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    Communication System

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    Communication System

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    Communication System

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    Communication Systems

    Lecture - 1
    Tushar Naahal
    IIT Roorkee
    Introduction:
    Elements of Communication:
    Block diagram of communication system:
    Terms:
    1) Transducer:
    Any device that converts one form of energy into another

    2) Signal:
    Information converted in electrical form and suitable for transmission. It can be analog or
    digital.

    3) Noise:
    unwanted signals that tend to disturb the transmission and processing of message
    signals in communication system.
    4) Transmitter:
    It processes the incoming message signal so as to make it suitable for transmission
    through a channel and subsequent reception.

    5) Receiver:
    It extracts the desired message signals from the received signals at the channel output.
    6) Attenuation:
    The loss of strength of a signal while propagating through a medium.
    Terms:
    7) Amplification:
    Process of increasing the amplitude(strength) of a signal using an amplifier.

    8) Range:
    Largest distance between a source and a destination up to which the signal is received
    with sufficient strength.
    9) Bandwidth:
    The frequency range over which an equipment operates

    10) Modulation:
    It is the process of superimposing the low frequency message signal on a high frequency
    carrier wave.

    11) Demodulation:
    It is the process of retrieval of information from carrier wave at the receiver end.

    10) Repeater:
    It Is a combination of receiver and transmitter.
    Bandwidth of Signal and Transmission Medium:
    Range of frequency used for information signal:
    Bandwidth
    Speech Signal 300Hz- 3100Hz. 2800Hz
    Music Signal. 20Hz - 20,000Hz 20,000Hz
    Video Signal 4.2 MHz
    TV Signal 6 MHz

    Operating frequency of channels: Bandwidth


    Wire (eg: Coaxial cable) 750MHz (109 Hz to 1010 Hz)
    Free Space Few KHz to few GHz (103 – 1010 Hz)
    Optical Fiber 1 THz to 1000THz ( 1012 - 1015 Hz)

    No. of channels = total bandwidth of channel


    bandwidth needed per channel
    Propagation of EM waves:
    Ground waves:
    The mode of propogation is called surface wave propagation and
    the wave glides over the surface of the earth.
    It is attenuated due to absorption of energy by earth surface
    Range = 2𝑅ℎ
    Propagation of EM waves:
    Sky waves:
    Long distance propagation done by Ionosphere reflection
    Ionosphere: 65km to 400km
    Reflected frequencies: 3 to 30 MHz
    Frequency > 30 MHz penetrates Ionosphere
    Propagation of EM waves:
    Space waves:
    For frequencies > 40 MHz
    For satellite as well as Line of Sight (LOS) Communication

    Max LOS = dT + dR = 2ℎ(𝑡)𝑅 + 2ℎ(𝑟)𝑅


    Transmission of EM waves through space:

    Antenna Size:
    𝜆
    Length is comparable to wavelength of the signal. 𝑙 ≥
    4

    Radiation Power:
    𝑙
    Pradiation ∝
    𝜆2
    Problems in transmission of baseband signal:

    1) Antenna Size

    2) Radiation power

    3) Mixing of signals

    Solution?
    Q) To double the covering range of a TV transmission tower, its height
    should be multiplied by
    𝟏
    a) √𝟐

    b) 2
    c) 4
    d) √𝟐
    JEE Main 2019
    Q1) In a communication system operating at wavelength 800nm, only one
    percent of source frequency is available as signal bandwidth. The number
    of channels accommodated for transmitting TV signals of band width
    6MHz are( Take velocity of light c = 3 x 108 m/s, h = 6.6 x 10-34 J-s)
    a) 3.75 x 106
    b) 3.86 x 106
    c) 6.25 x 105
    d) 4.87 x 105
    JEE Main 2019
    Q1) The physical sizes of the transmitter and receiver antenna in a
    communication system are
    a) Independent of both carrier and modulation frequency
    b) inversely proportional to carrier frequency
    c) inversely proportional to modulation frequency
    d) proportional to carrier frequency
    JEE Main 2019
    Q) In a line of sight radio communication, a distance of about 50 km is kept
    between the transmitting and receiving antennas. If the height of the
    receiving antenna is 70 m, then the minimum height of the transmitting
    antenna should be ( Radius of the Earth = 6.4 x 106 m).
    a) 20 m
    b) 51 m
    c) 32 m
    d) 40 m
    JEE Main 2020
    Need for modulation:
    Modulation and Carrier wave:
    Types of Modulation:

    During Modulation Ac , 𝜔c and 𝜙 can be controlled by information


    signal.
    1) Amplitude modulation (AM)
    2) Frequency Modulation (FM)
    3) Phase Modulation(PM)
    Amplitude Modulation:
    Amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the
    information signal
    Amplitude Modulation:

    Let c(t)= Ac sinωct represent carrier wave and m(t)=Am sinωmt represent the
    message or the modulating signal where ωm = 2πfm is the angular frequency of
    the message signal.
    modulated signal cm (t)

    Here ωc – ωm and ωc + ωm are respectively called the lower side and upper
    side frequencies.
    Amplitude Modulation:

    Amplitude vs 𝜔 for an amplitude modulated signal


    Amplitude Modulation:
    Production of AM wave:
    Detection of AM wave:
    Q: JEE MAINS 2020
    Q: JEE MAINS 2019
    Q: JEE MAINS 2019

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