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General Mathematics
Second Quarter
Module 13: Truth Tables

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VII-CENTRAL VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SIQUIJOR

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General Mathematics
Second Quarter
Module 13: Truth Tables

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 INTRODUCTION

This module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education Program to

ensure attainment of the standards expected of you as learner.

This learning material aims to equip you with the essential knowledge on
constructing truth tables.

This includes the following activities/tasks:

▪ Expected Learning Outcome – This lays out the learning outcome that
you are expected to have accomplished at the end of the module.
▪ Pre-test – This determines your prior learning on the particular lesson
you are about to take.
▪ Discussion of the lesson – This provides you with the important
knowledge, principles and attitude that will help you meet the expected
learning outcome.
▪ Learning Activities – These provide you with the application of the
knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and enable
you to further enhance your skills as you carry out prescribed tasks.
▪ Post-test – This evaluates your overall understanding about the module.

With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this material
engaging and challenging as it develops you critical thinking skills.

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 What I need to know

After going through this module, you will be able to

➢ Determine the possible truth value of a given compound proposition
using truth tables and identify tautologies and contradictions.
Code: M11GM-IIg-3, g-4, and h-1

What I know

Pre-Test
A. Choose the letter that correspond to the correct answer.

1. If p is true and q is false, what is the truth value of p Λ ~p?

a. True b. false
c. not enough information d. cannot be determined

2. If p is true and q, what is the truth value of p Λ q?

a. True b. false
c. not enough information d. cannot be determined

3. The _____ of two statements is false only if each component is false.

a. conjunction b. conditional c. disjunction d. negation

4. If p is false, what is the truth of ~p?

a. true b. false
c. cannot be determined d. not enough information

5. The ______ of two statements is true only if each component is true.

a. conjunction b. conditional c. disjunction d. negation

6. It shows the truthfulness or falsity of a statement.

a. conjunction b. conditional c. disjunction d. truth table

7. Propositional logic uses symbols to stand for statement and…

a. Nonsatements b. The ralationships between subject and predicate
c. Truth table d. The relationship between statements

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8. The symbolization for a conjunction is…
a. p q b. p & q c. p ∨ q d. ~p

9. In a disjunction, even if one of the statements is false the whole disjunction is

still…
a. False b. Negated c. True d. Both true and false
b.
10. In a conditional statement, the first part is the antecedent and the second
part is the…
a. Predicate b. Consequent c. Subject d. Disjunct

11. The name of the following argument form is… p q ~ p therefore ~q.
a. Denying the consequent b. Disjunctive syllogism
c. Modus tollens d. denying the antecedent
12. in a truth table for a two-variable argument, the first guide column has the
following truth values:
a. T, T, F F
b. F, F, T, T
c. T, F, T, F
d. T, F, F, F

What’s In

Today we will discussed our new topic, but before that let’s have
first a recap on what we have discussed last meeting. Can you still
remember what our topic last meeting? Try doing the activity below

B. Write the corresponding symbols of each type of statement

Biconditional - _______
Conditional - _______
Conjunction - _______
Negation - _______
b. Construct a table for each of the following :(4 points each)
5. p ~q
6. ~p q
7. p v (q ~p)

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 What’s New
In previous sessions, we identified the following statements as
compound and also their corresponding logical operators:
Logical Connectors Logical Operators

not p ~p

p and q p Λq

p or q p ∨ q

if p then q p q

p if and only if p q

Where p and q are propositions.

By now, you should have mastered the truth table of the logical operators
because we are going to use them to determine all possible truth values of more
complex compound propositions using truth tables.

What is It?

Constructing truth tables.

Example 1. Let p and q be propositions. Construct the truth table for the
compound proposition (p q) Λ (q p)
Solution: As previously discussed, since there are two primitive
propositions p and q involved, the truth table should have four
rows which consist all possible truth values combination of p
and q.
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F

Using the truth table for the definition of the conditional statements p q
and q p, we add two more columns to indicate the truth values of
p q and q p,

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 p q p q q p
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
In the final column, we add the truth value of (p q) Λ (q p),
which is a conjunction involving p q and q p as disjuncts.

p q p q q p (p q) Λ (q p)
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
Example 2. Consider the compound proposition [(p r) Λ (q r)] [(p v q) r]
Construct its truth table.
Solution: There are three primitive propositions involved, and so the truth for t
able for the compound proposition has 8 rows.
We first consider the truth table pertaining to (p r) Λ (q r), the
hypothesis of the entire conditional.

p q r p q q r (p q) Λ (q r)
T T T T T T
T T F F F F
T F T T T T
T F F F T F
F T T T T T
F T F T F F
F F T T T T
F F F T T T

Next we consider the conclusion (p v q) r of the conditional. For this,

we require the truth value of p v q and (p v q) r, which will be appended
to the table above.

p q r p q q r (p q) Λ (q r) p v q (p v q) r
T T T T T T T T
T T F F F F T F
T F T T T T T T
T F F F T F T F
F T T T T T T T
F T F T F F T F
F F T T T T F T
F F F T T T F T

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 Lastly, we consider the truth value of the proposition s which we define to be
[(p r) Λ (q r)] [(p v q) r]

p q r p q q r (p q) Λ(q r) p v q (p v q) r s
T T T T T T T T T
T T F F F F T F T
T F T T T T T T T
T F F F T F T F T
F T T T T T T T T
F T F T F F T F T
F F T T T T F T T
F F F T T T F T T

Note that regardless of the truth values of p, q, and r, proposition s is

always true. Such proposition are called tautologies.
TAUTOLOGY AND CONTRADICTION
Definition: A proposition that is always true is called tautology, while a
proposition that is always false is called a contradiction. We denote
tautologies by Τ and contradiction by 0.
Example 3. Let p and q be propositions. Using truth tables, show the following:
a. p v Τ is a tautology.
Solution: Note that Τ is always true. Hence in the disjunction p v Τ, there is
a least one true disjunct. Therefore, p v Τ is a tautology since
regardless of the truth value of p, p v Τ is true.

p r pvΤ
T T T
F t T

b. p Λ 0 is a contradiction
Solution:
Since 0 is always false, then the second column of the truth table
we will be constructing will contain Fs. We have the following truth
table

p 0 p v0
T F F
F F F

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 Regardless of the truth value of p, p Λ 0 is always false. Hence it is a
contradiction.

c. p (p v q) is a tautology
Solution:

We have the following truth table

p q p v q p (p v q)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T

Regardless of the truth values of p and q, p (p v q) is always true,

so it is a tautology.

d. (p ^ ( ~q)) ^ (p ^ q) is a contradiction.

Solution:
We have the following table
p q ~q p Λ ( ~q) p^q (p Λ ( ~q)) Λ (p Λ q)

T T F F T F

T F T T F F

F T F F F F

F F T F F F

We note that (p Λ (~q)) Λ (p Λ q) is false for any combination of truth

values of p and q. therefore (p Λ (~q)) Λ (p Λ q) is a contradiction.

Solved Examples:

1. Construct the truth table for the following compound propositions.

Assume all variables denote propositions

a. (~p) Λ (q Λ (~r))

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 Solution:
P q r ~p ~r q Λ (~r) (~p) Λ (q Λ (~r))
T T T F F F F
T T F F T T F
T F T F F F F
T F F F T F F
F T T T F F F
F T F T T T T
F F T T F F F
F F F T T F F

b. p ^ [(q v (~p)) ^ (~q)]

Solution:

Let r denote the proposition p Λ [(q v (~p)) Λ (~q)]

p q ~p ~q q v (~p q v (~p)) Λ (~q) r

T T F F T F F
T F F T F F F
F T T F T F F
F F T T T T F

We note that p Λ [(q v (~p)) Λ (~q)] is a contradiction.

What’s More

Make a truth table for the given expression.

1. (~p Λ q) v (p Λ ~p)
2. (p Λ ~q) v r

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 What I Have Learned

I learned that
❖ In constructing truth tables;
First, determine if the final result is a conjunction,
disjunction, or negation. Recall dominant connectives
and the use of parenthesis.
Next, you are going to complete the column.
Lastly, the truth table of a compound proposition of n
component statements, each represented by a
different letter, has 2n number of rows.
❖ proposition that is always true are called tautologies
❖ proposition that is always false is called a contradiction.

What I can do

ACTIVITY:
A. Directions: construct the truth table for the following compound
propositions. Assume all variables denote propositions.
1. (p v q) Λ [ ~ (p Λ q)]
2. ~ (p (q (p Λ q)))

B. Show that the following statements are tautologies by constructing

the truth table for each.
1. ((~p) v q) (p q)
2. [~ (p q)] [(p v q) Λ (~ (p Λ q))]

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 Assessment

POST TEST
A. Complete the table
Connective Symbol Type of Statement

and (1) conjunction

or v (2)

not ~ (3)

If…then (4) conditional

If and only if (5) biconditional

iif

B. Construct the truth table for the following compound propositions. Assume all
variables denote propositions.
1. ~(p Λ q)
2. ~(p v q)

Scoring Rubrics:

Level 4 3 2 1 0
Accuracy Complete Arrived at Incomplete Attempted No
solution the correct solution to solve evidence
with the answer and did of
correct but with not arrive attempting
answer incomplete at the to show
solution correct the
answer solution

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Oronce, Olando A. First Edition. “General Mathematics” 268 – 270. Quenzon
City: Rex Bookstore.

Lim, Yvette F, and Rizaldi C.Nocon. 2016. “Math for Engaged Leaning,
Senior High General Mathematics.” Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House
Inc.

Verzosa, Debbie Marie B. and Leo Andrei A. Crisologo, et al.2016. “Teaching

Guide for Senior High School General Mathematics” Quezon City:
Commission on Higher Education.

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