100% found this document useful (2 votes)

699 views186 pages

Novice Translators' Guide 1

A course in basic translation skills will help you acquire the basic skills in translating. It is suitable for all graduates of the secondary stage of education and can be used by any intermediate language learner. The course will help you in the following areas: 1reading comprehension skills 2researching skills, 3writing skills and 4speaking skills.

Uploaded by

khonfor

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

100% found this document useful (2 votes)

699 views186 pages

Novice Translators' Guide 1

Uploaded by

khonfor

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 186

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Novice Translators'
Guide
[English Arabic]

STUDENTS' BOOK
For All learners of English
By
Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah
PhD TEFL and language Course Design - Qena
MA Linguistics and translation Theory- London

Qena Faculty of Education

South Valley University
2005

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and

the earths and the difference in your languages and
colours. Herein indeed are portents for men of
knowledge.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Acknowledgement
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Heavens and the Earths, for helping me help others
learn. I pray to Him to accept this work and benefit me with it in this life and in the
Hereafter.
I would like to thank all who helped in the production of this guide, especially my
PhD advisors professor Ata Zidan, Professor Nsrallah Mahmoud and Dr. Mohamad
Abolyosr. I am also indebted to my students who participated in the experiment in the
school of Education, South Valley University, and to the World Arabic Translators'
Association (WATA) for granting me a permission to use some of their online
materials.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

To the memory of my mother,

To my wife, my son Mohammad and my daughter Minnatallah.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Introduction
Many people find it difficult to translate; some think that translation is a talent and
that a translator is born not made. Modern studies in the field of linguistics,
psychology and translation studies,, however, have shown that translation is a mental
activity that requires knowledge and practice. As a mental process, translation can be
divided into certain skills. Through training on their skills, a novice translator can find
his way and plant his feet firmly on the land of translation.
You may have faced some problems throughout your study in translating certain
difficult words, sentences or expressions. This is a course in basic translation skills. It
will help you acquire the basic skills in translating. The course is suitable for all
graduates of the secondary stage of education and can be used by any intermediate
language learner. Basically the course will help you in the following areas:
1- reading comprehension skills
2- researching skills,
3- analytical skills,
4- production , or composing skills, and
5- theoretical translation background.

The course consists of five units. In each unit all the five areas mentioned above will
be developed through detailed exercises and tasks.
In order to make the best use of the course, you will have to:
1. attend all the classes,
2. follow the instructions of the teacher,
3. do the homework or the assignments required class by class,
4. participate with other students in the pair work or the group work
tasks,
5. write your comments after each class in the reflections section,
6. participate in discussions with your teacher and classmates,
7. ask for clarification whenever you need.
I hope that you will enjoy this course on translation
and wish you the best of luck.
Dr. Antar S. Abdellah
Qena 12 Ramadan 1425
5

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Contents
Subject

page

Unit one:
Words, words , A world of words
Unit Two:
Going to the Market !
Unit Three:
Planting Trees!
Unit Four:
Give us the Tools and We ll do the job!
Unit Five:
Keep Working !
Resources for the translator
List of common prefixes and suffixes and their meanings
Monolingual dictionary entries and explanatory Notes
List of common semantic fields and lexical sets
List of common Idioms in English with examples
List of common English proverbs with Arabic Equivalents
Ways of searching the internet for Information and
translating words online
List of important internet sites for the translator
(dictionaries, journals, associations, search engines)
Glossary of theoretical terms in the course
Sample specialized online dictionary
list of technical terms in different fields of science
selected readings on translation in English and Arabic for
students
Further readings on translation for students

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit One
Words, words A World of Words !

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit One Words, words A World of Words !

By the end of this Lesson, you should be able to :
1.

Identify what is meant by a word.

2. Identify the difference between a word and a morpheme.

3. Identify the meaning and function of affixes. (prefixes, suffixes
and roots.)
4. Realize that there are different meanings for one word.
5. Identify what is meant by context.
6. Realize what is meant by the term Linguistics.
7. Give examples of words and morphemes.
8. Give examples of affixes; prefixes, suffixes and roots.
9. Give example of different meanings for one word.
10. Use new translation skills in translating a passage.
________________________________________

Introduction:
In your translation course you will have to deal with words, phrases,
sentences and paragraphs. Sometimes you face problems concerning
the suitable translation of a word or an expression. In order to
become a good translator, you need to know what a word is, and the different
types of meaning a word may have.
KNOW
What is a WORD?!

- Linguists are people who study languages,

Linguistics therefore is the science that studies
languages.
- Some linguists say that a WORD is any group
of letters that has a meaning and that has spaces
on both sides.
- Some other linguists say that a WORD is the
smallest unit of language that can be used by itself.
Which d efinition do you like?
______ _________________________________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Why did you cho ose this defin ition?

______ _________________________________
______ _________________________________
______ _________________________________
Give examples of WORDS
______ _________________________________
Words and Meaning:

Every word should have at least one meaning.

Some words can have more than one meaning.
For example the word Kind can mean
or
the word book can mean
or
Use your dictionary to get the different meanings of the
following words:
1. land
______ _________________________________
2.dove
______ _________________________________
3.spring
______ _________________________________
4.check
______ _________________________________
5.subject
______ _________________________________
Words and Morphemes:

Ali was Happy

- Mona was unhappy
- What is the difference between the two sentences?
______ _________________________________

- What do you think UN means in the second sentence?

_______________________________________
- Is UN a word? _____________________________
- If it is not a word , then it should be a -----------------Dis , Re , il , -less , ness are all -------------- There are two kinds of morphemes;
- 1) Prefix : this means the part that comes before the word; like
RE, UN, DIS,
- 2) Suffix : the part that comes after the word; like less
, -ness, -ment, -ism.
- Here is a list of the commonly used prefixes and
suffixes in English.
MODEL

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

In groups, translate the words in th e Illustration Column, you may

use you r dictionary.

Prefix
UnIl-, in-, im,ir-,
A
BiCo-,com,
co, col,
cor,
PreMicroMacro-

Meaning
Not
Not

Illustration
Undisciplined
Illegal, immature, irregular , insane

Without

Amoral; without moral sense

Two
Together

Bilabial; using the two lips

Cooperate, combine, collect,
correspond

Before
Small
Large

Predict
Microscope
Macroeconomics

Then work out the meaning of these suffixes:

Suffixes used to form nouns

-tion, sion, ion
-age
-ance,ence
-cy
-ism

Examples and illustrations

Transformation, impression , action
Voltage, courage ,average,
Acceptance ,presence, existence
Vacancy, fluency, accuracy
Tourism, terrorism, idealism,
naturalism (usually used with
philosophies)

It's time to have a look at the

materials in unit one in the
Resources part of this book.
These contain lists of common
prefixes and suffixes in
English. Try to understand
their meaning and translate
the sentences in the examples

PRACTICE
Group work :
Add a suffix to change the part of speech of the words in the first column to the part of
speech indicated in the second column.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

WORD

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

NEW WORD

Wonder

adjective ______

Memory

verb _________

Marry

noun __________

Happy

noun __________

Active

adverb_________

Individually :choose a prefix from the following list to change the meaning of the words
below :
( micro- co

multi- ab

un in- hyper- mis )

Add a prefix that means

Word formed

exist together

_____ exist

not coherent

_____coherent

small computer

_____ computer

a wrong understanding

____ understanding

many facets.

____ faceted

not responsible

_______ responsible

below normal

_______normal

above the average human

_______human

Now check your answers with th e stud en t who sits next to you.
Ha ve you got the sa me answers?
_______________________________________________

KNOW
Meaning And Usage:
"Lingu istics: is the science tha t stud ies th e systems of human languages"
It is importan t to know abou t Linguistics in o rder to:
1- determine the type of d ifficulty in a sentence b efo re tran slating
2- determine the best equivalent structure in the target languag e that
represents th e o rigina l,
3- determine the context of the new word.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

But wha t is CONTEXT?

You may find that two wo rds have th e sa me meaning in Arabic , but
they are used differently in Eng lish.

For examples wo rds like

thin k / b elieve
Advise / reco mmend
School / colleg e
Do ctor / professor

The CONTEXT is the words, sentences, and paragraph s surround ing

the n ew word

The CONTEXT d etermin es the meaning and usage of the n ew word .

For example the wo rd fire means

MODEL
Read the fo llo wing sentence and an swer the qu estion s:

The soldier gave the order to fire at the enemy.

1. What part of speech is fire ? ( a verb, a noun, or an adjective,..
etc)____
2. Does

the

sentence

talk

about

business,

war

blaze?

_________________________________
3. What words in the sentence helped you to answer question 2?
_____________ and _______________
4. Fire means ________________
i.

To let some one go from a job.

ii. To shoot at.

iii. Red-hot flames.
-tthen read th is sen tence an d a nswer the q uestio ns:

The boy scouts lit a fire using only flint and wood.
Questions: 1. What part of speech is fire? __________________
2.does the sentence talk about business, war or a blaze?
_________________________________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

3.what words in the sentence helped you to answer question 2?

_____________ and _______________
4. Fire means ________________
iv. To let some one go from a job.
v. To shoot at.
vi. Red-hot flames.
Now read th is sen tence and a nswer the q uestion s:

Sam was fired because h e couldn t fu lfill the requirem ents o f his wo rk.
In this sentence fired is a (an) ______________.it means__________

Practice
In g roups, Read the fo llo wing sentences and decide th e pa rt of
sp eech (noun , verb, adjective, ad verb ,..etc) and the meaning of
the und erlin ed wo rds. (You may NOT use th e dictiona ry now).
1. The elderly patient used a cane to help her walk.
In this sentence cane is a (an) ______________.it
means__________
2. Major Arnold cancelled the concert when the band failed to arrive .
In this sentence concert is a (an) ______________.it means__________
3. new materials gave the chair a refreshing look.
In this sentence chair is a (an) ______________.it means__________
4. Randy ,can you staple these papers so they wont fall a part?
In this sentence staple is a (an) ______________.it means__________
Check your answers with another group,
Now you can use the d ictiona ry to ma ke sure o f you r an swers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GET DOWN TO BUSINESS

Now it is time for Translation,

TRANSLATE

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

A. Sentences translation:
Each sen ten ce to b e tran slated is a problem that needs a solu tion.

Lexical Difficulty:
Sometimes th e difficu lty is in th e new wo rds in th e sen tence. In this ca se try to
understand th e meaning of the n ew word s depend ing on your knowledg e of
prefixes and suffixes.
In g roups, transla te th e following senten ces without referring to the dictiona ry.
You can only refer to the list of prefixes and suffixes in you r kit.
1. If we compare life and thought in the periods of pre and post October war, we
will find great contradictions.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The legend of the unbeatable army of Israel was broken.
_________________________________________________________________
3. The Quran is the heart of Islam. Muslims believe it to be the literal , uncreated
Word of God. It is inimitable and untranslatable..
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. It is said that in ancient times there was a strange bird called the "Hoho". This
bird was tiny and feather-less, ugly and colorless.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. We celebrate the 6th of October as our liberation Day in which Sinai was restored ,
Egypt was rebuilt, and the Arab honour was regained.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. The whole hemisphere witnessed the greatness of the Egyptian army
_____________________________________________________________________
7. In the pre war period , the press as well as the broadcast media used to spread a
false saying about the non-crossable canal due to the enemy's defenses, such as the
auto-directed air craft known as the Phantom.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. However , the post war era showed the whole world that deep faith and strong will
can change the impossible into the possible.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. In the cinema, people sit in their comfortable seats and watch the picture
appearing in rapid succession before their eyes, like an unfolded book; and they
dont have the trouble of tuning over the leaves.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
10. Language is the expression of human personality in words, whether written or
spoken.
____________________________________________________________________

TRANSLATE

B. Passage Translation:
Read the following Passage and answer the questions.
(Don t use the dictionary until you admitted to do so.)

An Interview with Professor Ahmad Zewail

Professor Zewail is the director of the laboratory for molecular sciences at the
California Institute of Technology. Using laser, professor Zewail and his team have devised
techniques for studying atoms as they come together to form molecules. These molecular
births take place in only a millionth of a million of a second. During his research in 1997,
professor Zewail discovered the femtosecond , which is a millionth of a billionth of a second.
Now , femto-chemistry is one of the most intensely studied topics in science. It was for his work
in this field that , in 1999, professor Zewail was awarded the Noble Prize for chemistry. The
Noble Prize is the highest award that any one can be given , and the professor is the first Arab
to have won the prize for science.
Interviewer : Thank you very much for giving us this interview , professor Zewail.
Professor Zewail : It s a pleasure.
Interviewer : You now live in California as an American citizen. But what do you remember
about your school days in Egypt?
Professor Zewail : Well, I went to school in Desouk Government secondary school. I especially
remember the encouragement given to me by my family at that time.
15

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Interviewer : Can you explain that a little more?

Professor Zewail : Yes, my family was proud of my success at school, and they always
encouraged me to do better. I remember on one occasion I got 98% in an exam. When I told
my father , he laughed and said well done, Ahmad , but what about the other two percent
Interviewer : Is there any thing else that you remember form those days?
Professor Zewail : Yes, One should have a certain aim, or objective, to which all his life may be
devoted. I had a certain objective before my eyes from the very beginning of my life. To be a
professor in the university was my only dream. I used to write a Dr. Ahmad-sign on my door to
see whenever I work. I was a quiet child, away from quarrelling with other children; I liked
sitting with those who were older than me. My utmost or most important- bliss was listening .
This good quality taught me to concentrate whenever I listen to a scientific speech. When I was
in the preparatory stage, I made an experiment in my study where I used to sit between those
four walls alone. I got an empty bottle and put some wood in it, heated it on a stove and was so
glad while I was burning wood. My happiness came because I saw with my mere eye how a
material turns from the solid into the gas form.
I also remember my friends . We were all very excited about that we were learning and we
used to discuss our studies. This helped us a lot.
Interviewer : And after secondary school, you studied at the university of Alexandria , what was
the biggest difference between being a student at school and a student at university?
Professor Zewail : Oh, well. At school, your teachers direct your studies and organize your
learning. It is not quite like that at university , you have a program of studies of course , but you
don t have lessons like you do at school. You have lectures and you have to take notes for
what the lecturer says and for the books you read. So you are more responsible for your own
learning than you are at school.
Interviewer : I see. And what did you do after you graduated from Alexandria University?
Professor Zewail : After I got my master of science degree. I got a place at the university of
Pennsylvania, where I did my Ph.D.
Interviewer : And after that?
Professor Zewail : I came to California to teach and do research at the university of California
at Berkeley, and then I came here to the California Institute of Technology, where I became a
professor.
Interviewer : You have received honors, professor . Which ones are you most proud of?

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Professor Zewail : The Noble Prize for Chemistry and the Order of Merit, which was awarded to
me by president Mubarak. Oh , and the fact that my portrait appeared on an Egyptian postage
stamp in 1998.
Interviewer : Finally, do you have any advice for our readers?
Professor Zewail : Yes, whatever else you do , value your education.
Interviewer : Thank you very much indeed, professor.
Professor Zewail : It s been a pleasure.
(Adapted from Don Dallas, Hello 7, 2000 , and Al Madah Ahmad Zewail ,2000)

A. Reading Comprehension Skills

Answer the following questions:
1- Who is Ah mad Zewail?
__ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __
2- Wha t is th e na tion ality of Zewail?
__ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __
3- Where do es h e work?
__ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __
4- Wha t did h e discover?
__ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __
5- Wha t do you know ab ou t th e No ble p rize?
__ __ _______________________________________________
__ __ _______________________________________________
6- Wha t qu ality does Zewa il con sider the most imp orta nt in h is
scientific growth?
__ __ _______________________________________________
7- Where did he ma ke th e first exp erimen t?
__ __ _______________________________________________
8- Do yo u thin k tha t Zewa il liked h is u niversity years more th an
h is sch oo l years? Why? Wh y not?
__ __ _______________________________________________
__ __ _______________________________________________
9- h ow ma ny prizes d id Zewa il g et? Wha t a re they?
__ __ _______________________________________________
__ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ _
10 - In your own word s, wha t d oes Zewail ad vise you th to do?
__ __ _______________________________________________

B. Researching Skills
1. Using a bilingual dictionary (EnglishArabic)
Look at this extract from an Eng lish Arabic d ictio nary

School (n)

,
,
Ex. Students go to this school
to learn languages.
.
School (v)
,
Ex. Well-schooled in English
(

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

and co nsider the follo wing;

q Wo rd s are a rra nged in the diction ary in
a lpha betica l order.
q Wh en we lo ok up a new word, we read
very quickly the words on the top of each
p age; there are a lways two words at th e to p of each p age ( sometimes
on the top o f ea ch two ad jacen t pag es ) o ne represents the first word
in the pag e a nd th e o ther represents the last wo rd in th e same pag e. So
tha t yo u know th e ran ge of words in this pa ge withou t rea ding throu gh
all the words.
q Next to ea ch words there a re some symbols; such a s
(n) means th at th e wo rd is a n oun .
(v) means th at th e wo rd is a verb .
(ad j) mean s that the word is an ad jective
(ad v) mea ns tha t the word is an a dverb.
Arab ic dictio naries;
q Th ere a re a lot of u seful Eng lish
su c h a s
or
or
q Wh at is importa nt ab out any diction ary is n ot th e n umber
of meanings it p rovides, b ut th e ra nge of examples it gives
for clarifying the mean ing of th e wo rd .

2. Without using the dictionary , guess the meanings of the

underlined words :
Femto-Chemistry means _______________________________
Percent means _______________________________________
Aim means___________________________________________
Quiet means__________________________________________
Utmost means_________________________________________
Bliss means___________________________________________

It's time to have a look at

the materials in unit one in
the Resources part of this
book..
These
contain
dictionary entries that help
you
understand
the
different functions of a
dictionary.

Study means___________________________________________
Honors means _________________________________________
2. Now use you r dictionary , and co mpare your g uesses a nd
the m ean ings in the dictionary.
--------------------------------------------------------

C. Analytical Skills
In g ro ups, d iscuss the difficulty in the fo llowing sentences :
1. When I told my father , he laughed and said well done, Ahmad , but what
about the other two percent

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

2. One should have a certain aim, or objective, to which all his life may be
devoted.
3. I used to write a Dr. Ahmad-sign on my door to see whenever I work.
3. whatever else you do , value your education.
Before yo u transla te REMEMBER :
-

You should ma rk the beg inn ings and ending s of sen tences before
translating.

Ho w man y sen tences are there in pa rag raph one?

_______________________________________________________

Ho w d id you know the beg inn ing and end ing of each senten ce?
_______________________________________________________

Is the o rder of the senten ces important? Yes / no __________

In fact it is importa nt; b eca use ea ch sen tence ca rries an idea tha t is
linked to o ther sen tences (the con text).

Wh en tran slatin g, yo ur senten ces in Arab ic sh ou ld h ave the sa me link

of ideas (con text).

For exa mple th e wo rd sig n in sentence 3 means in Arab ic ,

(

which mean in g will you ch oo se fo r

this senten ce? _ _ _.

a. No w Tra nsla te the sentences

.1
.2
.3
.4
b. Co mpare you r tran slation with yo ur p artn er s.
Which sen tences a re different?
_ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ _
Which sen tences a re similar?
_ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ _
c. Did you ad d a ny wo rd th at was n ot in th e orig ina l text?
_ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ _

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

d. Did you omit any wo rds th at were in th e o riginal text?

_ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ _
e. If yo u h ave ad ded or omitted , wh y did you do th at?
_ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ _

D. Production Skills
Take care of the Arabic Structure:
1

,
. A brave ma n"
":

" .................,

full sto p.
.

" "

,
.

after th ese h ints abou t th e stru cture of Arab ic, transla te the passag e into Arab ic.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Ho me Wo rk and Revision :
A Wo rd is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Linguistics is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Context is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A morpheme is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A Prefix is ----------------------------------------------------------- for exa mple---------------A Su ffix is ---------------------------------------------------------- fo r examp le-----------------

What did I learn today?

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

4. Can you write gra mma tically co rrect Arabic sentences when you
translate?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Did you like wo rking in g roups o r individua lly?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do you have any comments on the transla tion cla ss today?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSLATE
At home, Transla te the follo wing passage in to Arabic (ma ke use of the skills you
lea rnt today)

Traveling Third Class

Many people say that traveling is one of their hobbies. Danjuma, however, thought
how odd it would be if any one traveling in that third class carriage still maintained
that traveling was a pleasure.
The carriage was packed full of people of all kinds; tall, short, thin, fat, healthy and
unhealthy people, all fighting to find a spot where their two feet, or even one foot,
could find a steady spot. There was no question of finding a seat. The taller people
had a distinct advantage. They could stretch out their arms and grip of the luggage
rack attached to the roof of the coach. This gave them enough stability to be able to
push the rest of the people at the back.
Danjuma was lucky enough to find a corner which had already been appropriated by a
large, elderly woman who had a number of pretty trading items piled around her,
giving her and Danjuma some protection against the crushing weight of the other
passengers. This was the first time Danjuma had traveled on a trained . He was
surprised to find how stuffy and unhealthy it was. The depressing effect of the crush
23

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

at least helped to take his mind off his plight as he wondered if he would ever survive
the journey.
( Joseph Mangut, Women for Sale)

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Two
Going to the Market

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Two
Going to the Market
By the end of this Lesson, you should be able to :
1. Identify what is meant by semantic fields..
2. Identify the meaning of lexical sets
3. Give examples of lexical sets.
4. Give examples of semantic fields
5. Recognize the importance of semantic fields and lexical sets in translation.
6. Identify the meaning and function of synonyms.
7. Identify the meaning and function of antonyms.
8. Do more exercises on the use of context in recognizing meaning.
9. Using new translation skills in translating other passages.
_______________________________________

Introduction:
Have you ever been to the market ? ______ ______
What did you see there? _______

________

_______

_________

Here are some shops in the market, write what you may find in each:

Fruit

vegetable

clothes

__
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________

__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________

electronics
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________

Furniture
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

- the words you have given share some thing in common;

they are all either fruits, vegetables , clothes,
electronics, or furniture.
- In linguistics, the headings ( words like the titles of the
shops in the diagram) are called Semantic Fields.
- In Linguistics, words like those that you have given
under each heading are called Lexical Sets.
- A Lexical Set is the list of items (words and
expressions) within a semantic field.
KNOW

Why is it important to know Semantic fields and Lexical Sets in the

Translation Course?!
Because
1- some times you find a common word (semantic field) in
English that does not exist in Arabic, or in Arabic that
doesn t exist in English ,
One solutions for this is to think of words that share the same
common meaning (heading).
2- Some times you find a specific word ( lexical item) in
English that does not have an equivalent in Arabic , or
in Arabic that doesn t exist in English,
One solution is to think of the common word under which this
new word can be classified.
MODEL

Let s take some examples

Example 1
One of the meanings of the English word
Article in Arabic is
, However the types of
article in English (lexical sets) are
Report
___________
Survey
_________
Critique ___________
Feature
_________
Commentary
_______ review
_________
27

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Use your dictionary to give the Arabic translation of these words.

In Arabic , a
,
,
,

,
,
.

can include,
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________

Use your dictionary to give the English translation of these words.

PRACTICE

Example 2
The general English word House means in Arabic
the type of houses in English is different from Arabic.
The (lexical sets) of HOUSE are;
Flat
________ bungalow _________
Cottage
________ mansion _________
Lodge
________ craft
_________
Hut
________ villa
_________
Hall
________ manor
_________
Chalet
________ place
_________

, However

Use your dictionary to give the Arabic translation of these words.

It's time to have a look at the
materials in unit two in the
Resources part of this book..
These contain lists of common
semantic fields and lexical
sets in English. Refer to them
whenever you face a problem
of finding a specific word.
KNOW

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

More on Context
In the last unit we discussed the meaning of CONTEXT .
The Context of a new word is
______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
______________________
Here are some new tools that help in guessing the meaning of a new
word or expression through using the context.
Sometimes yo u d on n ot kn ow th e mean ing of a word in a sen tence. Ho wever, o ther
similar wo rds can be a clue un to the meaning of the new word. Wo rds o f the sa me o r
similar mean ing s are called syn on yms.

A. Synonyms
MODEL

Example 3
The girl was in great danger, this peril came when she was alone in the
forest

Now you dont know the meaning of Peril.

The word this refers to some thing mentioned earlier.

This cant refer to the girl, otherwise we should use she.

Here this refers to great danger

The rest of the sentence gives the situation of danger.

So peril is closer in meaning to danger.

Example 4
a. The couple arrived at the party in time to enjoy the social gathering.
b.

The telephone operator connected one party, or speaker, with the person
on the other phone.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

1. In sentence (a), what part of speech is party? __________________

2. In sentence (a), is there another noun or phrase that has the same meaning as
party?_____________________
3. In sentence (b), what part of speech is party?_____________
4.

sentence

(b),

what

singular

noun

has

the

same

meaning

party?___________________________________

Party in bo th sentences is a singular noun. In sentence a, the phrase that has

the same meaning is social gathering. In sentence b , the wo rd that has the same
meaning as party is speaker. Each sentence contains a word or p hrase that has the
same meaning and part o f speech as p arty .These word s are syno nyms for p arty.

So, What is a Synonym ?

Synonyms are words or phrases that are similar in meaning to other words.
You can recognize some synonyms because they are separated by commas,
dashes, or parentheses. Usually, a synonym context clue appears as the same
part of speech as the new word.. .(Kimmelman et al, 306:1984)

PRACTICE

Group Work
Now in groups read the following sentences and give the
meaning of the underlined words ( without using the
dictionary);
1. The job applicant sat in the personnel office and filled out a vita. When she
finished the application, she gave it to the secretary.
Vita is a (an) _________

Its synonym is _______________

(Part of speech)
2. John led the symposium on job opportunities, and was thrilled to learn that four
hundred people had attended the panel discussion.
Symposium is a (an) _________ Its synonym is___________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

3. The teenager was ordered to make full restitution to the owner of the damaged
car. He gently made full payment for damages to the car he had hit.
Restitution is a (an) __________ Its synonym is _____________

4. Dont get mired down in details, said the teacher. Dont get stuck writing every
little fact
Mired is a (an)___________ Its synonym is________________

5.Hala did a good job managing the boutique and was able to attract many new
customers to the specialty store.
Boutique is a (an) _________ its synonym is_______________

6.Some political campaigns turn into debacles. Mismanagement, illegal funding, and
serious debts are characteristic of these disasters.
Debacles is a) an) ___________ Its synonym is _____________

Adept advertisements attract new customers. These clever advertisements

promise whatever the customer desire and more.

Adept is a (an) _ Its synonym is _________

8.persons who have recently left the slammer dont want to return to prison again.
Slammer is a (an) _________ Its synonym is_____________

Now use your dictionary to check your guesses.

How many guesses came true?
___________________________
How many guesses came wrong ?
____________________________

KNOW

b. Antonyms

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Another type of context clue is the antonym clue. You learned that synonym clues
provide nearly the same meaning as the new words. Consider the following example
to see how antonym context clues provide the opposite meaning of the new words.

MO D E L
Example
Signal

antonym

Hoda manages money judiciously while I manage money unwisely.

Opposite of
Explanation:
What does judiciously mean? Write the meaning in the box.
The word While signals the antonym unwisely. You can reason that
unwisely is the antonym or opposite of judiciously. Thus, judiciously means
____________.

So what is an antonym ?
Antonyms are words or phrases that have opposite meanings to other words
or phrases. Recognizing that certain words often signal an antonym clue can
help you to understand new words. Authors frequently use words and
phrases, such as, on the other hand , as opposed to , but , and while to
signal antonym clues.

.(Kimmelman et al, 319:1984)

PRACTICE

Group Work
Now in groups read the following sentences and give the
meaning of the underlined words by choosing from a, b, or c. (
without using the dictionary);
1- The professors attitude showed his care and concern. The students attitudes, on
the other hand, were very nonchalant.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

a) serious

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

b) careless

c) earnest

2- She has a love of rote work, but no fondness for creative jobs.
a) hard

b) mechanical

c) careless

3- Some students were inadvertently late for class while a few were purposely late.
a) purposely

b) accidentally

c) always .

4-In many nations there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth.
a) wealth

b) poverty

c) middle income.

5-It is better to be reflective about problems than to be thoughtless.

a) thoughtful

b) uncaring

c) worried

6-Today's teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their conservative
grandparents.
a) Free-thinking

b) traditional

c) old

7-Oranges are indigenous to Southern California but foreign to New York.

a) native

b) unknown

c) alien

8-Rather than carefully planning, the speaker relied on improvising the speech as he
addressed the audience.
a) joking

b) making up

c) outlining

9-Why did you spend such an inordinate amount of time on the first question ? Ten
minutes would have been more reasonable.
a) big

b) difficult

tiny

Now use your dictionary to check your guesses.

How many guesses came true?
___________________________
How many guesses came wrong ?

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

____________________________

TRANSLATE

GET DOWN TO BUSINESS

Now it is time for Translation
A. Sentences translation:
Each sen ten ce to b e tran slated is a problem that needs a solu tion.

Structural / Lexical Difficulty:

Sometimes the difficulty is in th e stru cture of the new wo rd s in the sentence, an d
there a re n o p refixes or su ffixes. In such ca ses try to u nd ersta nd the meaning of
the n ew word s dep en din g on your kn owled ge o f the con text, syno nyms an d
antonyms.
In g roups, transla te th e following senten ces without referring to the dictiona ry.
You can only refer to the list of seman tic field s in your kit.
1. The teacher failed the student because of his sporadic attendance record.
Few times of attendance in class was unacceptable to the teacher.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The detectives were deluded by all the false evidence. They were completely
deceived and they arrested the wrong person..
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Discomfort suffered from a broken leg can be so excruciating that drugs are often
prescribed to relieve the agony.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Inveterate gamblers are habitual customers at the race track betting widows.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Our plane tickets were voided when the airline ticket agent declared that the airport
was closed . Therefore , all reservations were cancelled .

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Although the insurrection began in the rural areas , the rebellion quickly spread
throughout the cities
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. The arbiter in the second murder trial was the same judge as in the first trial..
_____________________________________________________________________
8. The disparity between what I thought him to be and what he actually was over
80%. This difference amazed me very much
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Drunk drivers are a menace because they are a threat to the safety of other drivers.
____________________________________________________________________
10. Most members of the family pondered the serious news, while a few ignored it
completely
____________________________________________________________________

TRANSLATE

B. Passage Translation:
Read the following Passage and answer the questions.
(Don t use the dictionary until you admitted to do so.)

The Intifada this time

One month after the outbreak of Al-Aqsa Intifada, one has to analyze its
results and how the revolt reflects Palestinian anger and frustration over the failure of
the peace process. The Al-Aqsa Intifada has already become the most sustained
Palestinian revolt in the occupied territories since the Palestinian uprising of 19871993. And there is no dispute at least among Palestinians that the outbreak of the
uprising was overwhelmingly spontaneous., driven more by the enormous frustration
of the Oslo generation of Palestinian youth than by any strategic decision by the
Palestinian leadership.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

This generation took to the street in

thousands, not so much because of the
intended visit of Sharon to the Islamic holy sites in Jerusalems Old City. The spark
rather was the killing of seven Palestinians by Israeli border police on the Haram AlSharef [the temple mount], and above all the televised murder of 12-year old
Mohammed Al- Dorra by continuous Israeli fire. ( Al Ahram Weekly, Oct.2000)

A. Reading Comprehension Skills

1 . Accordin g to the text , wh en did the seco nd
Intifada take place?
_ ___ ____ ___ ___________________________________
2 . Ho w long did the first Intifada co ntin ue ?
_ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ __
3 . The writer mention s th ree reaso ns for the seco nd
Intifada, what are they?
a. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
b .___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____________
c.__ ____________________________________
4 . Say whether the fo llowin g sentences are true o r
false

a. The Intifad a was strategically planned b y

Palestinian group s
b. Al-Aqsa Intifad a is the name given to the second
up rising
c. Oslo generation d idnt like the Intifad a

T/F

d. Sharon visit only is the main reason for the second

Intifad a

T/F

B. Researching Skills
1. Using a monolingual dictionar y (English- English)
Look at this extract from an Eng lish-English diction ary
36

T/F
T/F

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

and co nsider the follo wing;

q Wo rd s are a rra nged in the diction ary in
a lpha betica l order (like the bilingu al d ictionary).
q Wh en we lo ok up a new word, we read
very q uickly the words o n th e to p of ea ch pag e; there are
always two wo rd s at th e top o f each two a dja cent p ages
one rep resents the first wo rd in the one pa ge and the oth er
represents th e la st word in the oth er p age. So tha t yo u know
the rang e o f words in these two pa ges withou t rea ding
throug h
all th e wo rd s.
q

Next to each words there are some symb ols; su ch

(n) = n oun , (v) = verb , (a dj) = ad jective ,

(adv) = ad verb .
q

1,2,3 = refer to the different meanings of the wo rd.

BrE= British Eng lish , AmE= American English

/ kju :t/ = refer to th e p ronu nciatio n of the wo rd.

[U]= Un co untable no un, [C] =Coun table n oun .

Esp= Especially,

an a cu te la ck of wa ter = refers to an examp le fo r

usin g the word.

-comp are / or so metimes [USAGE] = refers to

Acute /kju:t/ adj 1 (of

the mind or the senses)
able to notice small
differences, esp. of
meaning or sound;
working very well; sharp:
Dogs have an acute sense
of smell. \ She has very
acute hearing. 2 severe;
very great: an acute lack
of water. 3 (of a disease)
coming quickly to a
dangerous conditioncompare CHRONIC.
Colour BrE // color AmE
/k l/ n 1 [U] the quality
which allows one to see
difference between (for
example) a red flower and
a blue flower when both
are the same size and
shape.

some grammatical differences or usages between

this word an d anoth er similar one in fo rm o r function .
q

In o rd er to select the mean ing that is su itable fo r the word

you are tra nslatin g, focus on the exa mp les presented for
each mean ing .

Th ere a re a lo t of useful Eng lish Eng lish dictio naries;

su c h a s
Oxfo rd Lea rner s Dictio nary, Lon gman
Dictiona ry of Co ntemp orary English, Webster En glish
Dictiona ry etc.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Without using the dictionary , guess the meanings of the underlined

words :
frustration

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

territories

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

uprising

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------It's time to have a look at

spontaneous -----------------------------------------------------------------------------the materials in unit two
in
the Resources part of
generation -----------------------------------------------------------------------------this book.. These contain
border
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------dictionary entries that
help you understand the
took to
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------different functions of a
murder
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------dictionary.
q

Now use your Monolingual (English-English)

dictionary , and compare your guesses and the
meanings in the dictionary.
___________________________

C. Analytical Skills
Consider the following sentences
5. the outbreak of the uprising was overwhelmingly
spontaneous.
6. driven more by the enormous frustration of the
Oslo generation of Palestinian youth.
7. The spark rather was the killing of seven
Palestinians by Israeli border police on the Haram
Al-Sharef.
Before you Translate
REMEMEBR:
-Read the sentences that
come before and after
these sentences (the
context) in order to have a
good idea of the
relationship between all
the sentences in the
paragraph.

f. Tra nsla te these sentences ( You ca n

u se a n Eng lish-En glish Diction ary)
.1
.2
.3

g.Compa re yo ur tra nsla tion with you r pa rtner s.

Which senten ces a re d ifferent?
__ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ _

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Which senten ces a re similar?

__ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ _
Now u se the En glish-Arab ic Dictio nary and comp are b oth
yo ur a nswers.
h.Did yo u a dd an y word tha t was not in the o rigin al text?
__ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ _
i. Did yo u o mit an y word s tha t were in the orig ina l text.
__ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ _
j. If you ha ve a dd ed or omitted, why d id yo u d o that?
__________________________________

D. Production Skills
Take care of the following Arabic Structures:
.

" "
(

" "
,

"
(

"
)

,
.
,

,
.
.

Now a fter these hints about the stru cture of Arab ic, tra nslate the pa ssag e into Arab ic.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Ho me Wo rk and Revision :
A Seman tic field is -------------------------------------------------------------------------------for example -----------------------------A Lexica l set is -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------for example-----------------------------------Context is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A synon ym is -------------------------------------------------------fo r exa mple -------------------------------and --------------------------------

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

An anton ym is ----------------------------------------------------------- fo r exa mple------------------------- and ------------------------------

What did I learn today?

1. Did th e qu estion s after the pa ssag e help you understand th e meaning?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Can you gu ess th e meaning of a n ew word from the con text?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Can you no w choose the su itable mean ing fo r a new wo rd a ccord ing to
the con text?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Can you write gra mma tically co rrect Arabic sentences when you
translate?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Did you like wo rking in g roups o r individua lly?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. Do you kno w ho w to look up a wo rd in an Eng lish-English d ictionary?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. Do you kno w ho w to select the b est meaning in an English-Eng lish
dictiona ry?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. Which pa ssage d id you find the most difficu lt?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9. Why do you th ink it was difficu lt?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Which sentence or expression- did you like , and so will keep u sing , in
th e pa ssages?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do you have any comments on the transla tion cla ss today?

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSLATE
At home, Translate the following passage into Arabic (make use of the skills
you learnt today)
America Under Attack
Any one who visits New York immediately feels its pulse, it is the pulse of
a global city in every respect. Through its airports, across its streets, in all
buildings, pass members of every nationality and race. This global city was
chosen as the target for horrific terroristic attacks. The world Trade Center
was certainly an attack on the most recognizable symbol of American Financial
might.
The first attack on the northern tower was enough to attract the
cameras of every American television network, which broadcast the images to
every corner of the globe. At that stage, no one thought that it was an intended
act. I seemed instead some kind of horrible accident. But only 18 minutes later a
second plane came into view, and plunged into the second tower. In the mean
time, a third plane was heading towards the Pentagon while a fourth was possibly
heading to the Whit House. This last airplane crashed in Pennsylvania.

Followin g the same h ints and tips on transla ting try to transla te th is pa ssage into
Arabic, You ma y use an English- English d ictionary only.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Three
Planting Trees

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Three
Planting Trees
By the end of this Lesson, you should be able to :

1. Identify what is meant by Appropriacy and accuracy in translation.

2. Work out whether a sample translation is accurate or appropriate.
3. Identify the meaning of register
4. Identify the register of the text by referring to

a)field of discourse

b)mode of discourse

5. Use the skills you learnt in the previous two units in translating.
6. Use new translation skills in translating other passages.
______________________________

Introduction

In order to plant trees , one needs ----------, -----------, and ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Can you plant any tree in any part of the world? ------------------

Why cant you ?--------------------------------------------------------

When a tree grows up, some times there are some other wild plants
that hinder its growing, what should you do to these plant?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Is it appropriate suitable- to leave these plants grow around your

tree?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Leaving plants may be correct if you intend not to take care of your
tree any more, however, when people come to see your tree, some
changes have to be done. Do you agree? ----------------------------------

KNOW

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

In Translatio every passage you translate is a tree you plant. There

are some translations that can be accurate correct- but not
appropriate suitable.
For example, Read the following paragraph.
Bus Behaviour
I
Traveling in London can be a very interesting experience. This depends on
where you travel from and where you want to go, how many people are on
the bus, and what the mood of the driver is. If you're traveling to the centre
of town, you may have to wait twenty minutes, only to have three buses
come at the same time - two of them empty, of course.

The translator must consider the type of text as well as the target reader.
These will determine the language of the translation. Choose the correct answer.
This text could have appeared in:
a novel
a newspaper or magazine
an academic research paper

The target audience is:

transportation experts
general readers
elderly people

How did you know the answers to the two questions? Quote from the text.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MODEL

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Below are two translations of the paragraph. Read them and answer
the following questions. Use the text to support your answer.

Translation 1
.
.
,

,
.

Translation 2
!!
.
.
1. Which of the two translations is closer to the text?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Which of the two translations seems more natural.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Which of the two translations do you prefer?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Give reasons for your preference.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When translating , you have to make your translation sound natural as in the target
language (Arabic). It may have some changes and less accuracy , but it has still
more appropriacy.

KNOW
Remember:
Accuracy Translating the meanings of the original text by giving equivalent
words in the target language (Arabic), without paying attention to the new
text as a whole.
Appropraicy Translating the meanings of the original text by giving the
natural equivalents in the target language (Arabic) by looking at the passage
as a whole.

PRACTICE

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

One of the translations above is more appropriate than the other.

Read paragraph 1 and both translations again. Then fill in the correct answers.
Translation ----------is more appropriate than translation-----------------.
In the table below, give examples which helped you answer question a.
One is done for you.
English

Accurate Translation

Appropriate Translation

Traveling

TRANSLATE
Note
Every translation should be fluent, natural, idiomatic. Some texts, however, call for
greater accuracy, e.g. descriptions, instructions, reports, documents, etc.
Here, the precise meaning is very important. With other types of text, e.g. descriptive
writing and literary texts, much more than the precise meaning should be conveyed the style, the tone and atmosphere must also come through.
Read paragraph 2 below.
Read the accurate translation which has been provided.
Make changes where necessary to improve appropriacy.
You will probably have to make some changes in syntax (word order),
lexical items (words, phrases), and grammar.
c) Then review your translation and edit it further.
Try to make your translation natural, as though it was originally written in Arabic.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

II
The number of the bus does not mean much: Four means four in most languages,
but now and then you'll see bus no. 4A and 4B, etc. As a result, you might find the
driver ,naturally, expects you to know that only 4B goes there. "If you wanted 4B,
why didn't you say so when you got on!" The driver is always right.
Accurate translation
,

Appropriate translation
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Check your translation with your partners.
What are the similar sentences?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What are the different sentences?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

It's time to have a look at the

materials in unit three in the
Resources part of this book..
These contain lists of common
idiomatic expressions in
English. Try to understand
their meaning and translate
the words in the examples

PRACTICE
Read the following sentences and try to find another 'appropriate' meaning for
the underlined words as in the example..

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Sentence

meaning

He comes here once in a while.

occasionally

She did not want to take part in the

meeting.
Ill be back right away.
Ali took off his hat as he entered the
room.
He has made up his mind to stay in
Madinah.
You can get in touch with him at his
office.

KNOW

- if you speak Arabic or any other language-, the language

(vocabulary expressio ns- grammar) you will use is different
from the language you will use in writing.
If you give a lecture, the language you will use is d ifferent

from the language you will use in a sermon

If you write a report, it s a different language from the o ne used

in writing poetry.
-

This kind of reg ister is called The Mod e of D iscourse

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

-If yo u speak to your bro ther , the language you will use is
different from the one you will use when y ou speak to your
teacher.
-The language the d octo r uses with a patient is different from
the o ne the mother uses with her child.
-The language you use to speak to your friend is very different
from the one you use in prayers.
- This kind of reg ister is called the Tenor of D iscourse
.

Why is it important to kno w Register in Transla tion:

Beca use .
1. Id entifying the type of text is very importa nt to prod uce the
APPROPRIATE tra nslation in Arab ic.
2. Id entifying the nature o f the relationship between the two speakers, or

writers, helps in understa nding ho w the tex t will b e like in Arabic a fter
tra nslatio n.

MODEL
Read the following dialogue , and answer the questions:
1.- Good afternoon, May I help you?

Id like to cash this cheque and make a deposit in my checking account.

Where does this conversation probably take place?

a) in a hotel

b) at a bank

c) in a travel agency

d) at a post office

PRACTICE
Read the following dialogues , and answer the questions:
2.- A: Are you enjoying this tour?

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

B: Yes, It is my first time to visit New York.

A: Mine, too. New York is such a big and fascinating place.
B: Do you know how New York came to be the largest city in the United
States?
A: Well, I suppose because it is one of the countrys oldest cities. Besides
that, it has a good harbour.
B: Thats true, but there are other old port cities in the US like Boston,
Philadelphia, and Baltimore. In fact, in our early history , the first two played a
much larger role than New York. What made New York so different?
B: The big difference is that New York had a water route to travel to the
interior of the US that the other cities lack.
Who are the two speakers?
a) a tourist and a tour guide.

b) a tourist and a bus driver.

c) two tourists.

d)two drivers.

What words and expressions in the conversation helped you make your choice?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3- A: Good morning, class. Im sure youre going to find todays lecture very
interesting. Were going to talk about two tribes of American Indians in Virginia. As
you know most Indians in the United States live in reservations in the Western states,
but there are a number of reservations in the East as well.
Who is the speaker talking to?
a) Tourists

b) Students

c) Indians

d) Historians

A: I think the contract is ready now.

B: Lets not sign this until we have a lawyer look at it.
Who are the two speakers?
a) two lawyers

b) two sellers

c) a buyer and a seller

d) two buyers

What words and expressions in the conversation helped you make your choice?

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5- A: Take care of the water, it shouldnt boil. Lest the chemical should be
spoiled
B: Thank you , sir. I was about to let it boil.
Where does this conversation probably take place?
a) On a boat

b) in a classroom

c) on a street

d) in a laboratory

What words and expressions in the conversation helped you make your choice?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GET DOWN TO BUSINESS

Now it is time for Translation,

TRANSLATE

A. Sentences translation:
Each sen ten ce to b e tran slated is a problem that needs a solu tion.

Idiomatic Difficulty:
Sometimes th e difficulty is n ot in th e new words no r in th e structu re in th e
sen ten ce. The difficulty is in th e ap prop riate u se o f th e word o r exp ressio n in th e
sen ten ce. In o ther wo rds, if you tran slate th e word s accurately th e tran slation will
not be un derstoo d p rop erly in Arab ic. In this case try to un derstan d th e mea nin g
of the new expression s dep en din g on th e con text (register) a nd find th e b est
'ap prop riate' tran slatio n into Arab ic.
In gro ups, transla te the followin g senten ces with out referring to th e dictio nary.
You can on ly refer to th e list o f idiomatic expression s in yo ur kit.
1. "Bob said the test was difficult, but I thought it was a piece of cake."
__________________________________________________________________
2. A: "I just got an e-mail message from our old friend Sally."
B: "Tell me what she said. I'm all ears!"

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. I'm fed up with apologizing for your mistakes!"
__________________________________________________________________
4.. "I'm really tired. I've been on the go all week long."
___________________________________________________________________
5. Quit beating around the bush! If you don't want to go with me, just tell me!"
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. I've been beating my brains out with it, but I just can't solve it.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. "Don't say anything to Bob unless you want the whole office to know. Bob's quite a
blabbermouth."
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8."I can't make heads or tails of your e-mail. Were you having problems with your
computer?"
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. A: "Your new car is really nice."
B: "It should be. It cost (me) an arm and a leg!"
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
10. You kids are making too much noise. Cut it out!"
____________________________________________________________________

TRANSLATE

B. Passage Translation:
Read the following Passage and answer the questions.
(Don t use the dictionary until you admitted to do so.)

Mystery of the Sleeping Russian

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

A Russian man has been feigning unconsciousness for nearly three weeks in hospital
since police began questioning about 25.000 French francs found on him after a road
crash. The bearded man in Hemel Hempstead general hospital, Hertfordshire, has
been identified as Mr Vladimir Leontev, aged 43, an migr who was granted refugee
status by France in 1978.
Mr Leontev was admitted to hospital for two days of observation after his hired minimotor cycle was in collision with two cars on the A5 on November 16 and then
discharged. But when police took him before magistrates at Hemel Hempstead to face
a motoring charge, he slipped to the ground and appeared to pretend to be
unconscious. Police took him back to the hospital on November 20, where he has
occupied a $70-a-day bed, resolutely refusing to answer questions after the hospital
turned down his demand for a single room with cooker and a nurse to read for him.
Mr Leontev who speaks good English and carries French travel documents,
continues to pretend that he is unconscious though he is known when nurses are not
looking to sneak food from meals left for him.

A. Reading Comprehension Skills

1. Give short answers
a. Where would you read this text? _________________________
b. where was Vladimir when the article was written?
_______________________________________________________
c. how old is he? __________________________________________
d. Where does he live?
_________________________________________

e. Was he involved in a road accident?

_____________________________

f. Was the accident his fault ?

____________________________________

g. What was he carrying at the time of the accident?

_________________________________________________
h. Does the writer of the article believe that Vladimir is really
unconscious? ___________________________________________

i. Give examples of words that the writer uses to express his opinion.
55

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

_______________________________________________________
2. Choose the correct answer:
a. why was he taken to hospital after the road accident?
1. because he was unconscious.
2. because he couldnt answer questions in English.
3. because the medical authorities wanted to examine him.
4. because he was badly injured and needed treatment.
b. how long did he stay in hospital on the first occasion?
1. three weeks
2. two days
3. a few hours
4. the story doesnt give this information
c. why was he taken to hospital on the second occasion?
1. because he asked to be allowed to go back again.
2. because the police thought he was unconscious.
3. because he was suspected of having stolen 250.000 F.
4. because he had had another accident.
d. who is paying for Vladimir to stay in hospital?
1. he is paying for himself.
2. the medical authorities.
3. the Russian Embassy.
4. the police.
e. At the hospital, he made a request. What did he want?
1. food and drink.
2. special treatment.
3. a $70-a-day bed.
4. the article doesnt give this information
f. has he eaten anything during his time in hospital?
1. no, he is unconscious.
2. yes, he cooks his own food.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

3. yes, when nobody was watching him.

4. no, meals are not provided.

B. Researching Skills
Sham, feign , and pretend all have the same meaning: to give an
appearance of something that is not true, with the intention of deceiving.
-

find words or expressions used in the text to mean:

a- a bicycle with a small motor.

__________________________
b- a traffic accident.
__________________________
c- sent away (from hospital)
__________________________
d- to take so as not to be seen.
__________________________
e- refused
__________________________
f- with hair on the face
__________________________
g- the system of medical treatment for everybody ; paid for by taxes.

__________________________
h- officials who have the power to judge cases in the lowest court of law,
especially in a police court.
__________________________
Now check your answers with your partner and refer to the EnglishEnglish dictionary if you are different.
It's time to have a look at the
materials in unit three in the
Resources part of this book..
These contain dictionary
entries that help you
57
understand
the different
functions of a dictionary.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

C. Analytical Skills
In groups, discuss the difficulty in the following sentences :
1- Mr Vladimir Leontev was granted refugee status by France in 1978.
2- he has occupied a bed
3- he is known to sneak food from meals left for him.

k. Tra nsla te these sen tences

.1
.2
.3
l. Co mpare

yo u r

tran slation

with

yo u r

p artn er s.
Wh ich sentences are d ifferen t?
__ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __
Wh ich sentences are simila r?
__ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ ___ __
Now tran slate th em ag ain after so me
ch an ges:
1- Mr Vladimir Leontev, aged 43, an migr was granted refugee status by
France in 1978.
2- he has occupied a $70-a-day bed
3- he is known when nurses are not looking to sneak food from meals left for
him.
.1
.2
.3

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Ho w did you tran slate th e pa ren thetical sen tences

in th e followin g expression s:

aged 43, an migr

$70-a-day
when nurses are not looking
Compa re yo ur a nswers with yo ur p artn er.
:
"

he ha s occupied a bed "

"
$70 -a-day "
....

.
. (.....

Read the following suggested translations of these sentences

and answer the questions:

(
(

" -1
".

)(

" -2

)
(

(
.1987

(
)

" -3(

Read the suggested translations again and decide which one will you choose
as APPRORIATE , and which ones are ACCURATE. (Give reasons)
1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

2. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------If you ha ve oth er sugg estion s for transla ting these sen ten ces, write do wn your
sugg estion s:

D. Production Skills
Take care of the Arabic Structure:
Passive
Active
.
,
,

appro pria te
a ccurate.
.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Ho me Wo rk and Revision :

An appropriate translation is one which ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------An accurate translation is one which ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Register refers to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Register has two main categories : a) mode of discourse and b) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the first refers to -------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The second refers to-----------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Register is important in translation because --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

What did I learn today?

8. Did th e qu estion s after the pa ssag e help you understand th e meaning?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9. can you identify the test source ; newspaper, novel, a cademic boo k?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Can you no w choose the su itable mean ing fo r a new wo rd a ccord ing to
the con text?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11. Can you produce an APPROPRIATE transla tion?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12. can you transla te pa ren th etica l senten ces ?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. will you be able to write good co rrect Arabic when transla ting?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. which pa rt did you find difficult in today s class ?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. which part d id you en joy in today s class?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do you have any comments on the transla tion cla ss today?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSLATE
At HOME :
1- Read the following passages ,
2- Answer the questions,
3- Translate them into Arabic,
4- Write your comments on the translation (the difficult parts, the
complicated sentences, the passive, etc, and how you managed to
translate them)

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Ears, Eyes, Legs, and Arms

This is a story from the legends of African tribes. Once ,long ago, the different parts
of the body werent all together but went about the world on their own. The ears, the
eyes, the legs, and the arms all went about their business, doing what they had to doears one way, eyes the other, legs off over there, arms over the other way.
One day though, they decided to go out hunting together. The ears , eyes, legs, and
arms marched off to the forest. They walked for seven days before they got there but
just as they were getting near, the ears called out. Shh, listen! I can hear something.
Immediately the eyes started to search among the trees , and then suddenly they called
out, There, look! An antelope! Over there The legs set off to chase it, followed
closely by the arms. As the legs caught up with antelope, the arms reached out and
killed it. After a while, the ears and the eyes caught up with their friends. What do
you want ? said the arms. The antelopes ours, we caught it. Shove off No, come
off it, said the legs. You would never have been able to grab it if it wasnt for us
being fast enough to catch up with it. Never mind that, said the eyes. We reckon
the antelopes ours, because we were the ones who saw it. You wouldnt have known
where to go if it wasnt for us. All right, all right, said the ears who got the whole
thing going ? Us, of course. We heard the antelope, didnt we? Youd all be sitting
around back there if it wasnt for us hearing it move.
Just then a mosquito came by. whats the row about? Whats all the fuss about?
They told the story. Hmm, said the mosquito, this is a tricky one. Very tricky. But
listen, theres a wise old chief not far from here Why not take the problem to him?
Off went the four friends to the wise old chief, with the arms carrying the antelope.
The chief listened to the story and then ordered the antelope to be cooked. When it
was brought to him, he sat down and started eating. He didnt stop till he had finished
every last bit. And not once did he ask the four friends to have some. Then the chief
spoke. I listened to your story and decided that I would punish all of you for being so
mean and selfish. First I punished you by eating all of the antelope without sharing
any of it with you. Now I am going to punish you all once more, by joining you
together so that something like this never happens again. And he did.
The parts of the body were furious with the chief for doing this, but they were even
angrier with the mosquito for bringing them to see the chief. And thats why

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

whenever the ears hear the whine of a mosquito , the eyes search for it and the arms
try and slap it. If, as often happens, the mosquito still whines, even after the arms have
slapped and smacked over the place, the legs join in the hunt. ( Target Comprehension 2001)

Questions:
1. where can you read this text?

______________________________

2. Guess the meanings of the underlined words?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Translate APPROPRIATELY into Arabic:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
64

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Four
Give Us the Tools
and we will do the job

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Four
Give Us the Tools
and we will do the job
By the end of this Lesson, you should be able to :
1. identify what is meant by untranslateability.
2. identify the concept of equivalence and nonequivalence in translation.
3. identify some commonly used expressions in the English language.
4. Identify strategies for overcoming untranslateability
5.Use the skills you learnt in the previous three units in translating.
6. Use new translation skills in translating other passages.
--------------------------------------------Introduction:

Jamal, Ali and Ismail are road workers, they dig in the ground to make
new roads. They were going to work one day when they had the following conversation:
Ali: I think today s job will be so difficult.
Jamal: why do you think so?
Ali: Because we have to dig in a very harsh land.
Ismail: After all we have good tools.
Ali: some times tools only will not help.
Jamal: what do you mean?
Ali: I mean that we need to use our minds as well as our tools. The mind is the master of all
tools in all jobs.

When they began work , they started digging as usual. Then they faced a big rock in
the middle of the road they are digging.
Ismail: the drill doesn t seem to work here, Ali. This rock is so solid.
Jamal: use the other one.
Ali: I think it will not work either.
Ismail: that s true, the bigger drill is no good, what should we do?
Ali: let s think together and find a solution. Why should we follow one direction when it
is no good?!
Jamal: do you mean that we have to leave the job undone?!
Ali: no, but at least we can modify the path, we can turn around this big rock, and change the
direction of the road.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Ismail: But , it will not be like the one in the map.

Ali: you take it or you leave it. This is the only way to continue working in this road.
Remember you have to use your mind better than your tools.

KNOW
Comment:
Do you know that the situation in the previous conversation is similar to a situation in
translation?!
Yes, In translation you may find some of the following problems:
1- a word that is not found in Arabic ( ex. Alfresco )
2-

a sentence in which you know the meaning of every word,

but cannot translate it as a whole. (Time tries all)

Some simple sentences that you think are easy to translate,

but you discover that they have special meanings ( ex.
Proverbs : He kicked the bucket)

These are all called problems of untranslateability

By Untranslateability we mean: aspects of language, words- phrases- sentences , that
cannot easily be translated in the target language ( Arabic) . This DOES NOT mean that they
are untranslatable completely. They can be rendered in the target language (Arabic) but with
some modifications.

MO D E L
Examples : think of the following proverbs and try to translate them into Arabic:

Appearances are often deceiving

Beauty is only skin deep
Better late than never
Better safe than sorry.
Cleanliness is next to godliness.

Now answer these questions:

1- did you find the words difficult?

__________

_________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

2- which words did you find difficult?

___________________________________________
3- did you find the sentence as a whole difficult to translate?

________

4- can you think of any Arabic EQUIVALENT to these proverbs? (work with a partner)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5- Have the Arabic proverbs got the same words as the originals? ________

________

6- Have the Arabic proverbs got the same meaning as the originals? _________ __________
7- What do you learn from this?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8- So what is the meaning of Equivalence?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

KNOW
Equivalence refers to the replication of the same situation as in the original, whilst
using completely different wording. It can maintain the stylistic impact of the original
text. Equivalence is therefore the ideal method when the translator has to deal with
proverbs, idioms, ..etc (Vinay & Darbelnet 1995)

Examples:
1- The English people say I have to pay a visit to him. In
Arabic, the equivalent will be (

2- The English say ( he broke the rules). In Arabic,

(

3- Consider the use of the verb deliver: a) deliver a letter ---

b) deliver a speech --- \

c) deliver news ---

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

d) deliver a blow ---e) deliver a baby --4- bread and butter ---- (

5- Bury the hatchet ---6- Face the music ---7- it is raining cats and dogs---8- Pigs might fly ----- (

You may have noticed that most of these examples are cultural-oriented
and the only way to know how to translate them is through the context and by being
familiar with these common expressions.
Because proverbs are internal human thoughts, you can in most times, find Arabic
equivalents to the English proverbs. In the following list think of the Arabic context
rather than of the English individual words.

PRACTICE
Here are some other proverbs, their meanings have been indicated, try to find the Arabic
equivalents:

Expression

Example , illustration

A bird in the hand Some thing you possess now is

is worth two in the better than many things out of
your hand
bush
A word to the wise
is sufficient.

You don t need to use force

with wise people

Actions speak
louder than words

Instead of speaking all the

time , try to make an action
that can be seen.

Appearances are
often deceiving

Don t be deceived by the outer

appearance of things and
people

Beauty is only
skin deep

Beauty is not only in the face ,

but also in manners and
behaviour

Better late than

never

Don t regret being late, you

are still better than some one
who hasn t come.

Arabic Equivalents

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Better safe than

sorry.

Don t regret having bad luck,

at all you are still safe, it is
better than being harmed.

Cleanliness is next
to godliness.

To be clean is to obey God,

and it is a good quality

Don t count your

chickens before
they re hatched.

Take care of what you have ,

not what you expect to have.

Every thing comes

to those who wait

Be patient

God helps those

who help
themselves.

Be a hard worker, and God

will help you.

Handsome is as
handsome does.

The beauty of a man is only in

his behaviour

Honey catches
more flies than
vinegar.

Don t be angry that people

criticize you , this is only
because you are good.

In the kingdom of You are a king compared to

the blind , the one- others inferior to you.
eyed man is king.
Keep your eyes
open before
marriage ,and
half-shut
afterwards

Choose a good wife, but once

chosen, forget about her
mistakes

Like father like

son

Your son is like you

Life is not a bed of Life is hard , so work for it

roses
Make hay while
the sun shines

Work for your day and never

postpone it

Misery loves
company

If you are miserable, you will

find relief in accompanying
other miserable people.

Necessity is the
mother of
invention

Your need for something

makes you invent that thing

The act of
kindness is never
wasted

Your favour will never be

forgotten.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

No news is good
news.

This means there is no bad

news at least.

Oil and water

don t mix

People of different tempers

contradict

People in glass
houses shouldn t
throw stones

Don t criticize people of errors

which you make

Rome was not

built in a day

Be patient

Speech is silver ,
but silence is
golden

Some times silence is very

important

Strike while the

iron is hot.

Take the chance

You can t tell a

book by its cover.

Don t judge by appearance.

He is carrying
coal to Liverpool

Don t tell specialists what they

have to do.

Now lets think of what you have done, what strategies you used when rendering the
translation in Arabic, and what is possible for you to do .

MO D E L
PRACTICE
1- Using an idiom of similar meaning and similar form:

ex. Appearances are often deceiving

He turned the policy of the department on its head.---

When he loved her , his head was over his heels. ---

What else ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- Using an idiom of similar meaning but different form.:

Deliver a baby ---

He is carrying coal to Liverpool----(

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Rome was not built in a day-----

What else --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- Paraphrasing (Rewriting in your own words:

Handsome is as handsome does.----

Oil and water dont mix-------

In the kingdom of the blind , the one-eyed man is king.

What else-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

...........

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- Omission : ( deleting some items that are not important)

He is fond of her in many ways. ----

She became thoroughly mad. -----

He gave me a good beating as you know well. ---

What else ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

It's time to have a look at

the materials in unit four
in the Resources part of
this book.. These contain
lists
of
common
expressions and proverbs
in English with their
Arabic
Equivalents.
Work out the strategies

MO D E L
Some useful structures : ( take care that these are but recommendations, the
final choice of a meaning should depend on the context and the style of the
original text.)
Afterwards,
Since then,
Underestimated, underrated

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Affection
Ill attend to your wishes
Ins and outs
To rebel, disobey
to sweat blood and tears
The dregs of the people (the rabble)
A man of talent (genius)
Then
At that time, then,
Honour, dignity
To sin
To bully
He sat like a tired man.
Intentionally
Well-known, famous, celebrated.
To be a pioneer, at the vanguard.

\
\
\
\

\
\
\
\
\

GET DOWN TO BUSINESS

Now it is time for Translation,

TRANSLATE

A. Sentences translation:
Each sen ten ce to b e tran slated is a problem that needs a solu tion.

Cultural Difficulty:
Sometimes th e difficu lty is in th e cultu re rep resented by th e new wo rds in th e
sen ten ce. In this case try to und erstand the mean ing o f th e new expression or
proverb d ep end ing on you r kno wledge p roverb s in English .
In g roups, transla te th e following senten ces without referring to the dictiona ry.
You can only refer to the list of proverbs in you r kit.
1. That new girl sure is pretty ," Jack said.
" Yeah , but I wonder if she's nice too ." Carol said.
" After all , beauty is only skin deep."

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

This means , a) a person is judged by his/her appearance.

b) a person is known by his/her skin.
c) a person is not judged by how he/she looks.

Translate the passage into Arabic

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

interested in hearing about what I was working on . What a wolf in sheep's

clothing."
This means , a) Jack is a true friend.
b) Jack is untrustworthy.
c) Jack is always bad.

Translate the passage into Arabic

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Translate the passage into Arabic

TRANSLATE

B. Passage Translation:
Read the following Passage and answer the questions.
(Don t use the dictionary until you admitted to do so.)

Read the following passage then answer the Questions:

TOT
The common experience of having a name or a word on the tip of the tongue seems
related to specific perceptual attributes. In particular, people who report the tip-of-thetongue feeling tend to identify the words first letter and number of syllables with an
accuracy that far exceeds mere guessing. There is evidence that the mind may encode
data about when information was learned and about how often it has been
experienced. Some memories seems to embrace spatial information; e.g., one
remembers a particular news item to be on the lower right-hand side of the front page
of a newspaper. Research indicates that the rate of forgetting varies for different
attributes. For example, memories in which auditory attributes seem dominant tend to
be more rapidly forgotten than those with minimal acoustic characteristics.
If a designated (target) memory consists of a collection of attributes, its recall
or retrieval should be enhanced by any cue that indicates one of the attributes. For
example, on failing to recall the term horse (included in a list they have just seen),
people may be asked if an associated term (say, barn or zebra) helps them recall the
word. While some additional recall been has observed with this kind of help, failures
are common even with ostensibly relevant cues. Though it is possible that the cues
frequently are inappropriate , nevertheless, if words were not learned (encoded or
stored) with accompanying attributes, cuing of any kind should be ineffective.

A. Reading Comprehension Skills

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

1. Where can you most likely read this text?

------------------------------------------------------------------2. What does the passage mainly discuss?
-----------------------------------------------------------------3. It can be concluded from the passage that all encoded words are
a) remembered without help.

B) learned without cues.

c) stored with attributes

d) forgotten if not used.

4. Which is NOT mentioned as a tendency among people who

encounter the tip-of-the-tongue experience?
a) knowing the number of syllables in a word.
b) remembering where words were seen
c) knowing the first letter of the word.
d) recognizing the word when heard.

B. Researching Skills
Some times using dictionaries only ( whether English Arabic or English-English)
may not be sufficient. Some times you need more information to understand the text
better, especially when it is a scientific text. Here the best thing to do is to refer to a
specialized encyclopedia
through which you can find a
satisfactory explanation of the meaning.
For example, in the passage the main idea is about the phenomenon of the tip-of
the-tongue a dictionary will tell you that the meaning is
but an
encyclopedia (whether in English or in Arabic) will explain the expression in
details, like the following extract:
Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

Definition of TOT state:

o information is available but not accessible from memory
o usually parts of the information is accessible, but not enough to
warrant a response

What causes TOT states?

o retrieval blocking:
activation of items in memory that are similar to the
target (called interlopers ) compete with the target
during a memory search
thus, the retrieval of the target is suppressed
related words serve to block retrieval
o incomplete activation:
78 cue may not activate a target word or
an initial memory
name enough for retrieval of target
related words facilitate eventual retrieval

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Although this abstract may seem difficult, but it still gives more information
about the topic than a dictionary does.

Remember, that as a translator your main job is to transmit the meaning of the
original as clear as possible. One of the aids to understanding is to have a
general idea about the topic before translating.

-1 :
,
.

-2
(

:
,

There are a lot of encyclopedias,; such as the Encyclopedia Britannica

and the Encyclopedia Americana

There are also some Arab encyclopedias such as

You may find most of these encyclopedias in the college library.

If you dont have access to encyclopedias and still want to know more about the
topic before translating, a big resource for you is the Internet.

On the internet, you can find a lot of search engines

in different sites.

These sites will provide you with the most up-to-date information on the topic.

You can find also on the internet electronic dictionaries that help you with some new
vocabulary.

Examples of the good search engines are:

www.google.com , www.yahoo.com, www.37.com , www.overture.com, ..etc

examples of electronic (English Arabic/ Arabic-English) dictionaries sites are:

It's time to have a look at

the materials in unit four
in the Resources part of
this book.. These contain
internet screens that help

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

www.ajeeb.com, www.aq8.net

How to search on the internet;

1) Search engines

type the words you search for in the box provided,

put the text in two inverted commas

hit enter and select the first three or four results to look at

select the most suitable result.

2) In Electronic dictionaries
-

Go to ajeeb site,

Type the word you want to translate in the box provided for translation,

Click on

-you will have a small window including the translation of the word you
wanted.
Notice that this is for translating single words, not whole sentences.

C. Analytical Skills
1. Read this sentence from the text
Some memories seem to embrace spatial information
How can you translate embrace in this sentence? _________________________
Do you think it is difficult / untranslatable ? ______________________________
Why do you think it is difficult?
________________________________________
What do you understand of it in this sentence? ____________________________
What is the Arabic equivalent that you can think of? _______________________
Now write the final translation for this sentence.
__________________________________________________________________
2. Look at this sentence
memories in which auditory attributes seem dominant tend to be more rapidly
forgotten than those with minimal acoustic characteristics
What is the subject for the verb tend ?
__________________________________
What is the subject for the verb seem ? ________________________________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Translate this short sentence first auditory attributes seem dominant

_________________________________________________________________
Then translate this bigger one memories tend to be more rapidly forgotten
than those with minimal acoustic characteristics
_________________________________________________________________
Now translate the full sentence appropriately into Arabic
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

D. Production Skills
Read the passage again, after that translate it appropriately into Arabic, taking
care of the Arabic structure:
:
,
.

,
,
,
.

cultural references
,

a ppro praicy
(

.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

You may have noticed that one source of difficulty in the previous passage is the
technical terms. Technical terms may have different meanings, but one meaning
should be selected according to different fields of science.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

In order to overcome the difficulty in translating technical terms, you need to

familiarize your self with the common terms in some fields of science; physics,
mathematics, chemistry, technology or law. Sometimes the context may help you
identify which field of science is involved, but it may not be enough to know the
meaning of the new technical term. General dictionaries may not be of great help
either; simply because a general dictionary will give all the general meanings of the
term but not necessarily the exact meaning of the term in its proper science.
The best tool to use is either to search in a specialized dictionary. Specialized
dictionaries are designed especially for terms in one field of science. The following
are examples of these dictionaries:
-

A dictionary of Education and Psychology by Dr. Hamed Zahran

A dictionary of Medical terms by Dr. Graham Dark

A dictionary of Mathematics by McGraw-Hill

Or you can search in encyclopedias and the internet. The following website is an
important one for search in more than 25 specialized dictionaries of English:
www.onelook.com
In the translator's Kit you will find a sample page from this site, and in the next
unit you will have more examples on technical difficulty in translating sentences.

Homework and Revision:

Untranslateability refers to -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- but it doesn t mean ---------------------------------------------------------------------Equivalence refers to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Equivalence is recommended especially when translating -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------There are 4 basic strategies for overcoming untranslateability and rendering
equivalents. These are 1. ----------------------------------------------------------------------Example ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------83

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

2.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------example ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------example -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------example -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What did I learn today?

1. Can you translate appropriately into Arabic?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Do you know how to translate English proverbs and idioms?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. What part did you enjoy in today s class?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. What part did you dislike in today s class?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Do you know some strategies to use when facing a problem of
untranslateability?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. What are your suggestions for next year s Translation course?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSLATE
Homework
1. I can t wait to listen to the last three tapes of Amr Diab I m getting for my
birthday Shiama said.
Are you sure some one is giving you these three tapes? Asmaa asked.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Not exactly , Shiama replied.

Well I hope you get one for yourself, Asmaa said. But don t count your
chickens before they hatch

Translate the passage into Arabic

2. Here is a picture of Ayman after he won his diving medal. Soaad showed
Mrs. Hassan the photograph.
Goodness! Mrs.Hassan said. Wasn t he happy and proud !
Yes, he was Soaad said. Just look at his face . The picture is worth a thousand
words!

Translate the passage into Arabic

3. My dad has to work overtime almost every night , and lately he works on
weekends , too. He says it s what he has to do to make ends meet.

Translate the passage into Arabic

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

A lot of people gave me tips for Christmas , Andy said

I m rich!

So why

don t you open a saving account and start putting your money in the bank?
Andy s big sister Mary said . Otherwise , that money s just going to burn a hole in
your pocket ! .

Translate the passage into Arabic

Every day lies

Everyday- in every area of our life- we make and take a thousand lies. Not vicious
lies. Not harmful lies. Not lies that count. No, of course not. But great lies. It ll be
ready in an hour. Your cheque is in the post. I ll just have one. I was bout to call you.
Nothing like this has ever happened before. Of course I ve never loved anyone else.
We pretend, with no effort and less guilt, that we do not lie through our teeth every
minute of the day- and everyone else pretends that they dont either. But lying saves
time and angst . It makes everybody happier than they would be if they always told or
listened to the truth. After all you dont really want to hear that youll be lucky if you
ever see your plays havoc with your stress levels. Why should you want to know that
the last head of cabbage in the shop needed urgently for the borscht youre making
for the Prime Ministers dinner party has been sitting under the cash register with
the cat for the last two weeks? Youre hardly going to make a public announcement
that youre going to eat two entire family size bag of crisps. Not likely. Nor is it
likely that youre going to explain to the man about to buy a car that the door always
falls off like that. Youre certainly not about to tell your fianc that you loved the girl
you met all through university more than youll ever love her. Think of it like this:
Life is an incredibly complicated intricate , fragile sensitive and dodgy machine- not
great, perhaps, but the only one weve got and lies are the lubricant that keeps the
whole thing from blowing in our faces. (Cambridge Read 3)

A. Reading Comprehension Skills

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Questions:
1. Where would you expect to read this text?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. What is the attitude of the writer ? does he support this kind of lies, or does he
criticize it?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. how does the writer describe life?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. look at these lies from the passage:
a. It ll be ready in an hour.

( the radio player is not going to work again)

b. Your cheque is in the post.

----------------------------------------

c. Fresh today.

----------------------------------------

ll just have one.

----------------------------------------

e. I was about to call you.

----------------------------------------

f. Nothing like this has ever happened before. -------------------------------g. Of course I ve never loved any one else. -----------------------------------Read the passage again carefully and match the lies with the truths they
conceal. Which lie cannot be matched with a truth? --------------------------------------What do you think the truth is?

----------------------------------------

4. without using the dictionary , try to know the meaning of the underlined
words from the context.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. check your guesses using your dictionary.
Translate the passage APPROPRIATELY into Arabic:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Five
Keep Working!

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

1- A Dog s diary
Track! said my master. Like any obedient tracker-dog who had received the
command he most loves, I gave a bark of excitement, put my nose down to the
pavement and sniffed. A small group of people gathered behind us. Among these
onlookers was the old caretaker of the building next door to ours. He spoke in a
scornful voice: you actually think your dog might catch a thief three days after
the event? My master said nothing, but Im sure he must have smiled. I didnt
turn to look. I knew he would not speak unless it was to give me a new command.
I needed to concentrate. My task was difficult. I had to pick out one scent among
the many that lay about and then track it to its source.
Ive seen many tracker-dogs in my time, said the caretaker to the onlookers. I
served with the police years ago. We would never have thought of using a trackerdog to find a car thief. Impossible. Everyone knows that dogs are useless in such
matters. Hes got his car back, so whats the use of parking it again in the same
place and trying to pick up one scent among the hundreds on this pavement? Its
like asking the dog to do a crossword puzzle! In a sense he was right. Im sure
there is no need to tell you that, just as a dogs hearing is much better than a
human beings, so his sense of smell distinguishes one thing from another far
better than the most powerful magnifying glass in the world. If Sherlock Holmes
could work out that a man had had an egg for breakfast by seeing the yellow stain
on his mouth, a trained dog could tell you whether the hen that laid that egg was
healthy or not. I know it sounds funny and I mean it to be. But Im not
exaggerating. A dog can tell you- provided you understand a dogs way of
communicating- all this and more without even setting eyes on the man he is
investigating. But here the ground was criss-crossed in a complex knot of different
smells and scents and tracks. To untie it and follow one of them, seemed like
asking for a miracle.

PRACTICE
Questions:
Choose the best answer from a, b, c or d
1. What did the dog-narrator feel about trac
a. It did what was asked because it was obedient.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

b. It was excited, even though it wasnt a special tracker-dog.

c. It was frustrated because it couldnt concentrate properly.
d. It found tracking difficult, but enjoyed it.

2. What did the caretaker think about using a dog to catch a thief?
a. he was hopeful and encouraging towards the dogs owner.
b. He was doubtful because of his previous experience with tracker-dogs.
c. He was envious because in the police they had never come up with the
idea.
d. He thought that what most people say isnt necessarily right.

3. What do we learn about the dog-owner and his car?

a. he was trying to find his car, which had been stolen three days before.
b. His car had not been stolen but he was using it to catch a car thief.
c. His car had been stolen three days before now it has been found.
d. He had found part of his car and was using the dog to try to find the
rest.

4. What does the dog-narrator tell us about its sense of smell?

a. it is not so good as its sense of hearing.
b. It can achieve what a humans sight can and much more.
c. It can only give us more details about what a human has already
discovered.
d. When there are many scents together, it cannot distinguish one from
another.
5. According to the passage, a dog can
a. give you a lot of information if you can communicate with it.
b. Tell you many things without seeing you.
c. Provide you with a way of communicating with it.
d. Do more than just investigate people it cant see.
Guess the meaning of the underlined words.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
91

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

_____________________________________________________________________

Check your guesses using your dictionary.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
TR ANSLATE
Translate the passage APPRPRIATELY into Arabic :
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Translate the passage into Arabic

good fences make good

neighbours. Why don t you tell Ali he can only borrow one book at a time ?then
you ll know what he has , and won t feel so angry with him.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

what is the meaning of the proverb here ?

a) Ahmad will build fences around his library.
b) Ahmad will not give any book to Ali but on conditions.
c) Ahmad will not give any book to Ali at all.

Translate the passage into Arabic

I wish I had a million dollars,

said Ismail . Sure,

said Ahmad,

and if

wishes were horses, beggars would ride .

what is the meaning of the proverb here ?
a) Every one can wish as long as he pays nothing.
b) If you dream of a million $ , you will be a beggar.
c) If you dream of a million $, you will buy a horse.

Translate the passage into Arabic

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Why didn t Fatma enter the science fair? asked Asmaa.

The volcano she

made last year was great.

Once bitten, twice shy

said Iman.

She heard some kids making fun of her last

year, so she wouldn t enter this year.

what is the meaning of the proverb here ?
a) Once a critical situation happens to you, the next time you
will be careful.
b) She didn t enter the fair because a dog bit her.
c) She didn t enter the fair because she is very shy.

Translate the passage into Arabic

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

When I read that the same couple had been married three times, once in an
airplane, once in a hot-balloon , and once in an elevator , I decided that truth
really is stranger than fiction!
what is the meaning of the proverb here ?
a) Sometimes a real thing may be even stranger than imaginative stories.
b) Truth cannot be reached but through strangers.
c) The couple will not marry again because they are writing fiction.

Translate the passage into Arabic

The professor sure is in a good mood today , thought Zeinab,

I think I ll strike

while the iron is hot and ask her if I can borrow her big book of linguistics
what is the meaning of the proverb here ?
a) Zeinab will take the book of linguistics from the professor because
she left the iron hot.
b) Zeinab will take the book of linguistics from the professor because
there is a good chance to do so.
c)

Zeinab will take the book of linguistics from the professor because
she is moody.

Translate the passage into Arabic

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Technical Difficulty

A. Sentences translation:
In th e previou s un it, you were in troduced to one sou rce o f d ifficu lty in tran slation; tha t is,
technical terms. In this case try to und erstand the mean ing o f th e new wo rds d ep ending
on your knowledge of the filed o f science invo lved in the passag e.
In g roups, transla te th e following senten ces. You may refer to the list of co mmon
technical terms in you r kit.
1- The sample of the experiment included fifty five subjects from the third year in the
primary stage.
What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Physics

b) chemistry

c)Education

d) Business

translate the sentence:

_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2- 1. I d like to cash this cheque and make a deposit in my checking account.
What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Physics

b) chemistry

c)Education

d) Business

translate the sentence:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The mouse was originally designed for handicapped people who cannot

use the keyboard when working with computers.

What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Physics

b) Technology

c)Education

d) Business

translate the sentence:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4- Adult Education has become increasingly popular in Egypt in recent years.

What field of science is involved in this sentence?
97

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

a) Physics

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

b) Technology

c)Education

d) Business

translate the sentence:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

5- An exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another.

What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Physics

b) Technology

c)Education

d) Business

translate the sentence:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

6- Linguistics includes the study of syntax, semantics, phonology and Morphology.

What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Physics

b) Technology

c)Education

d) Language

translate the sentence:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

7- A data show is a video projector that can be used to transmit the image
from a computer monitor to an outside screen..
What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Physics

b) Technology

c)Education

d) Language

translate the sentence:

__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
8- He was kept in the mad house because he was believed to have developed
a paranoia..
What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Physics

b) Technology

c)Education

d) Psychology

translate the sentence:

__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

9- the suspect was sentenced to death after the jury agreed with the
arbitrators.
What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Court and Law

b) Technology

c)Education

d) Psychology

translate the sentence:

__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
10- The utilitarian trend in philosophy cares for the concrete values and
discards abstraction.
What field of science is involved in this sentence?
a) Court and Law

b) Technology

c)Education

d) Psychology

translate the sentence:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________
TR ANSLATE

B. Passage Translation:
3- Psychoanalysts and psychographers
It must be acknowledged that the psychoanalytical biographer works at a
disadvantage in comparison with the psychoanalyst. The psychographer must
content himself with records that are necessarily incomplete; the psychoanalyst
has before him a living patient. Critics hostile to psychography never tire of
pointing out this discrepancy. Yet the psychographer may have certain
advantage over the psychoanalyst which are less recognized.
The average person in psychoanalysis is young, generally not past his thirties.
This means that he has yet to encounter some of those stages of life which are
revelatory of personality. For example, he may not yet have married, have
children, achieved the peak of his career, and so on. Neither the analyst nor the
patient knows how the patient will react to these events. Thus, certain aspects of
the patient s personality may remain inaccessible for purposes of examination
and understanding. But the subject of the psychographer has lived his entire life.

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Not only the development and mid-stages of his life are available for inspection
but also its ultimate unfolding and final resolution. Thus, one advantage is that
in discovering the dominant psychological themes of his subject s emotional
evolution, the psychoanalytic biographer has at his disposal a broader spectrum
of behaviour through more decades of life than has the analyst with a living
patient.

PRACTICE
Questions:
1. Where may you read this passage?
a) in a magazine

b) in a newspaper

c) in an academic book

d) in a novel

2. What two groups of people does the writer compare in the passage:
a) psychologists and psychiatrists

b) psychotherapists and

psychoanalysts
c) psychographers and psychologists

d) psychoanalysts and

psychographers

3. According to the passage , a psychographer is a person who deals

with
a) living human beings

b) examinations

c)the life of dead people

d) the life of animals

4. A psychoanalyst is a person who deals with

a) living human beings

b) examinations

c)the life of dead people

d) the life of animals

5. The main topic of the passage is :

100

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

a) describing the work of the two groups of psychologists

b) describing the work of psychoanalysts with their
patients
c) describing the work of dead people
d) describing the work of people who haven t married.

6. What is the best source to refer to when defining the meaning of

psychoanalysts and psychographers (check all that apply)
a) English

English Dictionary

c) encyclopedia

b) English- Arabic dictionary

D) the internet

7. After referring to one or more of the above mentioned sources ,

translate the passage APPROPRIATELY into Arabic:
TR ANSLATE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------__________________________________________________________________

101

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

4- The prophet s Speech at Tabuk

In the ninth year of the hijra, at the head of an army of 30.000 Muslims which is gathering
to meet impending aggression from the Byzantine Empire, Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
delivered the following speech at Tabuk. On the borders of Syria:
He (SAW) praised and thanked Allah and said: Verily the most veracious discourse is the
book of Allah. The most trustworthy handhold is the word of piety. The best of religions is
the religion of Ibrahim. The best of the precedents is the precedent of Muhammad (SAW).
The noblest speech is the invocation of Allah. The finest of the narratives is this Quran.
The best of the affairs is that which has been firmly resolved upon. The worst religions are
those without sanction. The best of ways is the one trodden by prophets. The noblest death
is the death of a martyr. The most miserable blindness is waywardness after guidance. The
best actions is that which is beneficent. The best guidance is that which is put into practice.
The worst blindness is the blindness of the heart.
The upper hand is better than the lower. The little that suffices is better than the abundant
and alluring. The worst apology is that which is tendered when death stares one in the face.
The worst remorse is that which is felt on the day of Resurrection.
Some men do not come to the Friday prayer, but with hesitance and delay. And some of
them dont remember Allah but with reluctance. The tongue that is addicted to false
expression is a bubbling spring of sins. The most valuable possession is contentment of the
heart. The best provision is that of piety. The highest wisdom is the fear of Allah, the
Mighty and Great. The best thing to be cherished in the hearts is faith and conviction;
doubt is part of infidelity.
Impatient wailing and fulsome praise of the dead is an act of ignorance. Betrayal leads one
to the fire of Hell. Drinking amounts to burning. Obscene poetry is the work of the Devil.
Wine is the mother of evils. The worst thing eaten is one which belongs to the orphan.
Blessed is he who received admonition.
Each one of you must resort to a place of four cubits. Your affairs will be decided
ultimately in the next life. The worst dream is the false dream. Whatever is in store is near.
To abuse a believer is transgression. Raising arms against him is infidelity. To backbite
him is a disobedience to Allah. Inviolability and sacredness of this property is like that of
his blood. He who swears by Allah falsely, in fact falsifies him. He who pardons is himself
granted pardon. He who forgives others, is forgiven by Allah for his sins.

102

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

He who represses anger, Allah rewards him. He who faces misfortune with perseverance,
Allah compensates him. He who acts only for fame and reputation, Allah disgraces him.
He who shows patience and forbearance, Allah gives him a double reward. He who
disobeys Allah, Allah chastises him.
I seek the forgiveness of Allah. I seek the forgiveness of Allah. I seek the forgiveness of
Allah. (translated by the Federation of Student Islamic Societies in the UK 2002)

PRACTICE
Questions
1. Where do you expect to find this text?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Guess the meanings of the underlined words in the text.
3. Translate the text into Arabic, then compare your translation with the
original Arabic text at the end of this course.
TR ANSLATE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

103

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

5- Have you ever seen a UFO?

1. In 1973, Jimmy Carter, former president of the United States, saw a
UFO- an Unidentified Flying Object. There were about 20 other people
with him at the time, and they all watched the strange object for several
minutes. Does this surprise you? Its not unusual. About 15 million
people all over the world think that they have seen a UFO, a recent
report says.
6. UFOs have become very popular. There are books and films about
UFOs, we can watch imaginary flying saucers and visitors from space
on television, and there are stories in the newspapers about strange

104

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

objects. Some of the stories are very silly. Clearly, some of these UFOs
were aircraft, birds, the moon, lights on the clouds, and so on. But
some people believe that spaceships come from other planets , and
some of the reports arent easy to explain.
12. In 1974 an American business man was flying his own plane during
the day. Mr. Arnold was a sensible man and a pilot with many years
experience. That day, he saw a row of strange flying objects. He could
see them clearly , and he watched them for some time. Later he said
that they moved like saucer over water. The name flying saucer was
invented. The newspaper loved the story, of course, and they all wrote
long reports about it. After this, there was a flood of reports about
flying saucers. Many people had also seen strange things in the past,
and now they wrote to the newspaper about it. Mr. Arnolds experience
was not new . But for the first time people were talking and writing
about the mysterious objects in the sky. Mr. Arnolds story became
famous. Now other people wanted to tell theirs.
23. During World War II, pilots had reported strange round flying objects.
Sometimes these objects flew beside their planes and followed them.
At first the pilots were afraid: they thought these objects were a new
weapon. But the weapon didnt harm them. The officers said the
pilots were imagining things. The pilots got used to the strange objects.
28. After the newspaper report about Mr. Arnold, reports came in from all
over Europe, the Soviet Union and many other places. Many of the
reports had similar details, and a picture slowly became clear. Most of
the UFOs were in the shape of a disc, flat on the bottom and round on
the top. The were of different sizes, and some were enormously large.
But everybody agreed about one thing. These objects could go faster
and higher than any known aircraft. They could also turn and move
about in a way that nobody had ever seen before.
35. Being inside that thing would kill an ordinary man! said one of the
pilots after he had seen a UFO. In 1984 a flying object was seen over
Kentucky in the USA. It was about 80 metres across. Two planes
immediately went up to follow it and photograph it. One of the pilots
105

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

tried to pass the thing. His message came over the radio, Good God,
its enormous. Its got windows That was his last message. The
next day the parts of his plane were found on the ground below.
Nobody knows what he saw, or what happened.
42. There had been many earlier reports, too. In Sweden in the 1930s there
were many accounts of mysterious objects in the sky. In 1896, before
the first aircraft, a whole crowd of people watched an enormous ship
in the sky over their town. And in recent years, all the passengers of a
jet watched two UFOs from the windows of the plane!
47. The UFOs have been seen on the ground, as well. People say that they
have seen them land. They also say that they have seen and talked to
the crews of UFOs- some even say that they have been taken on board.
Once again, the reports are all very similar. The space beings, they say,
are humanoid. They are smaller than us, and they have very large
heads. They wear silver or green shining clothes and large clear
helmets.
53. These space beings have been seen in Australia in Brazil.in
Portugal.in a forest. In a farmyard..beside a road..
Perhaps the most interesting reports come from our own spaceships. In
1963 a Russian astronaut in Vostok VI sa a flying object in the shape
of an egg; the American astronauts in Gemini IV took photographs of a
silver object in 1965; on September 14 th 1969 the Apollo XII crew
reported that their spaceship was being followed by two UFOs.
60. Do you believe all this? Or are you like the old Irishwoman in the story? Some
people asked this Irishwoman if she believed in fairies. I dont
believe in them, she replied, but they are there. (Readings for Adults,
1988)

PRACTICE
Questions:
1. What is a UFO?
________________________________________________________

106

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

2. Who was the first to invent the name flying saucers ?

________________________________________________________
3. What does the underlined word they in line 16 refer to?
________________________________________________________
4. What was the common description of a UFO given by people?
________________________________________________________
5. According to the context what does the word Humanoid in line 46
mean?
____________________________________________________________
6. What was the common description given for space beings?
________________________________________________________
7. What does the underlined word our in line 50 refer to?
________________________________________________________
8. Why does the writer mention the story of the old Irishwoman at the
end?
________________________________________________________
Now translate the passage APRROPRAITELY into Arabic
TR ANSLATE
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

107

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

108

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

6- University Life
At the present time you are in the first year in your university life. you might
have noticed that university life is quite different from life in the secondary school.
However one needs to be fair in judging such a life. Sometimes you find some
students who are reluctant to involve in any activity , on the other hand there are
students who are very active , participating in any activity thinking they were born to
work and lead. Some professors give counselling, while others refuse to present any
guidance.
It is a life of contradictions and paradoxes; some girls may be extrovert to the degree
that they are ill reputed, others may be so shy to the extent that they are avoided. You
may find some colleagues who are hard workers in their study , on the other hand
some others are careless even if working for themselves.
On the other face of the coin , universities are wonderful places for making friends ,
learning true science , and deciding ones future plans. Consider the following

109

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

account told by a university student who is now a professor about a situation that
happened to him in university 25 years ago.
Co llege and university life is fu ll of sto ries, events and dramatic experiences. With
the wid e range of student p erso nalities and styles of life and learning: the hard
wo rking, the easy go ing, and the life lo vers all co -exited in a three o r fou r bu ilding
site. I can not even rememb er how many because this was many years ago , not less
than 25 . Unfo rtunately, I was and still am one of tho se stu dents who belo ng to the first
typ e: the hard working, always busy persons. This being so I did very well in my
classes and won the respect and ad miration of my professors who tru sted me to help
them translate material from English into Arab ic. One d ay, one o f my p rofesso rs
hand ed me a bo ok while we were walking alo ng the corridor. He was so bu sy at the
time he did nt even stop to show me what I had to do with it. Translate chapter five
of this bo ok and have you r translation ready next week, said my pro fesso r and
disapp eared immediately. Becau se I was over with classes for that d ay, a friend o f
mine accompanied me to go ho me on his bike. As so on as I go t off the bike I fou nd
out that my p rofesso rs bo ok was go ne. What b ook was it? Who was the author? What
co lou r was it? Tho se were unanswerable q uestio ns. My friend and I returned back the
same ro ad we too k on ou r way home asking every person we hap pened to meet ab ou t
a b ook we had lost. We asked the bu tcher, the gro cer, and the hairdresser. No , lo ok
so mewhere else, said the b utcher, said the gro cer, said the hairdresser. We head ed
ho me again with enormou s feelings o f disap pointment, depression, and sadness. Two
days of this went extremely slowly. This was ho w my weekend for that week was:
glo omy. Two days after, I went back to co llege with no better feelings than those I
had b efo re. In the midd le of a circle of very lo ving and sympathetic co lleagues, I was
telling them the tragic sto ry of lo sing my p rofessors boo k when a girl classmate
rushed all of a sud den to us saying: who lost Dr. Mostafas bo ok? A stud ent at the
schoo l where Im having my teaching p ractice gave it to me, she said. At that
mo ment, I wasnt one of the livings, but one of the daydreaming dead.
(Ad ap ted from Atta Zidan, Lo st and Fou nd in An An tho log y of Writing form
Crea tive Rea din g a nd Writing , E-POET Institute, Summer, 19 99 )

PRACTICE
Reluctant means ___________________________________

110

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Involve means _____________________________________

Counselling means __________________________________
Extrovert means ___________________________________
Careless means______________________________________
Daydreaming means_________________________________
There are three kinds of university students; they are:
1._________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________
When the writer went home he felt three feelings, they are:
1.________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________
Translate the passage Appropriately into Arabic:
TR ANSLATE
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

111

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________

112

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

.
;

.
.

;
.
.

http://sirah.al-islam.com/

113

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Appendices and
Resources

114

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit One:
Words, Words, A World of Words

An image of a lamp in the Ss' book will always indicate that it is the time to
have a look at the materials and resources in this part..
1 -Examples for suffixes and prefixes in English :
Prefixes with negative meaning:
Prefix
MalAnti
MisNonPseudo
Contra,
contro
Dis

Meaning
Bad, wrong ,ill
Against
Wrong
Not
False
Against

Illustration
Malpractice, a bad practice
Antithetical; exactly opposite
Misunderstand
Nonrefundable ; not to be refunded
Pseudo-personality
Contravene; conflict with
Controversy; dispute
Disagree; do not agree

Not

Translation

Prefixes that are numbers of quantity:Prefix

BiDuMonoMultiTri-

Meaning
Two
Two
One
Many
Three

Illustration
Bilabial; using the two lips
Dual; with two meanings
Monologue; to speak to ones self
Multi-syllabic ; of many syllables
Triangle

Translation

Prefixes that identify placement or directions:Prefix

Ab-,
De-,
InterProReSubSuperTeleTrans-

Meaning
Away, down,
from to
Down, remove
Between
Before, forward
Again
Below
Above
Far
Across

Illustration
Abdicate
Decrease
Interrelations
Prologue ;an introduction
Rethink, rewrite
Subordinate, submarine
Supernatural
Telegraph, telecommunication
Transcontinental ;across continents

Prefixes that indicate time:-

115

Translation

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

Prefix
PrePost-

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Meaning
Before
After

Illustration
Predict
Postwar

Translation

Other commonly used prefixes:Prefix

BeneHydro-

Meaning
Good
Water

Hyper

Above, over,
beyond
Below, beneath
Small
Large
Half

HypoMicroMacroSemi-,hemi-

Illustration
Translation
Benefit
Hydrophobia ;fear
from water
Hyperactive
Hypodermic
Microscope
Macroeconomics
Hemisphere

Here is a list of some commonly used suffixes in English:Suffixes used to form nouns
-tion, sion, ion
-age

Examples and illustrations

Transformation, impression , action
Voltage, courage ,average,

-ance,ence

Acceptance ,presence, existence

-cy

Vacancy, fluency, accuracy

-ism

Tourism, terrorism, idealism,

naturalism (usually used with
philosophies)

-ment

Establishment, management

-tude

Attitude, multitude

-ness

Goodness, happiness, greatness

(usually added to adjectives to form
nouns)

-ity

Humanity

-ary,ory

Dictionary

-ship

Friendship, penmanship

-hood

Childhood, manhood,

-dom

Kingdom, boredom , wisdom

116

Translation

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

-ery

Imagery

Suffixes used to form

Examples and illustrations

Translation

adjectives
-able,ible

-ic
-ern
-ish

-al,ial
-y,ly
-an
-ive
-ous,ious
-less
-ate
-ful

Suffixes used to form verbs

-ify
-ize( AmE), ise (BrE)
-en
-ate
Suffixes used to form
adverbs
-ly

Adaptable, markable, believable

(usually used to form adjectives
referring to ability)
Ironic, historic, mechanic
Western, eastern, southern, northern
Selfish, foolish, greenish(usually
used to refer to the full amount of
the word before)
Professional, industrial, instrumental
Streamy ,friendly
African, Egyptian, Arabian
Active, impressive, collective
Advantageous, dangerous,
ambiguous
Mindless, careless, penniless(usually
means lacking the word before)
Affectionate , passionate,
compassionate
Powerful, wonderful,
beautiful(usually means the full
amount of the word before)
Examples and illustrations
Translation
Simplify, verify, rectify
Theorize, memorize, recognize,
organize
Enlighten, shorten, widen, narrowen
Duplicate , formulate
Examples and illustrations
Happily, easily , actively , wildly

In addition , there is also a set of suffixes that indicate a person does something.
Suffixes used to indicate

Examples and illustrations

person or thing
-ian

Librarian, magician , electrician

-ist

Archivist, journalist

-er, or , ar

Teacher, professor, scholar

2- Dictionary Entries.

117

Translation

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

This is an extract from an English-English Dictionary (Webster's Ninth New

Collegiate Dictionary). Look at the symbols and the information given for each
word, then read in details the explanation of these symbols. ( All the information
in this part are derived from the aforementioned dictionary pp: 8-22)

118

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

119

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

120

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

121

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Two
Going to the Market
List of some common semantic fieldsand lexical sets
Friendship

Concord
Relations

Social interaction

Brotherhood

Mutual
(Familiarity

Knowledge

Warm
Cordial

Passionate

Belonging

Reconciliation

Kindness

Sociability

Respect
Goodwill

Fellow feeling

Sympathy

Prejudice

Support

Aid

Acquaintance

Intimate

Lifelong friend

Dear

In need

Visiting

Inseparable

Shake hands

Peace

Enmity

Hatred

Ill feelings

Intolerance

Envy

Coolness

Foes

Resentment

Quarrel

Disloyalty

Hostility

Enemy

Bad

Traitor

Troublemaker

Ill-wisher

Aggressor

Bitter

Unfaithful

Oppressive

Opposing

Clash

122

\
\

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Wage war

Unwelcome

Time

Duration

Season

Term

Semester

Tour

Shift

Spell

Span

Space

Period

Passage of time

Eternity

Course

Years

Days

Hour

Tenses

Priority

Contemporaneity

Interval

Intrude

Break

Pause

Leisure

Episode

Delay

Age

Reign

Era

Birthday

Anniversary

Instant

Zero hour

Calendar

Prior/ post

Spend time

Waste time

Mark time

Right time

Seize opportunity

Whole time

Often

Always

Yet

Till

Perpetually

When
Finality

Century

Decade

Generation

Cycle

Millennium

Nineties / etc

...

)
\

---

Throughout
AD /AC

Rush hour

Second

Minute

Dark ages / middle ages \

Antiquity,

123

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Marry

Marriage
\

Union

One flesh

Match

Husband

Wife

Housewife

Partnership

Ties

Wedding

Monogamy

Polygamy

Second marriage

Engagement

Adventurer

Ring
\

Spouse

Climber

Ceremony

Wanderer

Registry

Visitor

Feast

Car

Honeymoon

Train
\

Special day

Tube

Bride

Underground

Groom

Plane

Love

Ship

Affection

Boat

Couple

Cruise

Blushing

Ferry

Lawful

Canoe

Lady

Mariner

Joy

Seaman

Faithfulness

Journey

Ask for hand

Map

Contract,

Road

Traveling

Guidebook

124

)
(

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Tourism

Signpost

Driving

Fare

Walking

Discover

Riding

Sight seeing

Motoring

Ticket

Voyage

Arrive

Pilgrimage

Land

Trip

Takeoff,

Exploration

Danger

Expedition

Trap

Pleasure

Catch

Coach

Snag

Round trip

Death

Bike

Surprise

Free

Obstacle

Pedestrians

Abyss

Wander

Storm

Migrate

Flood

Hurricane

Unhealthy

Volcano

Infectious

Dynamite

Radioactive

Time bomb

Shaky
foundations

Explosives

Leaky

Infection

Critical

Troubles

On edge

Hazard

Unfortified

Enemy

Undefended

Fire

Unprotected

Peril

Unguarded

Panic

Unshielded

Emergency

Shelter less

Risk

Helpless

125

)
(

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

Razors edge

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unsupported

Pitfall

Face danger,

Rashness

Sale

Venture

Selling

Deterioration

Marketing

Sword

Clearance

Menace

Sold-out

Threat

Stock

Sense of danger

Goods

Alarm

Public sale

Narrow escape

Service

Defense

Salesman

Instability

Insecurity

Enquiry

Easy target

Shopkeeper

Error

Agent

Imperfection

Shop assistant

Beset with perils

Clerk

Fear

Available

Frightening

In demand

Serious

Re sell

Toxic

Meet a demand

Poisonous

Best-seller,

Harmful

Unhealthy

)
\
(

\
...
(..

Lecturer

Business
\

Corporation

Tutor

Company

(
Firm

Professor
)

Principal

Employee

Registrar

Employer

Certificate

Importer

Qualifications

126

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Exporter

Leave on full
pay
)

Dealer

(...

Fees

Agent

Scholarship

Capital

Attendance

Economy

Call the roll

Market

Punctuality

Bargain

Supervision
(

Cash

)
(

Credit

Take notes
)

Rough copy

Education

Skim

educational

Homework

Institute

Candidate

Boarder

Exam

kindergarten

Pass an exam

primary school

Library

preparatory
school

Common-room

secondary school

Science
laboratory

technical school

Lecturer room

private school

Youth hostel

College

Stationary

University

Catalogue

Ministry of
Education

Deposit

Dean

Borrow

Committee

Volume

Inspector

Author

Staff

Semester

Teacher
Students

127

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

For more examples refer to the following Dictionary :

Roget s Thesaurus of English words and phrases, London: Longman 1982

Unit Three
Planting Trees
Idioms Describing Health2

Idiom
a sore point/spot

to sugar the pill

to have itchy feet

a bitter pill to
swallow
under the weather

to recharge the
batteries

felt off color

Meaning
not to talk about
something because it
makes someone
angry.

Example
Try not to mention
baldness while he's
here, it's a sore spot
for him.
The teacher has
do something to
sugared the too
make something
much homework pill
unpleasant more
by offering extra
acceptable.
marks.
I can't stay in one
want to travel or
place for more than
a year without
move on
having itchy feet.
Losing my job was a
unpleasant, but has
bitter pill to
to be accepted
swallow.
Jim has been feeling
under the weather
not very well
for weeks.
We told him to go
do something to gain away for a few days
to recharge the
fresh energy
batteries.
After one day beside
the sea he no longer
felt unwell
felt off color.

Translation

Rashed. M. K. (2004). The Effect of Training and Motivation on Understanding and Using English
Idioms. (In-press). CDELT Occasional papers in ELT. Ain Shams University.

128

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

be on the road to
recovery

getting better

be on the mend

getting better

as fit as a fiddle

perfectly well

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

By the second day,

he was on the road
to recovery.
We were glad to
learn that he was on
the mend.
He returned to work
as fit as a fiddle.
(violin)

More Idioms3
an eager beaver: a person who is always willing to volunteer or do extra work.
"Jan is certainly an eager beaver. Any time there's work to be done,
she's the first to say she'll help."

Easy does it!: Be very careful! / Don't do anything too fast or too hard!
A: "I'm going to move the table just a little further from the window."
B: "Easy does it! If you move too fast, you might knock over the plant!"

an egghead: a very intelligent person.

"Jake didn't make very good grades in school, but his sister was a real egghead."

elbow grease: hard work; effort.

"Yes, the car is pretty dirty, but it'll look nice again with a little elbow grease."

every other _____ : alternately; omitting the second one in each group of two.
"In your essays, please write on every other line. That will make the
essays much easier to read."
ace: make an "A" on a test, homework assignment, project, etc.
"Somebody said you aced the test, Dave. That's great!"

all right (1): expression of reluctant agreement.

A: "Come to the party with me. Please!"
B: "Oh, all right. I don't want to, but I will."
3

http://www.eslcafe.com/idioms/id-mngs.html

129

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

all right (2): fair; not particularly good.

A: "How's your chemistry class?"
B: "It's all right, I guess, but it's not the best class I've ever had."

all right (3): unharmed; in satisfactory condition.

A: "You don't look normal. Are you all right?"
B: "Yes, but I have a headache."

and then some: and much more besides.

A: "I'd guess your new computer cost about $2,000. "
B: "It cost that much and then some because I also bought extra RAM and VRAM."

antsy: restless; impatient and tired of waiting.

"I hope Katy calls soon. Just sitting around and waiting is making me antsy."

as easy as pie: very easy.

"I thought you said this was a difficult problem. It isn't. In fact, it's as easy as pie."

at the eleventh hour: at the last minute; almost too late.

"Yes, I got the work done in time. I finished it at the eleventh hour, but I wasn't late.
bad-mouth: say unkind, unflattering, embarrassing (and probably untrue) things
about someone.
A: "I don't believe what Bob said. Why is he bad-mouthing me?"
B: "He's probably jealous of your success."

be a piece of cake: be very easy.

A: "Bob said the test was difficult, but I thought it was a piece of cake.""

be all ears: be eager to hear what someone has to say.

A: "I just got an e-mail message from our old friend Sally."
B: "Tell me what she said. I'm all ears!"

130

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

be broke: be without money.

"No, I can't lend you ten dollars. I'm

be up and running: (for a

completely broke until payday."

technological process) be operational;

be ready to use .

be fed up with (with someone or

"Dave's ESL Cafe on the Web has

something): be out of patience (with

been up and running since December

someone or something);

1995."

be very tired of someone or something.

"Bill, you're too careless with your

be used to (+Ving/noun): be

work. I'm fed up with

accustomed to; not uncomfortable

apologizing for your mistakes!"

with.
"It won't be hard to get up at 5:00 AM.
I'm used to getting up early."

be in and out: be at and away from a

place during a particular time.
"Could we postpone our meeting until

beat: exhausted; very tired (adj.).

tomorrow? I expect to

"This has been a long day. I'm beat!"

be in and out of the office most of the

day today."

beat around the bush: evade an issue;

avoid giving a direct answer.

be on the go: be very busy (going

"Quit beating around the bush! If

from one thing or project to another).

you don't want to go with me, just tell

"I'm really tired. I've been on the go

me!"

all week long."

beat one's brains out: try very hard to
be on the road: be traveling.

understand or do something.

"You won't be able to contact me

"Can you help me with this problem?

tomorrow because I'll be on the road."

I've been beating my brains out with

it,
but I just can't solve it."

be over: be finished; end.

"I can't see you until around 4 o'clock.
My meetings won't be over until then."

Beats me: I have no idea.

A: "What time's the party?"
B: "Beats me!"
131

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

before long: soon.

boom box: portable cassette/CD

A: "I'm really tired of working."

player.

B: "Just be patient. The weekend will

"Don't forget to bring your boom box

be here before long."

to the picnic!"

bent out of shape: needlessly worried

the bottom line: the most essential

about something.

information.

"I know you're worried about your job

"The discussion lasted many hours.

interview, but don't get bent out of

The bottom line was that

shape.

the XYZ Company isn't for sale."

You'll do just fine."

Break a leg!: Good luck!
bite off more than one can chew:

"I understand you have a job interview

take responsibility for more than one

tomorrow. Break a leg!"

can manage.
"I'm really behind with my project.

break someone's heart: make

Can you help me? I'm afraid I

someone feel very

bit off more than I could chew!"

disappointed/discouraged/sad.
"Joe broke his mother's heart when
he dropped out of school."

blabbermouth: a very talkative

person--especially one who says things
that should be kept secret.

broke: without money.

"Don't say anything to Bob unless you

A: "Can you lend me 10 dollars?"

want the whole office to know.

B: "I'm afraid not. I'm broke."

Bob's quite a blabbermouth."

buck(s): dollar(s).
blow one's top: become extremely

"The cheapest tickets for the concert

angry.

cost 25 bucks. Do you still want to

A: "Was your father upset when you

go?"

came home at 3 AM?"

B: "He was more than upset. He blew

bug: annoy; bother.

his top!"
132

Copyright Dr Al Kitab AL Hadith 2005

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

"I'm trying to concentrate! Don't bug

"It's late and you've accomplished a

me!"

lot. Why don't you call it a day?"

bull-headed: stubborn; inflexible.

can't make heads or tails of

"Don't be so bull-headed. Why can't

something: can't understand

you admit that others' opinions are just

something at all;

as good as yours?"

find something confusing and illogical.

"I can't make heads or tails of your e-

a bundle: a lot of money.

mail. Were you having problems

A: "Your new car is really nice."

with your computer?"

B: "It should be. It cost me a bundle!"

catch one's eye: attract one's
burn the midnight oil: study/work all

attention/interest.

night or until very, very late at night.

"This brochure about Tahiti caught my

"I'm not ready for the test tomorrow. I

eye when I was at the travel agency."

guess I'll have to

burn the the midnight oil."

catch some Zs: sleep for a while; take

a nap.

bushed: very tired; exhausted.

"You look tired, Dave. Why don't you

"I'm going to lie down for a while. I'm

catch some Zs?"

really bushed."
change one's mind: decide to do
by oneself: alone and without help.

something different from what had

"I can't do this by myself. Can you

been decided earlier.

help me?"

A: "Why are you working this week? I

thought you were going to be on

by the skin of one's teeth: barely

vacation."

succeed in doing something.

B: "I changed my mind. I'm taking my

"I'll have to start earlier the next time.

vacation next month."

This time I only finished by the skin

of my teeth."

chicken (adjective or noun): cowardly.

call it a day: stop work for the day.

"Fred will never ask Lucy for a date.

He's chicken / a chicken.
133

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

"You're a real couch potato, Jay. You

chow: food.

need to get more exercise!"

"How's the chow in the university

cafeteria?"

cram: try to learn as much as possible

in a very short time.

chow down: eat.

"Sidney did well on the test because he

"It's almost 6:00. Are you ready to

crammed for it. However, he probably

chow down?"

won't remember any of the information

a couple of days from now."

a cinch: something that's very easy to

do.

crash course: short course designed to

A: How was the test?

give a lot of knowledge/information in

B: It was a cinch. I finished it quickly

a very short time.

and I know that all my answers were

"Tom's company is sending him to a

correct."

business meeting in Istanbul.

Should he take a crash course in
Turkish?"

cool (also kewl): neat, special,

wonderful.
"The ESL Cafe on the Web is really

Cut it out!: stop doing something

cool!"

(that's annoying).
"You kids are making too much noise.

Cool it!: calm down.

Cut it out!"

"There's no need to be so upset. Just

cool it!"

cost (someone) an arm and a leg:

cost a lot; be very expensive.
A: "Your new car is really nice."
B: "It should be. It cost (me) an arm
and a leg!"

couch potato: someone who spends

too much time watching TV.
134

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Four
Give Us the Tools and we will do the job

Common English Proverbs

English Proverb
1. A bad beginning makes a bad
ending
2. A bargain is a bargain

Arabic Equivalent
(

3. A beggar can never be bankrupt

4. A bird in the hand is worth two in
the bush
5. A burnt child dreads the fire
6. A clean hand wants no washing
7. A danger foreseen is half avoided
8. A drop in the sea
9. A drowning man will catch at a
straw
10. A fault confessed is half redressed
11. A fool always rushes to the fore
12. A foul morning may turn to a fair
day
13. A fox is not taken twice in the
same snare
14. A friend in need is a friend indeed
15. A friend to all is a friend to none
16. A friend's frown is better than
foe's smile
17. A good Jack makes a good Jill
18. A good beginning is half the
battle
19. A good deed is never lost
20. A good dog deserves a good bone
21. A good example is the best
sermon
22. A good face is a better sermon
23. A good name is sooner lost than
won
24. A great fortune is a great slavery
25. A great ship asks deep waters

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

26. A hard nut to crack

27. A hungry belly has no ears
28. A hungry man is an angry man
29. A little body often harbours a
great soul
30. A man can die but once
31. A man can do no more than he
can
32. A man of words and not of deeds
is like a garden full of weeds
33. A silent fool is counted wise
34. A small leak will sink a great ship
35. A soft answer turns away wrath
36. A storm in the tea-cup
37. A tattler is worse than a thief
38. A wise man changes his mind, a
fool never will
39. A wolf in sheep's clothing
40. A wonder lasts but nine days
41. A word is enough to the wise
42. Actions speak louder than words
43. Adversity is a great schoolmaster
44. After a storm comes a calm
45. After dinner sleep (sit) a while,
after supper walk a mile
46. All is well that ends well
47. All lay load on the willing horse
48. All men can't be first
(

49. All men can't be masters

50. All roads lead to Rome
51. All that glitters is not gold
52. All truth are not to be told
53. An ass in the lion's skin
54. An empty vessel gives a greater
sound than a full barrel
55. Anger and haste hinder good
counsel

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

56. Appetite comes with eating

57. As like as too peas (in the pot)
58. As old as the hills
59. As sober as a judge
60. As the call, so the echo
61. As the tree falls, so shall it lie
(

62. At the ends of the Earth

63. Bacchus has drowned more men

than Neptune
64. Bad news has wings
-

65. Be slow to promise and quick to

perform
66. Be swift to hear, slow to speak
67. Beggars cannot be choosers
68. Believe not all that you see nor
half what you hear
69. Best defence is offence
70. Better an egg today than a hen
tomorrow
71. Better an open enemy than a false
friend

72. Better be alone than in bad

company
73. Better be born lucky than rich
74. Better be the head of a dog than
the tail of a lion
75. Better deny at once than promise
long
76. Better die standing than live
kneeling
77. Better early than late
78. Better go to bed supperless than
rise in debt
79. Better late than never
80. Better the devil you know than
the devil you don't
81. Better the foot slip than the
tongue
82. Better to do well than to say well
83. Better to reign in hell than serve
in heaven

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

84. Burn not your house to rid it of

the mouse
85. Business before pleasure
86. Caution is the parent of safety
87. Charity begins at home
88. Claw me and I will claw thee
89. Company in
trouble less

distress

makes

90. Confession is the first step to

repentance
91. Counsel is not command
92. Creditors have better memories
than debtors
93. Cross the stream where it is
shallowest
94. Curiosity killed a cat
95. Custom is the plague of the wise
men and idol of fools
96. Custom is the second nature
97. Death pays all debts
98. Deeds, not words!
99. Desperate diseases must have
desperate remedies
100.
Divide and rule
101.
Don't look a gift horse in
the mouth
102.
Don't put all your eggs in
one basket
103.
Don't trouble trouble until
trouble trouble you
104.
Dot your i's and cross your
t's
105.
Drow not your bow till
your arrow is fixed
106.
Each bird loves to hear
himself sing
107.
Early to bed and early to
rise makes a man healthy, wealthy
and wise
108.
Easier said than done
109.
best

East or West - home is

110.

Easy come, easy go

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

111.
Envy shoots at others and
wounds herself
(

112.
Every country has its
customs
113.
Every man has his faults
114.

Every man to his taste

115.
Every mother thinks her
own gosling a swan
116.
Every one's faults are not
written in their foreheads

117.
Every white has its black
and every sweet its sour
118.
Every
why
has
a
wherefore
119.
Everything comes to him
who waits
120.
Everything is good in its
season
121.
Experience is the mother
of wisdom
122.
Extremes meet
123.

Facts are stubborn things

124.

Fair words break no bones

125.
heart
126.

Far from eye, far from

First think, then speak

128.

Fool's haste is no speed

129.

Forbidden fruit is sweet

130.

Fortune favours the brave

First come, first served

127.

131.
Fortune is easily found,
but hard to be kept
132.
two
133.

Four eyes see more than

Friends are thieves of time

134.
Gifts from enemies are
dangerous
135.
Give a fool rope enough
and he will hang himself
136.
Give him an inch and he'll
take an ell

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

137.
Good clothes open all
doors
138.
Good counsel does no
harm
139.
Gossiping and lying go
hand in hand
140.
Great spenders are bad
lenders
141.
Greedy folk have long
arms
142.
Hasty
climbers
have
sudden falls
143.
Hatred is blind, as well as
love
144.
He is good friend that
speaks well of us behind our back
145.
He is not fit to command
others that cannot command
himself
146.
He laughs best who laughs
last
147.
He that fears you present
will hate you absent
148.
He that has an ill name is
half hanged
149.
He that is borned to be
hanged will never be drowned
150.
He that is full of himself is
very empty
151.
He that knows nothing
doubts nothing
152.
He that once deceives is
ever suspected
153.
He that promised too
much means nothing
154.
He that respect not is not
respected
155.
He that serves God to the
money will serve the devil for
better wages
156.
He that serves everybody
is paid by nobody
157.
He that will eat the kernel
must crack the nut
158.
He that will not when he
may, when he will he shall have
nay
159.
He who hesitates is lost

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

160.
He who likes borrowing
dislikes paying
161.
He who
makes no
mistakes makes nothing
162.
Health is not valued till
sickness comes

163.
Honesty is the better
policy
164.
Honey is sweet, but the
bee stings
165.
Honour and profit lie not
in one bed
166.
Hunger breaks stone walls
167.

Hunger is the best sauce

168.

Idle folks lack no excuses

169.

Idleness rust the mind

170.
If an ass (donkey) bray at
you, don't brey at him
171.
If ifs and ans were pots
and pans
172.
If the sky falls, we shall
catch larks

" " " "

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

2- Searching the Internet and translating words online.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Internet sites for translating and electronic dictionaries

1- English Arabic Translation (dictionary)
www.ajeeb.com
www.aq8.net
http://pws.prserv.net/esinet.migcc/diccionarios/islam.html

2- English English dictionaries (and other languages)

http://www.peak.org/~jeremy/dictionary/dict.html
http://mabercom.com
http://pws.prserv.net/esinet.migcc/diccionarios/
http://www.trans-k.co.uk
http://eurodic.ip.lu
http://www.trans-k.co.uk
http://www.logos.it/pls/dictionary/new_dictionary.dictio_professional_window?u_na
me=&u_password=&u_code=4395&code_language
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mmaloof/awilnew.htm

3- Translators Associations worldwide

WATA (World Arabic Translators Association)
www.arabicwatat.org
AATIA (Austin Area Translators and Interpreters Association)
http://www.aatia.org
ALTA (American Literary Translators Association)
http://wwwpub.utdallas.edu/research/cts/alta.htm
ATA (American Translators Association)
http://www.atanet.org
IoL (Institute of Linguists)
http://www.iol.org.uk
ITI (Institute of Translation and Interpretation, United Kingdom)
http://www.iti.org.uk
NETA (New England Translators Association)
http://netaweb.org/

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

NYCT (New York Circle of Translators)

http://www.nyctranslators.org/index.html
STIBC (Society of Translators and Interpreters of British Columbia)
http://www.stibc.org/

4- translation Journals Online

http://accurapid.com/journal

5- General Search Engines

www.google.com
www.search.com
www.overture.com
www.dogpile.com
www.netsearch.com
www.yahoo.com
www.aroob.com
www.beaucoup.com
www.metacrawler.com
www.allsearchengines.com
www.searchengines.com
www.37.com
www.search.msn.com
www.searches.rootsweb.com
www.freeality.com
www.4arabs.com

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Unit Five
Glossary of the Tra nsla tion theory
co ncepts mentioned in the co urse
Wo rd

any gro up of letter that have spaces o n bo th sides and carry a meaning

Morpheme:

the smallest unit of word that carry a meaning and that is always
attached to another part; for example u n in unhapp y, and dis in d islike

Suffix :

A mo rpheme that is attached to the end of the word , example ness in

happ iness

Prefix :

A mo rpheme that is attached to the beginning o f the wo rd, examp le

Re in reread.

Linguistics:

The science that studies characteristics of langu ages and their systems

Co ntext:

the word, phrase, sentence, or p aragrap h that surrou nd the unfamiliar

wo rd o r exp ressio ns and that help in clarifying its meaning

Sema ntic fields : headings of categories o f word items; fo r example fru it is a

semantic field fo r orange, app le, pear,etc
Lex ical sets: the separate word items so rted u nd er semantic fields catego ries; in the
same examp le orange, app le, p ear,etc are lexical sets for the
semantic field Fru it
Synonyms:

they are wo rds o r phrases that are similar in meaning to o ther wo rds.

Antonyms : they are wo rds or phrases that have o ppo site meanings to other wo rds o r
phrases.
Appropria cy: Translating the meanings of the original text b y giving the natu ral
eq uivalents in the target language (Arabic) b y loo king at the p assage as
a whole.
Accuracy : Translating the meanings o f the original text by giving equ ivalent
wo rds in the target langu age (Arabic), witho ut p aying attention to the
new text as a whole.
Register :
This wo rd refers to the app rop riate language in a certain situatio n.
Mode o f discourse: the register u sed acco rding to the natu re of the situ ations
Tenor of discourse: the register used according to the p erso ns in the situ ations.
Untra nsla tea bility : aspects o f langu age, wo rds- phrases- sentences , that canno t
easily be translated in the target language; especially when translating
cu ltural expressions, id ioms and p roverb s.
Equivalence : replicatio n o f the same situatio n as in the original, whilst u sing
co mp letely d ifferent wo rding. It can maintain the stylistic impact of the

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

original text. Equ ivalence is therefore the ideal metho d when the
translator has to deal with pro verbs, idioms, ..etc

Technical terms
1- Sample online specialized dictionary for technical terms:

If you search for the meaning of 'function' in Mathematics, you will have

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

2- Lists of Technical Terms in different fields of Science

These lists can be used as research projects where students are asked to collect
the meanings and definitions of each group of technical terms so as to be a
resource and a reference when they face problems of translating technical terms.
Vocabulary list for information technology (computers)
DOCUMENTS AND MONITOR
button
data
desktop
document double-click end-ofend-ofenter
file
line
field
file
folder
font
foot,
footer
header
I-beam
icon
identifier image
insert
keyboarding leftlink,
margin
justify
linkage
merge
minimize
modular module
paste
screen
prompt
sort
quit
record
return
save as
screen
scroll
select
shift

align

cap
lock
single~
right-~

background

centerclick
control
(key)
key

delete

KEYBOARD AND MOUSE

click->
center- double-~
~
create
cursor
drag
(key)
keyboard
mouse numeric
keypad

left-~

numerical
control

SOFTWARE AND APPLICATIONS

animation
Apple
application

calculator

cam

computer
assisted
design and
analysis
data
encryption
standard
e-mail

computer
assisted
design and
development
data
processing

field-

right~
left-~

justify->

algorithm

enhanced
graphics
adapter
field-

print
merge
save
spacebar

artificial
intelligence
coding

cascade
emittercoupled logic
computer
assisted
engineering

code

computer assisted
instruction

computer
assisted
manufacturing

data set

DESQview

device input
format

erasable
programmable
logic device
file allocation

erasable
programmable
read-only memory
first-in, first-out

expanded
memory
manager
flowchart

programmable programmable
logic array
logic
sequencer
Job Control
job entry
Language
subsystem
Mac
MacIntosh

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

table

memory

joint users
group
magnetic ink
character
recognition
Open
Software
Foundation
programmable
array logic
right-click

journaled file
system
management
information
system
Netscape

large scale
integration
medium scale
integration

programmer

programming

routine

serial line
internet
protocol
view

Microsoft
disk operating
system
positional
system
release (of a
product)

Motorola
emitter
coupled logic
program

structured
query
language
volume table
of contents

third party
applications

Unix to Unix
copy program

utility/utilities

walk through

word
processing

zip (disk)

remote job
entry

network

Vocabulary list for chemistry

absolute
zero
binding
chemical
equation

absorb
calculate
chemistry

degree
dehydrate,
fahrenheit dehydration

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
abundance adhesion anion

atmosphere Avogadro's
number
cause
chart
chemical
concentrate decay
degree
celsius

calibrate
cation
coefficient cohesion
of
viscosity
dehydrated derivative deteriorate

dete

Vocabulary list for mathematics

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
absolute
accurate
add
added to
value
asymmetric average
bijection
bound for
the error
calculate calculator
chart
closure
coefficient
congruent constant-> hold/held ~ remains ~
conversion
decimal
decimal
degenerate
denominator derivation
(number) point
case
(of a
formula)
diagonal digit
directly
discrete
discriminant

absolute
error
answer

addition
braces (for
formulas)
combination
convert
determine (a
value)
distribute

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

proportional
GEOMETRY
bisect
center
circle

area

base
(triangle)
compass
complement cone
degree
diagonal
ellipse
hyperbolic- ~ cosecant
~
>
cosine
hypotenuse intersect
length
normal
obtuse
octagon

congruent
geometry
~
cotangent
line
octal

circumference

conic sections
height
~ secant

construct
hexagon
~ sine

locus
parabola

major axis
parallel

Vocabulary list for linguistics

exception

eye contact

receive (language)
accent
A-Language

affix

idiom

linguistics

COMMUNICATION
decode
deixis
express

communication

Hebrew
Yiddish

Grammar

Keswahili

ending

B-Language
language

modify

interpret monotone

CEnglish
Language
Latin
Swahili

MORPHOLOGY
morpheme

transition

prefix

fluency

point
of
view
fluent

vocabulary word

suffix

ORTHOGRAPHY (FORMS OF WRITING)

heiroglyphics Ideogram
letter notation orthography punctuation
(Chinese
character)
symbol uppercase
capital

PHONOLOGY
movement parameter phoneme phonology
Lidell
MovementHold
pronunciation regional Stokoe,
syllable
William
feature

hold

Vocabulary list for hospitality (hotel and food management)

bar
digest

GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
bartender Burger
carbohydrate celsius
King
Dirty
fahrenheit hospitality
mask (the

Dairy
Queen
McDonald's

diet
menu

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

flavor)
nutrition Taco
Bell

texture

Knife

EQUIPMENT
cup
filter
shot
glass
napkin pan
pot

steam wand (cappucino

machine)

tea
bag

Chopsticks

alcohol
bulk
Coca
Cola
drink

glass

plate shot
glass

grill
spoon

toaster

FOOD ITEMS, INGREDIENTS, AND BEVERAGES

Animal
beef
beer
bird
brand
brandy
Butter
cappucino champagne cheese
cheeseburger chicken
cocktail coffee
dessert
doughnut
draft beer
dressing
espresso

extract

gin and
tonic
lamb

ice
cream
liqueur

kuay
teow
macaroni margarine milk

pancake
roast
beef
soup
veal
wine

Pasta
Rooster

Pepsi
satay

spaghetti
Venison

sushi
vinegar

cabinet
dusty
shelf

fork

Juice

chest of drawers
Flush
Sink

a la mode
dehydrate
hydrated
raw

ham

hamburger

hen

lasagna,
lasagne
milk shake

latte

lemonade
noodle

pickle
scotch

Mountain
Dew
produce (n) raisin
screwdriver sheep

taco
vodka

tea
water

vanilla
whisky

toast
watermelon

HOTEL MANAGEMENT
clean
counter
dirty
fold
janitor
make bed
soiled sweep
toilet

dresser
mop
wash

METHODS OF FOOD PREPARATION

Bake
boil
broil
chop convection
Dehydrated dice
french fries fry
grill
Mash
microwave oven
pare percolate
Roast
slice
toast
wash

rib(s)
shot

dust
pillow

cut
grind
pressure

Vocabulary list for business and finance

bankrupt->

Declare ~

banking

benefit

bonds
bulk

Borrow
Burger King

boss
business

brand
calculate

benefits and
disbenefits
breakeven
calculator

capital gains
and losses
collude,
collusion
compete,
competition
consumer
credit
dealer
deposit
disequilibrium
down
payment
employ,
employment
exchange
federal
fiscal

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Capital
recovery
factor
CN Tower

cash flow

chart

check

Coca Cola

commercial

common
stock
consumption
credit (card)
Debt
depreciation

composite rate
of return
contract
current value
deduct/ion
determine (a
value)
distributed
economy

collude,
collusion
compound
amount factor
conversion
customer
default
diagram

distribute
economies of
scale
employee
executive
Federal
Reserve
Fixed

confidential
convert
cycle
defer
disclosure
dividend
efficiency

employer

distributions
effective
interest
entrepreneur

expand
fee

expense
figure out

export
finance, financial

floating rate

flowchart

fold (out-of
business)

estimate

Vocabulary list for media and communication

audio
console
connector

COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
Beeper
cam
camera
control
unit
Console
converter
decoder
diameter
audiotape
recorder

dual tone
earphones Easel
multifrequency
(aka
Touch
Tones(tm))
headset
installation lavaliere
(microphone)
modem
movie
Opaque
camera
projector
patch
pedestal
phonograph
panel
program
monitor

projector

Prop

character
generator
dissolve
unit

editor
equipment FAX
(machine)

lens cap

media

medium

overhead
projector
playback
machine

pager

part

power
supply

preview
monitor

public
address
(system)

radar

receiver

circui
t
board
dots
per
inch
flow

micro
phone
patch
progr
amme
r
recor
d
machi

reel-to-reel routing
switcher

Screen

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

slide
projector

sync
generator

advertise announce,
attenuation
audio
announcement
calibrate creative,
cryptography distortion
creativity
feedback frequency
gigahertz
helical scan
modulation

ne
taperecorder telegr
am

audio/visual

baud

distribute

distributed

heterodyne

integrated
services
digital
network
pulse
modulation
sequential

message

Neper

Noise

performance

preview

push
button

push to talk

quadrature
amplitude
modulation

ring indicator

sag

best boy

PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS

Cameraperson Client
director
editor
(machine)

grip
(media)

Narrator

productio
n
assistant

Programmer

bars
caption

corner
wipe

camera
angle->
captioned,
captioning

credits

National
Television
Systems
Committee
Radio
Corporation
of America

operations
engineer

operator

specialist

PRODUCTION
fall (in ~)
rise (in ~)
Closed
captioned,
closed
captioning
Cut

Federal
Communicati
ons
Commission
producer

closed
circuit

swing
(in ~)
close up

documentary dolly-in

tilt (in ~)
control
track

dolly-out

cap (a
lens)
copyright

dub

Vocabulary list for philosophy

free
generalization Infer
moral
morality objective
philosophy
will
reality sense
subjective superstition utility
utilitarianism
abstract

conclusion

concrete

general
21

inference

interpret

judgement

logic

absent, absence
Bachelor of
Arts
certificate
co
dictionary

main idea

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

specific

alumni, alumnus,
alumna, alumnae
Bachelor of Science
certify
c

assembly

assignment

bachelor's
(degree)
Channukah

book

Associate's
(degree)
break

cheerleader

Christmas

double
promed
faculty

faculty/staff

doctorate
Encyclopedia

intercession

Janitor

junior

Master of Arts
notetaker
professor
emeritus
read to self
scholarly
staff

Master of Science
Passover
project

junior high
school
master's (degree) matriculate
period
Ph.D.
prom
promoted

Recess
Score
Stage

regent/Regent's
semester
story

tassel

test->

closed book ~

kindergarten
matriculated
prep school
quarter

research
senior
substitute, sub

reunion
skip
summa cum
laude
open(ed) book university
~

Vocabulary list for school environments

Vocabulary list for biology
GENERAL BIOLOGY
abnormal
consume

adapt
crosssection
fat
host

binoculars biology cell

Decay
dense
density

chart
condensation
environment evolution

extinct
hierarchic,
hierarchical
organism
origin

Filter
Hybrid

flow
fluid
fluidity
illusion inhibition microscope

hierarchy
nutritient

pollution

pond

pressure

scientific
notation

sediment

structure

table

theorem

source

adaptation agar

BOTANY
annual
bean

scanning
electron
microscope
theory

berry

beet

toxin

blueberry

branch
cyclical
limb

celery
endangered
species
lime

nutrition

parasite

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

(plant)
cherry
grapefruit

coconut
corn
immature leaf

mature

melon

particle

pea

cucumber
lemon

mildew mold
(plant)
peach
pear

cycle
lettuce
nutrient
perennial

Vocabulary list for psychology

GENERAL TERMINOLOGY

adulthood
childhood

Assertive
Conscious

aware
correlation

function

Gestalt

incentive
Infancy
methodology Mind
gross ~
Noise

group
dynamics
internal
motivate
normal

perception
relationship
stage(s)
theory

physiological
reward
sublimation
voluntary

Physical
Research
Stigma
unconscious

awareness
bond
ESP
extrasensory perception
group home
health

brain
fantasy
holistic

involuntary
mature
motivat(ed)/ion motoric
nurse
nurture
psychiatry
sane
superstition

mental
motor skills->
out of body
experience
psychology rationalization
sensation
sense
surface
telepathy

Vocabulary list for accounting

accounting
current
value
deposit in
transit

adjust
cycle

GENERAL ACCOUNTING
cash flow certified
client
Cyclical
debit
debt

cost
credit
deduct/ion defer

electronic
documentation double
funds transfer
entry
method
estimate
face
figure out first-infirst-in-lastincome
insufficient
value
first-out
out
statement funds
LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
absent
administration administrator allege/d
alternate
appeal
(guardian,
executor)
arraign/ment bench warrant beneficiary
charge/d
cocommission
executor
competent
continuance
court order
cross
debt
decedent
examination
determine Distribute
(a value)

document

deponent

determination

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

direct
examination

document

execute

file (verb)

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Selected readings on translation for students:

This is an article on the basic skills of translating. A translation in Arabic is given
also, study the article and think about the strategies and skills used in the translation.

What Every Novice Translator Should Know

by Antar Solhy Abdellah
Qena Faculty of Education, South Valley University, Egypt.

Introduction
The nature and importance of translation
ranslation is ultimately a human activity which enables human beings to exchange ideas and
thoughts regardless of the different tongues used. Al Wassety (2001) views the phenomenon
of translation as a legitimate offspring of the phenomenon of language, since originally, when
humans spread over the earth, their languages differed and they needed a means through which
people speaking a certain language (tongue) would interact with others who spoke a different
language.
Translation is, in Enani's (1997) view, a modern science at the interface of philosophy, linguistics,
psychology, and sociology. Literary translation in particular is relevant to all these sciences, audiovisual arts, as well as cultural and intellectual studies.
there are eight types
of translation: wordfor-word translation,
literal
translation,
faithful
translation,
semantic translation,
adaptive translation,
free
translation,
idiomatic translation,
and
communicative
translation.

Translation is, in Chabban's words (1984:5), "a finicky job," as it

has not yet been reduced to strict scientific rules, and it allows for
the differences that are known to exist between different
personalities. Translation is a heavily subjective art, especially when
it deals with matters outside the realm of science where precisely
defined concepts are more often expressed by certain generally
accepted terms.

In the final analysis, translation is a science, an art, and a skill. It is

a science in the sense that it necessitates complete knowledge of the
structure and make-up of the two languages concerned. It is an art
since it requires artistic talent to reconstruct the original text in the
form of a product that is presentable to the reader who is not supposed to be familiar with the
original. It is also a skill because it entails the ability to smooth over any difficulty in the translation,
and the ability to provide the translation of something that has no equal in the target language.
In translation, the richness of vocabulary, depth of culture, and vision of the translator could
certainly have very conspicuous effects on his/her work. Another translator might produce a
reasonably acceptable version of the same text, which, however, may very well reflect a completely
different background, culture, sensitivity, and temperament. Such differences cannot, in Chabban's

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

view (1984), detract from the merit of either translator. This is simply because translation is
decidedly a more difficult job than creation.
Criteria for a good translation
A good translation is one that carries all the ideas of the original as well as its structural and cultural
features. Massoud (1988) sets criteria for a good translation as follows:
A good translation is easily understood.
A good translation is fluent and smooth.
A good translation is idiomatic.
A good translation conveys, to some extent, the literary subtleties of the original.
A good translation distinguishes between the metaphorical and the literal.
A good translation reconstructs the cultural/historical context of the original.
A good translation makes explicit what is implicit in abbreviations, and in allusions to
sayings, songs, and nursery rhymes.
A good translation will convey, as much as possible, the meaning of the original text (pp.
19-24).
El Shafey (1985: 93) suggests other criteria for a good translation; these include three main
principles:
The knowledge of the grammar of the source language plus the knowledge of vocabulary, as
well as good understanding of the text to be translated.
The ability of the translator to reconstitute the given text (source-language text) into the
target language.
The translation should capture the style or atmosphere of the original text; it should have all
the ease of an original composition.
From a different perspective, El Touny (2001) focused on differentiating between different types of
translation. He indicated that there are eight types of translation: word-for-word translation, literal
translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptive translation, free translation, idiomatic
translation, and communicative translation. He advocated the last type as the one which transmits
the meaning from the context, respecting the form and structure of the original and which is easily
comprehensible by the readers of the target language.
El Zeini (1994) didn't seem satisfied with such criteria for assessing the quality of translation.
Hence she suggested a pragmatic and stylistic model for evaluating quality in translation. She
explains that the model " places equal emphasis on the pragmatic component as well on the stylistic
component in translation. This model covers a set of criteria, which are divided into two main
categories: content-related criteria and form-related criteria" and expected that by following these
criteria, "translators will be able to minimize the chance of producing errors or losses, as well as
eliminate problems of unacceptability" (p. xvii).

Translation problems
Translation problems can be divided into linguistic problems and cultural problems: the linguistic

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

problems include grammatical differences, lexical ambiguity and meaning ambiguity; the cultural
problems refer to different situational features. This classification coincides with that of El Zeini
when she identified six main problems in translating from Arabic to English and vice versa; these
are lexicon, morphology, syntax, textual differences, rhetorical differences, and pragmatic factors.
Another level of difficulty in translation work is what As-sayyd (1995) found when she conducted a
study to compare and assess some problems in translating the fair names of Allah in the Qu'ran. She
pointed out that some of the major problems of translation are over-translation, under-translation,
and untranslatability.
Culture constitutes another major problem that faces translators. A bad model of translated pieces of
literature may give misconceptions about the original. That is why Fionty (2001) thought that
poorly translated texts distort the original in its tone and cultural references, while Zidan (1994)
wondered about the possible role of the target culture content as a motivating variable in enhancing
or hindering the attainment of linguistic, communicative and, more importantly, cultural objectives
of EFL (English as a Foreign Language) education. Hassan (1997) emphasized this notion when he
pointed out the importance of paying attention to the translation of irony in the source language
context. He clarified that this will not only transfer the features of the language translated but also
its cultural characteristics.

The translator's work

These problems, and others, direct our attention to the work and the character of translators, how
they attack a text so as to translate, and the processes they follow to arrive at the final product of a
well-translated text in the target language.
Enani (1994:5) defines the translator as "a writer who formulates ideas in words addressed to
readers. The only difference between him and the original writer is that these ideas are the latter's".
Another difference is that the work of the translator is even more difficult than that of the artist. The
artist is supposed to produce directly his/her ideas and emotions in his/her own language however
intricate and complicated his/her thoughts are. The translator's responsibility is much greater, for
s/he has to relive the experiences of a different person. Chabban (1984) believes that, however
accurately the translator may delve into the inner depths of the writer's mind, some formidable
linguistic and other difficulties may still prevent the two texts from being fully equivalent.
Therefore we do not only perceive the differences between a certain text and its translation, but also
between different translations of the same text
On the procedural level, El Shafey (1985:95) states: "A translator first analyzes the message,
breaking it down into its simplest and structurally clearest elements, transfers it at this level into the
target language in the form which is most appropriate for the intended audience. A translator
instinctively concludes that it is best to transfer the "kernel level" in one language to the
corresponding "kernel level" in the "receptor language."

Translation skills for novice translators

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

The present study suggests four main macro-skills for any translator who begins his/her work in the
field of translation. These are: reading comprehension, researching, analytical, and composing
skills. These macro-skills include many sub- or micro-skills that need to be mastered.

Reading comprehension
While we are translating, we do not think of our activity as being broken down into phases. After
doing our first translations, many automatic mechanisms come into play that allow us to translate
more quickly; at the same time, we are less and less conscious of our activity.
Osimo (2001) indicates that in order to think about the translation process and to describe it, our
essential task consists of analyzing its phases, even if we are aware of the fact that they do not
always coincide with perceptibly different or distinguishable moments. If we want to describe a
process that often is beyond the translator's own consciousness, we are forced to divide the process
into different phases which, in the everyday practice of translation, can reveal the inter-twining,
almost entangling, of these phases. The first phase of the translation process consists of reading the
text. The reading act, first, falls under the competence of psychology, because it concerns our
perceptive system. Reading, like translation, is, for the most part, an unconscious process. If it were
conscious, we would be forced to consume much more time in the act. Most mental processes
involved in the reading act are automatic and unconscious. Owing to such a nature-common and
little-known in the same time-in our opinion it is important to analyze the reading process as
precisely as possible. The works of some perception psychologists will be helpful to widen our
knowledge of this first phase of the translation process.
When a person reads, his brain deals with many tasks in such rapid sequences that everything seems
to be happening simultaneously. The eye examines (from left to right as far as many Western
languages are concerned, or from right to left or from top to bottom in some other languages) a
series of graphic signs (graphemes) in succession, which give life to syllables, words, sentences,
paragraphs, sections, chapters, and texts.
Simply reading a text is, in itself, an act of translation. When we read, we do not store the words we
have read in our minds as happens with data entered using a keyboard or scanner into a computer.
After reading, we do not have the photographic or auditory recording in our minds of the text read.
We have a set of impressions instead. We remember a few words or sentences precisely, while all
the remaining text is translated from the verbal language into a language belonging to another sign
system, which is still mostly unknown: the mental language.
The mental processing of the read verbal material is of a syntactical nature when we try to
reconstruct the possible structure of the sentence, i.e. the relations among its elements. In contrast, it
is of a semantic nature when we identify the relevant areas within the semantic field of any single
word or sentence; and it is of a pragmatic nature when we deal with the logical match of the
possible meanings with the general context and the verbal co-text.
The difference between a reader and a critic is negligible: the reader trying to understand has the
same attitude as the critic, who is a systematic, methodical, and self-aware reader. While reading,

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

the individual reads, and perceives what he reads, drawing interpretations and inferences about the
possible intentions of the author of the message.
Holmes (1988) suggested that the translation process is actually a multi-level process; while we are
translating sentences, we have a map of the original text in our minds and, at the same time, a map
of the kind of text we want to produce in the target language. Even as we translate serially, we have
this structural concept so that each sentence in our translation is determined not only by the original
sentence, but also by the two mapsof the original text and of the translated textwhich we carry
along as we translate.
The translation process should, therefore, be considered a complex system in which understanding,
processing, and projection of the translated text are interdependent portions of one structure. We
can therefore put forward, as does Hnig (1991), the existence of a sort of "central processing unit"
supervising the coordination of the different mental processes (those connected to reading,
interpretation, and writing) and at the same time projecting a map of the text to be.
Novice translators as well as student translators are advised to master the following basic reading
comprehension skills.
Read for gist and main ideas.
Read for details.
Identify the meaning of new words and expressions using one or more components of
the structural analysis clause; prefixes, suffixes, roots, word order, punctuation, sentence
pattern, etc.
Identify the meaning of new words and expressions using one ore more of the contextual
analysis; synonyms, antonyms, examples, etc.
Identify the writer's style: literary, scientific, technical, informative, persuasive,
argumentative, etc.
Identify the language level used in the text: standard, slang, religious, etc.
Identify cultural references in the choice of words in the text.

Researching skills
Enani (2002b) notices that "the most commonly heard advice to translators is 'if you don't know the
meaning of a word, look it up in the dictionary.' It is the commonest and the vaguest insofar as the
definite article suggest that the dictionary is known to both speaker and listener." He indicates that
there are different kinds of dictionaries that a translator should refer to; a bilingual dictionary, a
dictionary on a historical basis, dictionaries of current English, dictionaries of idioms, specialized
dictionaries (dictionaries of common errors, dictionaries of idiomatic usage, slang dictionaries,
technical dictionaries) encyclopedic dictionaries, dictionaries of neologisms, and monolingual
dictionaries.
Despite this long list of different kinds of dictionaries, it is a single dictionary that the translator is
supposed to refer to each and every time s/he translates. The choice of the best, or the most
appropriate, dictionary depends on the style of the protext (original text, text before translation) and
on the different types of users of the translation.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Calderaro (1998) indicates two major users of the meta text (text after translation) who may use the
translated version; the specialist user and the lay user. Identifying the prospective users of the
metatext is very important in the process of researching, as this will determine which kind of
dictionaries the translator will refer to, which level of information should be presented and to
"detect the exact moments when it is necessary to establish a balance between the scientific level of
the author and the knowledge the user supposedly has."
Novice translators, as well as student translators are encouraged to use the following basic
researching tips;
Use bilingual dictionaries for looking up meanings of new words.
Use monolingual dictionaries to check the usage of the new words in the source
language and in the target language.
Use related encyclopedias and glossary lists for specialized terms;
Use software dictionaries if necessary and available.
Refer to specialized magazines and journals to help you familiarize yourself with the
text, particularly when it is a technical text.

Analytical skills
The translation process is characterized by an analysis stage and a synthesis stage. During analysis,
the translator refers to the prototext in order to understand it as fully as possible. The synthesis stage
is the one in which the prototext is projected onto the reader, or rather, onto the idea that the
translator forms of who will be the most likely reader of the metatext.
The text, according to Bell (1998) is analyzed in two ways: micro- and macro-analysis of the actual
text: monitoring for cohesion and coherence, and checking for coherence between the actual text
and the potential text-type of which it is a token realization. Micro-analysis has the purpose of
verifying text cohesion and inner cohesion of the single units of text. Macro-analysis is aimed at
checking for coherence and cohesion between the created text and the model in the category to
which the text belongs. For example, if the text is an instruction booklet for a household appliance,
or a story for a newspaper, often there are models for such types of text to which we frequently
(consciously or unconsciously) adhere.
Such an analytic exam was necessary in order to identify the individual mental processes involved
in the above-mentioned activities; we know, however, that such activities are actually carried out in
very short time span. During this mental work, there is a constant shift of focus between microanalysis and macro-analysis, between micro-expression and macro-expression, i.e. a constant
comparison between the meaning of the single utterances and the meaning of the text as a whole, or,
on a larger scale, a constant comparison between the sense of the specific text and the
comprehensive sense of the corpus which forms the "intertext," whether or not the translator is
aware of this fact. In this context, "intertext" should be understood as the intertextual universe in
which a text is located.
Translators are advised to use the following strategies in the analysis stage:

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Identify beginnings and endings of ideas in the text and the relationships between these
ideas.
Identify the "best" meaning that fits into the context;
Identify the structure in the Target Language that "best" represents the original;
Identify transitions between ideas and the "best" connectors in the target language that
represent the original.
Composing skills
At this point, the mental construction resulting from interpretation seeks an outer expression.
Osimo (2002) suggests that, in this expression stage, there are two substages. One is aimed at
expression, the other at cohesion. The translator, having finished his/her interpretative work, has
two needs: first, to externalize the set of impressions caused by the text and translate into speech
elements the impressions the mind produced by contact with the prototext; and second, to make this
product coherent within itself, i.e., transform the set of speech elements into a text (the metatext).
He describes the passage from mental content to written text in these terms:
pinpointing elements useful for discrimination of the content to be expressed from
similar contents;
pinpointing redundant elements;
choice of words (lexicalization) and attention to their cohesion (inner links);
choice of grammatical structure(s);
linear order of words;
parts of speech;
sentence complexity;
prepositions and other function words, and
final form.
As a novice translator, or a student translator, you are invited to make use of the following basic
strategies:
Use correct word order as used in the target language.
Use correct sentence structures as used in the target language.
transmit the ideas of the text in clear sentences in the target language.
Rephrase certain sentences to convey the overall meaning translated;
Make changes to the text as a whole to give it a sense of the original without distorting
the original ideas.
Try one or more of the following strategies when facing problems of untranslateability.
a. Syntactic strategies:
Shift word order.
Change clause/sentence structure.
Add or change cohesion.
b. Semantic strategies:

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Use superordinates.
Alter the level of abstraction.
Redistribute
the
information

over

fewer

elements.

c. Pragmatic strategies:
Naturalize or exoticize.
Alter the level of explicitness.
Add or omit information.

Conclusion
This study described the basic skills and strategies that novice translators as well as student
translators need to master in their daily experiences with translation tasks. The main skills proposed
are: reading comprehension, researching, analytical, and composing skills. The study suggested
other sub-skills and strategies for planting one's feet firmly in the land of translation. The skills and
strategies presented in this study represent just the basic level for beginners and students. However,
advanced
and
professional
translators
may
find
them
relevant
as
well.

References
As-sayyad, S.,M., (1995). "The problem of English Translation Equivalence of the fair names of
Allah in the Glorious Qu'ran": A Contextual Study." MA thesis, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams
University.
Attia, I.,M.,(1975). "A classification of some common Erodes involved in the process of Written
Translation from Arabic into English and some Suggestions for Remedial Measures.", MA thesis,
Faculty of Education, Al Azhar University.
Bell R. T.( 1998). Psycholinguistic/cognitive approaches. In Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation
Studies. London, Routledge.
Calderaro, Lic Denis C. (1998). "Considerations on Teaching Translation". Translation Journal,
Vol 2 No. 3, July 1988. (On-line). Available: http://accurapid.com/journal/05educ.htm.
Chabban, I.,G.,(1984). "An Analysis of the techniques of translation based on some literary material
translated from English into Arabic", Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Al Alsun, Ain Shams University.
El Menoufy, A.(1982). "A Communicative Approach to Translation". Discourse Analysis: Theory
and Application. Cairo :CDELT, Mar30-Apr3.
El Shafey, F.,A.,M.,(1985). "Compounding in English and Arabic, Implications for Translation
Methodology" M.A Thesis, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

El Sheikh, A,A. (1990)."Towards a Systematic Approach to Evaluation of Translation

Examinations" Teaching English : The Decade Ahead, Proceedings of the Tenth National
Symposium of English Language Teaching in Egypt, CDELT, Ain Shams University, Cairo.
El Zeini, N.,T.,(1994). "Criteria for the Evaluation of Translation : A Pragma-stylistic approach".
PhD. Thesis, Faculty of Arts, Cairo University
Enani, M., (1999). Graduated Exercises in Translation from Arabic to English. Cairo: Anglo
Egyptian Bookshop.
Enani, M., (2000b). Dictionaries for the Translator, An Introduction. Cairo: Anglo Egyptian
Bookshop.
Enani, M., (2001). English-Arabic Translation, An Introduction. Cairo: Anglo Egyptian Bookshop.
Hassan, A.,H., (1997). " Verbal Irony in Arabic and English: A Discourse Approach". MA thesis,
Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University.
Holmes J. S. (1988). Translated Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies.
Amsterdam, Rodopi,. ISBN 90-6203-739-9. cited in Osimo, B. (2000). "Translation Course" part
one.
On-line
Book.
Available:
http://www.logos.it/pls/dictionary/linguistic_resources.traduzione_en?lang=en (25 April 2002).
Hnig h. G. Holmes(1991). "Mapping Theory" and the Landscape of Mental Translation Processes,
in Leuven-Zwart and Naaijkens (ed.). Translations Studies: The State of the Art. Proceedings of the
first James S. Holmes Symposium on Translation Studies, Amsterdam, Rodopi,. ISBN 90-5183-2575, p. 77-89. cited in Osimo. B. (2000). "Translation Course" part one. On-line Book. Available:
http://www.logos.it/pls/dictionary/linguistic_resources.traduzione_en?lang=en (25 April, 2002).
Massoud, M. (1995). "Producing Realizable Translations in a Culturally-globalized world" English
Language in 2000,Proceedings of the 14th National Symposium of English Language Teaching,
CDELT, Ain Shams University, Cairo.
Massoud, M.,F.,(1988). Translate to Communicate, A Guide for Translators. New York: Library of
Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Osimo. B. (2000). "Translation Course" part one. On-line Book. Available
http://www.logos.it/pls/dictionary/linguistic_resources.traduzione_en?lang=en (25 April 2002)

Osimo. B. (2001). "Translation Course" part two. On-line Book. Available:

http://www.logos.it/pls/dictionary/linguistic_resources.traduzione_en?lang=en 25 April 2002)
Osimo. B. (2002). "Translation Course" part three. On-line Book. Available:
http://www.logos.it/pls/dictionary/linguistic_resources.traduzione_en?lang=en (25 April 2002).
Zidan, A.,T. (1994). "An Exploratory Study of the Acceptability of Target Culture content in EFL
Instruction: A Cross-cultural Perspective". Global Age: Issues in English Language Education,
Proceedings of the 13th National Symposium of English Language Teaching, CDELT, Ain Shams

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

University, Cairo.
:

.2 .

). 2001 )

.(online).
.
".
".(2001 ).
,
(Nov. 6, 2001 ). http://www.acatap.htmlplanet.com/arabization-j/accessories/jour-4.htmlAvailable:
:
.

:
-

.2 .

.
:

.2 .

.
:

). 2000 )

). 1994)

). 1997)

). 1996)

(a2000 ).

.
. ".
."
".(2001).
.
(Nov 6, http://www.acatap .htmlplanet.com/arabization-j/accessories/jour-5 .html(online). Available:
2001).

2001
.
.
)1997:5 )
.

Chabban 1984 "

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

.
:
.

.
-

Massoud (1988)
:

.
.

El Shafey (1985)
:

(2001 )

.
-

El-Zeiny 1994
.

pragma-stylistic
"

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

"
.

.
As-sayyad 1995
.

.
-

2001
Zidan 1994
.
Hassan 1997
.

.
...

.
".

(1994:5)

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

"
"

(1985:95 )
"
)

.
:

.
.
:

.
) Osimo 2001 )
.

.
.

.
.
.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

)
(
.
.
.
.
)
:

(
syntactic
.
semantic

pragmatic
.
.
.
)Holmes 1988 )
.
.

.
"

) Hnig 1991)
)
.

.
....)

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

...
:

...

(2002)

" "

)
)

(
).
.
.
(

) Calderaro 1998)
.

.
:

) Bell 1998 )

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

.
.
.

.
:

.
(2002 )
.
:
(
).
:

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

:
:
)

(
)

.
:

.
.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

1999
.
.

.
.

.
"

.
.
"

"
.

.
.

www.arabicwat.org

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

.
.

.
-

.
:
.
.

.
.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

.
.

.
"

"
.
"

.
.

!
.

.
.

.
" .
WATA

"
ProZ
.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

.
"

"
.

.
.
"

"
!

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

.
.
.
!
.
.
.

.
"

"
"

"
!
:

"
"

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

.
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
...
.
."

.
.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

REFERENCES AND RESOURCES

Abdellah, A.S.(2001) The effect of A suggested Program for Developing Some
Basic Reading Skills of Primary Stage Prospective Teachers. MA Thesis, Department
of Curricula and Instruction, Qena Faculty of Education. South Valley University.
Al Ahram Weekly; 19-25 Oct, 2-8 Nov. 2000
Al Madah , Mahmoud, (2000), Ahmad Zewail, Cairo : Amado Publishing Company.
Atta Zidan, Lost and Found. Linda Sasser, Editor, An Anthology of Writing form
Creative Reading and Writing, E-POET Institute, summer, 1999
Baker, Mona. (1996) In other Words, A Course on Translation. London: Routledge
Bander, Robert, g, (1982), Sentence Making, New York :Holt , Rinehart and Winston
Publishing Company.
Barton, Geoff. (2000). Skills and Practice: Comprehension to 14. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Barton, Mark. And Parry, Anne. (1998) Penguin Elementary Reading Skills. London:
Penguin.
Brownstein et al, (1999), Barron s How to Prepare for the GRE , 13th edition,New
York: Library of Congress Catalog Publication.
Culshaw, Chris. (2001) Target Comprehension. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Don
Dallas , (2000), Hello 7 for the second year secondary schools, London : Longman.
E.D.Hirsch ,J.R, (1997), What your Fourth Grader Needs to Know ,Los Angeles: The
Core Knowledge Press.
E.D.Hirsch ,J.R, (1999), What your Sixth Grader Needs to Know ,Los Angeles: The
Core Knowledge Press.
Ellis, Mark. And Ellis, Printha. (1993) Shades of Meaning. Hong Kong: Thomas
Nelson House.
Greenall, Simon. And Pye, Diana. (1994). Cambridge Skills for Fluency : Reading 3.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hajjaj, Ali and Kharma, Nayef,(1989), Errors in English Among Arab Speakers
Analysis and Remedy, London: Longman Publishing Company.

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Helman et al, (1998) Principles and practices of teaching reading, 9th edition,
London :Macmillan publishing company.
Kennedy, Daniel B. et al (1989) Newbury House TOEFL preparation Kit. New York:
Newbury House Publishers.
Kimmelman et al ,(1984), Reading and Study Skills, London : Longman.
Land, Geoffrey. (1994) Behind the Headlines. London: Longman publishing company
Lewis, Richard. (1983) Reading for Adults 3.London : Longman.
Lloyd, Susan M. editor (1982) Roget s Thesaurus of English words and phrases. 5th
edition. London: Longman
Malkoc ,Anna Maria, (1990),Fun with English, Washington: Language Program
Division.
Mangut. J. (nd). Women for Sale. London: Macmillan
Roberts, Paul. (1994). Cambridge First Certificate: Reading and Vocabulary.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vinay, J.P. and J. Darbelnet (1995) Comparative Stylistics of French and English: a
Methodology for Translation, translated by J. C. Sager and M. J. Hamel, Amsterdam /
Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Websites:
http://www.alleydog.com/cognotes/metacog.html

.
.

:
:

(1999 )
(1957)

(1982)

(1989)
.

(1992 )

(1986)

:
:

(1997).
.

(1958)

(1969)

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

:
.

.
(

SPEER: Spotlights on Primary English Education Resources

and Dr. Antar Solhy Abdellah 2005

Toki Pona Lessons en
100% (3)
Toki Pona Lessons en
112 pages
White Paper V 1.0
100% (1)
White Paper V 1.0
50 pages
Translation Form Comments For Translation Macedonian
No ratings yet
Translation Form Comments For Translation Macedonian
2,298 pages
Machine Translation Abdulla Homiedan
No ratings yet
Machine Translation Abdulla Homiedan
19 pages
Parts of Speech
No ratings yet
Parts of Speech
24 pages
Connectors PPT by TsafiraS
No ratings yet
Connectors PPT by TsafiraS
10 pages
Warder A K Introduction To Pali 489p PDF
100% (2)
Warder A K Introduction To Pali 489p PDF
490 pages
Pronouns Theory PDF
No ratings yet
Pronouns Theory PDF
16 pages
Research - The Literal Translation of Country Names
No ratings yet
Research - The Literal Translation of Country Names
48 pages
Translation Services in China
No ratings yet
Translation Services in China
12 pages
A Discourse Analysis On The Word Formation of Internet Neologism
100% (1)
A Discourse Analysis On The Word Formation of Internet Neologism
17 pages
Subject Object Pairings Table
100% (3)
Subject Object Pairings Table
5 pages
SDL Translation Style Guide - LAS 2017 PDF
No ratings yet
SDL Translation Style Guide - LAS 2017 PDF
39 pages
Translation National Occupational Standards
No ratings yet
Translation National Occupational Standards
38 pages
Hs Chemistry Burmese PDF
No ratings yet
Hs Chemistry Burmese PDF
41 pages
Foreign Currency Translation Using Current Rate Method
No ratings yet
Foreign Currency Translation Using Current Rate Method
6 pages
Interprétation Simultanée PDF - OCR - OCR
No ratings yet
Interprétation Simultanée PDF - OCR - OCR
203 pages
Chap 13
No ratings yet
Chap 13
3 pages
Semantics - 4th Edition: Chapter 1 - Semantics in Linguistics
No ratings yet
Semantics - 4th Edition: Chapter 1 - Semantics in Linguistics
4 pages
Course Description Media Translation
No ratings yet
Course Description Media Translation
6 pages
Changes of Translation Definition and Turns of Translation Studies - Long Jixing
No ratings yet
Changes of Translation Definition and Turns of Translation Studies - Long Jixing
9 pages
Theory of Translation
No ratings yet
Theory of Translation
60 pages
Sentence and Proposition
No ratings yet
Sentence and Proposition
10 pages
Күнтізбелік Жоспар 22-23 Оқу Жылы
No ratings yet
Күнтізбелік Жоспар 22-23 Оқу Жылы
127 pages
多邻国词汇表
No ratings yet
多邻国词汇表
239 pages
Ingles Quiz
No ratings yet
Ingles Quiz
20 pages
Quick Start Guide SDL Trados Studio 2015 - Translating and Reviewing Documents
100% (1)
Quick Start Guide SDL Trados Studio 2015 - Translating and Reviewing Documents
54 pages
Can Theory Help Translators?: Andrew Chesterman Emma Wagner
No ratings yet
Can Theory Help Translators?: Andrew Chesterman Emma Wagner
8 pages
Translation Services in Bahrain
No ratings yet
Translation Services in Bahrain
12 pages
Introduction To General Linguistics (Syntax)
No ratings yet
Introduction To General Linguistics (Syntax)
8 pages
Case in ALBLs
No ratings yet
Case in ALBLs
5 pages
Abductive Reasoning As A Way of Worldmaking
No ratings yet
Abductive Reasoning As A Way of Worldmaking
18 pages
Investigating The Use of Google Translate in "Terms and Conditions" in An Airline's Official Website: Errors and Implications
100% (1)
Investigating The Use of Google Translate in "Terms and Conditions" in An Airline's Official Website: Errors and Implications
33 pages
Planificare Engleza 5, L1
No ratings yet
Planificare Engleza 5, L1
8 pages
Use of Neural Networks and Deep Learning in Urdu Translation
No ratings yet
Use of Neural Networks and Deep Learning in Urdu Translation
8 pages
Text Message - SMS - E-Mail - Chat: What Is The Difference Between Abbreviations and Acronyms?
No ratings yet
Text Message - SMS - E-Mail - Chat: What Is The Difference Between Abbreviations and Acronyms?
7 pages
đề cương dịch
No ratings yet
đề cương dịch
11 pages
Aspects of Translating Process
No ratings yet
Aspects of Translating Process
2 pages
Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Translation Referebces
No ratings yet
Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Translation Referebces
16 pages
IS 7118 Unit-9 Semantics
No ratings yet
IS 7118 Unit-9 Semantics
82 pages
An Analysis of Linguistic Errors On Narrative Text Translation Through Google Translate (Fix) PDF
100% (1)
An Analysis of Linguistic Errors On Narrative Text Translation Through Google Translate (Fix) PDF
17 pages
Freelance Translator Form
No ratings yet
Freelance Translator Form
3 pages
M1 Lesson 3 Slides For Students
No ratings yet
M1 Lesson 3 Slides For Students
39 pages
Comparative and Superlative (So Sanh)
No ratings yet
Comparative and Superlative (So Sanh)
10 pages
Memsource Guide
No ratings yet
Memsource Guide
8 pages
A Practical Guide For Translators
No ratings yet
A Practical Guide For Translators
8 pages
Affixes Suffixes
No ratings yet
Affixes Suffixes
5 pages
Ficha de Trabalho Comparative and Superlative
No ratings yet
Ficha de Trabalho Comparative and Superlative
2 pages
What Is Transcreation
100% (1)
What Is Transcreation
2 pages
Translation Guide Nomen
No ratings yet
Translation Guide Nomen
6 pages
How To Build A Translators Career
No ratings yet
How To Build A Translators Career
32 pages
Translation - Getting It Right
No ratings yet
Translation - Getting It Right
28 pages
Chapter 7. Techniques of Translation
No ratings yet
Chapter 7. Techniques of Translation
12 pages
Translation Campus
No ratings yet
Translation Campus
15 pages
Types of Transformation in Translation
No ratings yet
Types of Transformation in Translation
8 pages
Sheetal 5
No ratings yet
Sheetal 5
8 pages
Machine Translation - An Introductary Guide, Arnold
No ratings yet
Machine Translation - An Introductary Guide, Arnold
323 pages
Translation Workshop
No ratings yet
Translation Workshop
14 pages
Science of Translation - Khalil Enani
No ratings yet
Science of Translation - Khalil Enani
283 pages
Styles of Translation
No ratings yet
Styles of Translation
9 pages
Translator Resume Sample
No ratings yet
Translator Resume Sample
2 pages
Website Translation Process - A Strategic Primer
No ratings yet
Website Translation Process - A Strategic Primer
26 pages
Simple Sentence Answer Key
No ratings yet
Simple Sentence Answer Key
1 page
Machine Translation Paper
No ratings yet
Machine Translation Paper
24 pages
09ge2401 PDF
No ratings yet
09ge2401 PDF
1 page
Electronic Tools For Translators PDF
No ratings yet
Electronic Tools For Translators PDF
10 pages
Notary and Translation Guide For Academic Transcript For Applying To US Universities For PHD
No ratings yet
Notary and Translation Guide For Academic Transcript For Applying To US Universities For PHD
2 pages
Instroduction To Machine Translation
No ratings yet
Instroduction To Machine Translation
15 pages
Translator Status: Helpers and Opponents in The Ongoing Battle of An Emerging Profession
No ratings yet
Translator Status: Helpers and Opponents in The Ongoing Battle of An Emerging Profession
18 pages
Translation Product
No ratings yet
Translation Product
23 pages
Enlarging Translation and Enlightening The Field
100% (1)
Enlarging Translation and Enlightening The Field
11 pages
Anthony Pym 2012 On Translator Ethics Translated B
No ratings yet
Anthony Pym 2012 On Translator Ethics Translated B
4 pages
Arabic Translation Brochure
No ratings yet
Arabic Translation Brochure
12 pages
Machine Translation
No ratings yet
Machine Translation
1 page
Translate DG
No ratings yet
Translate DG
124 pages
The Language of Localization
From Everand
The Language of Localization
Katherine Brown-Hoekstra
1/5 (1)
Examples of Marketing Messages
No ratings yet
Examples of Marketing Messages
7 pages
Introduction To Translation Studies
No ratings yet
Introduction To Translation Studies
21 pages
Translation and Advertising
No ratings yet
Translation and Advertising
4 pages
Cohesion in Translation Mahfouz
No ratings yet
Cohesion in Translation Mahfouz
19 pages
Translation-mediated Communication in a Digital World: Facing the Challenges of Globalization and Localization
From Everand
Translation-mediated Communication in a Digital World: Facing the Challenges of Globalization and Localization
Minako O'Hagan
No ratings yet
Some Reflections On Teaching Sight Translation in The Classroom
No ratings yet
Some Reflections On Teaching Sight Translation in The Classroom
13 pages
Machine Translation and Human Translation: in Competition or in Complementation?
No ratings yet
Machine Translation and Human Translation: in Competition or in Complementation?
10 pages
Affirm or Negate
0% (1)
Affirm or Negate
6 pages
A 7
No ratings yet
A 7
81 pages
Syntax - True or False & Fill in The Blank
No ratings yet
Syntax - True or False & Fill in The Blank
13 pages
Knowing and Writing English: In Forty Pages and Six Steps
From Everand
Knowing and Writing English: In Forty Pages and Six Steps
George Stratigakis
No ratings yet
Strategies of Literary Translation
No ratings yet
Strategies of Literary Translation
7 pages
Beyond Prepositions for ESL Learners: Mastering English Prepositions for Fluency
From Everand
Beyond Prepositions for ESL Learners: Mastering English Prepositions for Fluency
Thomas Celentano
4.5/5 (7)
25 Dutch Reading Comprehensions for Beginners: Book One: Dutch Reading Comprehension Texts
From Everand
25 Dutch Reading Comprehensions for Beginners: Book One: Dutch Reading Comprehension Texts
Mikkelsen Dubois
No ratings yet