Scribd
Upload
22 views22 pages

Slide 09 - LAN (DataLink Layer)

Computer network

Uploaded by

n0233305r
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views22 pages

Slide 09 - LAN (DataLink Layer)

Computer network

Uploaded by

n0233305r
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Computer Communication &

Networks

Lecture 9
Datalink Layer: Local Area Network

Source Reference – Engr. Waleed Ejaz (University of Engineering and Technology –


1
Taxila)
Data Link Layer

2
Data Link Layer Topics to Cover

Error Detection and Correction


Data Link Control and Protocols
Multiple Access
Local Area Networks
Wireless LANs

3
IEEE Standards

 In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE


started a project, called Project 802, to set
standards to enable intercommunication
among equipment from a variety of
manufacturers. Project 802 is a way of
specifying functions of the physical layer and
the data link layer of major LAN protocols.

4
IEEE 802 Series of LAN Standards
 802 standards free to
download from
http://standards.ieee.org
/getieee802

WiMAX

5
IEEE standard for LANs

6
Ethernet
“Dominant” LAN technology:
 Cheap $20 for 100Mbs!

 First widely used LAN technology

 Simpler, cheaper than token LANs and ATM

 Kept up with speed race: 10, 100, 1000 Mbps

Metcalfe’s Ethernet
sketch

7
Ethernet Frame Structure - 1
Sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other
network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame

Preamble:
 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one
byte with pattern 10101011
 Used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates

8
Ethernet Frame Structure - 2
 Addresses: 6 bytes, frame is received by all
adapters on a LAN and dropped if address does
not match
 Type: indicates the higher layer protocol, mostly
IP but others may be supported such as Novell
IPX and AppleTalk)
 CRC: checked at receiver, if error is detected, the
frame is simply dropped

9
Minimum and Maximum Lengths

 Why there is an upper limit!!

10
Ethernet
 Ethernet uses 1-persistent CSMA/CD on coaxial cable
at 10 Mbps (802.3 allows other speeds & media)
 The maximum cable length allowed: 500m
 Longer distances covered using repeaters to connect
multiple “segments” of cable
 No two stations can be separated by more than 2500
meters and 4 repeaters
 Including the propagation delay for 2500m and the
store and forward delay in 4 repeaters, the maximum
time for a bit to travel between any two stations is
max=25.6se (one way)

11
Ethernet: uses CSMA/CD
A: sense channel, if idle
then {
transmit and monitor the channel;
If detect another transmission
then {
abort and send jam signal;
update # collisions;
delay as required by exponential backoff algorithm;
goto A
}
else {done with the frame; set collisions to zero}
}
else {wait until ongoing transmission is over and goto A}

12
Ethernet’s CSMA/CD
 In order to ensure that every collision i s “heard" by
all stations, when a station detects a collision , it jams
the channel for
 Example
 Two stations, A and B, are close together

 A third station, C, is far away

 A and B will detect each other’s transmission very


quickly and shut off
 This will only cause a short blip which may not be
detected by C but will still cause enough errors to
destroy C’s packet

13
Ethernet’s CSMA/CD
 When collisions occur, Ethernet uses a random
retransmission scheme called exponential backoff:
1. If your packet is in a collision, set K=2

2. Pick a number k at random from {0, 1,..,K-1}

3. After max seconds, sense channel, transmit if idle

4. If collision occurs, let K=2 x K, go to step 2

 After 10 repeats, stop doubling K


 After 16, give up and tell layer above “I give up”
 “Fixes” random access stability problem by passing it to
the layer above!

14
Ethernet Technologies: 10Base2
 10: 10Mbps; 2: under 200 meters max cable length
 Thin coaxial cable in a bus topology
 MAX 30 users on one segment.

 Repeaters used to connect up to multiple segments


 Repeater repeats bits it hears on one interface to its
other interfaces: physical layer device!
15
10BaseT and 100BaseT - 1
 10/100 Mbps rate; latter called “fast ethernet”
 T stands for Twisted Pair
 Hub to which nodes are connected by twisted pair,
thus “star topology”
 CSMA/CD implemented at hub

16
10BaseT and 100BaseT - 1

 Max distance from node to Hub is 100 meters


 Hub can disconnect “jabbering adapter
 Hub can gather monitoring information, statistics for
display to LAN administrators

17
Gbit Ethernet

 Use standard Ethernet frame format


 Allows for point-to-point links and shared broadcast
channels
 In shared mode, CSMA/CD is used; short distances
between nodes to be efficient
 Uses hubs, called here “Buffered Distributors”
 Full-Duplex at 1 Gbps for point-to-point links

18
Categories of Standard Ethernet

19
Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

20
Readings

 Chapter 13 (B.A Forouzan)


 Section 13.1, 13.2

21
22

You might also like