State Diagram

state diagram is a visual representation of the states and transitions of a system or process
over time. It illustrates how an entity (e.g., an object, process, or system) responds to various
events and moves between states. Here’s a detailed explanation of the components in a state
diagram and how they apply to the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" project

Key Components of a State Diagram

1. States
o A state represents a specific condition or situation in the lifecycle of an object
or process. Each state signifies an identifiable phase where specific actions are
performed.
o In the Fruit Quality and Export Advisory project: States like "Data
Collection," "Quality Assessment," "Compliance Check," and "Advisory
Generation" each represent distinct phases in the process of assessing fruit
quality and advising on export standards.
2. Transitions
o Transitions show the movement from one state to another, triggered by an
event or a condition being met.
o Transitions are usually depicted by arrows labelled with the events or
conditions that initiate the shift from one state to the next.
o In the project: Transitions occur as data moves through the process—like
from "Data Collection" to "Quality Assessment" after data is processed, or
from "Compliance Check" to "Advisory Generation" once compliance with
standards is verified.
3. Start and End States
o The Start State (shown as a filled circle) indicates where the process begins.
o The End State (shown as a filled circle with a border around it) represents
where the process concludes.
o In the project: The process starts with "Data Collection" and ends after
"Advisory Generation," where a final report is generated.
4. Sub-States and Nested States
o Some states have complex internal processes and can be broken down into
sub-states within a larger state.
o Nested states help represent detailed activities within a broader phase.
o In the project: Within "Data Collection," there may be sub-states like
"Gathering Data" and "Processing Data" to represent different stages within
data collection.
5. Events and Conditions
o Events are triggers that cause a transition. They might include conditions that
need to be met or actions completed.
o In the project: An example event might be "Data Collected," which triggers
the transition from "Data Collection" to "Quality Assessment.
STATE DIAGRAM
Explanation Of State Diagram: -

A state diagram for the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system visually
represents the stages of data handling and quality assessment for export compliance.

Key Stages:

1. Data Collection: Begins by gathering raw data about fruit quality through
sensors and cameras.
2. Quality Assessment: Analyses collected data for attributes like ripeness and
colour using machine learning.
3. Compliance Check: Compares analysed data to export standards; identifies if
the fruit meets quality requirements.
4. Advisory Generation: Produces a report with recommendations or an export
approval if compliance is achieved.

Each transition between these stages reflects the data processing workflow, from
initial collection to final advisory generation, ensuring fruits meet export standards
efficiently
 Class Diagram
A class diagram provides a structural view of a system, showcasing its classes, attributes,
methods, and relationships. For the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" project, the class
diagram would outline the main components involved in data collection, analysis, compliance
checking, and advisory generation.

Key Classes for "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" System

1. Fruit
o Attributes: ID, type, size, colour, ripeness, weight, origin, quality Score.
o Methods: calculate Quality Score (), get Attributes (), set Attributes ().
o Description: Represents the fruit being analysed, with characteristics relevant to
quality assessment.
2. Sensor
o Attributes: sensorID, type (e.g., camera, temperature, humidity), location, data.
o Methods: collectData(), calibrate(), send Data().
o Description: Captures data related to the fruit’s condition and environment.
3. QualityAnalyzer
o Attributes: modelType, version, analysisParameters.
o Methods: analyzeFruit(Fruit fruit), evaluateAttributes(), generateQualityScore().
o Description: Uses machine learning or image processing to evaluate fruit quality
based on attributes collected.
4. Compliance Checker
o Attributes: standard, export Country, qualityCriteria.
o Methods: check Compliance(Fruit fruit), retrieve Standards(), is Compliant().
o Description: Ensures the fruit meets quality standards for the export market based on
the quality score.
5. Advisory Report
o Attributes: reported, fruited, compliance Status, recommendations, timestamp.
o Methods: generate Report(), add Recommendation(), exported().
o Description: Stores and outputs the assessment, compliance status, and any
recommendations for the fruit.
6. Database
o Attributes: connection Details, database Name .
o Methods: store Data(), retrieve Data(), update Data(), delete Data().
o Description: Handles data storage and retrieval, managing information about fruits,
compliance standards, and reports.

Relationships

• Fruit is associated with Sensor (data collection).

• QualityAnalyzer uses Fruit data for analysis.
• Compliance Checker is linked to Fruit and Quality Analyzer to verify standards.
• Advisory Report depends on Fruit and Compliance Checker for final reporting.
• Database interacts with all classes for data persistence.
 Class Diagram :-

Explanation of the class diagram:-

A class diagram for the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system provides a structural
blueprint of the main components, including classes, attributes, methods, and their
relationships. Here’s a summary of each class and its role:

1. Fruit Class
o Role: Represents individual fruits being evaluated.
o Attributes: Holds details like ID, type, size, color, ripeness, weight, origin, and
quality score.
o Methods: Functions to set and retrieve attributes, and to calculate a preliminary
quality score.
2. Sensor Class
o Role: Captures data about fruit and environmental conditions.
o Attributes: Stores sensor-specific details (ID, type, location) and data readings.
o Methods: Collects data, calibrates sensors, and transmits data for further processing.
3. QualityAnalyzer Class
o Role: Analyses the fruit’s attributes to determine quality.
o Attributes: Stores model details and analysis parameters.
o Methods: Uses machine learning or image processing techniques to evaluate
attributes and calculate an overall quality score.
4. Compliance Checker Class
 o Role: Checks if the fruit meets export standards for specific markets.
o Attributes: Holds information on standards, export country, and required quality
criteria.
o Methods: Compares fruit quality score to standards, retrieves necessary standards,
and determines compliance.
5. Advisory Report Class
o Role: Generates a final report summarizing fruit quality and compliance status.
o Attributes: Includes a report ID, fruit ID, compliance status, recommendations, and
timestamp.
o Methods: Compiles the report, adds recommendations, and provides an export option
for distribution.
6. Database Class
o Role: Manages storage of all data related to fruits, compliance standards, and reports.
o Attributes: Stores connection details and database name.
o Methods: Allows data storage, retrieval, updating, and deletion.

Relationships

• Fruit is associated with Sensor for data collection.

• QualityAnalyzer analyses Fruit data.
• Compliance Checker uses QualityAnalyzer results and Fruit attributes to check for
compliance.
• Advisory Report consolidates information from Fruit and Compliance Checker.
• Database interacts with all classes to store and retrieve necessary information.

USE CASE DIAGRAM:-

A use case diagram visually represents the interactions between users (actors) and the system,
illustrating how different functionalities are utilized. For the "Fruit Quality and Export
Advisory" system, the use case diagram will capture the key functionalities and how different
stakeholders interact with the system.

Key Components of the Use Case Diagram

1. Actors:
o Farmer: Provides data about the fruits and receives recommendations for improving
quality.
o Quality Analyst: Uses the system to analyse fruit quality and generate reports.
o Exporter: Reviews advisory reports to determine the readiness of fruits for export.
o System Admin: Manages system settings, updates standards, and maintains the
database.
2. Use Cases:
o Collect Fruit Data: Farmers input data regarding their fruits, which may include
details like type, size, and condition.
o Analyse Fruit Quality: Quality Analysts assess the quality of the fruits using the
Quality Analyzer module.
 o Check Compliance: Compliance Officers verify whether the analysed fruits meet the
necessary export standards.
o Generate Advisory Report: The system generates a detailed report containing
quality analysis results and compliance status.
o View Recommendations: Farmers and Exporters can access recommendations based
on the quality assessment.
o Manage Database: The System Admin maintains the database, updating fruit data,
quality standards, and user information.
3. Relationships:
o Associations: Lines connecting actors to use cases represent interactions. For
example, the Farmer is associated with both "Collect Fruit Data" and "View
Recommendations."
o Includes: Indicates that a use case is a sub-function of another use case. For instance,
"Analyse Fruit Quality" may include "Collect Fruit Data" as part of its process.
o Extends: Shows optional functionality that extends the behaviour of a use case. For
example, if a quality analysis requires additional tests, it can extend the "Analyse
Fruit Quality" use case.

Example Use Cases

• Farmer:
o Collect Fruit Data
o View Recommendations
• Quality Analyst:
o Analyse Fruit Quality
o Generate Advisory Report
• Compliance Officer:
o Check Compliance
• Exporter:
o View Recommendations
• System Admin:
o Manage Database
 USE CASE DIAGRAM

Explanation Of Use Case Diagram: -

A use case diagram for the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system illustrates the
interactions between users (actors) and the system's functionalities. Here’s a concise
explanation the diagram captures how these actors interact with the system's functions,
highlighting their roles and the flow of activities. It serves as a foundational guide for
understanding system requirements and user interactions.
Key Components:

1. Actors:
o Farmer: Inputs fruit data and views recommendations.
o Quality Analyst: Analyses fruit quality and generates reports.
o Compliance Officer: Checks if fruits meet export standards.
o Exporter: Reviews advisory reports to assess export readiness.
o System Admin: Manages the database and calibrates sensors.
2. Use Cases:
o Collect Fruit Data: Farmers input details about their fruits.
o Analyse Fruit Quality: Analysts evaluate quality using system tools.
o Check Compliance: Compliance Officers verify adherence to standards.
o Generate Advisory Report: System produces a report with analysis results.
o View Recommendations: Stakeholders access quality improvement suggestions.
o Manage Database: Admins update data and standards.
 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:-
An activity diagram visually represents the workflow or process flow within a system,
showcasing the sequence of actions, decisions, and interactions among various activities. For
the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system, an activity diagram would illustrate the steps
involved in assessing fruit quality and generating export advisories.

Key Components of the Activity Diagram

1. Activities:
o Start: The initiation points of the process.
o Collect Fruit Data: Gathering information about the fruits, including type, size, and
condition.
o Process Data: Storing and organizing the collected data for analysis.
o Analyse Fruit Quality: Evaluating the quality of the fruits using predefined criteria
and algorithms.
o Check Compliance with Standards: Comparing the quality analysis results against
export standards.
o Generate Advisory Report: Creating a report detailing quality assessment and
compliance status.
o Provide Recommendations: Offering suggestions based on the analysis for
improvement.
o End: The completion point of the process.
2. Decision Points:
o Compliance Met?: A decision point where the system checks if the fruit meets the
necessary export standards. This leads to two possible paths:
▪ Yes: Move to "Generate Advisory Report" and "Provide Recommendations."
▪ No: Direct to an activity such as "Suggest Improvements" or "Re-evaluate
Quality."
3. Flow Control:
o Control Flows: Arrows connect activities, indicating the sequence of actions.
o Parallel Activities: If applicable, some activities can occur concurrently, represented
by forks in the diagram.
4. Swim lanes (Optional):
o To further clarify roles, swim lanes can be used to group activities by actors (e.g.,
Farmer, Quality Analyst, Compliance Officer) to show who is responsible for each
part of the process.

Example Workflow

1. Start the process.

2. Collect fruit data from farmers.
3. Process the collected data.
4. Analyse fruit quality.
5. Decision: Check if the quality meets export standards.
o If yes, generate an advisory report.
o If no, suggest improvements and re-evaluate quality.
6. Provide recommendations based on the analysis.
7. End the process.
Activity Diagram :-
Explication Of Activity Diagram: -
An activity diagram for the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system outlines the
workflow for assessing fruit quality and generating export advisories. Here’s a brief
explanation:

Key Components:

1. Activities:
o Start: Initiates the process.
o Collect Fruit Data: Gathers information about the fruits.
o Process Data: Organizes the collected information for analysis.
o Analyse Fruit Quality: Evaluates the fruit against quality criteria.
o Check Compliance: Determines if the quality meets export standards.
o Generate Advisory Report: Creates a report summarizing the analysis and
compliance.
o Provide Recommendations: Offers suggestions for improvement based on findings.
o End: Marks the completion of the process.
2. Decision Points:
o Compliance Met? A critical decision point that determines the next steps based on
whether the fruit meets standards.
 COMPONENT DIAGRAM: -
A component diagram provides a high-level view of the system architecture, illustrating the
organization and relationships of the software components within the "Fruit Quality and
Export Advisory" system. It focuses on how components interact and depend on each other,
making it useful for understanding system modularity and integration.

Key Components of the Component Diagram

1. Components:
o Data Collection Module: Handles the collection of fruit data from various sensors
and user inputs.
▪ Interfaces with sensors and users to gather relevant information about fruit.
o Quality Analysis Module: Processes the collected data to evaluate fruit quality using
algorithms and machine learning techniques.
▪ Depends on data from the Data Collection Module and may call external
libraries for analysis.
o Compliance Checking Module: Validates the analysed data against export standards.
▪ Interfaces with quality data from the Quality Analysis Module and retrieves
standards from the database.
o Advisory Generation Module: Compiles results from the analysis and compliance
checking into a report.
▪ Depends on inputs from both the Quality Analysis and Compliance Checking
Modules.
o Database Module: Stores all data related to fruits, analysis results, compliance
standards, and generated reports.
▪ Acts as the central repository for persistent data and can be accessed by all
other modules.
o User Interface Module: Facilitates user interaction with the system, allowing
farmers, analysts, and compliance officers to input data and view reports.
▪ Interacts with all other modules to present information to users.
2. Interfaces:
o APIs (Application Programming Interfaces): Define how components
communicate with each other. For example:
▪ The Quality Analysis Module might have an interface to access sensor data
from the Data Collection Module.
▪ The Advisory Generation Module uses interfaces to retrieve data from both
the Compliance Checking and Quality Analysis Modules.
o User Interfaces: Provide endpoints for users to interact with the system.
3. Dependencies:
o Arrows between components indicate dependencies, showing which components rely
on others to function. For example:
▪ The Advisory Generation Module depends on both the Quality Analysis and
Compliance Checking Modules to produce a comprehensive report.
Component Diagram: -
Explanation Of Components Diagram: -

A component diagram for the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system illustrates the
system's architecture and how its various software components interact. Here’s a brief
explanation:

Key Components:

1. Data Collection Module: Gathers fruit data from sensors and user inputs.
2. Quality Analysis Module: Evaluates fruit quality using data processing and machine learning
techniques.
3. Compliance Checking Module: Validates quality against export standards.
4. Advisory Generation Module: Compiles analysis and compliance results into a report.
5. Database Module: Stores all relevant data, including fruit details, analysis results, and
reports.
6. User Interface Module: Provides a platform for users (farmers, analysts, compliance
officers) to input data and view reports.

Interfaces and Dependencies:

• APIs define how these components communicate, with arrows showing dependencies
between them (e.g., the Advisory Generation Module relies on data from both the Quality
Analysis and Compliance Checking Modules).
 Deployment Diagram: -
A deployment diagram provides a visual representation of the physical deployment of
artifacts on nodes within a system. It shows how software components are distributed across
hardware and illustrates the relationships and communication between different system
elements. For the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system, a deployment diagram would
detail how the system components are deployed in a real-world environment.

Key Components of the Deployment Diagram

1. Nodes:
o Server Node: Represents the main server where the application is hosted. This node
handles the core processing, including data collection, quality analysis, compliance
checking, and advisory generation.
o Database Server: A separate node that hosts the database where all fruit data,
analysis results, and reports are stored. This could be a relational database
management system (RDBMS).
o Client Node: Represents the devices used by users (e.g., farmers, quality analysts,
compliance officers) to access the system. This could include PCs, tablets, or mobile
devices.
o Sensor Node: Physical devices that collect data about fruit conditions, such as
temperature and humidity sensors or cameras that capture images of the fruits.
2. Artifacts:
o Application Software: The software that implements the functionalities of the Fruit
Quality and Export Advisory system, deployed on the server node.
o Database: The structured set of data stored on the database server, containing
information about fruits, analysis, and compliance standards.
o User Interface: Front-end applications or web interfaces that run on client nodes,
allowing users to interact with the system.
3. Communication Paths:
o Network Connections: Lines between nodes represent communication paths,
indicating how data flows between the server, database, client devices, and sensor
nodes. This includes protocols like HTTP/HTTPS for web services and database
connections.
4. Deployment Specifications:
o Each node may include specifications such as operating systems, software versions,
and network configurations to give a clearer picture of the deployment environment.

The deployment diagram for the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system illustrates the physical
layout of the system's architecture, highlighting how different components are deployed across
various hardware nodes. It emphasizes communication paths and relationships between server-side
and client-side components, providing insights into the system's infrastructure and operational
environment. This diagram is crucial for understanding how the system is set up in a production
environment and how it interacts with physical devices.
Deployment Diagram :-
Explanation Of Deployment Diagram:-
A deployment diagram for the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system illustrates the
physical arrangement of software components across hardware nodes. Here’s a brief
explanation:

Key Components:

1. Nodes:
o Server Node: Hosts the main application that handles data processing and quality
analysis.
o Database Server: Stores all data related to fruits, analysis results, and reports.
o Client Node: Represents user devices (PCs, tablets, mobiles) used to access the
system.
o Sensor Node: Includes physical devices that collect fruit-related data, such as
temperature and humidity sensors.
2. Artifacts:
o Application Software: The system's software deployed on the server.
o Database: The data repository located on the database server.
o User Interface: Front-end applications that allow users to interact with the system.
3. Communication Paths:
o Lines between nodes indicate network connections, showing how data flows between
servers, client devices, and sensors.
 Sequence Diagram: -
A sequence diagram is a type of interaction diagram that shows how objects in a system
interact with each other over time. It illustrates the sequence of messages exchanged among
the components during a specific use case or process. For the "Fruit Quality and Export
Advisory" system, a sequence diagram would detail the interactions involved in the quality
assessment and advisory generation process.

Key Components of the Sequence Diagram

1. Actors:
o Farmer: Initiates the process by providing data about the fruits.
o Quality Analyst: Analyses the collected data and generates reports.
o Compliance Officer: Verifies compliance with export standards.
o System: Represents the central application processing the data.
2. Objects/Components:
o Data Collection Module: Responsible for gathering data from farmers and sensors.
o Quality Analysis Module: Processes and analyses the collected fruit data.
o Compliance Checking Module: Validates the quality results against export
standards.
o Advisory Generation Module: Creates the final advisory report based on the
analysis and compliance check.
3. Lifelines:
o Vertical dashed lines representing the existence of actors and components throughout
the interaction.
4. Messages:
o Horizontal arrows indicate the messages exchanged between actors and components,
showing the sequence of interactions.
o Messages can include function calls, data requests, and responses (e.g., "Collect
Data", "Analyse Quality", "Check Compliance", "Generate Report").
5. Activation Boxes:
o Rectangles on the lifelines that show when an object is active and processing
messages.

Example Workflow
1. Farmer sends fruit data to the Data Collection Module.
2. Data Collection Module processes the input and sends it to the Quality Analysis Module.
3. Quality Analysis Module analyses the data and returns the results to the Compliance
Checking Module.
4. Compliance Checking Module verifies the results against standards and communicates the
compliance status to the Advisory Generation Module.
5. Advisory Generation Module generates an advisory report and sends it back to the Farmer
and the Quality Analyst.
Sequence Diagram :-
Explanation Of Sequence Diagram: -
A sequence diagram for the "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system illustrates the
interactions among various components over time during a specific process, such as assessing
fruit quality and generating advisories. Here’s a brief explanation:

Key Components:

1. Actors:
o Farmer: Provides data about the fruits.
o Quality Analyst: Analyses the data and reviews reports.
o Compliance Officer: Checks compliance with export standards.
2. Objects/Components:
o Data Collection Module: Gathers data from farmers and sensors.
o Quality Analysis Module: Analyses the fruit quality.
o Compliance Checking Module: Validates results against standards.
o Advisory Generation Module: Compiles results into a final report.
3. Messages:
o Horizontal arrows indicate the sequence of messages exchanged between actors and
components, such as requests for data and responses.
 Conclusion
The "Fruit Quality and Export Advisory" system is designed to streamline the process of
assessing fruit quality and ensuring compliance with export standards. Through various UML
diagrams, including state diagrams, class diagrams, use case diagrams, activity diagrams,
component diagrams, deployment diagrams, and sequence diagrams, we gain a
comprehensive understanding of the system’s structure, interactions, and workflows.

• State Diagram: Illustrates the dynamic behaviour of the system by outlining various
states and transitions, capturing the lifecycle of fruit quality evaluation.
• Class Diagram: Provides a structural overview of the system's components, detailing
classes, attributes, and their relationships, ensuring clear organization and modularity.
• Use Case Diagram: Highlights the interactions between users and the system
functionalities, emphasizing user roles and the key tasks performed within the system.
• Activity Diagram: Maps out the sequential flow of activities involved in the quality
assessment process, showing how data is collected, analysed, and reported.
• Component Diagram: Depicts the modular architecture of the system, illustrating
how various software components interact and their dependencies.
• Deployment Diagram: Visualizes the physical arrangement of software and
hardware components, clarifying how the system is implemented in a real-world
environment.
• Sequence Diagram: Details the interactions among system components over time,
capturing the order of messages exchanged during specific processes.
 REFERANCE

UML Diagrams:

• Brooch, G., Rumbaugh, J., & Jacobson, I. (2022). . Addison-Wesley.

• Fowler, M. (24). UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modelling
Language. Addison-Wesley.

Software Engineering:

• Sommerville, I. (2023). Software Engineering. Pearson.

• Pressman, R. S. (2024). Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach. McGraw-
Hill.

Domain-Specific Literature:

• Kader, A. A., & Arpaio, M. (2004). Quality of Fruits and Vegetables: A Handbook
for Researchers and Extension Workers. Food Products Press.

Online Resources:

• UML diagrams and their applications: Lucid chart

• Software modelling concepts: IBM Developer