TOPIC: YAM SUITABILITY MAPPING IN MINNA NIGER STATE

(AS INSTRUCTED BY OUR INSTRUCTOR)

INTRODUCTION

Statement of problem
From the review literature most of the land in Minna is suitable for the production of yam which

implies that Minna should be the best yam producing region but yet production has not probably

improved over the years with indications of poor production and yields due to a subsistence ways

of farming and lack of applying new technology for the production. Although subsistence way of

farming is not really an excuse for poor production but lack of technical knowhow in selecting

land suitable for crop production. Also there are some areas in Minna where yam cannot be seen

either naturally grown or planted. This practical assignment broadly examines the authenticity of

having yam grown within the study area as well as to examine the most appropriate areas for the

nurturing of yam that can result to perfect increase in production of yam within the area in broad

to boost the current economy of Nigeria at large as the economy of Nigeria is not favourable.
Aim of the Practical assignment
The aim of the practical assignment is to access the reliability of GIS techniques for mapping

farm land for yam production in Minna, Niger state.

Objectives of the Practical assignment

The specific objectives of the practical are to:

i. Acquire satellite image of the study area (Land SAT8 Image of the area).

ii. Generate Spatio- temporal maps of the soil moisture content, the Normalized Difference

Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Land Surface Temperature (LST), and land cover of the

study area.

Focus of the group

The focus of the group is to generate only the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

of the area.

Study area

The study area was Minna metropolis of Bosso/Chanchaga Local Government Area of Minna

situated in the North central of Nigeria. It is geographically situated between 9°50' to 6°12'N

latitudes and 9°24' to 6°28'E longitudes covering an area of about 24,964km² (Figure 1.0 ).

Topographically, it s a very flat landscape with elevation of 256m from the mean sea level,

climatically the standard hotness for year 2018 in Minna is 27°C. The heartfelt month, on

standard, is March through an average hotness 30°C. And the coolest month on standard is

August, july and September with an average temperature of 25°C.

The recorded highest temperature for the year 2018 in Minna is 37°C, which was documented in

the month of February and March whereas the lowest recorded temperature is 19°C which was

recorded in November and December.

Land suitability

Multiple-critaria decision making analysis (MCDA)

Multi criteria decision making analysis (MCDMA) or multiple criteria decision analysis

(MCDA) is a kind of procedure investigation which openly assesses numerous contradictory

criterion in decisions making in cooperation in daily life and in setting and they include

businesses, medicine and government. Contradictory criterions are archetypal in assessing option

sis: cost or prices are frequently one of the major criterions, and some compute quality is

characteristically another measure, simply in disagreement with the charge. In acquiring a costs

and cars, soothe, security, and fuel economy may be some of the main criteria we regard as – it’s

strange that the simplex car is the most contented and the secured one. In assortment

administration, and concerned in receiving far above the ground income while all together
plummeting risks; however, the stock with great budding fetch far above the ground returns

typically carry far above the ground Risk of money loss. Consumer satisfaction and service

delivery costs are key competing factors in a service industry. We're in our everyday lives more

often than not evaluate multiple-criteria absolutely and can be contented through the penalty of

such conclusions which is completed pedestal on merely intuitions. At the same time, when

wager are far above the ground, its significant to appropriately arrange the problems and

unambiguously assess multiple-criterion (Achillas et al., 2015).

In deciding for the choice of whether to fabricate a nuclear control plants or not, and wherever

to construct it, there is not merely extremely multifaceted matters connecting multiple criterion,

however here are also multi party that is intensely pretentious by the penalty. Organizing

multifaceted tribulations fine and bearing in mind multiple-criterion openly lead to additional

conversant and enhanced conclusions. There has been significant progress in the meadow from

the found of the recent multiple criterion decision making regulation in the premature 1970s. A

multiplicity of approach and techniques numerous realized by expert software for decision

making, in an array of disciplines, assortment from politics and business to the environment and

energy in an array of discipline (Greco et al., 2016).

Multiple-criteria decision-making and multi-criteria decision analysis is an acronym for MCDM

and MCDA; Stanleyy Ziont helped popularize the acrononyms with the 1978 editorial "MCDM

If it's not a Roman figure, then what?" Multi-criteria decision-making is concerned with

structuring and addressing multi-criteria decision-making and planning tribulations. The goal is

to encourage decision-makers facing these problems. Characteristically, the only optimal

solution for such harms does not exist and it is necessary to use decision-makers who are

inclined to differentiate between solutions. In various ways, "solving" can be inferred. It could
convey the best option choice from a collection of feasible substitute where best can also be

defined as the most favored alternative of a decision maker. Other reason for solving might be to

choose a few superior options or team option between different preferences. An intense

explanation might be to discover every competent or "non subjugated" options. The problem's

complexity results from the presence of more than one criterion. Multi-criteria Decision Making

problem is no longer an exclusively optimal solution that can be acquired with no integrating

preferential data. An unattributed set of solutions frequently replaces the concept of an optimal

solution (Wang et al., 2009).

A non-subjugated solution has the property that, in at least one condition, it is not likely to move

away from it to any other solution without forfeit. Therefore, agreeing on a solution from the

non-subjugated set makes sense for the decision maker. Otherwise, in terms of some or all of the

parameters, he / she could do better, and in none of them could do worse. Normally, however, for

the final choice, the set of non-subjugated solutions is too large for the decision maker to obtain.

Therefore, we need tools to help the decision-maker concentrate on desired (or alternative)

options. Usually, certain requirements have to be "tradeoff" for others. Since the 1970s

(Reinhardt et al., 2011).

Soil factors and contents

Soil is plainly defined as a absorbent intermediate consisting of minerals, organic matter, water,

gases as well as micro-organisms. The conventional definition of soil is: Soil is a active normal

body having possessions resultant from the joint causes of biotic and climate actions, as

customized by the topography, substitute on parent resources over the time (Coleman et al.,

2017).
When present in the soil, there are five fundamental soil factors that are the backbone of all

terrestrial plant ecosystems.

i. Mineral

ii. The soil texture

iii. Water

iv. Organic matter

v. Gases

vi. Micro organisms

Other focused micro organism including nitrogen fixing bacteria have symbiotic dealings with

the plant which permit plant to haul out the basic content. Those “nitrogen fixing” plant be a

main foundation of nitrogen of the soil and they are basic for the soil growth above the moment.

Myycorrhizae are fun gals compound that figure didactic dealings by plants ancestry. The mold

grow through the root of the plant, somewhere the plants provide the mold by means of sweetie

and in revisit, the mold provide the plants roots together with admission and water to nutrient

through the mud throughout its complicated network of dash increase all through the soil

medium. Exclusive of microorganisms, a soil is basically departed as well can also be inadequate

in sustaining plant augmentation (Adriano, 2013).

Soil moisture content

The content of soil moisture is the amount of water found within. The water content is used in a

wide variety of methodological and technical areas and is articulated as a ratio ranging from 0
i.e. completely dries to the diffusing material porosity value. Moisture can be present in inner

surfaces as adsorbed moisture and in small pores as concentrated water in the container.

Depending on the aperture size, Liquid water is becoming increasingly important far above the

relative humidity of the grounder. Hydrology and agriculture in soil science, water content plays

a significant role in soil water boosting, agriculture and soil chemistry (Vanapalli et al., 2010). If

a soil's moisture content is best for plant growth, soil water can be eagerly soaked by plants. Not

all the water in the soil can be extracted from crops. As a bony film, there is plenty of water left

in the soil. Soil water dissolves salts and some soil solution, which as a medium is essential for

supplying growing plants with nutrients (Russell, 2002).

It is important to know the amount of humidity or water in the soil:

i. Procedure for the formation of soil and weathering relies on water

ii. For their metabolic activities, microorganisms need water

iii. Soil water helps with soil iv chemical and biological activities. It is the main

component of the growing plant

iv. Water is necessary for photosynthesis

v. Soil water is used as a solvent and food resource carrier for plant growth

vi. A crop yield is determined by the amount of water in the food more frequently

than by the lack of other nutrients.

vii. Soil water itself serves as a viii nutrient.

viii. The soil temperature is controlled by soil water

Because of their colloidal elements and aggregation properties, the reality that soils clutch water

(moisture), the water is held on and in the pores on the surface of the colloids and other elements.
The forces responsible for water retention in the soil after the drainage has stopped are caused by

surface tension and surface magnetism and are referred to as surface tension. It applies to the

idea of energy in relationships to maintain moisture. Also called suction is the force with which

water is detained (Hillel, 2012).

Calculation of soil moisture methods, At Van Walt, we advocate using TDR technology to easily

and safely measure soil moisture. Our award-winning TRIME TDR devices generate an

electromagnetic field far above the ground frequency pulse (up to 1GHz) around the TRIME

probe propagating along the wave guides. The pulse is reproduced at the end of the wave

steering. The resulting transit time and dielectric constant depend on the moisture content of the

material. Capacity or FDR techniques should not perplex this far above ground complex yet

extremely easy to use software that can not be used for serious investigation, while adequate for

general digital measurements. Gravely negotiation in clay-rich or very organic soils can take

place in meticulous accuracies (Redmayne et al., 2011).

METHODOLOGY

Data source
This research was basically depends on secondary data derived. Series of procedure and

processes were implemented using accessible remote sensing data in corporation with

Geographic Information System (GIS) Software to map out the area and evaluate the suitability

considering some significant variable parameters within the study area in general.

Equipment used
 i. ArcGIS10.4.1

ii. Microsoft word

iii. Microsoft excel

iv. Global mapper v18,2

Data source
Nigeria administrative boundary

The ESRI shape files of Nigeria administrative map was downloaded from Global administrative

area map of the word by means of the web address www.gadm.org. From the web address,

Nigeria was clicked as the choice of interest and shape file format in ESRI was selected for

download. The zip file for the administrative boundary covering the whole Nigeria was

downloaded. I created a new folder for the zip file in which the downloaded data were extracted

and shape file was later launched in ArcGIS Environment.

Digital global soil map (FAO)

The link www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/../metadata of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

United Nation was used to download the ESRI shape file for digital soil map of the world

Digital elevation model (DEM)

The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area was downloaded from USGS website

(http://earthexplorer.usgs. org). The downloaded digital elevation model was imported into

ArcGIS environment and overlay the shape file of the study are to extract the area of interest

from the whole downloaded DEM.

Climatic data
Information on Minna weather was obtained from www.Minna.climatemp.com.

Data processing

Sentinel image

The downloaded sentinel s2 image covering the study area was added as a data in ArcGIS10.4.1

Software and the shape file of Minna was added, using the clipping analysis tool of the software

to extract only the study area from the sentinel s2 image.

Using the generated image covering only the study area, land surface temperature (LST),

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil moisture content and land use land cover

image were computed for using some mathematical models in raster calculator in ArcGIS

environment as earlier illustrated in this section.

Dem data

The downloaded DEM data was imported into ArcGIS10.4.1 environment and also the shape file

of Minna was added, using the clipping analysis tool of the software to extract only the study

area from the DEM. Slope map of the study area was acquired from the DEM using some

functions in the ArcGIS10.4.1 environment.

Database creation
All the data added in ArcGIS10.4.1 environment are in the same layer with geographical

reference system (WGS1884). All this data were overlaid, given the requirements for the growth

of yam acquired from different reviewed literature, the requirement of great importance for yam

was graded within the biophysical variable results obtained from the reviewed literatures.

To be at the saver side or to avoid being bias, after preparation of all the maps needed using the

assign weight value acquired from the reviewed literatures, then equal weight value was assign

to all the parameters and overlay operation was performed in ArcGIS10.4.1 environment to

check what will be the results.