively, the bigger value shall be used as the design
moment for the interior support of the exterior span. This is necessary because the top
reinforcing bars will have to be continuous over the interior support and where there are
two different negative moments.

Figure 6.7. Slab Negative and Positive Moment of End Spans

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 For conventional slabs with stiff beams on all four sides, the moments used in the
design are those on the middle strips since this will be bigger than the moments in the
column strips. The resulting rebar spacing required in the design of the middle strip is
adopted to the column strip. This way, only one rebar spacing is adopted for the slab in
each direction.

6.2.5. Factored Moments in Column Strips

According to NSCP Section 408.10.5.1, the column strip shall resist the portion of
interior negative moment, Mu, in accordance with NSCP Table 408.10.5.1.

Table 6.2. Portion of Interior Negative Moment (Mu) in

Column Strip (NSCP Table 408.10.5.1)
𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝒂𝒇 ⁄𝒍
𝒍𝟏 𝟏
0.5 1.0 2.0
0 0.75 0.75 0.75
≥ 1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45

The lengths l1 and l2 are defined in NSCP Section 402, the distance center-to-
center of supports. Therefore, these lengths l1 and l2 define the panel dimensions.

The value of the ratio between l1 and l2 for two-way slabs will be between 0.5 and
1.0 when the analysis is in the long direction or between 1.0 and 2.0 when the analysis is
in short direction. The NSCP requires that the value from the table above should be
interpolated based on the actual computed l2/ l1 ratio.

According to NSCP Section 408.10.5.2, the column strip shall resist the portion of
exterior negative moment, Mu, in accordance with NSCP Table 408.10.5.2.

Table 6.3. Portion of Exterior Negative Moment (Mu) in

Column Strip (NSCP Table 408.10.5.2)
𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝒂𝒇 ⁄𝒍
𝒍𝟏 βt 𝟏
0.5 1.0 2.0
0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0
≥ 2.5 0.75 0.75 0.75
0 1.0 1.0 1.0
≥ 1.0
≥ 2.5 0.90 0.75 0.45

Where:
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐶 (Eq. – 6.5)
𝛽𝑡 =
2𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
𝑥 𝑥 3𝑦
𝐶 = ∑ (1 − 0.63 ) (Eq. – 6.6)
𝑦 3
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 Linear interpolation will again need to be carried out based on l2/ l1 ratio. The value
of βt is based on the torsional stiffness of the edge of the beam and will in generally be
greater than 2.50 unless very shallow edge beams are used (which are very unlikely).
Therefore, in general, no interpolation is required based on β t. This will either be zero if
there is no edge beam or greater than 2.50 is a regularly sized edge beam.

According to NSCP Section 408.10.5.5, the column strip shall resist the portion of
positive moment, Mu, in accordance with NSCP Table 408.10.5.5.

Table 6.4. Portion of Positive Moment (Mu) in

Column Strip (NSCP Table 408.10.5.5)
𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝒂𝒇 ⁄𝒍
𝒍𝟏 𝟏
0.5 1.0 2.0
0 0.60 0.60 0.60
≥ 1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45

Linear interpolation based on the actual l2/ l1 ratio will likewise have to be carried
out. Also, the actual values in the last row applicable for conventional slabs are identical
to the values in the earlier table for interior negative moment. The only difference in the
values will be in the first row representing slabs or flat plates.

6.2.6. Factored Moments in the Beam and Slab of the Column Strips
The column strip consists of the supporting beam (if ant) and the slab within the strip. The
share of the beam in the moments of the column strip is given below from NSCP Table
408.10.5.7.1.

Table 6.5. Factored Moments in the Beam and Slab of the

Column Strips (NSCP Table 408.10.5.7.1)
𝒍𝟐 Distribution
𝒂𝒇 Coefficient
𝒍𝟏
0 0
≥ 1.0 0.85

Again, the linear interpolation vertically based on the computed value of af l2/ l1 will
not be required unless very shallow beams are used. The moment not absorbed by the
beam is assigned to the slab of the column strip, 0.35.

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6.2.7. Factored Moments in Middle Strip
According to NSCP Section 408.10.6, the portion of the negative and positive
moment not resisted by the column strip shall be absorbed by the middle strip. This
moment be distributed to two middle strips in proportion with their widths if these are not
equal.

6.2.8. Maximum Reinforcing Bar Spacing

According to NSCP Section 408.7.2.2, for non-prestressed solid slabs, maximum
spacing of deformed longitudinal reinforcement shall be the lesser of 2h and 450 mm for
critical sections, and lesser of 3h and 450 mm at other section.

6.2.9. Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcements

The provisions for shrinkage and temperature reinforcements are found in NSCP
424.4 For reinforcing bars, the number of reinforcements is identical to Table 407.6.1.1
for minimum flexural reinforcements which have been expressed in terms of the gross
steel ratio

ρg = 0.0020 (Grade 40) (Eq. – 6.7)

ρg = 0.0018 (Grade 60) (Eq. – 6.8)

Example 6.2. A conventional floor system has a panel dimensions measured from center-
to-center of the beam support as shown in the figure. The beam dimensions are given
where transverse direction is vertical and longitudinal direction is horizontal in the
drawing. The superimposed floor loads are also given with a total 2.70 KPa for dead loads
and 1.90 for live load. The reinforcing bars used is 10 mm in diameter Grade 40 and the
concrete strength is 28 MPa. Design panel 4.

Beam Sizes: b h
Transverse 250 500
Longitudinal 300 600

fy = 276 MPa (Grade 40)

f’c = 28 MPa
Bar Size = 10 mm
Unit Wt. of concrete = 24 kN/cu.m

DL = 2.70 KPa
LL = 1.90 Kpa

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Solution:
Part 1: Longitudinal
1. Slab Thickness
- The result calculations for the required slab thickness were shown in Example
6.1 wherein the thickness of 140 mm was consequently adopted.
h = 140 mm

2. Factored Loads
𝑞𝐷𝐿 = 0.14(24) + 2.70 = 6.06 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 1.2(6.06) + 1.6(1.90)

𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝑲𝑷𝒂

3. Design Moments
𝑙1 = 7.2𝑚
𝑙𝑛 = 7.2 − 0.25 = 6.95𝑚
5 + 4.6
𝑙2 = = 4.8𝑚
2

𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛 2 10.312(4.8)(6.95)2
𝑀𝑜 = =
8 8
𝑴𝒐 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

4. Factors for Negative and Positive Moments

For an interior panel, the negative and positive moments are 0.65Mo and 0.35Mo
respectively as shown in Figure 6.7.a.

l2 4.8
af = 9.8396 ( ) = 6.56
l1 7.2

l2 4.8 2
= = 𝑜𝑟 0.66667
l1 7.2 3

4.1. Negative Moment

a. Column Strip Moment
By interpolation (Values taken from Table 6.4.):
0.75 − 0.90
𝐶. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 0.90 + (0.666667 − 0.50) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
1 − 0.50

b. Middle Strip Moment

𝑀. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 1.0 − 0.85 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓

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 4.2. Positive Moment
a. Column Strip Moment
By interpolation (Values taken from Table 6.2.):
0.75 − 0.90
𝐶. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 0.90 + (0.666667 − 0.50) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
1 − 0.50

b. Middle Strip Moment

𝑀. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 1.0 − 0.85 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓

5. Negative and Positive Moments

5.1. Column Strip
l
(Note: Since af 2 > 1.0, 15% of the moment will go to the slab and 85% will
l1
be absorbed by the beam according to Table 6.5 - NSCP Table
408.10.5.7.1)

(−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.65(0.85)(0.15)(298.8572) = 24.7678 𝑘𝑁𝑚

(+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.35(0.85)(0.15)(298.8572) = 13.3365 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Column strip width (Slab portion),

4.8
𝐶. 𝑆. 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = (2) − 0.30 = 2.10 𝑚
4
24.7678
(−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑵
2.10
13.3365
(+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑵
2.10

5.2. Middle Strip

(−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.65(0.15)(298.8572) = 29.1386 𝑘𝑁𝑚

(+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.35(0.15)(298.8572) = 15.69 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Middle strip width (Slab portion),

𝑀. 𝑆. 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 4.8 − 2.1 = 2.40 𝑚

29.1386
(−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵
2.40
15.69
(+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵
2.40

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6. Effective Depth
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 1.5𝑑𝑏
𝑑 = 140 − 20 − 1.5(10)
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒎

7. Maximum Bar Spacing

For longitudinal, lesser of 2h or 450mm

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2ℎ = 2(140)
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 280 𝑚𝑚

Use Smax = 280 mm.

8. Design Reinforcements
(Use the larger values of negative and positive moment)
𝑀𝑢 𝜌𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌𝑓𝑦 (1 − ) (𝑏𝑑 2 )
0.90 1.7𝑓′𝑐

8.1. Middle Strip: (−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 12.1411 𝑘𝑁

12.1411 𝑥 103 𝜌(276)
= 𝜌(276) (1 − ) (1052 )
0.90 1.7(28)
𝜌(−𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 0.0045535

0.25√𝑓 ′𝑐 0.25√28
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004739
𝑓𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦 276

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 0.005072.

4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌.
3
4 4
𝜌 = (0.0045535) = 0.006071
3 3
𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟐.
𝟑

Page | 18
8.2. Middle Strip: (+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.5375 𝑘𝑁
6.5375 𝑥 103 𝜌(276)
= 𝜌(276) (1 − ) (1052 )
0.90 1.7(28)
𝜌(+𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 0.002421

0.25√𝑓 ′𝑐 0.25√28
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004739
𝑓𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦 276
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 0.005072.

4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌.
3
4 4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.002421) = 0.003228
3 3
𝟒 𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟖.
𝟑 𝟑

8.3. Column Strip: (−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 11.79 𝑘𝑁

11.79 𝑥 103 𝜌(276)
= 𝜌(276) (1 − ) (1052 )
0.90 1.7(28)
𝜌(−𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 0.004418

0.25√𝑓 ′𝑐 0.25√28
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004739
𝑓𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦 276
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 0.005072.

4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌.
3
4 4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.004418) = 0.00589
3 3
𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟐.
𝟑

8.4. Column Strip: (+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.35 𝑘𝑁

6.35 𝑥 103 𝜌(276)
= 𝜌(276) (1 − ) (1052 )
0.90 1.7(28)
𝜌(+𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 0.00235
Page | 19
 0.25√𝑓 ′𝑐 0.25√28
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004739
𝑓𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦 276
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 0.005072.

4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌.
3
4 4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.00235) = 0.00313
3 3
𝟒 𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑.
𝟑 𝟑

9. Required Spacing
𝐴𝑠𝑏
𝑆=
𝜌𝑑

9.1. Middle Strip: (−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝜌 = 0.005072)

(𝜋⁄4)(10)2
𝑆= = 147.4625𝑚𝑚
0.005072(105)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔.

𝑺𝒂𝒚 𝑺 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎.

9.2. Middle Strip: (+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝜌 = 0.003228)

(𝜋⁄4)(10)2
𝑆= = 231.7051𝑚𝑚
0.003228(105)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔.

𝑺𝒂𝒚 𝑺 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎

9.3. Column Strip: (−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝜌 = 0.005072)

(𝜋⁄4)(10)2
𝑆= = 147.4625𝑚𝑚
0.005072(105)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔.

𝑺𝒂𝒚 𝑺 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Page | 20
 9.4. Column Strip: (+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝜌 = 0.00313)
(𝜋⁄4)(10)2
𝑆= = 238.97𝑚𝑚
0.00313(105)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔.

𝑺𝒂𝒚 𝑺 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Part 2: Transverse
10. Slab Thickness
- The result calculations for the required slab thickness were shown in Example
6.1 wherein the thickness of 140 mm was consequently adopted.
h = 140 mm

11. Factored Loads

𝑞𝐷𝐿 = 0.14(24) + 2.70 = 6.06 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝑞𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 1.2(6.06) + 1.6(1.90)

𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝑲𝑷𝒂

12. Design Moments

𝑙1 = 4.60𝑚
𝑙𝑛 = 4.60 − 0.30 = 4.30𝑚
7 + 7.2
𝑙2 = = 7.10𝑚
2

𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛 2 10.312(7.1)(4.30)2
𝑀𝑜 = =
8 8
𝑴𝒐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

13. Factors for Negative and Positive Moments

For an interior panel, the negative and positive moments are 0.65Mo and 0.35Mo
respectively as shown in Figure 6.7.a.

l2 7.1
af = 3.208 ( ) = 4.95 > 1.0
l1 4.6

l2 7.1
= = 1.54348
l1 4.6

13.1. Negative Moment

Page | 21
 c. Column Strip Moment
By interpolation (Values taken from Table 6.4.):
0.45 − 0.75
𝐶. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 0.75 + (1.54348 − 1.0) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟕
2.0 − 1.0

d. Middle Strip Moment

𝑀. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 1.0 − 0.587 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟑

13.2. Positive Moment

c. Column Strip Moment
By interpolation (Values taken from Table 6.2.):
0.45 − 0.75
𝐶. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 0.75 + (1.54348 − 1.0) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟕
2.0 − 1.0

d. Middle Strip Moment

𝑀. 𝑆. 𝑀. = 1.0 − 0.587 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟑

14. Negative and Positive Moments

14.1. Column Strip
l
(Note: Since af l2 > 1.0, 15% of the moment will go to the slab and 85% will
1
be absorbed by the beam according to Table 6.5 - NSCP Table
408.10.5.7.1)

(−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.65(0.587)(0.15)(169.2186) = 9.684 𝑘𝑁𝑚

(+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.35(0.587)(0.15)(169.2186) = 5.2145 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Column strip width (Slab portion),

4.6
𝐶. 𝑆. 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = (2) − 0.25 = 2.30 𝑚
4
9.684
(−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵
2.30
5.2145
(+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑵
2.30

14.2. Middle Strip

(−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.65(0.413)(169.2186) = 45.43 𝑘𝑁𝑚

(+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.35(0.413)(169.2186) = 24.46 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Middle strip width (Slab portion),

𝑀. 𝑆. 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 7.1 − 2.2 = 4.8 𝑚

Page | 22
 45.43
(−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵
4.8
24.46
(+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵
4.8

15. Effective Depth

𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 1.5𝑑𝑏
𝑑 = 140 − 20 − 1.5(10)
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒎𝒎

16. Maximum Bar Spacing

For longitudinal, lesser of 2h or 450mm

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2ℎ = 2(140)
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 280 𝑚𝑚

Use Smax = 280 mm.

17. Design Reinforcements

(Use the larger values of negative and positive moment)
𝑀𝑢 𝜌𝑓𝑦
= 𝜌𝑓𝑦 (1 − ) (𝑏𝑑 2 )
0.90 1.7𝑓′𝑐

17.1. Middle Strip: (−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 9.46 𝑘𝑁

9.46 𝑥 103 𝜌(276)
= 𝜌(276) (1 − ) (1052 )
0.90 1.7(28)
𝜌(−𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 0.00353

0.25√𝑓 ′𝑐 0.25√28
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004739
𝑓𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦 276

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 0.005072.

4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌.
3
Page | 23
 4 4
𝜌 = (0.0353) = 0.00471
3 3
𝟒 𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟏.
𝟑 𝟑

17.2. Middle Strip: (+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 5.10 𝑘𝑁

5.10 𝑥 103 𝜌(276)
= 𝜌(276) (1 − ) (1052 )
0.90 1.7(28)
𝜌(+𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 0.001881

0.25√𝑓 ′𝑐 0.25√28
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004739
𝑓𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦 276
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 0.005072.

4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌.
3
4 4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.001881) = 0.00251
3 3
𝟒 𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟏.
𝟑 𝟑

17.3. Column Strip: (−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 4.72 𝑘𝑁

4.72 𝑥 103 𝜌(276)
= 𝜌(276) (1 − ) (1052 )
0.90 1.7(28)
𝜌(−𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 0.00174

0.25√𝑓 ′𝑐 0.25√28
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004739
𝑓𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦 276

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 0.005072.

4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌.
3
4 4
𝜌 = (0.0353) = 0.00232
3 3
𝟒 𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐.
𝟑 𝟑
Page | 24
 17.4. Column Strip: (+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2.54 𝑘𝑁
2.54 𝑥 103 𝜌(276)
= 𝜌(276) (1 − ) (1052 )
0.90 1.7(28)
𝜌(+𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 0.00093

0.25√𝑓 ′𝑐 0.25√28
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.004739
𝑓𝑦 276
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.005072
𝑓𝑦 276
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 0.005072.

4
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜌.
3
4 4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.001881) = 0.001243
3 3
𝟒 𝟒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟑.
𝟑 𝟑

18. Required Spacing

𝐴𝑠𝑏
𝑆=
𝜌𝑑

18.1. Middle Strip: (−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝜌 = 0.005072)

(𝜋⁄4)(10)2
𝑆= = 158.92𝑚𝑚
0.00471(105)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔.

𝑺𝒂𝒚 𝑺 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎.

18.2. Middle Strip: (+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝜌 = 0.003228)

(𝜋⁄4)(10)2
𝑆= = 298.16𝑚𝑚
0.00251(105)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 > 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔.

𝑺 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎

18.3. Column Strip: (−)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝜌 = 0.00232)

(𝜋⁄4)(10)2
𝑆= = 322.41𝑚𝑚
0.00232(105)
Page | 25
 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 > 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔.
𝑺 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎.

18.4. Column Strip: (+)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝜌 = 0.001243)

(𝜋⁄4)(10)2
𝑆= = 601.77𝑚𝑚
0.001243(105)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆 > 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔.

𝑺 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎

19. Slab Details and Reinforcement Schedule

Summary
Spacing (mm)
Location
Longitudinal Transverse
Negative (-) Moment 140 150
Middle Strip
Positive (+) Moment 230 280
Negative (-) Moment 140 280
Column Strip
Positive (+) Moment 230 280

19.1. Top Bars

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19.2. Bottom Bars

ASSESSMENT

❖ Assessment for this module will be scheduled by the instructor.

(Eq. – 4.7)

ANSWER KEY

❖ Answer key for this module will be provided on the next module.

REFERENCES

❖ McCormac, J; Brown, R (2012) Design of Reinforced Concrete Ninth

Edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
❖ Wight, J; MacGregor, J (2017) Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics & Design
7th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.,
❖ Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2015) National
Structural Code of the Philippines 7th Edition.

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