Database Management System

1. Data-The raw facts constitutes data.

2. Information: Information is the processed or organised form of data.

3. Database: A database is a collection of logically related data items stored in an organised

manner.

4. Database Management System: The software that is used to create, update and retrieve data
is known as database management system (DBMS).

5. Examples of DBMS are MS Access, Open Office or LibreOffice Base, Oracle, Ingress, MySQL.

6. Entity is a real-world object about which information is to be stored in a database.

7. Attributes: The details associated with the entity are called attributes.

8. A table is a collection of logically related records. It is organised as a set of columns, and can
have any number of rows.

9. Fields/Columns/Attributes/Domain: A field is the smallest entity in the database. A column

within a table that contains only one type of information is called a field.

10. Record/Tuple/Row: A set of various fields is called a record. The data values for all the fields
related to a person or object is called a record.

11. Data values: Data values are the raw data represented in numeric, character or alphanumeric
form.

12. File: A file is a collection of related records.

13. ITEMS- what database is storing information about.

14.Design View-
 In this view records are not visible. Only field names and their datatypes are
visible
 We can edit and modify the object or file.

15.Datasheet View-
 Default view of the table. It shows all the fields and records as entered by the user
 We can only view the sheet and can only make minor changes.
16. Tables:
 Grid like structure
 Horizontal rows and vertical columns

17. Forms:
 Systematic way
 Add,update and delete data in database
 Organized view of fields

18. Queries:
 Queries are used to get specific information from a database.
 It is a question or search within a database

19. Reports:
 Generated from database’ s table
 Provide information in useful way.
 Display data in summarized manner.

20. Field Properties: (Table)

 ENTRY REQUIRED-YES/NO
 LENGTH-Length of the value of the field
 DEFAULT VALUE-Assumed value for the field
 FORMAT EXAMPLE- To set the field format of that field.

21. Types of Files in database:

Flat File:
1. Data is stored in a single table
2. Less amount of data
Relational File:
1. Data is stored in multiple tables
2. Suitable for medium to large amount of data.

22. Types of DML:

 PROCEDURAL: The user specifies what data is needed and how to get it.
 NON-PROCEDURAL-The user specifies only what data is needed

23. Applying Criteria:

 Condition based on which tuples will be filtered.
 Numbers:- <>, =,<,>, Between x and y, Not between x and y
 String:- LIKE ‘avi*', NOT like ‘avi*’, LIKE ‘Avi?’ , IN(‘Amit’, ‘Avinash’, ‘Anish’), Is
 Empty
 Dates:- < '05-11-2024’ – Before the date as given
>’05-11-2024’ – After the date as given
=’05-11-2024’ – on date as given
24. Grouping of Data:
Output by the query do not have a specific order
We can choose to group the tuples by a particular field

To display the records containing the same type of value

We can display the groups in a sorting order

Eg. (1, IT) (2, IT)

(3, Physics) (5,Physics) (6, Physics)

25. Types of Reports:

 Static Report: contains data in selected fields at the time the report was
created.
 Dynamic Report: can be updated to show the latest data.

Answer in Detail:

1. Advantages of DBMS (NCERT-pg 156,157)

 Sharing of data- Different users can use the same database-according to

their needs.
 Data Redundancy: Data Avoids duplication of data
 Data Inconsistency -Avoids inconsistency. single database is used by
multiple users -ensures same data- present for all the users.
 Confidentiality-Different views for different users.
 Highly Securable-Assigning a lock by using keys.

2. RDBMS-

o Relational database management system

o It is a database management system that is based on the relational model
o Introduced by E. F. Codd
 o All data is represented in terms of tuples.
o The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method
for specifying data and queries.
o Example: SQL

3. Keys: NCERT(159-161)
Primary key - A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies a row in a table.
Candidate key- All the field values that are eligible to be the primary key are the candidate keys
Alternate key- Out of the candidate keys, one or two are made as primary keys. The others are
the alternate keys

Foreign key -I f a field or a combination of fields of one table can be used to uniquely identify
records of another table, then that particular field is known as the foreign key. This foreign key
helps to build a relation between two tables.
Composite primary key -Combination of fields makes up the Primary key.
4. Relationship between tables:

A relationship refers to an association or connection between two or more tables.

Relationships between tables helps to:

 Save time as there is no need to enter the same data in separate tables.

 Reduce data-entry errors.

 Summarize data from related tables.

Types of relationships:

 (i)One-to-One
 (ii) One-to-many
 (iii) Many-to-Many

One-to-one relationship:

In this type of relationship, one specific record of a master table has one and only one
corresponding record in the transaction table. Both the tables must have primary key column.
One-to-Many relationship:

In this type of relationship, one specific record of a master table has more than one
corresponding record in the transaction table. One of the table must have primary key column.

Many-to-Many relationship:
There will be multiple records in the master table that correspond to multiple records in the
transaction table as well. No table has the primary key column.

5.Referential Integrity
According to the principle of referential integrity, no unmatched foreign key values should exist
in the database. That means if a record, say Admission No as 1001 is not present or deleted in
the master table (Student_Details) of Student database, then there should be no record with
Admission no as 1001 in the transaction table (Student_Result) as well.

LibreOffice Base gives us following four options to choose from to maintain referential integrity
in such cases.
• No action – This is the default option. This option states that a user should not be allowed to
update or delete any record in the master table if any related record exists in the transaction
table.
• Update cascade – This option allows the user to delete or update the referenced field but along
with it all the related records in any of the transaction tables will also be deleted or updated.
• Set NULL – This option assigns NULL value to all the related fields if the master record is deleted
or updated.
• Set default – This option assigns any fixed default value to all the related fields if the master
record is deleted or updated.

6. Data types:
The nature of data to be entered for various fields are of different types.

 Text Data Type – Combination of letters, numbers or special characters. No

arithmeticcalculations can be performed.
Examples: PAN Card Number, Name
Memo(Longvarchar), Text(Char), Text(Varchar)
 Numeric Data Type – Numeric data types consists of numbers. The numbers can be
integer or real numbers.Arithmetic calculations can be performed.
Examples: Integer, Number, Decimal, Float
 Currency Data Type – The currency data type indicates the monetary values and can be
stored using currencies of various countries.
Example: $100, £ 500 or Rs. 25.50.
 Date Data Type – This data type is used to indicate dates and time.
For example 12/25/2019, 08:45 AM.
Date Stores the year, month and day as it is stored in the system.
Time Stores the time of the day as hour, minute and second
Timestamp Stores date and time information at once.
 Boolean – In boolean data type there can be only two values- True or False. Yes/No,
True/False, On/Off.
 Binary – The Binary data type used to store digitized images and sounds that comes as
long string of zeros and ones. Photos, sound snippets or voice messages.

7. Data models:
Data Model is the structure of database and it describes the manner in which data will be
stored and retrieved.
Hierarchical Data Model- the data is organized into a tree like structure. The data is stored
in the form of linked records.
Network Data model- multiple records are linked to same master file.
Relational data model-Based on the principle of setting relationships between two or more
tables of the same database.