Electricity- It is a form of energy generated by friction, The attraction between the nucleus and the electron is

induction or chemical change. called electrostatic force, which holds the electron in an
orbit. Bodies that attract each other in this special
Ampere is the standard unit used in measuring the electrostatic way are described as charged object. The
strength of an electric current. electron carries the negative charge (-), while the nucleus
Atom is the smallest particle of molecule in which an carries the positive charge (+).
element can be divided. The positive charge of the nucleus is due to the particles
Current is the flow or the rate of the flow of electric force called protons which are found inside the nucleus and
in a conductor. have a positive charge equal to the electron’s negative
charge.
Electron has a magnetic, chemical and radiant effect. It
is also the negatively charged particle of an atom. FIRST LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS

Joint is a process whereby one length of wire is The protons and electrons attract each other inside the
connected or tapped together. atom. It has been known that by nature, unlike charges
(like the positive protons and negative electrons) attract
Neutron is the particle of an atom which do not carry each other while like charges repel each other; meaning,
electrically charged. electrons and protons repel each other’s protons.

Knick is a slight cut on wire. HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY

Ohms is the unit of electrical resistance. Electricity plays an important role in man’s conquest for
existence .It has been said that it is here with us since the
PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES OF ELECTRON beginning of the time.
Electricity is a property of the basic particle of matter In 600 B.C, Thales a Greek philosopher
which, like an atom, consists of proton, electron and accidentally discovered static electricity. Noticing that his
neutron. The electron is the negatively charged particle garment had bits of hair and straw, Thales decided to
of an atom which is sometimes referred to as the remove them by rubbing piece of amber stone on his
negatively charge of electricity. On the other hand, the clothes. To his surprise, several pieces of straw clung to
proton is the positively charged particle of an atom which the amber when rubbed on the clothes, the amber
is sometimes referred to as the positively charge of became electrified and it attracted the pieces of straw.
electricity that weighs about 1850 times as much as the
electron. The neutron is the particle which is not Thales simply wrote the incident and did not do anything
electrically charged and weighs slightly more than proton. about it because he could not explain the mystery. He did
not know that he had just discovered static electricity.
MOLECULAR THEORY
In 1600, William Gilbert, an English Physician was able to
1. All matters are made up of molecules. put an electrical charged on the objects by means of
2. All molecules are made up of atoms. friction or rubbing. He observed that two materials when
3. All the atoms contain neutron, electrons and protons. rubbed together received opposite charges, that is, one
4. The entire neutron is neutral, hence, neither positively object got a positive charge and the other a negative
nor negatively charged. charge. He also noticed that two oppositely charged
5. The electron of an atom of any substance could be materials attract each other.
transferred to another atom.
Gilbert experiment was a re-discovery of static electricity,
THE ELECTRON THEORY the word static means standing still or at rest. The Greek
word for amber stone is “ ELEKTRON” and so the term
Thus, the electron, which are interlocked in the atoms, are
electricity came about.
constantly revealing at great speeds in orbits around
positive nuclei. In a normal atom, the amount of negative WILLIAM GILBERT
electricity of the electrons is exactly neutralized by an
equal amount of opposite or positive electricity of the • Around 1600, William Gilbert, a physician who
nucleus. Thus, a normal atom exhibits no external sign of lived in London, studied magnetic phenomena
electrification. and demonstrated that the Earth itself was a huge
magnet
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
• He also studied the attraction produced when
Thus, the electron, which are interlocked in the atoms, are materials were rubbed, and named it the
constantly revealing at great speeds in orbits around "electric" attraction.
positive nuclei. In a normal atom, the amount of negative
electricity of the electrons is exactly neutralized by an • From that came the word "electricity“.
equal amount of opposite or positive electricity of the
nucleus. Thus, a normal atom exhibits no external sign of
electrification.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN • The Pearl Street Station was one of the world’s
first central electric power plants and could power
• In 1752, Franklin conducted his experiment with 5,000 lights.
a kite and a key during a stormy day.
• The Pearl Street Station was a direct current (DC)
• He proved that lightning and the spark from power system
amber were one and the same thing.
NIKOLA TESLA
LUIGI GALVANI
• 1883 --- Nikola Tesla invented the “Tesla coil”,
• In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian professor of a transformer that changes electricity from low
medicine, found that when the leg of a dead frog voltage to high voltage making it easier to
was touched by a metal knife, the leg twitched transport over long distances.
violently.
• The work of Tesla gradually persuaded
• Galvani thought that the muscles of the frog must Americans that the future lay with AC rather than
contain electricity. DC.
ALLESANDRO VOLTA Great persons who involved in the discovery of
• By 1792, another Italian scientist, Alessandro electricity:
Volta, disagreed.  1760- Benjamin Franklin, An American scientist,
• He realized that the main factors in Galvani's proved that atmospheric electricity (lightning) and
discovery were the two different metals - the steel static electricity are the same.
knife and the tin plate - upon which the frog was  1800- Alessandro Volta, An Italian Professor,
lying. discovered the voltaic file by means of stocking
• Volta showed that when moisture comes between zinc plate (-) and silver plate (+).
two different metals, electricity is created.  1819- Hans Christian Oestered, A Danish
• This led him to invent the first electric battery, the Physicist proved in an experiment that current
voltaic pile, which he made from thin sheets of electricity can produced a magnetic field.
copper and zinc separated by moist pasteboard.  1831 - Michael Faraday, An English scientist
1800’s discovered the first electric generator.

• 1821 --- First electric motor was invented by  1831- Samuel Morse, developed the telegraph.
Michael Faraday  1868 - George de Clanche, developed the first
• 1832 --- Hippolyte Pixii invented the first practical dry cell.
“dynamo,” an electric generator  1878 - Charles Brush, invented the arc lamp
• 1839-1842 --- Sir William Robert Grove  1879 - Thomas Alba Edison, perfected the first
developed the first fuel cell, a device that electric bulb
produces electrical energy by combining
hydrogen and oxygen. SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
• In 1878 Joseph Swan, a British scientist, 1. Friction - It is a static electricity which is
invented the incandescent filament lamp but generated by rubbing two materials.
burnt out quickly.
2. Chemical action - It is a great deal of the world’s
• In 1879, Edison made a similar discovery in electricity produced by batteries. These devices
America. generate a different potential means of chemical
action.
THOMAS EDISON
3. Heat action- Two dissolution metals bonded
• 1879 - California Electric Light Company, Inc. together in a junction when heated, exhibits a
was the first electric company to sell electricity to difference of potential. Such bond is called
customers. thermocouple. The trip of an iron wire, for
• The company used two small Brush generators to example, may be welded to that of a copper wire.
power 21 Brush arc light lamp When, this junction is heated, the iron wire shows
a positive charge and the copper wire has a
• 1882 --- Thomas Edison opened the Pearl Street negative charge. Electricity generated by heat
Power Station in New York City. action is called thermoelectric.
4. Light action - Photo cells are semi-conduction
devices which convert light electrical energy
 directly into electrical energy. Either sunlight or windmill. When it is used to generate electricity, it
artificial illumination may be employed. This is known as a wind turbine generator.
action is due to the ability of lights energy to free  Fossil Fuel Power Plant (FFPP) – (also known
electrons from the atoms of the semi-conductor as steam electric power plant in the US, thermal
material. This process is called photo-electricity. power plant in Asia, or power station in UK). The
most common source of energy is fossil fuel.
5. Pressure - It is a difference of potential appears Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas.
across the face of certain crystal such as quarts, Fossil fuel is formed from the remains of
when they are squeezed or stretched. This is plant and animals which live thousands of years
called piezo-electricity. ago. The burning of those fossil fuel provides
6. Mechanical action - All electricity in large useful energy which can be used to generate electricity.
amount is at present produced by rotating  Geothermal power comes from heat energy
machines working with the use of magnets. buried beneath the surface of the earth. In some
These machines, known as generators, are areas of the country, enough heat rises close to
turned by water power, gas engines or steam the surface of the earth to heat underground
engines and sometimes by electric motor. water into steam which can be tapped for use in
steam-turbine plants.
THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF Geothermal Power is the energy
MECHANICAL POWER PLANTS TO PRODUCE extracted from the heat generated by natural
ELECTRICAL ENERGY. concentrations of hot water and steam in the
earth’s interior. It can be used in electric power
 Hydropower is an energy obtained from flowing generation and direct heat applications such as
water. Energy in water can be harnessed and space heating and industrial drying processes.
used in the foot motive energy or temperature
differences. The most common application is the MOTOR
dam.  converts electrical energy into mechanical
Power produced by the fall of water from energy
a higher to a lower level and extracted by means  it is based on current carrying conductor that
of waterwheels or hydraulic turbines. Hydro- experience a force when it is kept in the
power is a natural resource available wherever a magnetic field
sufficient volume of steady water flow exists.  it follows flemings left hand rule
 Nuclear Power is the method in which steam is  the shock of the motor is driven by magnetic
produced by heating water through a process force generated between the armature in the
called nuclear fission. In a nuclear power plant, a field
reactor contains a core of nuclear fuel, primary  current is supplied to armature winding
enriched uranium. When atoms of uranium fuel  ex. ceiling fan
are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing GENERATOR
heat neutrons.
Nuclear power is an electrical power  converts mechanical energy into electrical
produced from energy released by controlled energy
fission or fusion of atomic nuclei in a nuclear  it is based on electromagnetic induction
reaction. Mass is converted into energy and the  it follows flemings right hand rule
amount of released energy greatly exceeds that  the shock is attached to the rotor and is
from chemical processes such as combustion. driven by the mechanical force
 Solar Power is a power derived from the energy  current is produce in armature winding
of the sun. A radiant energy produced in the Sun  ex. power station
as a result of nuclear fusion reactions. It is
transmitted to the earth through space by
electromagnetic radiation in quanta of energy
called photons which interact with the earth’s
atmosphere and surface.
 Wind Power is the kinetic energy of wind or the
extraction of this energy by wind turbines.
Windmill machine converts wind into useful
energy. This energy is derived from the force of
wind acting on oblique blades or sails that radiate
from a shaft. The turning shaft may be connected
to machinery used to perform such work as
milling grain, pumping water, or generating
electricity. When the shaft is connected to a load,
such as a pump, the device is typically called a
OHM’S LAW The current through a conductor is proportional to
Fundamental units of electricity the potential difference between its ends, provided the
temperature of the conductor remains constant.
 Voltage is the pressure that pushes current to flow
within a load through a conductor  Georg Ohm showed that the flow of an electric current
through a wire depended on its 'resistance' and the
 Current is the flow of electrons in a circuit
potential difference between its ends
 Resistance is the opposition of the flow of electrons  A graph drawn between the voltmeter readings and
in a circuit. ammeter readings, shows a straight line pattern. The
 Power the product of work done straight line indicates a relationship and is named as
Electric Current ohm's law.
Expressed mathematically,
 Electric current is a measure of the amount of
electrical charge transferred per unit time. It
represents the flow of electron through a conductive
material
 The ratio of voltage to current is called the resistance
 Electric current is similar to a current of water, but
electric current flows in solid metal wires so it is not
visible.
 Electric current can carry a lot of power.
Q  In many conductors, the resistance is independent of
I . the voltage; this relationship is called Ohm’s law.
t
 An ELECTRIC CURRENT exists whenever electric
charge flows through a region, e.g., a simple light
bulb circuit.
 The magnitude of the current is measured in ELECTRICAL RESISTOR
AMPERES (Amps/A)
 Resistor is used to control the amount of current
 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second flowing in a circuit
 An electric circuit is something that provides a  The two main types of resistors :
complete path through which electricity travels. 1. Wire-wound (coil of fine wire) resistors
 Wires in electric circuits are similar in some ways to 2. Composition (carbon) resistors
pipes and hoses that carry water.  Electric resistance is the ratio of one volt and one
ampere.
VOLTAGE
Voltage is the electrical force, or "pressure", that causes
current to flow in a circuit.
 Voltage is measured in volts (V).
 A voltage difference of 1 volt means 1 amp of current
does 1 joule of work in 1 second.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE  It also means that if the voltage increases the current
 Resistance measures how difficult it is for current to also increases and if the voltage decreases the
flow. current will also decrease in which the resistance is
 The total amount of electrical resistance in a circuit constant.
determines the amount of current that in the circuit for  More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this
a given voltage. relation is constant, independent of the current.
 The more resistance the circuit has, the less current  The law was named after the German physicist Georg
that flows. Ohm
 The SI unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω).
 One ohm is the resistance when a voltage of 1 volt is POWER LAW
applied with a current of 1 amp.  The amount of current times the voltage level at a
WHAT IS OHM’S LAW? given point measured in wattage or watts.
 states that the current in the circuit is directly  It states that the power dissipated in a device is
proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional inversely proportional to the squared value of the
to its resistance. voltage across it.
 Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), A German  It can also be stated as the power dissipated in a
physicist, discovered Ohm’s law in 1826. device is directly proportional to the squared value of
the current going through it.
 Statement of Ohm's Law  Power law is named after Scottish Mathematician
James Watt
Formulas/Formulae
1. P = I x E
2. P = I2 x R
3. P = E2/R
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND METRIC PREFIXES
Scientific notation is the way that scientists easily handle
very large numbers or very small numbers.

3. Logic Diagram
- it is the type of diagram closely related to the
schematic diagram. Built for transmitting the
function of the logical circuit, using standard
Electronics Circuits Diagrams logical symbols.

 A combination of electrical and/or electronics

components connected in a particular way, which will
result into a desired function.

Electronics Diagrams Types

1. Block Diagram
- is the highest hierarchy among the electronic STANDARDS
circuit diagrams.
It use blocks or rectangles to represent the A standard is a document that provide requirements,
relationships and flow of signals between groups specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be
of components or stages that constitutes an used consistently to ensure that materials, products,
electronic circuit. processes and services are fit for their purpose.
 IEC: International Electrotechnical Comission,
Geneve-Switzerland. It is the world's leading
organization in charge of preparing and publishing
international standards for all electrical, electronic and
allied technologies.
 ANSI: American National Standards Institute.
Is a non-profit organization that oversees the
2. Schematic Diagram development of standards for products, services,
- it is the basic electronic diagram, which processes and systems in the United States
graphically represents the functions and  DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung. DIN
interrelations of an electronic circuit through the develops norms and standards as a service to
use of graphic symbols. industry, to the state and to society as a whole. It is a
registered non profit organization which has been
• It provides the necessary information for the based in Berlin since 1917.
analysis of electronic circuits.  JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards, specifies the
standards used for industrial activities in Japan. The
• Also provides information about the standardization process is coordinated by Japanese
components. Industrial Standards Committee - JISC - and
published through Japanese Standards Association -
JSA.
Graphic Symbols for Electronics Diagrams
 An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to
represent various electrical and electronic devices or
functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors,
and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an
electrical or electronic circuit. These symbols are
largely standardized internationally today, but may
vary from country to country, or engineering
discipline, based on traditional conventions.
The voltage and ground signals for the components
must not be physically tied to common lines, as this
will unnecessarily crowd the schematic

Serpentine rule for reference mapping

GRAPHIC SYMBOLS Remove unnecessary angles and keep the connection
paths as short as possible.
 The size of the symbols must be the same.
 As a rule the positive voltage should indicate
upward and the negative voltage and ground
signals should indicate downwards.
 The location of the symbol in the schematic
diagram, has no correlation, with the physical
location of the component on the printed circuit
board

REFERENCES
 References distinguish one graphic symbol from
another
 The references are used to identify electrical,
electronic, mechanical components, as well as
modules and submodules.
 These references consist of a combination of
letters and numbers that identify the class or type
of component