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Tutorial3 EP2110

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4 views

Tutorial3 EP2110

Uploaded by

Shriram A ep23b019
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Problem Set

EP 2110: Introduction to Mathematical Physics


Dept. of Physics, IITM

Linear operators , Adjoints and Inner product


Problem Set 3

• Problem 1: In the three-dimensional LVS with basis vectors


     
1 0 0
|ϕ1 ⟩ = 0 , |ϕ2 ⟩ = 1 , |ϕ3 ⟩ = 0 ,
     (1)
0 0 1

find a vector |ψ⟩ such that ⟨ϕi | ψ⟩ = 1 for i = 1, 2 and 3.

• Problem 2: In a real n-dimensional LVS, consider the vector |ψk ⟩ (1 ≤ k ≤ n) given


by
       
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
       
0 1 0 1 1 1 1
  
|ψ1 ⟩ = 0 , |ψ2 ⟩ = √ 0 , |ψ3 ⟩ = √ 0 , · · · |ψn ⟩ = √ 1 , (2)
 
  2  3  n 
 ..   ..   ..   .. 
. . . .
0 0 0 1

(a) Does the set {|ψk ⟩ (1 ≤ k ≤ n)} form a basis in the space?
(b) Construct a vector |χ⟩ such that ⟨ψk | χ⟩ = 1 for every k (1 ≤ k ≤ n).

• Problem 3: If A and B are linear operators in V with domains DA , DB and ranges


∆A , ∆B , respectively, what are the domains of the operators AB and BA?

• Problem 4: Express the following matrix function explicitly in terms of a matrix


 
0 a 0
eA , with A = 0 0 b  (3)
0 0 0

1
• Problem 5: Let |ϕ⟩ = (x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · ) be an arbitrary element of ℓ2 . Consider the
following operators Ai whose actions on |ϕ⟩ are as follows:

(i) A1 |ϕ⟩ = (2x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · )


(ii) A2 |ϕ⟩ = (0, x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · )
(iii) A3 |ϕ⟩ = (1, x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · )

(a) Check the linearity of the operators.


(b) Write down the matrix representations (in the natural basis) for each of the op-
erators.
Note: Natural basis refers to the following basis,

e1 = (1, 0, 0, 0, ...)
e2 = (0, 1, 0, 0, ...)
e3 = (0, 0, 1, 0, ...) (4)
.
.

(c) What are the domains of the operators.

Note : ℓ2 is defined as the vector space of sequence of real numbers {(xk )}k∈N such
that,
X∞
|xk |2 < ∞ (5)
k=1

• Problem 6: If A is a non-Hermitian operator. Show that the operators A + A† and


i(A − A† ) are Hermitian.

• Problem 7: Suppose that in an orthonormal basis given by {|a⟩ , |b⟩ , |c⟩}. An operator
 acts as follows,

 |a⟩ = 2 |a⟩
 |b⟩ = 3 |a⟩ − i |c⟩ (6)
 |c⟩ = − |b⟩

Determine the matrix representation of operator Â.

• Problem 8: An important operator used in quantum computation is the Hadamard


gate, which is represented by the matrix-
 
1 1 1
Ô = √ (7)
2 1 −1

– Check whether Ô is (i) Hermitian, (ii) Unitary.

2
– Evaluate how the Hadamard gate acts upon the up and down basis states of the
system
 
1
|+⟩ =
0
  (8)
0
|−⟩ =
1

• Problem 9: We can P define na function of a matrix M , f (M ) through a Taylor series


expansion f (M ) = n fn M . Now consider M to be the matrix,


0 −1
M =i (9)
1 0

Show that exp (iθM ) takes the form,

exp (iθM ) = A(θ)I + B(θ)M (10)

where I is a 2 × 2 matrix and A and B are functions you must determine. What is the
algebraic property of the matrix M (of arbitrary dimensions) that would lead to this
result?

• Problem 10: Show that if a unitary operator U is represented as exp (iaG), where G
is an operator and a ∈ R. Then G is a self-adjoint operator i.e. G† = G.

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