TOPIC: YAM SUITABILITY MAPPING IN MINNA NIGER STATE

(AS INSTRUCTED BY OUR INSTRUCTOR)

INTRODUCTION

Statement of problem
From the review literature most of the land in Minna is suitable for the production of yam which

implies that Minna should be the best yam producing region but yet production has not probably

improved over the years with indications of poor production and yields due to a subsistence ways

of farming and lack of applying new technology for the production. Although subsistence way of

farming is not really an excuse for poor production but lack of technical knowhow in selecting

land suitable for crop production. Also there are some areas in Minna where yam cannot be seen

either naturally grown or planted. This practical assignment broadly examines the authenticity of

having yam grown within the study area as well as to examine the most appropriate areas for the

nurturing of yam that can result to perfect increase in production of yam within the area in broad

to boost the current economy of Nigeria at large as the economy of Nigeria is not favourable.

Aim of the Practical assignment

The aim of the practical assignment is to access the reliability of GIS techniques for mapping

farm land for yam production in Minna, Niger state.

Objectives of the Practical assignment

The specific objectives of the practical are to:

i. Acquire satellite image of the study area (Land SAT8 Image of the area).

ii. Generate Spatio- temporal maps of the soil moisture content, the Normalized Difference

Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Land Surface Temperature (LST), and land cover of the

study area.

Focus of the group

The focus of the group is to generate only the land cover of the study area.

Study area

The study area was Minna metropolis of Bosso/Chanchaga Local Government Area of Minna

situated in the North central of Nigeria. It is geographically situated between 9°50' to 6°12'N

latitudes and 9°24' to 6°28'E longitudes covering an area of about 24,964km² (Figure 1.0 ).

Topographically, it s a very flat landscape with elevation of 256m from the mean sea level,

climatically the standard hotness for year 2018 in Minna is 27°C. The heartfelt month, on

standard, is March through an average hotness 30°C. And the coolest month on standard is

August, july and September with an average temperature of 25°C.

The recorded highest temperature for the year 2018 in Minna is 37°C, which was documented in

the month of February and March whereas the lowest recorded temperature is 19°C which was

recorded in November and December.

Land suitability
In the analysis, clarifications that have comparatively large weights have more control than

clarification that has lower weights. The unweighted analysis is equivalent to a weighted analysis

where all weights are 1 (Newman, 2004). Statistics contain quite a few types of weight variables.

One cause of bewilderment is that weights are used differently in different areas of statistics. Not

every weight is equal! In a weighted analysis of the least squares, the weights in survey statistics

are interpreted differently from the weights. A weight variable provided a value (weight) for

each observation in a data set. The weight value is the observer's weight. A suitable weight is not

unenthusiastic for most applications. Usually a zero weight means you want to reject the analysis

observation (Solon et al., 2015). Estimates have quite a few types of weight variables. Weighted

statistical graphics for two separate statistical weights at the 2008 Statistical Joint Meetings in

Denver: survey weights and regression weights are discussed as follows

i. Frequency weights: A frequency variable determines several repeats of each observation.

Each frequency value is an integer that is not unenthusiastic.

 ii. Analytical weights: An empirical weight often referred to as an inverse variance weight

or a regression weight) defined that the I th observation originated from a sub-population

with variance π2, where π2 is a typical variance and wi is the I th observation weight.

Such weights are used in multivariate statistics and meta analyzes in which each

"observation" is the mean of a sample.

iii. Importance weights: A "important weight" is a STATA-specific term, according to a

STATA developer, which is planned "for programmers, not data analysts." The developer

says the formulas "may have no arithmetic strength" but may be practical as a

programming expediency. I never used STATA (Guo and Fraser, 2015).

2.4.2 Factor analysis

Analysis of factor is an arithmetic technique used to explain variability between observed,

connected variables in terms of a potentially smaller number of unnoticed variables called

factors. For instance, variations in six experiential variables are likely to mostly reflect variations

in two unnoticed (underlying) variables. These combined variations in response to unknown

latent variables were checked for factor analysis. The variables observed are modeled as linear

combinations of the possible causes, plus words error. Analysis of factor is aimed at identifying

autonomous latent variables. It is a data mining theory used in machine learning. The idea behind

the methodology of factor analysis is that the information gained on the interdependence

between experiential variables can be used later to reduce the set of variables in a dataset. Factor

analysis is frequently used in biology, psychometry, trait theories, marketing, product

management, operations research, and finance. It can help deal with data sets where there are

large numbers of experimental variables which represent a smaller number of underlying or

latent variables. It is one of the commonly used methods of interdependence and is used when
the correct collection of variables indicates a methodical interdependence and the goal is to

evaluate the latent factors which establish a cohesion (Hair et al., 2011).

Evaluation of the factor is related to the key factor evaluation (PCA), but there is no distinction

between the two. In the field, there was considerable disagreement over the differences between

the two techniques. As a more detailed explanation of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

developed in the early days before ground speed computers began, the key factor analysis (PCA)

may be meticulous. Both the Principal Factor Analysis as well as the Psychiatry Factor are aimed

at decreasing the dimension of a data situate, although the methods used for both methods are

different. Obviously, the purpose of factor analysis is to classify convinced non-observable

features from the observed changeable, whereas Principal Factor Analysis does not directly

address this objective; In addition to the primary, the Principal Factor Analysis provides an

estimation of the factors necessary. The Eigen values of Principal Factor Analysis are distorted

factor loadings, i.e. polluted with error variability, from the point of view of forensic analysis

(Comrey and Lee, 2013).

 METHODOLOGY

Data source
This research was basically depends on secondary data derived. Series of procedure and

processes were implemented using accessible remote sensing data in corporation with

Geographic Information System (GIS) Software to map out the area and evaluate the suitability

considering some significant variable parameters within the study area in general.

Equipment used

i. ArcGIS10.4.1

ii. Microsoft word

iii. Microsoft excel

iv. Global mapper v18,2

Data source
Nigeria administrative boundary

The ESRI shape files of Nigeria administrative map was downloaded from Global administrative

area map of the word by means of the web address www.gadm.org. From the web address,

Nigeria was clicked as the choice of interest and shape file format in ESRI was selected for

download. The zip file for the administrative boundary covering the whole Nigeria was

downloaded. I created a new folder for the zip file in which the downloaded data were extracted

and shape file was later launched in ArcGIS Environment.

Digital global soil map (FAO)

The link www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/../metadata of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

United Nation was used to download the ESRI shape file for digital soil map of the world

Digital elevation model (DEM)

The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area was downloaded from USGS website

(http://earthexplorer.usgs. org). The downloaded digital elevation model was imported into

ArcGIS environment and overlay the shape file of the study are to extract the area of interest

from the whole downloaded DEM.

Climatic data
Information on Minna weather was obtained from www.Minna.climatemp.com.
Data processing

Sentinel image

The downloaded sentinel s2 image covering the study area was added as a data in ArcGIS10.4.1

Software and the shape file of Minna was added, using the clipping analysis tool of the software

to extract only the study area from the sentinel s2 image.

Using the generated image covering only the study area, land surface temperature (LST),

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil moisture content and land use land cover

image were computed for using some mathematical models in raster calculator in ArcGIS

environment as earlier illustrated in this section.

Dem data

The downloaded DEM data was imported into ArcGIS10.4.1 environment and also the shape file

of Minna was added, using the clipping analysis tool of the software to extract only the study

area from the DEM. Slope map of the study area was acquired from the DEM using some

functions in the ArcGIS10.4.1 environment.

Database creation

All the data added in ArcGIS10.4.1 environment are in the same layer with geographical

reference system (WGS1884). All this data were overlaid, given the requirements for the growth

of yam acquired from different reviewed literature, the requirement of great importance for yam

was graded within the biophysical variable results obtained from the reviewed literatures.
To be at the saver side or to avoid being bias, after preparation of all the maps needed using the

assign weight value acquired from the reviewed literatures, then equal weight value was assign

to all the parameters and overlay operation was performed in ArcGIS10.4.1 environment to

check what will be the results.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Temperature
The annual average temperature for the year 2021 in Minna was 27°C. The warmest month, on

average, is March with an average temperature of 30°C. The coolest month on average is July,

August, and September with an average temperature of 25°C.

Presentation of results

Soil constituent of the study area (FAO, 2008).

PARAMETER LITHOSOLS FERIC PLINTHIC DYSTRIC

S LUVISOLS LUVISOLS NITOSOLS

Sand% of top 58.70 74.8 68.8 39.8

soil

Sand% of sub 57 67.9 56.5 33.6

soil

Silt% of top soil 16.4 9.8 11.5 18.5

Silt% of sub 18 8.5 9.9 12.9

soil

Clay% of top 25.9 15.5 18.8 44.5

soil

Clay% sub soil 28 23.8 32.5 55.6

Ph of top soil 7.10 6.9 7.8 6.4

pH of sub soil 7.25 7.0 6.9 7.2

Soil moisture suitability map of Minna
Discussion of results
Suitability for yam production
Table below shows the comparison of minimum and maximum requirements of extreme

importance for cultivation of yam considering climate and soil constituents as key parameters.

Comparison of minimum and extreme variable requirement for yam production

PARAMETERS REQUIRED OBTAINED COMMENT

Rainfall 1000 – 1250 AVG 1209 Moderately suitable

Temperature 26 – 29 25.6 – 31.7 Partially satisfied

AVG 27.5

Ph of top soil 5.0- 5.6 5.2- 6.5 Partially satisfied

Ph of sub soil 6.0- 6.5 5.9 – 7.0 Satisfied

Soil texture Loam sand Fine medium coarse Very lowly satisfied

Nitrogen content of 0.16 0.14- 0.18 Satisfied

top soil

Nitrogen content of 0.08 0.06 – 0.10 Satisfied

sub soil

From the obtained result, it can be deduce that only two soil types are moderately satisfied the

soil condition with acceptable soil chemical composition and texture constituent. This includes
 DYSTRIC LUVISOLS and PLINTHIC LUVISOL with more than 40% and 22% clay

constituent and PH of 5.2 and 6.5 respectively.

Yam suitability

Table below shows the crop Normalized matrix with results. Crop suitability map was produced

through the weighted overlay operation in Arc Toolbox in ArcGis10.4.1 environment using the

weight values summarized in the table.

Crop Normalized matrix with results.

FACTORS NDVI SOIL LST SLOPE LU/LC PRIORITY % OF

MOISTURE VECTOR WEIGHT

OR

WEIGHT

NDVI 0.3715 0.4726 0.3349 0.3078 0.3069 0.3587 36

SOIL 0.1976 0.2441 0.3349 0.3078 0.3069 0.2783 28

MOISTURE

LST 0.1976 0.1299 0.1730 0.2098 0.1881 0.1798 18

SLOPE 0.1397 0.0918 0.0921 0.1117 0.1287 0.1128 11

LULC 0.0936 0.061 0.0651 0.0651 0.0695 0.0705 7

TOTAL=

100%
After considering all the parameters and how significant each of this parameters are to the

production of yam it can be assume that the larger percentage of the area are suitable for the

cultivation of yam.

The figure below represent area suitable for cultivation of yam in Minna and from the result it

was discovered that the larger percentage of land in Minna is suitable for yam production.
 Figure 4.7

Yam suitability map of Minna

Suitability capability of the study area in percentage and area coverage for yam production is

shown below:

Suitability capability of the study area for yam production.

SUITABILITY CLASSSES AREA (KM2) PERCENTAGE

VERY LOW SUITABILITY 3112.4608 12.4653%

LOW SUITABILITY 3721.8292 14.9058%

MODERATE SUITABILITY 3937.8622 15.7670%

FAR ABOVE THE 6894.0407 27.6104%

GROUND SUITABILITY

VERY FAR ABOVE THE 7303.7571 29.2513%

GROUND SUITABILITY

TOTAL 24,968.95 99.9998%

RECOMMENDATIONS AND COMMENT

Considering the result from the practical work, the under listed recommendation is basically

significant.

i. For better accuracy of the results our instructor should give us more time to explain the

concept of the work for us because the result obtained may not be accurate as a result of

our poor ability to execute the work.

ii. To promote and improve agricultural production, it is required to apply photogrammetry

and remote sensing approach in carrying out any crop suitability assessment and

mapping.