Boundary Layer Theory Introduction The viscous terms in the Navier-Stokes equation can be neglected as: 1) High Reynolds number regions of flow where net viscous forces are known to be negligible compared to inertial and/or pressure forces; we call these inviscid regions of flow 2) When the vortices are negligibly small; we call these irrotational flow Removal of the viscous terms from the Navier-Stokes equation yields the (Euler equation) we use the continuity and Euler equations to obtain the outer flow velocity field. Prandtl idea was to divide the flow into two regions: - Outer flow region that is inviscid and/or irrotational, no velocity gradient and so the effect of viscosity is negligible and Euler equations applied to obtain the outer flow velocity field, - Inner flow region called a boundary layer: a very thin region of flow nears a solid wall where viscous forces and rotationality cannot be ignored. Laminar flat plate boundary layer profile Photograph Boundary layer flow The velocity of the fluid at the solid surface must be the same as that the solid surface. If the solid surface is stationary, the velocity of the fluid at the surface must be zero. As a result, there is a region close to the surfacethrough which the velocity increases from zero velocity at the solid surface to the main stream (velocity gradient). Boundary layer. is a narrow region, near the solid surface, which velocity gradient and shear stresses are large. Where viscous forces and rationality cannot be ignored The viscous layers, either laminar or turbulent. Boundary layer theory Is the subject concemed with the study of velocity gradients, shear stresses, forces and energy loss in the boundary layer. Applications of Boundary Layer Theory This theory is applied where there is a relative velocity between fluid and a solid body such as ; Solid moves while fluid fixed Fluid moves while solid fixed Both of solid and fluid move but with different velocities. In the Above cases the flow domain can be divided into two parts; In zone 1: completely viscous flow In zone 2: non-viscous flow Naturally due to the solid boundary (No slip boundary condition), there is velocity gradient near the solid and due to viscosity, there will be shear stress.The applications of boundary layer theory include: 1- Flow over flat plateBasic Concepts of Boundary Layer Fluid Resistance ol WAHL al Fluid resistance can be divided into two components: 1- Parallel to flow direction (Drag force Fy) 2- Normal to flow direction (Lift force F,) Fp= CoApS 5 R= Gap Where; A: the projected area ve es p+: dynamic pressure V: average fluid velocity €p and C, : drag and lift coefficients Fluid resistance in general depends on; I- The geometry of body. 2- Fluid density. 3. Viscosity. 4- Elastic property of the fluid. S- Velocity. Also, ftom dimensional analysis; Cp or C, = f(geometry Res Ma) While for incompressible fluid;Gp or C, = f (geometry , Ry) The total force on each clement of area dA of the body surface can be resolved into normal and tangential components; is the The normal components are pressure forces, Their resultant in the direction of the flov pressure drag: (pp = JP aA sind The tangential components are frictional resistance and their resultant in the direction of flow is friction drag (adr = JrdA cose Total drag ; Fp = Fop + For a" PA vag, so P Tatal Drag = Fo, 4 =Boundary layer thickness & at some location x along the plate is sketched in Figure below. By convention, 5 is usually defined as the distance away from the wall at which the velocity component parallel to the wall is 99 per-cent of the fluid speed outside the boundary layer. a both streamlines and (x) for the boundary layer growing on a flat plate Boundary layer ‘ Figure: Comparison of streamlines and the curve representing 6 as a function of x for a flat plate boundary layer. Where: Vx Rex v Rex ; is the local Reynolds number of the flow along the plate surface. V: is the free-stream speed v: is the kinematic viscosity Boundary layer thickness is the normal distance from the solid boundary at which 99% velocity is reached. At the limit of boundary layer (at y = 6) Where y 6,099 > Rex, cr) Example: An aluminum canoe moves horizontally along the surface of a lake at 5.0 mi/h as shown in figure. The temperature of the lake water is 50°F. The bottom of the canoe is 16 ft long and is flat. Is the boundary layer on the canoe bottom laminar or turbulent? SOLUTION We are to assess whether the boundary layer on the bottom of a canoe is laminar or turbulent. : ; Assumptions | The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 Ridges, dings, and other nonuniformities in the bottom of the canoe are ignored; the bottom is assumed to be a smooth flat plate aligned exactly with the direction of flow. ve Rex v 50x16 5280 =— > ts = 8.34: 10° ex = TA07x10-> * 3600 : Since Rex is much greater than Rex, cr , and is even greater than Rex, transition, the boundary layer is definitely turbulent by the back of the canoe. Discussion Since the canoe bottom is not perfectly smooth or perfectly flat, and since we expect some disturbances in the lake water due to waves, the paddles, swimming fish, etc., transition to turbulence is expected to occur much earlier andmore rapidly than illustrated for the ideal case in Fig. 7.3. Hence, we are even more confident that this boundary layer is turbulent Development of Boundary layer Is the change in flow nature as the boundary layer grows ———— KX B. Turbulent B.L. Parabolic EL- logarthnic Profile In turbulent region; Velocity distribution is more uniform Velocity gradient at the wall is larger Shear stress at the wall is larger For laminar layer; For turbulent layer; 5_ 037 xR Where; x: distance from the leading edge. For laminar flow 6 a x3 For turbulent flow cero Where; Uxp oS 1 Boundary Layer Thickness Parameters There are other means of expressing the growth of boundary layer. One of those is displacement thickness (5")Displacement Thickness is the distance that a streamline of the boundary layer is deflected away from the wall due to the effect of the frictional force solid surface. Up) =v v S. eu) Boundary layer * Figure: Displacement thickness defined by a streamline outside of the boundary layer. OR Displacement thickness: the distance (y) by which the external free stream is effectively displaced due to the formation of the boundary layer Ifa free stream of velocity U is effectively displaced by 5” , the loss of flow over the displacement = p U 6" per unit width. Loss of flow actually affected by the profile, the elementary hatched area at distance (y) = p (U—u) dy Total loss of flow per unit width= {-°(U —u)dy pus* = fy p(U—u)dy For incompressible flow, p can be canceled. 6° =f. (1-Z)ay OR 6 8 =f, (1-Z)ay 6° = 6/3 for a laminar profile 5° =~ 6/8 for a turbulent profile Momentum Thickness (0) The distance (y) corresponding to momentum defict brought about by the actual profile in relation to uniform profile. For incompressible flow ie a o={, u ( p ay 6 == for a laminar profile Or a6 for a turbulent profile