LESSON NOTES: INTERNET

The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that allows for the
transmission and exchange of data and information across vast distances. It consists of a vast
infrastructure of physical connections, including cables, routers, servers, and other networking
devices, that facilitate the transfer of digital information. The internet enables various forms of
communication, such as email, instant messaging, voice and video calls, as well as access to a
wide range of online resources, including websites, web applications, and online services.
INTERNET PROTOCOLS
Internet protocols are a set of rules and standards that govern the behavior and communication
between devices connected to the internet. These protocols enable different computers and
networks to exchange data and information in a structured and consistent manner.
1. Internet Protocol (IP): IP is the fundamental protocol of the internet. It provides the addressing
scheme and packet delivery mechanism for data transmission across networks. IPv4 and IPv6 are
the two versions of IP currently in use.
2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures
reliable and ordered delivery of data packets between devices. It breaks data into segments,
manages acknowledgments, and handles congestion control.
3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP): UDP is a connectionless protocol that offers a lightweight
alternative to TCP. It provides a fast but unreliable transport mechanism for applications such as
real-time streaming and online gaming, where speed is prioritized over reliability.
4. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP is the protocol used for communication between
web browsers and web servers. It defines how requests and responses are formatted and
transmitted, facilitating the retrieval and display of web pages.
5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP is a protocol that allows the transfer of files between
computers on a network. It provides functions for file uploading, downloading, renaming, and
deletion.
6. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is the standard protocol for sending email
messages across networks. It defines how email clients send messages to mail servers and how
mail servers communicate with each other to deliver emails.
7. Domain Name System (DNS): DNS translates human-readable domain names (e.g.,
www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand. It serves as a distributed
directory system for mapping domain names to their corresponding IP addresses.

8. Secure Shell (SSH): SSH is a cryptographic network protocol that provides secure remote
access to computers and secure data transfer between systems. It is commonly used for secure
command-line login, remote command execution, and secure file transfer.
INTERNET SEVICES
Internet services are applications or platforms that are accessible through the internet and provide
various functionalities and resources to users. These services enable users to communicate,
collaborate, access information, and perform various tasks online. Here are some common types
of internet services:
1. Email: Email services allow users to send, receive, and store electronic messages over the
internet. Popular email services include Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo Mail.
2. Social Media: Social media platforms enable users to create profiles, connect with others, and
share content such as text, photos, and videos. Examples of social media platforms include
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn.
3. Search Engines: Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo allow users to search for
information on the internet. They index web pages and provide relevant search results based on
user queries.
4. Video Streaming: Video streaming services such as Netflix, YouTube, and Amazon Prime
Video deliver video content over the internet. Users can watch movies, TV shows, and other
videos on-demand.
5. Online Shopping: Online shopping platforms like Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba enable users to
browse and purchase products and services online. They provide a convenient way to shop from
a wide range of retailers and sellers.
6. Cloud Storage: Cloud storage services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and Microsoft OneDrive
allow users to store and access their files and documents online. These services offer remote
storage, file synchronization, and sharing capabilities.
7. Online Banking: Financial institutions provide online banking services that enable users to
perform banking transactions, check account balances, transfer funds, pay bills, and manage their
finances over the internet.
8. Video Conferencing: Video conferencing services like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google
Meet facilitate online meetings, webinars, and virtual collaboration. Users can communicate via
audio and video, share screens, and collaborate in real-time.

9. Online Learning: Online learning platforms such as Coursera, Udemy, and Khan Academy
offer educational courses and resources over the internet. Users can access a wide range of
subjects and learn at their own pace.
10. Music Streaming: Music streaming services like Spotify, Apple Music, and Pandora allow
users to listen to a vast catalog of songs and discover new music online. They offer personalized
playlists, recommendations, and offline listening options.
Advantages of using the inter net:
1. Access to information: The internet provides a vast amount of information on almost any topic
imaginable. It allows users to access educational resources, research materials, news articles, and
much more. This easy access to information has revolutionized the way we learn and gather
knowledge.
2. Communication and connectivity: The internet enables people to connect and communicate
with others across the globe. It has facilitated the rise of email, social media, video conferencing,
and instant messaging, making it easier to stay in touch with friends, family, and colleagues,
regardless of geographical distances.
3. Online services and convenience: The internet offers a wide range of online services, such as
online shopping, banking, bill payments, and booking reservations. It provides convenience and
saves time by allowing users to perform these tasks from the comfort of their homes.
4. Global marketplace: The internet has opened up new opportunities for businesses to reach a
global audience. Online stores and marketplaces enable businesses to sell products and services
worldwide, expanding their customer base and potentially increasing profits.

Disadvantages of using the inter net:

1. Security and privacy risks: The internet poses various security risks, including hacking,
identity theft, and malware attacks. Users need to be cautious while sharing personal information
online and take steps to protect their privacy.
2. Information overload and reliability: While the internet offers a vast amount of information, it
can be overwhelming to filter through the sheer volume of content available. Additionally, not all
online information is accurate or reliable, leading to potential misinformation and confusion.
3. Addiction and time management: The internet can be addictive, leading to excessive time
spent online and neglecting other important aspects of life, such as relationships, work, and
physical well-being. Managing time effectively and maintaining a healthy balance is crucial.
4. Cyberbullying and online harassment: The anonymity provided by the internet can lead to
incidents of cyberbullying and online harassment. People may experience negative interactions,
trolling, or harassment, which can have a significant impact on their mental and emotional well-
being.
5. Digital divide and access limitations: Not everyone has equal access to the internet, creating a
digital divide. Socioeconomic factors, geographical location, and infrastructure limitations can
restrict internet access for certain individuals or communities, limiting their opportunities for
online learning, employment, and participation in the digital world.
ELETRONIC MAIL
Email, short for electronic mail, is a widely used method of sending and receiving digital
messages over the internet. It allows individuals, businesses, and organizations to communicate
and exchange information quickly and efficiently.
How email wor ks:
1. Email Clients: To send and receive emails, users typically use email clients, which are
software applications or web-based interfaces that allow access to an email account. Popular
email clients include Microsoft Outlook, Apple Mail, Gmail, and Yahoo Mail.
2. Email Addresses: Each user is assigned a unique email address, which serves as their digital
identifier. An email address consists of two main parts: the username (before the @ symbol) and
the domain name (after the @ symbol). For example, [email protected].
3. SMTP and MTA: When a user composes an email and clicks "send," the email client
communicates with the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server associated with the user's
email provider. The SMTP server is responsible for sending outgoing emails. It relays the email
to the appropriate Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) based on the recipient's email domain.
4. DNS Lookup: The MTA performs a Domain Name System (DNS) lookup to determine the
recipient's email server's IP address. DNS translates the recipient's domain name (e.g.,
example.com) into an IP address.
5. Receiving Email Server: The recipient's email server receives the incoming email from the
sender's MTA. It stores the email in the recipient's mailbox until it is accessed.
6. POP or IMAP: To retrieve their emails, users can use either the Post Office Protocol (POP) or
the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). POP downloads and removes emails from the
server, storing them on the user's local device. IMAP synchronizes the email client with the
server, allowing users to access their emails from multiple devices while keeping them stored on
the server.
7. Email Content: Emails consist of various components. The header contains information like
the sender, recipient, subject, and date. The body contains the actual content of the message,
which can include text, images, attachments, and formatting.
8. Attachments: Users can attach files, such as documents, images, or audio, to their emails.
These attachments are encoded and sent along with the email. The recipient can then download
and access the attachments.
9. Email Protocols: To facilitate the exchange of emails between servers and clients, various
protocols are used, such as SMTP for sending emails, POP or IMAP for retrieving emails, and
protocols like Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) to secure email
communications.
10. Spam Filtering: Email providers often employ spam filters to automatically detect and filter
out unsolicited or unwanted emails, known as spam, to protect users from unwanted content and
potential security threats.

STEPS HOW TO CREATE EMAIL

1. Choose an Email Provider: Select an email service provider that suits your needs. Popular
options include Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo Mail, and others. Visit the provider's website and sign up
for a new account if you don't already have one.
2. Provide Required Information: During the sign-up process, you'll be asked to provide certain
information, including your desired email address, a password, and sometimes additional
personal details like your name, phone number, or alternate email address. Fill in the required
fields accurately.
3. Select an Email Address: Choose an email address that is available and reflects your
preferences or identity. It typically consists of a username (e.g., john.doe) and the domain name
of the email provider (e.g., @gmail.com). Some providers offer domain options other than their
main domain.
4. Set a Password: Create a strong and secure password for your email account. It should ideally
be a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters to enhance security. Avoid using
easily guessable information like your name or birthdate.
5. Configure Account Settings: After creating your email account, you may have the option to
configure additional settings. This includes personalizing your display name, setting a signature
that appears at the end of your emails, and adjusting privacy or security preferences.
6. Access Your Inbox: Once you've completed the sign-up process, you can access your email
inbox. Login to your email account using your email address and password. Depening on the
email provider, you can access your inbox through a web-based interface or by using an email
client application.
7. Compose and Send an Email: To create a new email, look for a "Compose" or "New Email"
button within your email interface or client. Click on it to open a new email composition
window. Enter the recipient's email address in the "To" field, add a relevant subject line, and type
your message in the body of the email. You can also attach files if needed.
8. Review and Send: Before sending the email, review its content, including the recipient's email
address, subject, and message body, to ensure accuracy and clarity. Make any necessary edits or
additions. Once you're satisfied, click the "Send" or "Send Email" button to dispatch the email.
9. Check Sent and Received Emails: After sending an email, it will appear in your sent folder or
a similar location within your email account. You can also check your inbox for any new emails
you receive from other senders.
Electronic media is a form of mass media that needs electronic energy to create and distribute
informative or entertaining content in the form of audio, visual, written or audio-visual etc. And
there are a number of different types of media from print to digital and electronic. Here we will
list some of the top electronic media below-

Different types of electronic media

Radio – By using the radio waves to produce and distribute informative, educative and
entertaining content for the audience is called radio. From different radio stations, people used to
cover interviews, talk with the audience, and share daily and recent political, economical and
other news updates.
Television– In the beginning television used to provide a limited number of channels that offered
various types of content like education, entertainment, news etc. But with the passing of time and
advancement, today television provides numerous channels that offer a variety of different
content. Nowadays, television provides different channels that serve a different set of audiences
like cinema channels, news channels, daily soaps and children’s entertainment channels,
cooking, wildlife and nature, travelling channels etc.
Digital Media
Digital Media is the newest form of media and this form of mass media includes electricity and
the internet to produce different types of media content. The transmission of digital media is
achieved by distributing digital data through satellites or digital cables to be devices that are able
to translate them into texts, graphics, audio, videos and so on. Different forms of digital media
include music, videos, advertisement, podcasts etc that you can find in any web-based system.