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Medical Imaging Processing

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48 views24 pages

Medical Imaging Processing

Notes

Uploaded by

ddo355595
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Dr. N. Nandakumar, Ph.D.

,
[Specialization in Medical Robotics]
Visiting Professor

Hindusthan College of Engineering And Technology


Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC
(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Othakalmandabam Post, Coimbatore
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Academic Year 2022-2023

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 1


SEMESTER VII

Course Code: 21BM7201

DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC


EQUIPMENT – II

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 2


DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC
EQUIPMENT – II

UNIT – III DIATHERMY

Short wave diathermy – Microwave diathermy –


Ultrasonic therapy unit – Electro diagnostic and
therapeutic apparatus – Interferential current therapy
– Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
– Spinal cord stimulator – Bladder stimulator – Deep
brain stimulation – Photo therapy unit.
PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 3
SEMESTER VII

DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC


EQUIPMENT – II

2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 4


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Microwave diathermy uses electromagnetic


radiation by microwaves and heats to a lesser
tissue depth than short-wave diathermy. It is
primarily used to heat superficial muscles and
joints such as the shoulder.

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 5


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Microwave and sho rtwave radio freque ncy


radiation is used clinically to heat tissue situated
deep in the body and minimize the coincidental
rise in skin temperature seen with other forms of
therapeutic heating. Microwave radiation is
defined as that with a frequency of 300 MHz-300
GHz, which lies on the electromagnetic spectrum
between radio frequency and infrared radiation.
PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 6
2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 7


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 8


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 9


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

A m i c r o w a v e d ia t h e r m y u n i t w i t h
antenna (Figure 1) is easy to use and robust,
although not found as frequently in clinics as
s ho r t w a v e t h e r ap y u n i t s . T h e c o m m o n
indications for microwave therapy include soft
tissue lesions of traumatic origin, degenerative
or chronic arthropathy and some localized
infections. PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 10
2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 11


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Equipment

Microwave diathermy units and domestic


microwave ovens usually operate at the
internationally agreed frequency of 2450 MHz
(2.45 GHz). Some clinical devices, articularly in the
United States, emit radiation with a frequency of
915MHz.

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 12


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Equipment

Although these are less common in Europe, energy


at this lower frequency is absorbed more
efficiently and uniformly within the tissues and
lies close to 750 MHz, the optimum frequency for
therapeutic heating.

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 13


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Interactions between microwaves and tissue

Reflection at the air-skin interface occurs


frequently when non-contact applicators are used,
occasionally generating unacceptably intense stray
radiation. The efficacy of reflection of microwaves
at such interfaces is determined by the relative
conductivity and dielectric constant of the tissues,
PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 14
2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Interactions between microwaves and tissue

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 15


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Where it should not be used?

1.Cancer

2.Tuberculosis of Bone

3.Recent exposure to X-rays

4 .Defe ctive blood circulation (In cases like


Diabetes)

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 16


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Advantages
1.Pain is relieved
2.Healing of infections is faster
3.Aids in relaxation

Disadvantages
1.Burns
2.Injuries to eyes

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 17


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Schematic Diagram of a Microwave Diathermy


Unit: The essential parts of a microwave
diathermy unit are shown in Fig. The mains
supply voltage is applied to an interference
suppression filter. This filter helps to bypass the
high frequency pick-up generated by the
magnetron. A fan motor is directly connected to
the mains supply. The fan is used to cool the
PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 18
magnetron.
2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

The Delay Circuit: It is necessary for the


magnetron to warm up for 3 to 4 minutes before
power may be derived from it. A delay circuit is
incorporated in the apparatus which connects the
anode supply to the magnetron only after this time
elapses. The arrangement is such that a lamp lights
up after 4 minutes indicating that the apparatus is
ready for use.
PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 19
2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

The Magnetron Circuit: The magnetron filament


heating voltage is obtained directly from
a separate secondary winding of the transformer.
The filament cathode circuit contains interference-
suppression filters. The anode supply to the
magnetron can be either DC or AC.

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 20


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

Safety Circuits: There are chances of the


magnetron being damaged due to an excessive
flow of current. It is thus protected by inserting
a fuse (500 mA) in the anode supply circuit of the
magnetron. The protection of both the patient and
the radiator is ensured by the automatic selection
of the control range depending on the type of the
radiator used.
PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 21
2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 22


2. MICROWAVE DIATHERMY

PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 23


Thank you
PRIME BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS 24

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