Chapter 4

Fourier Transforms

1.1 Even and odd Functions

Even function : A function f (x) is said to be an even function if f (−x) = f (x).
Examples of even functions are x2 , cos x, cosh x
Odd function : A function f (x) is said to be an odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).
Examples of odd functions are x, sin x, sinh x, tan x.

Using the definitions of odd and even functions and the properties of definite integral we
have

T
Z a ( Z a
f (x) dx =
2 IS
f (x) dx, if f (x) is even
M
0
−a 0, if f (x) is odd
SR

Bernouli Formula
h,
es

t udv = uv − u0 v1 + u00 v2 − u000 v3 + · · ·

R
ur
.S
.E

1.2 Fourier Integral Theorem

Dr

Theorem. If f (x) is piecewise continuous in every finite interval in (−∞, ∞) and absolutely
integrable in (−∞, ∞) then

Z ∞ Z ∞
1
f (x) = f (t) cos s(t − x)dtds
π 0 −∞

1.3 Fourier Transform Pair

F [f (x)] = F (s) is called the Fourier transform of f (x) and
f (x) is called the Inverse Fourier transform of F (s).

Definition.
The Fourier transform and its inverse transform are defined as
Z ∞
1
F (s) = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π −∞

1
2

1.4 Parseval’s Identity

If F (s) is the Fourier transform of a given function f (x) defined in (−∞, ∞) then
Z ∞ Z ∞
2
|f (x)| dx = |F (s)|2 ds
−∞ −∞

1.5 Worked Examples

Example 1.Find the Fourier transform of the function

1, |x| ≤ a
f (x) = 0, |x| > a

Z ∞ Z ∞  2
sin t sin t
Hence deduce that dt and dt.
0 t 0 t
Solution.
Step 1 : FT
Z ∞
1
f (x)eisx dx

T
F [f (x)] = √
2π −∞ IS
Z −a Z a Z ∞ 
RM
1 isx isx isx
= √ 0e dx + 1e dx + 0e dx
2π −∞ −a a
,S

Z a Z a
1 isx 1
= √ e dx = √ (cos sx + i sin sx)dx
h

2π −a 2π −a
es

Z a Z a
1 2
ur

= √ cos sxdx = √ cos sxdx

2π −a 2π 0
.S

r  a
2 sin sx
.E

=
π s 0
Dr

r  
2 sin as
F (S) =
π s

Step 2 : IFT
Now applying Fourier inversion formula we have
Z ∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π −∞
Z ∞r
1 2 sin as
= √ (cos sx − i sin sx) ds
2π −∞ π s
2 ∞ sin as
Z
= cos sx ds − 0
π 0 s

(Since integrand of the second integral is odd function )

Z ∞
sin as π
=⇒ cos sx ds = f (x)
0 s 2
( π
, |x| ≤ a
= 2
0 |x| > a
 3

As a particular case by putting x = 0 and a = 1 we get

Z ∞
sin s π
cos(0) ds =
0 s 2
Z ∞
sin t π
dt =
0 t 2

Using the Parseval identity

Z ∞ Z ∞
2
|f (x)| dx = |F (s)|2 ds
−∞ −∞

we have
r !2
Z −a Z a Z ∞ Z ∞
2 sin as
0 dx + (1)2 dx + 0 dx = ds
−∞ −a a −∞ π s
Z ∞  2
2 sin as
ds = 2a
π −∞ s
Z ∞  2
sin as
2 ds = πa
s

T
0
Z ∞ 
sin as
2
ds =
IS
πa
RM

0 s 2
,S

By putting a = 1 we get
h
es

Z ∞  2
sin t π
ur

dt =
t 2
.S

0
.E

Example 2. Find the Fourier transform of the function

Dr


f (x) = a − |x|, |x| < a
0, |x| > a > 0

Z ∞  2 Z∞  4
sin t π sin t π
Hence deduce that dt = and dt =
0 t 2 t 3
0
Solution.
Step 1 : FT
Z ∞
1
F [S] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
Z a
1
= √ [a − |x|] eisx dx
2π −a
Z a
1
= √ [a − |x|] (cos sx + i sin sx) dx
2π −a

[a − |x|] → even fn, [a − |x|] cos sx → even fn, [a − |x|] sin sx → odd fn

Z a
2
F (S) = √ [a − |x|] cos sx dx
2π 0
4
r Z a
2
= [a − x] cos sx dx
π 0

Since |x| = x at interval (0, a))

Using Bernoullis formula we get

r  a
2 (a − x) sin sx cos sx
F (S) = −
π s s2 0
r  
2 − cos as (−1)
= − 2
π s2 s
r  
2 1 − cos as
=
π s2
r 
2 2sin2 (as/2)

=
π s2
r  2
2 sin(as/2)
F (S) = 2
π s

Step 2 : IFT

T
Now applying Fourier inversion formula we have IS
RM
Z ∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π −∞
,S

Z ∞ √  2
1 2 2 sin(as/2) −isx
h

= √ √ e ds
es

2π −∞ π s
ur

2
2 ∞ sin(as/2)
Z 
.S

= (cos sx − i sin sx)ds

π −∞ s
.E

   
sin(as/2) sin(as/2)
Dr

cos sx → even fn, sin sx → odd fn.

s s
Z ∞ 2
π sin(as/2)
f (x) = 2 cos sx ds
2 0 s
P ut x = 0, a = 2
Z ∞ 2
π sin s
f (0) = 2 ds
2 0 s

Since f (x) = a − |x| at −a < x < a. Therefore f (0) = 2 and replace s = t

Z ∞  2
sin t π
dt =
0 t 2

Using Parseval identity we have

Z ∞ Z ∞
2
|F (s)| ds = |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ −∞
Z ∞
" r  2 #2 Z a
2 sin(as/2)
2 ds = (a − |x|)2 dx
−∞ π s −a
 5

put a = 2
Z ∞  4 Z 2
16 sin s
ds = (2 − x)2 dx
π 0 s −2
Z ∞ 4
π 2 2
Z
sin s

ds = x − 4x + 4 dx
0 s 8 0
2
π x3

2
= − 2x + 4x
8 3 0
Replace s = t
Z ∞ 4
sin t π
=
0 t 3

Example 3.Find the Fourier transform of the function


2 2
f (x) = a − x , |x| ≤ a
0, |x| > a
∞
sin t − t cos t
Z
π
Hence deduce that 3
dt = .
0 t 4
∞ 2

T

sin t − t cos t
Z
π
and using Parseval’s theorem show that IS dt = .
0 t3 15
RM
Solution.
Step 1 : FT
,S

Z ∞
1
F [S] = √ f (x)eisx dx
h
es

2π −∞
ur

Z a
1
= √ (a2 − x2 )eisx dx
.S

2π −a
Z a
.E

1
= √ (a2 − x2 ) [cos sx + i sin sx] dx
2π −a
Dr

Since (a2 − x2 ) sin sx is a odd function

Z a
2
F [S] = √ (a2 − x2 ) cos sxdx + 0
2π 0
      a
2 2 2 sin sx − cos sx − sin sx
= √ (a − x ) − (−2x) + (−2)
2π s s2 s3 0
√  
2 2 sin as − as cos as
F [S] = √
π s3

Step 2 : IFT
Now applying Fourier inversion formula we have
Z ∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π −∞
Z ∞ √  
1 2 2 sin as − as cos as −isx
= √ √ e ds
2π −∞ π s3
2 ∞ sin as − as cos as
Z  
= [cos sx − i sin sx] ds
π −∞ s3
6
   
sin as − as cos as sin as − as cos as
Since → evenf n, sin sx → oddf n
s3 s3

∞  
sin as − as cos as
Z
π
f (x) = 2 cos sxds − 0
2 0 s3

(Since integrand of the second integral is odd function )

Choose x = 0, a = 1.

∞  
sin s − s cos s
Z
π
f (0) = ds
4 0 s3

Given f (x) = a2 − x2 at −a < x < a. So f (0) = 1

∞
sin t − t cos t
Z
π
T heref ore 3
dt =
0 t 4
.
Using Parseval identity we have
Z ∞ Z ∞

T
2
|F (s)| ds = |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ IS −∞
RM
r !2
∞ a
2 sin sa − as cos as
Z Z
2 ds = (a2 − x2 )2 dx
π s3
,S

−∞ −a

since (a2 − x2 )is an even function we get

h
es

2
8 ∞ sin sa − as cos as
Z  Z a
ur

2× ds = 2 (a2 − x2 )2 dx
π 0 s3
.S

0
put a = 1
.E

2
8 ∞ sin s − s cos s
Z  Z 1
ds = (1 − x2 )2 dx
Dr

π 0 s 3
0
Z 1
= (1 − 2x2 + x4 ) dx
0
1
x3 x5

= x−2 +
3 5
  0
2 1
= 1− +
3 5
Z ∞ 2
8 sin s − s cos s 8
ds =
π 0 s3 15
Z ∞ 2
sin s − s cos s π
3
ds =
0 s 15
Z ∞ 2
sin t − t cos t π
3
dt =
0 t 15

1.6 Self Reciprocal of a Fourier Transform

If the Fourier transform of f (x) is f (s), then f (x) is said to be self-reciprocal under the
Fourier Transform
 7

2 2
Example 4. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = e−a x , a > 0.
x2
Hence Show that Deduce that e− 2 is self reciprocal under Fourier transform.
Solution.
Step 1 : FT
Z ∞
1
F [S] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
1 2 2
= √ e−a x eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
1 2 2
= √ e−(a x −isx) dx
2π −∞
Note: (a − b)2 = a + b2 − 2ab
2

(a − b)2 − b2 = a2 − 2ab

is
Here a = ax , 2ab = isx and b = 2a
 is
 2 s2
Therefore (ax)2 − isx = ax − 2a + 4a 2

T
Z ∞
1 is 2 s2
h i
= √ e IS
− (ax− 2a )+ 4a2 dx
RM
2π −∞
s2
e− 4a2 ∞
Z 2
is
e−(ax− 2a ) dx
,S

= √
2π −∞
h

is
es

Assume t = ax − and dt = adx

ur

2a
s2
.S

e− 4a2 ∞ ∞ √
Z Z 
−t2 −t2
= √ e dt Since e dt = π
.E

a 2π −∞ −∞
s 2
Dr

e− 4a2
 
h 2 2i
−a x 1
F e = √ P ut a = √
a 2 2
s2
−
e 4( 2 )
h x2 i 1
s2
− 2
F e =   √ = e− 2
√1 2
2

x2
Hence e− 2 is self reciprocal under Fourier transform
−a|x|
Example 5. Find the
Z ∞Fourier transform of e if a > 0.
1 π
Hence deduce that dx = 3
0 (x2 + a2 )2 4a
Solution.
Step 1 : FT

f (x) = e−a |x|

eax ,

−∞ ≤ x ≤ 0
f (x) =
e−ax , 0 ≤ x ≤ ∞
Z ∞
1
F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
8
Z ∞ 
1 −a|x| isx
= √ e e dx
2π −∞
Z 0 Z ∞ 
1 ax isx −ax isx
= √ e e dx + e e dx
2π −∞ 0
Z 0 Z ∞ 
1 (a+is)x −(a−is)x
= √ e dx + e dx
2π −∞ 0
" 0  −(a−is)x ∞ #
1 e(a+is)x e
= √ +
2π (a + is) −∞ −(a − is) 0
 
1 1 1
= √ +
2π (a + is) (a − is)
  r  
2 a 2 a
F (s) = √ =
2π (a2 + s2 ) π (a2 + s2 )

Step 2 : Using Parseval identity we have

Z ∞ Z ∞
2
|F (s)| ds = |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ −∞
Z ∞
"r  # 2 Z ∞
2 a

T
 −ax 2
ds = e dx
IS
0 π (a2 + s2 ) 0
RM
2a2 ∞ ∞
Z Z
1  −2ax 
ds = e dx
π 0 (a + s2 )2
,S

2
0
Z ∞ ∞
π e−2ax
   
1 π 1
h

ds = = 2 0−
es

0 (a2 + s2 )2 2a2 −2a 0 2a −2a

ur

Z ∞
1 π
.S

dx = [P ut s = x]
0 (a2 + x2 )2 4a3
.E
Dr

1.7 Exercise
1.Find the Fourier transform of the function

f (x) = 1, |x| < 2
0, |x| > 2
Z ∞ Z ∞  2
sin t sin t
Hence deduce that dt and dt.
0 t 0 t
2.Find the Fourier transform of the function

2
f (x) = 1 − x , |x| < 1
0, |x| > 1
∞ 2
3π ∞ sin t − t cos t
  Z 
sin t − t cos t
Z
s π
Deduce that 3
cos dt = , 3
dt = .
0 t 2 16 0 t 15
3. Find the Fourier transform of the function

f (x) = 1 − |x|, |x| < 1
0, |x| > 1 > 0
 9

Z ∞  2 Z∞  4
sin t π sin t π
Hence deduce that dt = , dt =
0 t 2 t 3
0
4. Find the Fourier transform of the function

f (x) = x, |x| ≤ a
0, |x| > a

5. Find the Fourier transform of the function


2
f (x) = x , |x| ≤ a
0, |x| > a

6. Find the FourierZtransform

∞
of e−|x| . Z ∞
cos xt π −|x| 1 π
Hence deduce that 2 dt = e and 2 dx =
0 (1 + t2 ) 2 0 (x2 + 1) 4

T
IS
RM
h,S
es
ur
.S
.E
Dr
10

Fourier Transforms
Lecture Notes 2
1.8 Cosine and Sine Transforms
1.8.1 Fourier Cosine Transform
The infinite Fourier Cosine Transform of f (x) is defined by

r Z ∞
2
Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sx dx.
π 0

The inverse Fourier Cosine Transform Fc [f (x)] is defined by

r Z ∞
2
f (x) = Fc [f (x)] cos sx ds.
π 0

Note: Fc [f (x)] and f (x) are called Fourier Cosine Transforms Pairs.

T
IS
RM
1.8.2 Fourier Sine Transform
,S

The infinite Fourier Sine Transform of f (x) is defined by

h
es

r Z ∞
2
ur

Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sx dx

π 0
.S
.E

The inverse Fourier Sine Transform Fs [f (x)] is defined by

Dr

r Z ∞
2
f (x) = Fs [f (x)] sin sx ds.
π 0

Note: Fs [f (x)] and f (x) are called Fourier Cosine Transforms Pairs.
AImportant Formulas:
Z ∞
a
t e−ax cos bxdx =
Z0 ∞ a2
+ b2
b
t e−ax sin bxdx = 2
Z0 ∞ a + b2
2 √
t e−t dt = π
Z−∞∞ √
−t2 π
t e dt =
Z0 ∞ 2
t e−x xn−1 dx = Γn , n > 0
Z0 ∞
Γn
t e−ax xn−1 dx = n
0 a 
1 √
tΓ(n) = (n − 1)!, Γ = π
2
 11

1.9 Worked Examples

Example 1. Find the Fourier cosine transform
Z ∞ of the function
cos sx π
f (x) = e−ax , a > 0. and deduce that 2 2
ds = e−ax
0 s +a 2a
Solution.
Step 1 : FCT
r Z ∞
2
Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
−ax 2
Fc [e ] = e−ax cos sx dx
π
r 0 
−ax 2 a
Fc [e ] =
π s 2 + a2
Step 2 : IFCT
r Z ∞
2
f (x) = FC [f (x)] cos sx ds
π 0
r Z ∞
2
f (x) = FC [e−ax ] cos sx ds

T
π 0 IS
r Z ∞ "r  #
2a ∞ cos sx
RM
Z
2 2 a
f (x) = cos sx ds = ds
π 0 π s 2 + a2 π 0 s 2 + a2
,S

Z ∞
cos sx π π
ds = f (x) = e−ax , a > 0
h

2
s +a 2 2a 2a
es

0
ur
.S

Example 2. Find the Fourier sine transform

Z ∞ of the function
s π
.E

f (x) = e−ax , a > 0. and deduce that 2 2

sin sxds = e−ax
0 s +a 2
Dr

Solution.
Step 1 : FST
r Z ∞
2
Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2
Fs [e−ax ] = e−ax sin sx dx
π 0
r  
−ax 2 s
Fs [e ] =
π a2 + s 2
Step 2 : IFST
r Z ∞
2
f (x) = FS [f (x)] sin sx ds
π 0
r Z ∞r 
2 ∞
 Z  
2 2 s s
f (x) = sin sxds = sin sx ds
π 0 π s 2 + a2 π 0 s 2 + a2
Z ∞
s sin sx π −ax
ds = e
0 s 2 + a2 2

Example 3. Find the cosine and sine transforms of e−ax cos ax.
12

Solution.
Step 1 : FCT
r Z ∞
2
Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2
= e−ax cos ax cos sx dx
π 0
1
cos A cos B = [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]
2
r
2 ∞ 1 h −ax
Z i
= e (cos(a + s)x + cos(a − s)x) dx
π 0 2
Z ∞
1
= √ e−ax cos(a + s)x dx
2π 0Z
∞
1
+√ e−ax cos(a − s)x dx
2π 0
 
1 a a
= √ +
2π a2 + (a + s)2 a2 + (a − s)2

Step 2 : FST

T
IS
RM
r Z ∞
2
Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sx dx
π 0
,S

r Z ∞
2
e−ax cos ax sin sx dx
h

=
es

π 0
ur

1
cos A sin B = [sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)]
.S

2
r Z ∞
2 1  −ax
.E


= e (sin(a + s)x − sin(a − s)x) dx
π 0 2
Dr

Z ∞
1
= √ e−ax sin(a + s)x dx
2π 0Z
∞
1
−√ e−ax sin(a − s)x dx
2π 0
 
1 s+a a−s
= √ −
2π a2 + (a + s)2 a2 + (a − s)2

Example 4. Find the cosine and sine transforms of e−ax sin ax.
Solution.
Step 1 : FCT
 
1 s+a a−s
Fc [f (x)] = √ +
2π a2 + (a + s)2 a2 + (a − s)2

Step 2 : FST
 
1 a a
Fs [f (x)] = √ −
2π a2 + (a − s)2 a2 + (a + s)2

Example 5. Find the cosine transform of xe−ax .

 13

Solution. By the property of Fourier cosine transform

d
Fc [xf (x)] = FS [f (x)]
ds

"r Z #
d 2 ∞ −ax
Fc [xe−ax ] = e sin sx dx
ds π 0
"r #
d 2 s
=
ds π a2 + s 2
r 
2 (a2 + s2 ) − s2s

=
π (a2 + s2 )2
r 
a2 − s 2

2
=
π (a2 + s2 )2

Example 6. Find the sine transform of xe−ax .

Solution. By the property of Fourier sine transform

T
d
IS
RM
Fs [xf (x)] = − Fc [f (x)]
ds " #
,S

r Z ∞
d 2 −ax
Fs [xe−ax ] = − e cos sx dx
h

ds π 0
es

"r #
ur

d 2 a
= −
.S

ds π a2 + s 2
.E

r  
2 0 − a2s
= −
Dr

π (a2 + s2 )2
r  
2 2as
=
π (a2 + s2 )2

2 2 x2
Example 7. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e−a x and hence deduce that e− 2 is a
self reciprocal of Fourier cosine transform.
(or)
x2
Check whether e− 2 is a self reciprocal of Fourier cosine transform.
Solution.
r Z ∞
2
Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
−a 2 2 2 2 2
Fc [e x ] = e−a x cos sx dx
π
r 0Z ∞
1 2 2 2
= e−a x cos sx dx
2 π −∞
r Z ∞
1 2 2
= R.P. e−a x eisx dx
2π −∞
14

Note: (a − b)2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab

(a − b)2 − b2 = a2 − 2ab

is
Here a = ax , 2ab = isx and b = 2a
is 2 s2
 
Therefore (ax)2 − isx = ax − 2a + 4a 2

Z ∞
1 is 2 s2
h i
− (ax− 2a )+
= R.P. √ e 4a2 dx
2π −∞
s2
e− 4a2 ∞
Z 2
is
= R.P. √ e−(ax− 2a ) dx
2π −∞

is
Assume t = ax − 2a
and dt = adx

s2
e− 4a2 ∞ ∞ √
Z Z 
−t2 −t2
= √ e dt Since e dt = π
a 2π −∞ −∞

T
s2
e− 4a2
 
2 2 1 IS
Fc [e−a x ] = √ P ut a = √
RM
a 2 2
h x2 i s2
FC e− 2 = e− 2
h ,S

x2
es

Therefore e− 2 is a self reciprocal of Fourier cosine transform.

ur

2 2
Example 8. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e−a x and hence evaluate Fourier sine
.S

2 2
transform of xe−a x .
.E

Solution.
Dr

From Example 7 we have

s2
−
2 2 e 4a2
Fc [e−a x ] = √
a 2
Using the property
dFc [f (x)]
Fs [xf (x)] = −
ds
we have
2 2 d 2 2
Fs [xe−a x ] = − Fc [e−a x ]
ds
s2
d 1 − 2
= − √ e 4a
ds a 2
s2 
−

1 −2s
= − √ e 4a
a 2 4a2
s2
s − 2
= √ e 4a
a3 2 2
 15

x2
−
Example 9.Find the Fourier cosine transform of e 2 and hence evaluate Fourier sine
x2
−
transform of xe 2 .
Solution.
We can Solve the Problem in the similar way of Example 8
Z ∞
dx
Example 10. Use transform method to evaluate .
0 (x + a )(x2 + b2 )
2 2

Solution.
Let f (x) = e−ax
r and g(x) = e
−bx . Then
r
2 a 2 b
Fc (s) = 2 2
and Gc (s) = By the property of Fourier Cosine
π (s + a ) π (s + b2 )
2
transform we have
Z ∞ Z ∞
Fc (s)Gc (s) dx = f (x)g(x) dx
0 0
Z ∞r r Z ∞
2 a 2 b
ds = e−ax e−bx dx
0 π (s2 + a2 ) π (s2 + b2 ) 0

T
2 ∞
Z Z ∞
ab IS
2 2 2 2
ds = e−(a+b)x dx
π 0 (s + a )(s + b )
RM
0
Z ∞  −(a+b)x ∞
2ab ds e
=
,S

2 2
π 0 (s + a )(s + b ) 2 2 −(a + b) 0
h

 
0−1
es

=
−(a + b)
ur

1
.S

=
(a + b)
.E

Z ∞
ds π
=
Dr

2 2 2
(s + a )(s + b ) 2 2ab(a + b)
0
put s = x
Z ∞
dx π
2 2 2 2
=
0 (x + a )(x + b ) 2ab(a + b)

Z ∞
dx
Example 11. Use transform method to evaluate .
0 (x2 + 1)(x2 + 4)
Derive Example 10 and Substitute a = 1 and b = 2
Z ∞
dx
Example 12. Use transform method to evaluate .
0 (x2 + a2 )2
Solution.
We know that if f (x) = e−ax then the Fourier cosine transform
r
2 a
Fc (s) =
π (s2 + a2 )

Now applying Parseval’s identity of Fourier cosine transform we have

Z ∞ Z ∞
2
|Fc (s)| ds = |f (x)|2 dx
0 0
16

r 2
Z ∞ Z ∞
2 a
ds = |e−ax |2 dx
0 π (s2 + a2 ) 0
Z ∞ 2 Z ∞
2 a
ds = e−2ax dx
π 0 (s + a2 )2
2
0 −2ax ∞ 
2 ∞ a2

0−1
Z
e 1
ds = = =
π 0 (s2 + a2 )2 −2a 0 −2a 2a
Z ∞
ds π
=
0 (s + a2 )2
2 4a3
put s = x
Z ∞
dx π
=
0 (x + a2 )2
2 4a3
∞
x2
Z
Example 13. Use transform method to evaluate dx.
0 (x2 + a2 )2
Solution. r
2 s
We know that if f (x) = e−ax then the Fourier sine transform Fs (s) =
π (s + a2 )
2
Now applying Parseval’s identity of Fourier sine transform we have

T
Z ∞
2
|Fs (s)| ds =
Z ∞ IS
|f (x)|2 dx
RM
0 0
r 2
Z ∞ Z ∞
2 s
,S

ds = |e−ax |2 dx
π (s + a2 )
2
h

0 0
es

∞ ∞
s2
Z Z
2
ur

ds = e−2ax dx
π 0 (s2 + a2 )2
.S

0
 −2ax ∞ 
2 ∞ s2

0−1
Z
e 1
.E

ds = = =
π 0 (s2 + a2 )2 −2a 0 −2a 2a
Dr

Z ∞
s2 π
ds =
0 (s2 + a2 )2 4a
put s = x
Z ∞
x2 π
dx =
0 (x2 + a2 )2 4a

e−ax e−ax − e−bx

Example 14. Find the cosine transform of and .
x x
Solution.

e−ax
Let f (x) =
rx Z ∞
2
Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sx dx
π 0
e−ax
 −ax  r Z ∞
e 2
Fc = cos sx dx
x π 0 x
Differentiating Partially w.r.t s
  −ax  r Z ∞
∂ e−ax
 
d e 2
Fc = cos sx dx
ds x π 0 ∂s x
 17

e−ax ∂
r Z ∞" #
2
= (cos sx) dx
π 0 x ∂s
e−ax
r Z ∞" #
2
= (−x sin sx) ds
π 0 x
r Z ∞
2
= −e−ax sin sx ds
π
r 0 r  Z
e−ax
  
0 2 s 2 1 2s
Fc = − =− ds
x π a2 + s 2 π 2 s 2 + a2
Integrating both sides w.r.t to s
 −ax  r  
e 2 1 2 2 1 
log(s2 + a2 )

Fc = − log(s + a ) = − √
x π 2 2π
Similarly
 −bx 
e 1 
log(s2 + b2 )

Fc = −√
x 2π
e−ax − e−bx e−ax e−bx
" # " # " #
Fc = Fc − Fc
x x x

T
1 
log(s2 + b2 ) − log(s2 + a2 )

= √ IS
2π
RM
  2
s + b2

1
= √ log 2
s + a2
,S

2π
h

e−ax − e−bx
es

Example 15. Find the sine transform of .

ur

x
Solution.
.S
.E

r Z ∞
2
Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sx dx
π 0
Dr

e−ax − e−bx e−ax − e−bx

" # r Z ∞" #
2
Fs = sin sx dx
x π 0 x
e−ax e−bx
r Z ∞" #
2
= (sin sx) − (sin sx) dx
π 0 x x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t s
∂ e−ax e−bx
r Z ∞ " #
0 2
Fs (s) = (sin sx) − (sin sx) dx
π 0 ∂s x x
r Z ∞
e−ax e−bx

2
= (x cos sx) − (x cos sx) dx
π 0 x x
r Z ∞
2  −ax
cos sx − e−bx cos sx dx

= e
π
r 0 
2 a b
Fs0 (s) = −
π a2 + s 2 b 2 + s 2
r Z Z 
2 a b
Fs (s) = ds − ds
π a2 + s 2 b2 + s 2
18
r  
2 1 −1 s 1 −1 s
= a × tan − b × tan
π a a b b
e−ax − e−bx
" # r h
2 s s i
FS = tan−1 − tan−1
x π a b

1
Example 16. Find cosine and sine transform of xn−1 , 0 < n < 1.Hence show that √ is a
x
self-reciprocal under both the transforms.
Solution.
By the Definition of Gamma Function.

Z ∞  
√
−ax n−1 Γn 1
e x dx = n , Γ = π
0 a 2

Replace a = is above we have

Z ∞
Γn
e−isx xn−1 dx =
(is)n
Z0 ∞
Γn Γn
e−isx xn−1 dx = n = n n

T
(is) i s
0
Γn
IS
RM
= 
π π n n
cos + i sin s
,S

2 2
 π π −n
h

cos + i sin Γn
es

= 2 2
ur

sn
 nπ nπ 
.S

Z ∞ cos − i sin Γn
(cos sx − i sin sx) xn−1 dx = 2 2
.E

0 sn
Dr

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

Z ∞
cos nπ
cos sx xn−1 dx = n
2
Γn
0 s
Z ∞
sin nπ
sin sx xn−1 dx = n
2
Γn
0 s

r Z ∞ r
2 2 cos nπ
cos sx xn−1 dx = 2
Γn
π 0 π sn
r Z ∞ r
2 n−1 2 sin nπ2
sin sx x dx = n
Γn
π 0 π s
h 1 i r 2 cos π
Fc x− 2 = 4
Γ1
π s 12 2

h 1 i r 2 sin π
F s x− 2 = 4
Γ1
π s 12 2

1 π π 1 √
Put n = , cos = sin = √ , Γ1 = π
2 4 4 2 2
 19

   
1 1 1 1
Fc √ = √ and Fs √ = √
x s x s
1
Hence √ is self reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform and Fourier sine transform.
x  
1
Example 17. (i) Find the Fourier cosine transform of 2
1 + x 
x
(ii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of
1 + x2
Solution.
  r Z ∞ 
1 2 1
Fc = cos sx dx
1 + x2 π 0 1 + x2
r  
 −ax  2 a
We know that Fc e =
π a2 + s 2
r  
 −x  2 1
Put a = 1 Fc e =
π 1 + s2

T
Applying IFCT with the above eqn
r Z ∞r 
2
IS
2 1

RM
f (x) = cos sx ds
π 0 π 1 + s2
,S

r Z ∞r  
π −x 2 1
e = cos sx ds
π 1 + s2
h

2 0
es

Replace s = x, x = s
ur
.S
.E

Z r 
∞  r
2 1 π −s
cos sx dx = e
Dr

π 1+x 2 2
0
  r
1 π −s
Fc 2
= e
1+x 2
  r
x π −s
Similarly we can solve Fs 2
= e
1+x 2

1.10 Exercise
1. Find the Fourier sine and cosine transforms of the function f (x) = e−2x , x ≥ 0.
2. Find the sine and cosine transforms of
≤x<a
n
f (x) = 0sin αx, x0> a

3. Find the sine and cosine transforms of

βx, 0 ≤ x < a
n
f (x) = cos
0 x>a
Z ∞
dx π
4. Using transform method show that =
0 (x2 + 4)(x2 + 9) 60
20
Z ∞
dx π
5. Using transform method show that dx =
0 (x2 + 4) 2 32
∞
x2
Z
π
6. Using transform method show that 2 2
dx =
0 (x + 9) 12

1.11 Properties of Fourier Transform

Property 1. Linearity property
If F (s) and G(s) are the Fourier transforms of f (x) and g(x) respectively, then
F [af (x) + bg(x)] = aF (s) + bG(s).
Proof.
F [af (x) + bg(x)]
Z ∞
1
= √ [af (x) + bg(x)]eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 isx 1
= a√ [f (x)e dx + b √ [g(x)eisx dx
2π −∞ 2π −∞
= aF (s) + bG(s)

T
Property 2. Change of scale property IS
RM
If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then for any real number a
1 s
F [f (ax)] = F .
,S

|a| a
h

Proof.
es
ur

Z ∞
1
F [f (ax)] = √ f (ax)eisx dx
.S

2π −∞
.E

Case (i). a > 0 put

du
Dr

ax = u ⇒ dx =
a
x = −∞ ⇒ u = −∞
x=∞ ⇒ u =∞
u
Z ∞
1 is du
F [f (ax)] = √ f (u) e a
2π −∞ a
s
Z ∞
1 1 i u
= ×√ f (u) e a du
a 2π −∞
1 s
= F
|a| a
Case (ii). a < 0 put
du
ax = u ⇒ dx =
a
x = −∞ ⇒ u = +∞
x=∞ ⇒ u = −∞
u
Z −∞
1 is du
F [f (ax)] = √ f (u) e a
2π ∞ a
s
Z ∞
1 1 i u
= ×√ f (u) e a du
(−a) 2π −∞
 21

1 s
= F
|a| a

Property 3. Time shifting property

If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then
F [f (x − a)] = eias F (s).
Proof.
Z ∞
1
F [f (x − a)] = √ f (x − a)eisx dx
2π −∞
put x − a = u x = t + a dx = du
x = −∞ ⇒ u = −∞
x=∞⇒u=∞

Z ∞
1
= √ f (u) eis(a + u) du
2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= √ f (u) eisa eisu du
2π −∞
Z ∞

T
ias 1
= e √ f (u) eisu du
IS
2π −∞
RM

= eias F (s)
,S

Property 4. Frequency shifting property

h

If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then

es
ur

F [eiax f (x)] = F (s + a).

.S

Proof.
.E

Z ∞
Dr

iax 1
F [e f (x)] = √ eiax f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= √ f (x)ei(s + a)x dx
2π −∞
= F (s + a)

Property 5. If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then

F [f (−x)] = F (−s).
Proof.
Z ∞
1
F [f (−x)] = √ f (−x)eisx dx
2π −∞
put − x = u dx = −du
x = −∞ ⇒ u = ∞
x = ∞ ⇒ u = −∞
Z −∞
1
= √ f (u) e−isu (−du)
2π Z∞
∞
1
= √ f (u) ei(−s)u du
2π −∞
= F (−s)
22

Property 6. If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then

F [f (x)] = F (−s).

Proof.
Z ∞
1
F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
1
F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= √ f (x)e−isx dx
2π −∞
= F (−s)

Property 7. If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then

F [f (−x)] = F (s).

T
Proof.
IS
RM
Z ∞
1
F [f (x)] = F (s) = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
,S

Z ∞
1
h

F (s) = √ f (x)eisx dx
es

2π −∞
ur

Z ∞
1
= √ f (x)e−isx dx
.S

2π −∞
.E

put x = −u dx = −du
x = −∞ ⇒ u = ∞
Dr

x = ∞ ⇒ u = −∞
Z −∞
1
= √ f (−u)eisu (−du)
2π Z∞
∞
1
= √ f (−u)eisu (du)
2π −∞
= F [f (−x)]

Property 8. If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then

dn F (s)
F [xn f (x)] = (−i)n .
dsn
Proof.
Z ∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞

Z ∞
dF (s) d 1
= √ f (x)eisx dx
ds ds 2π −∞
Z ∞
1 ∂  isx 
= √ f (x) e dx
2π −∞ ∂s
 23
Z ∞
1
= √ f (x)(ix)eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= i√ xf (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
= iF [xf (x)]
1 dF (s) dF (s)
=⇒ F [xf (x)] = = (−i)
i ds ds

Z ∞
d2 F (s) d 1
= √ f (x)eisx dx
ds2 ds 2π −∞
Z ∞
1 ∂  isx 
= √ f (x)(ix) e dx
2π −∞ ∂s
Z ∞
1
= √ f (x)(ix)2 eisx dx
2π −∞
Z ∞
2 1
= i √ x2 f (x)eisx dx
2π −∞
= (i) F [x2 f (x)]
2

1 d2 F (s)

T
=⇒ F [x2 f (x)] =
(i)2 ds2 IS
RM
d2 F (s)
= (−i)2
ds2
,S

n Z ∞
d F (s) n 1
= i √ xn f (x)eisx dx
h

dsn 2π −∞
es

= in F [xn f (x)]
ur

1 dn F (s)
.S

=⇒ F [xn f (x)] =
(i)n dsn
.E

n
n d F (s)
= (−i)
Dr

dsn

Property 9. If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then

 n 
d f (x)
F n
= (−is)n F (s),
dx

if f, f 0 , f 00 , · · · f (n−1) −→ 0 as x −→ ±∞.
Proof.
  Z ∞
df (x) 1
F = √ f 0 (x)eisx dx
dx 2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= √ eisx d(f (x))
2π −∞
n o∞ Z ∞ 
1 isx isx
= √ e f (x) − (is)f (x)e dx
2π −∞ −∞
 Z ∞ 
1 isx
= √ 0− (is)f (x)e dx
2π −∞
since f (t) → 0 as t → ±∞
= −(is)F (s)
24
Z ∞
d2 f (x)
 
1
F = √ f 00 (x)eisx dx
dx2 2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= √ eisx d(f 0 (x))
2π −∞
1
n o∞ Z ∞ 
= √ isx
e f (x) 0
− 0
(is)f (x)e isx dx
2π ∞ −∞
 Z ∞ 
1 0 isx
= √ 0 − (is) f (x)e dx
2π −∞
= (−is)2 F (s)
Now proceeding like this, by induction we have
 n 
d f (x)
F = (−is)n F (s)
dxn

Property 10. Modulation Theorem

If F (s) is the Fourier transform of f (x), then
1
F [f (x) cos ax] = [F (s + a) + F (s − a)].

T
2
Proof. IS
RM
Z ∞
1
F [f (x) cos ax] = √ f (x) cos ax eisx dx
2π −∞
,S

!
eiax + e−iax
Z ∞
1
h

= √ f (x) eisx dx
es

2π −∞ 2
ur

 Z ∞
1 1
.S

= √ f (x)ei(s + a)x dx
2 2π −∞
.E

Z ∞ 
1 i(s − a)x
+√ f (x)e dx
Dr

2π −∞
1
= [F (s + a) + F (s − a)]
2

1.12 Convolution theorem for Fourier Transform

Definition. The convolution of the functions f (x) and g(x) difined over the interval (−∞, ∞)
is given by Z ∞
1
[f ∗ g](x) = √ f (t)g(x − t) dt
2π −∞
Theorem. If F (s) and G(s) are the Fourier transform of f (x) and g(x) respectively then
Fourier transform of the convolution of f (x) and g(x) is the product of their Fourier trans-
forms. In other words,
F [f ∗ g](x) = F (s)G(s)
 Z ∞  Z ∞ 
1 isx 1 isx
= √ f (x)e dx √ g(x)e dx
2π −∞ 2π −∞

Proof.
Z ∞
1
F [f (x) ∗ g(x)] = √ (f (x) ∗ g(x))eisx dx
2π −∞
 25
Z ∞ Z ∞ 
1 1
= √ √ f (t)g(x − t) dt eisx dx
2π −∞ 2π −∞
Z ∞  Z ∞ 
1 1 isx
= √ f (t) √ g(x − t)e dx dt
2π −∞ 2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= √ f (t) [G(s)] eist dt (using Property 3)
2π −∞
Z ∞
1
= √ f (t)eist dt [G(s)]
2π −∞
= F (s)G(s)

1.13 Parseval’s Identity

If F (s) is the Fourier transform of a given function f (x) defined in (−∞, ∞) then
Z ∞ Z ∞
2
|f (x)| dx = |F (s)|2 ds
−∞ −∞

Proof. From convolution theorem we have

T
F [f (x) ∗ g(x)] = F (s)G(s)
f (x) ∗ g(x) = F −1 [F (s)G(s)]
IS
RM
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1
√ f (t)g(x − t) dt = √ F (s)G(s)e−isx ds
,S

2π −∞ 2π −∞
h
es

Put x = 0 we get
ur

Z ∞ Z ∞
.S

f (t)g(−t) dt = F (s)G(s) ds
.E

−∞ −∞
Dr

Let

g(−t) = f (t)
g(t) = f (−t)
=⇒ F [g(t)] = F [f (−t)]
=⇒ G(s) = F (s) (by using Property 7)

Hence we have
Z ∞ Z ∞
f (t)f (t) dt = F (s)F (s) ds
Z−∞∞ Z−∞
∞
|f (x)|2 dx = |F (s)|2 ds
−∞ −∞

1.14 Properties of Fourier cosine and sine Transforms

1. Linearity property
Let Fc (s) and Gc (s) be the Fourier cosine transforms of f (x) and g(x) respectively. Then

Fc [af (x) + bg(x)] = aFc (s) + bGc (s).

26

Proof.
Fc [af (x) + bg(x)]
r Z ∞
2
= [af (x) + bg(x)] cos sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2
= a f (x) cos sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2
+b g(x) cos sx dx
π 0
= aFc (s) + bGc (s)
Let Fs (s) and Gs (s) be the Fourier sine transforms of f (x) and g(x) respectively. Then
Fs [af (x) + bg(x)] = aFs (s) + bGs (s).
Proof.
Fs [af (x) + bg(x)]
r Z ∞
2
= [af (x) + bg(x)] sin sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞ r Z ∞

T
2 2
= a f (x) sin sx dx + b g(x) sin sx dx
IS
π 0 π 0
RM
= aFs (s) + bGs (s)
,S

2. Change of scale property

h

Let Fc (s) be the Fourier cosine transforms of f (x) . Then

es
ur

1 s
Fc [f (ax)] = Fc .
.S

a a
.E

Proof.
Dr

r Z ∞
2
Fc [f (ax)] = f (ax) cos sx dx
π 0
du
put ax = u dx =
a
x=0⇒u=0
r= ∞
x ⇒u=∞
Z ∞
2 u du
= f (u) cos s
π a a
r 0Z ∞
1 2 s
= f (u) cos u du
a π 0 a
1 s
= Fc
a a

Let Fs (s) be the Fourier sine transforms of f (x) . Then

1 s
Fs [f (ax)] = Fs .
a a
Proof.
r Z ∞
2
Fs [f (ax)] = f (ax) sin sx dx
π 0
 27

du
put ax = u dx =
a
x=0⇒u=0
r= ∞
x ⇒u=∞
Z ∞
2 u du
= f (u) sin s
π a a
r 0Z ∞
1 2 s
= f (u) sin u du
a π −∞ a
1 s
= Fs
a a
Property 3
Let Fc (s) be the Fourier cosine transform of f (x). Then
r
0 2
Fc [f (x)] = − f (0) + sFs [f (x)].
π
if f (x) −→ 0 as x −→ ∞.
Proof.
r Z ∞

T
0 2
Fc [f (x)] = f 0 (x) cos sx dx IS
π 0
RM
r Z ∞
2
= d[f (x)] cos sx dx
π
,S

0
r  Z ∞ 
2
h

= (f (x) cos sx)∞ +s f (x) sin sx dx

es

0
π 0
ur

r r Z ∞
2 2
.S

= [0 − f (0) cos(0)] + s f (x) sin sx dx

π π 0
.E

r
2
= − f (0) + sFs [f (x)]
Dr

π
by the assumption that f (x) −→ 0 as x −→ ∞

Let Fs (s) be the Fourier sine transform of f (x) . Then

Fs [f 0 (x)] = −sFc [f (x)]

if f (x) −→ 0 as x −→ ∞.
Proof.
r Z ∞
0 2
Fs [f (x)] = f 0 (x) sin sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2
= d[f (x)] sin sx dx
π 0
r  Z ∞ 
2
= (f (x) sin sx)∞
0 −s f (x) cos sx dx
π 0
rZ ∞
2
= 0−s f (x) cos sx dx
π 0
= −sFc [f (x)]
by the assumption that f (x) −→ 0 as x −→ ∞
28

Property 4
Let Fc (s) be the Fourier cosine transform of f (x). Then

Fc [xf (x)] = Fs0 (s)

Proof.
r Z ∞
2
Fs (s) = Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sx dx
π 0
"r Z #
∞
d d 2
Fs0 (s) = [Fs [f (x)]] = f (x) sin sx dx
ds ds π 0
r Z ∞
2 ∂
= f (x) (sin sx) dx
π ∂s
r Z0 ∞
2
= f (x)(x) cos sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2
= xf (x) cos sx dx
π 0
= Fc [xf (x)]

T
Let Fs (s) be the Fourier sine transform of f (x) . Then IS
RM

Fs [xf (x)] = −Fc0 (s)

,S

Proof.
h
es

r Z ∞
2
Fc (s) = Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sx dx
ur

π 0
.S

"r Z #
∞
d d 1
Fc0 (s) =
.E

[Fc [f (x)]] = f (x) cos sx dx

ds ds 2π 0
Dr

r Z ∞
2 ∂
= f (x) (cos sx) dx
π ∂s
r Z0 ∞
2
= f (x)(−x) sin sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2
= − xf (x) sin sx dx
π 0
= −Fs [xf (x)]

Property 5
Let Fc (s) be the Fourier cosine transform of f (x). Then
1
Fc [f (x) cos ax] = [Fc (a + s) + Fc (a − s)]
2
Proof.
r Z ∞
2
Fc [f (x) cos ax] = f (x) cos ax cos sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2 1
= f (x) [cos(a + s)x + cos(a − s)x] dx
π 0 2
 29
"r Z
1 2 ∞
= f (x) cos(a + s)x dx
2 π 0
r Z ∞ #
2
+ f (x) cos(a − s)x dx
π 0
1
= [Fc (a + s) + Fc (a − s)]
2
Property 6
Let Fs (s) be the Fourier sine transform of f (x) . Then
1
Fs [f (x) cos ax] = [Fs (s + a) + Fs (s − a)]
2
Proof.
r Z ∞
2
Fs [f (x) cos ax] = f (x) cos ax sin sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2 1
= f (x) [sin(s + a)x + sin(s − a)x] dx
π 2
"r 0 Z
2 ∞

T
1
= f (x) sin(s + a)x dx
IS
2 π 0
RM
r Z ∞ #
2
+ f (x) sin(s − a)x dx
,S

π 0
h

1
es

= [Fs (s + a) + Fs (s − a)]
2
ur
.S

Property 7
.E

Let Fc (s) be the Fourier cosine transform of f (x). Then

Dr

1
Fc [f (x) sin ax] = [Fs (a + s) + Fs (a − s)]
2
Proof.
r Z ∞
2
Fc [f (x) sin ax] = f (x) sin ax cos sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2 1
= f (x) [sin(a + s)x + sin(a − s)x] dx
π 2
"r 0 Z
1 2 ∞
= f (x) sin(a + s)x dx
2 π 0
r Z ∞ #
2
+ f (x) sin(a − s)x dx
π 0
1
= [Fs (a + s) + Fs (a − s)]
2
Property 8
Let Fs (s) be the Fourier sine transform of f (x) . Then
1
Fs [f (x) sin ax] = [Fc (s − a) − Fc (s + a)]
2
30

Proof.
r Z ∞
2
Fs [f (x) sin ax] = f (x) sin ax sin sx dx
π 0
r Z ∞
2 1
= f (x) [cos(s − a)x − cos(s + a)x] dx
π 2
"r 0 Z
∞
1 2
= f (x) cos(s − a)x dx
2 π 0
r Z ∞ #
2
− f (x) cos(s + a)x dx
π 0
1
= [Fc (s − a) − Fc (s + a)]
2
Property 9
Let Fc (s) and Gc (s) be the Fourier cosine transforms of f (x) and g(x) respectively. Then
Z ∞ Z ∞
Fc (s)Gc (s) ds = f (x) g(x) dx
0 0

Proof.

T
Z ∞
Fc (s)Gc (s) ds
IS
RM
0
"r Z #
,S

∞
2 ∞
Z
= Fc (s) g(x) cos sx dx ds
h

0 π 0
es

Z ∞Z ∞ r
ur

2
= Fc (s) g(x) cos sx dx ds
.S

0 0 π
.E

Change the order of integration

Dr

Z ∞ "r Z #
2 ∞
= g(x) Fc (s) cos sx ds dx
0 π 0

By the inverse transform formula we have

Z ∞
= g(x) [f (x)] dx
Z0 ∞
= f (x) g(x) dx
0

Property 10
Let Fs (s) and Gs (s) be the Fourier sine transforms of f (x) and g(x) respectively. Then
Z ∞ Z ∞
Fs (s)Gs (s) ds = f (x) g(x) dx
0 0
Proof.
Z ∞
Fs (s)Gs (s) ds
0
"r Z #
Z ∞ ∞
2
= Fs (s) g(x) sin sx dx ds
0 π 0
 31
Z ∞ Z ∞
r
2
= Fs (s) g(x) sin sx dx ds
0 0 π

Change the order of integration

"r Z #
∞
2 ∞
Z
= g(x) Fs (s) sin sx ds dx
0 π 0

By the inverse transform we have

Z ∞
= g(x) [f (x)] dx
Z0 ∞
= f (x) g(x) dx
0

Property 11. Parseval’s Identity

If Fs (s) and Fc (s) are the Fourier sine and cosine transform of a given function f (x)
defined in (0, ∞) then
Z ∞ Z ∞

T
2
(i) |f (x)| dx = |Fs (s)|2 ds
Z0 ∞ Z0 ∞ IS
RM
(ii) |f (x)|2 dx = |Fc (s)|2 ds
0 0
h ,S
es
ur
.S
.E
Dr