U.S.

History “Bible” – Milestone Review Master Study Guide

Mercantilism (SSUSH1a) systems that significantly shaped their trade based economy.
However, the Mid-Atlantic Colonies also farmed significant
● The founders of the British colonies were greatly quantities of wheat and corn, similar to the cash crop
influenced by an economic theory known as mercantilism. production of their southern neighbors.
● Mercantilism is an economic concept where the colonies ● Relations with American Indians: The natives who
served only to provide raw materials to the English resided there were typically relied upon for trade with the
businesses. English and not the target of war, as was often the case in
● Then, the English businesses used the raw materials to the other English colonial regions
make finished goods and then sell the finished goods back ● Economic development: Trading and agriculture based
to the colonist. economies
● Consequently, the English and its businesses became European Cultural Diversity (SSUSH2a)
stronger and wealthier, and the colonies became poorer and
weaker. ● The Mid-Atlantic Colonies were the most diverse because
there was no dominant culture.
Trans-Atlantic Trade (SSUSH1a)
● Various European cultures came to be represented in
● Mercantilism also inspired Parliament to control England’s American Colonies
transatlantic trade or Triangular Trade, which
connected Europe, Africa and North America (Colonies) ● Immigrants traveled from Scotland, Ireland, Netherlands,
and Germany.
● All goods shipped to or from British North America had to
travel in British ships, and any goods exported to Europe ● Religious immigrants included Protestant sects,
had to land first in Britain to pay British taxes. Catholicism, Judaism, and Quakerism.

Southern Colonies (SSUSH1b)

● Included: Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina and

The Middle Passage (SSUSH2b)
Georgia
● The Middle Passage: part of the Trans-Atlantic trade route
● Reason established: Colonist searching for gold and other were slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas.
financial resource
● Slavery in the Colonies increased due to the growth in
● Impact of location and place: The location of the tobacco production.
Southern Colonies, with the region’s rich soil and long
growing season, fostered the development of strong ● Slaves were brought to the Americas on dangerous slaves
agricultural producing colonies. ships.

● Relations with American Indians: Relations with ● Once in the Americas slaves were forced to fill the labor
American Indians in the Southern Colonies began roles in the colonies
somewhat as a peaceful coexistence. As more English African American Population (SSUSH2b)
colonists began to arrive and encroach further into native
lands, the relationship became more violent. ● African American culture grew as a result of increase in
need for unskilled labor.
● Economic development: Economy based on Agricultures,
development of cash-crops (tobacco, rice, indigo and ● The population had its greatest increase in the Southern
cotton) Colonies due to the need for unskilled labor in the cash-
crop fields such as tobacco.
New England Colonies (SSUSH1c)
Cultural Contribution of African Americans (SSUSH2b)
● Included: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and
New Hampshire ● There was not one African American culture, slaves
represented a large number of different cultures.
● Reason established: Puritans settle the colonies for
religious reasons ● However, slave on plantations started to develop their own
culture
● Impact of location and place: The poor, thin, rocky soils
and a relatively short growing season that made farming ● Examples of African American culture
difficult. However, plentiful forests and proximity to the
o Architecture: Shotgun House Plan
sea led New Englanders to eventually develop a thriving
ship building industry.
● Relations with American Indians: The New Englanders o Agriculture: Okra, watermelon, sweet potatoes,
did not openly embrace the American Indians but relied on
them for help in the difficult early years for survival. As the o Foodways: Methods of cooking such as BBQ
English population increased, the colonist had conflict with
Salutary Neglect (SSUSH2c)
American Indians due to settlement and ownership of land.
● Salutary Neglect: British policy that believed the colonies
● Economic development: Economy base on trading, small
would become more economically productive if they were
business and fishing industry shipping of goods
not restricted by British policies.
Mid-Atlantic Colonies (SSUSH1d)
● Led colonies to develop their own governments
● Included: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
● Early examples of American self-governance are House of
and Maryland
Burgess, Mayflower Compact and Town Meetings
● Reason established: For religious (religious tolerance) and
economic reasons
The Great Awakening (SSUSH2d)
● Impact of location and place: The colonies were
geographically fortunate to have good harbors and river ● The Great Awakening was a religious revival that
encourage colonist to develop their own personal
relationship with God.
The French and Indian War (SSUSH3a)
● Preachers stressed the power of the individual and to resist
● As British colonists moved west into the Ohio Valley, they the power of the Church of England
found themselves fighting French settlers and Native
● The Significance of the Great Awakening: Colonist
Americans.
began questioning traditional authority (King & Great
● In 1754, this tension between French and British colonials Britain).
resulted in the French and Indian War.
● Which leads colonist to rebel against the British
● It was so named because Britain fought the war against government and inspires the American Revolution.
France and its Native American allies (some Native
The Committees of Correspondence (SSUSH3b)
Americans helped the British).
● The Committees of Correspondence were created as a
● Native Americans tended to support the French because, as
direct response to the Intolerable acts
fur traders, the French built forts rather than permanent
settlements. ● The Committees of Correspondence were the first
organization linking the 13 colonies in their opposition to
The 1763 Treaty of Paris (SSUSH3a)
Intolerable.
● After nine years of fighting, France, Great Britain, and
● The committee was instrumental in the planning for the
Spain (a French ally) signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
First Continental Congress
● France gave up its claims in Canada and all lands east of
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (SSUSH3c)
the Mississippi River.
● In January 1776, patriot philosopher Thomas Paine
● Great Britain now stood alone as the one, true colonial
published Common Sense.
power in eastern North America.
● The Significance of Common Sense: Paine argued there
● Significance of Treaty of Paris (1763): The British
was no way to compromise with the British and war was
claimed they were protecting the Colonist during the War
inevitable.
and therefore the Colonist need to repay the British for
protection.

● Colonist and British tension grew when the English The Declaration of Independence (SSUSH4a)
Parliament passed laws to tax the colonists to pay for the
cost of keeping a large standing army in North America that ● In June 1776, the delegates to the Second Continental
would protect both Britain’s possessions and the American Congress decided to declare independence from Great
colonists from attacks. Britain.

Proclamation of 1763 (SSUSH3b)

● Great Britain now possessed vast new territories and felt ● They appointed a committee to prepare a Declaration of
Independence that would outline the reasons the colonist
 that it needed to find a way to control them. wanted to separate from British rule

● The first step the colonists found offensive was the ●

king's Proclamation of 1763.
● The Committee of Five was made up of Thomas Jefferson,
● The Proclamation of 1763: It forbade colonists from John Livingston, Ben Franklin, John Adams and Roger
settling west of the Appalachian Mountains and put the Sherman
territory under British military control. The proclamation
was intended to manage Britain's new territories and ensure ● Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft of the Declaration
peace with Native Americans. of Independence.

The Stamp Act (SSUSH3b) ● Significance of John Locke: He was an enlightenment

thinker that influenced the founding fathers during the
● Beginning in the mid 1760s, Parliament passed a series of writing of the Declaration of Independence.
laws and taxes that infuriated the Americans.
● Two of Locke’s philosophies
● Stamp Act: under this law, the British government taxed
nearly all printed material by requiring that it bear a o Natural Rights: All people have the .
government stamp. ▪ Thomas Jefferson said: Life, liberty and the pursuit of
The Intolerable Acts (SSUSH3b) happiness

● The Intolerable Acts led to the quartering of troops and o Social Contract: If government does not meet the needs
closed the port of Boston as punishment for the Boston Tea of the people, then the people have a right to overthrow
Party. the government or break the contract

● Colonists called for the First Continental Congress to The French Alliance (SSUSH4b)
protest these actions and formed colonial militias to resist
● Benjamin Franklin and John Adams serving as the
enforcement of these acts.
American ambassador to France, convinced the French to
Sons Liberty (SSUSH3b)
Provide financial and military assistance during the war.
● The Sons of Liberty often used violence to intimidate any
Military Leaders of the American Revolution (SSUSH4c)
merchant or royal official who might otherwise use the
stamps. George Washington (SSUSH4c)
● The Sons of Liberty destroyed large amounts of tea during ● When the American Revolution began, George Washington
the Boston Tea Party. was named commander in chief of the Continental Army.
Daughters of Liberty (SSUSH3b) ● George Washington was able to secure resources and train
soldiers to be better than local militias.
● Daughters of Liberty helped colonist boycott against the
British by using their skills to weave fabric and other Baron von Steuben (SSUSH4c)
products that were usually bought from Britain
● Baron Friedrich Von Steuben, from Prussia, helped
● Significance of Valley Forge the army faced problems Washington effectively used their time at Valley Forge to
with housing, food, clothing, disease and cold weather. train the Continental army.
● Yet, Washington with the help of Baron von Steuben was ● Washington and Steuben started a training program to turn
able to turn the Continental Army into a stronger military inexperienced recruits into a professional military.
force.
Marquis de LaFayette (SSUSH4c)

● Marquis de Lafayette was a French soldier that

Significant Battles of the American Revolution (SSUSH4d) commanded American troops and fought battles in many
states.
Battle of Trenton (SSUSH4d)
Valley Forge (SSUSH4c)
● In the Battle of Trenton: Washington made what seemed
to be an impossible Crossing of the Delaware River to ● Valley Forge: Washington and his troops spent the winter
defeat the British in the Battle of Trenton. of 1777–1778 in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
● The Battle of Trenton in New Jersey greatly lifted ● The troops spent six months at Valley Forge
American morale and gave people hope that, perhaps, the
revolution could actually succeed. The Articles of Confederation (SSUSH5a)
Battle of Saratoga (SSUSH4d) ● Following the American Revolution, the newly independent
states wanted to limit the power of the central (national or
● The British plan to defeat the rebellious Americans was to federal) government.
drive a wedge between New England and the rest of the
colonies. ● They preferred a confederation, in which each state would
maintain its sovereignty while being loosely unified as a
● British troops are trapped in the forest of New York and are nation.
forced to wait for British reinforcements.
● For this reason, Congress drafted the Articles of
● Major Points of the Battle of Saratoga Confederation.
o The British reinforcement from Canada were slowed due ● The Articles of Confederation became the first national
to the mountains of New York government in America.
o Colonist control the high ground at Bemis Heights with The Strengths in the Articles of Confederation (SSUSH5a)
fortifications at the Hudson River
● Two of the strengths of this new national government were
● This Battle of Saratoga considered a turning point in the the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance
American Revolution because it signaled to France that the in 1787.
Americans had a chance of winning.
● The Land Ordinance of 1785 divide and distribute the
Battle of Yorktown (SSUSH4d) land acquired from Great Britain north and west of the Ohio
● Britain’s plan to counter the French–American alliance was River at the end of the American Revolution.
to have General Charles Cornwallis move the war to the ● The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 divided the area into
southern states to try to separate those colonies from smaller territories and provided guidelines under which new
revolutionary forces in the North. states could be admitted to the union.
● At the Battle of Yorktown, the British forces were ● 4 Benefits of the Northwest Ordinance
attacked by the combined French and American armies and
a French fleet. o Banned slavery above the Ohio River Valley, leads to
sectionalism (North vs. South)
● Cut-off from any reinforcements, Cornwallis was forced to
surrender, and the American Revolution came to an end in o America encouraged westward migration (Manifest
North America. Destiny)

The Roles of Women (SSUSH4e) o Made laws for admitting new states into the Union such
as Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
● Women were known as “camp followers” and would wash,
sew, cook, and nurse the wounded and sick in camp. o Mandated the establishment of public schools in the
Northwest Territory
● Other women served as spies for the Continental Army.
The Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation
The Roles of American Indians (SSUSH4e)
(SSUSH5b)
● Significance of Americans Indians: They used their
● The Articles of Confederation showed that Americans’
knowledge of the land to help spy for Continental Army.
feared a powerful national (Federal or central) government.
● Most of the western American Indians sided with the
● As a result, the Articles created a government that had
British in an effort to try to prevent further settlement in the
region by American colonists- as was the policy of the o No executive branch
British Proclamation of 1763.
o Lacked the power to tax
The Roles of Free Blacks (SSUSH4e)
o Gave power to the states governments (not the national
● Enslaved and free Blacks viewed the American Revolution government)
as an opportunity for expanding their own rights with the
basis for revolution being a call to protect natural rights. ● The Articles of Confederation resulted in a weak national
(Federal or central) government and convinces Americans
● However, those who fought with the Continental Army and that then needed a new government.
with the colonial militia groups did not receive their
freedom following the conclusion of the Revolutionary Daniel Shays Rebellion (SSUSH5b)
War.
● In Shay’s Rebellion, Daniel Shays led more than a thousand
The Treaty of Paris, 1783 (SSUSH4f) farmers who, like him, were burdened with personal debts
● The 1783 Treaty of Paris confirmed America as a caused by economic problems stemming from the
sovereign nation and set the boundaries for the new nation. Revolutionary War debts.

● It officially ended the American Revolutionary War. ● Shays and his men tried to seize a federal arsenal in
Massachusetts.
The Key Compromises of the Constitution (SSUSH5c)
● Without the power to tax, America and the Articles of
● The Great Compromise (two house legislature) and the 3/5th Confederation could not repair the national economy.
Compromise showed Americans were willing to set aside
their differences in order to ratify (accept) the Constitution ● Significance of Shays’s Rebellion: Americans began to
support the establishment of a stronger national (Federal or
The Great Compromise (SSUSH5c) Central) government.
● One great issue facing the delegates to the Constitutional The Constitution (SSUSH5c)
Convention was how different sized states could have equal
representation in the new government. ● In May of 1787, George Washington was elected president
of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where
● States with large populations supported the Virginia Plan. he and the Founding Fathers created the United States
This plan created a legislative branch in which Constitution.
representatives were assigned based on each state’s
population (Today: California has 55 representative, ● United States Constitution, the founding fathers develop
Georgia has 16 representatives). government with limited powers. (State vs Federal)

● States with smaller populations supported a New Jersey Ratification of the Constitution (SSUSH5d)
Plan. This plan created a legislative branch in which all
states were equally represented (2 representatives for each Role of the Federalist (SSUSH5d)
state). ● The Federalist wanted the Constitution and a strong
● Delegates to the Constitutional Convention settled the issue national (federal or central) government.
of representation in Congress by approving the Great ● James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and the Federalist
Compromise. wrote The Federalist papers that supported ratification of
● The Great Compromise called for the creation of a the Constitution and explained the intent behind its major
legislature with two chambers (Bicameral): a House of provisions.
Representatives, with representation based on population, ● James Madison also wrote the Bill of Rights to be added to
and a Senate, with equal representation for all states. the Constitution after it was ratified.
Three-Fifths Compromise (SSUSH5c) ● Madison also believed federalism should be used as a tool
● Though slavery existed in all the states, southern states to limit the power of the federal government.
depended on slave labor because their economies were ● The Constitution was eventually ratified and became the
based on producing cash crops. basis for all law, rights, and governmental power in the
● When it became clear that states with large populations United States
might have more representatives in the new national Role of the Anti-Federalist (SSUSH5d)
government, states with large slave populations demanded
to be allowed to count their slaves as a part of their ● The anti-Federalists and Thomas Jefferson: believed the
population. Northern states resisted. government created by the Constitution would be too
powerful and would eliminate the power of the states.
● Both sides compromised by creating the Three-Fifth
Compromise. ● The anti-Federalist argued that they would ratify the
Constitution if a Bill of Rights was added.
● The Significance of the Three-Fifth Compromise: Gave
the South Representation they shouldn’t have or their The Bill of Rights (SSUSH5e)
population didn’t allow.
● The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to the
The Key Features of the Constitution (SSUSH5c) Constitution and they guarantee states’ rights and
individuals’ rights.
Limited Government (SSUSH5c)
● 1st Amend: Guarantees freedom of religion, of speech, and
● Significance of Limited Government: The Founding of the press, and the right to petition the government
Father wanted to create a Constitution that limited the
power of government. ● 9th Amend: Declares that rights not mentioned in the
Constitution belong to the people
● Examples of Limited Government: The Bill of Rights,
 Federalism, Checks and Balances. ● 10th Amend: Declares that powers not given to the national
government belong to the states or to the people
Federalism (SSUSH5c)
George Washington Presidency (SSUSH6a)
● Significance of Federalism: Power is divided between the
national and state governments. ● During George Washington time as the President of the
United States, he set many precedents that would shape the
Checks and Balances (SSUSH5c) role of the President of the United State.
● Significance of Checks and Balances: limits the national ● Here are examples of a couple of his precedents:
government by balancing the power between the legislative,
executive and judicial branch by giving each branch certain o Set the rule for two term limits for president
powers of the other branches.
o Initiated the Farwell Address for presidents
o For example: veto power
o Create the cabinet for the executive branch
Separation of Power (SSUSH5c)
Farewell Address (SSUSH6a)
● Separation of Powers was created by French political
thinker Charles de Montesquieu. Separation of Powers ● Washington was the most influential and popular figure in
limits the federal government’s power by creating a the United States.
legislative, executive, and judicial branch of government.
● During Washington’s Farewell Address, he warned
citizens about two future political issues

● Federalists often used the Alien and Sedition Acts to silence o He favored non-intervention (Isolationism or
immigrant critics (usually Democratic-Republicans). Neutrality) in European affairs. He avoided siding with
France against Great Britain on political issues.
● Immigrants who had been in the country for only a short
time were usually poorer and often drawn to the o He warned about the dangers of political parties
Democratic-Republicans who represented the "common (factions). Example: Federalist vs. anti-Federalist.
man."
John Adam’s Presidency (SSUSH6b)
Election of 1800 (SSUSH6b)
Sedition Act (SSUSH6b)
● Presidential election of 1800, John Adams Sedition Act
● John Adams continued the disagreement between Federalist
lost him the election to Democrats-Republican-Thomas
(Adams) and anti-Federalist (Jefferson)
Jefferson.
● During Adams Presidency, Congress and Adams passed the
● Central issues included the Sedition acts, by which
Alien and Sedition Acts.
Federalists were trying to stifle dissent, especially by
Democratic-Republican newspaper editors. o The Sedition Act: tried to stop the anti-Federalist
● The Election of 1800 helped usher in generation of criticism with attempts to limit the speech and press
Democratic-Republican control of the Executive Branch. rights of Jefferson’s followers.

Louisiana Purchase (SSUSH6c) o The Alien Act: increased citizenship requirements so

that Jefferson could not receive support from the
● In the early 1800s, President Thomas Jefferson sent James immigrant community.
Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of the important
port city of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson’s Presidency

● Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase: He was unsure if Jacksonian Democracy (SSUSH7a)
the Constitution gave him the authority to purchase the ● Significance of Jacksonian Democracy was a political
Louisiana Territory. philosophy that showed how the people can impact
● The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was the United States' government.
largest land purchase, roughly doubling the country's size. ● Andrew Jackson believed strongly in western expansion
● France and Napoleon controlled New Orleans and much of and the rights of white, frontier settlers.
the land west of the Mississippi River. ● Examples of Jacksonian Democracy
● In 1803, Napoleon agreed to sell to the United States not o Nullification Crisis: Wanted a stronger executive branch
only New Orleans but also the entire Louisiana Territory and a weaker Congress and state governments
for $15 million.
Lewis and Clark (SSUSH6c) o Expansion of Suffrage: Increased voter participation by
allowing all adult white males, not just landowners, to
● Thomas Jefferson sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition to
vote.
explore the Louisiana Purchase and the western lands all
the way to the Pacific Ocean. o The Indian Removal Act: Under this policy, the US
government forced Native Americans off lands it wanted
War of 1812 (SSUSH6d)
for white settlement. (Trail of Tears)
● In 1812, President James Madison declared war on Great
The Nullification Crisis (SSUSH7a)
Britain.
● The Nullification Crisis resulted when southern states
● The Two Causes of the War of 1812
sought to nullify (cancel) a high tariff (tax) Congress had
o Americans wished to drive the British out of Northwest passed on manufactured goods imported from Europe.
Territory altogether by conquering Canada ● This tariff helped northern manufacturers but hurt southern
o The British policy of aggression at sea. plantation owners, so legislators nullified the tariff in South
Carolina.
▪ British impressment forced thousands of American
sailors to serve in the British navy after their American ● John C. Calhoun, a South Carolinian, resigned from the
ships were captured at sea. vice-presidency to lead the efforts of the southern states in
this crisis.
Increase National Identity (SSUSH6d)
● His loyalty to the interests of the southern region, or
● Perhaps most importantly, the War of 1812 helped produce section, of the United States, not to the United States as a
a stronger sense of nationalism (pride in one’s country) whole, contributed to the rise of sectionalism.
among US citizens.
● It also contributed to the development of states’ rights
● People felt a great deal of pride after standing up to the ideology in the South.
mighty British again.
● States’ rights: the idea that states have certain rights and
Monroe Doctrine (SSUSH6e) political powers different from those held by the federal
government and that the federal government may not
● In 1823, President James Monroe created the Monroe
violate these rights.
Doctrine and defined U.S. foreign policy in the Americas
(North and South America). ● The idea of states’ rights had first appeared during the
debates of the Constitutional Convention.
● Significance of Monroe Doctrine announced that the
United States would prevent European nations from ● The idea of states’ rights would become closely tied to the
interfering with independent American countries. issue of slavery in the South
● Further, if European wars broke out in the America, the Henry Clay and the American System (SSUSH7b)
United States would view the wars as hostile actions against
the United States. ● After the War of 1812, Americans felt good about
themselves.

● But, Britain still supplied America with most of its good,

this hurt American manufacturing
Influences of the Second Great Awakening (SSUSH7c) ● Henry Clay, a member of the United States House of
Representatives, had a plan to aid American businesses.
● A number of social reform movements began during the
1800s. ● Henry Clay’s American System and was designed to
connect the Northerners economically with the South and
● These movements were called the Second Great
West.
Awakening, challenged traditional authority and unified the
colonist to reform society. ● Three Policies of The American System:
● The Significance of the Second Great Awakening: o A tariff – A tariff is a tax on imported goods. It made
Showed the impact people and reform groups can have on European goods more expensive and encouraged
the federal government. Americans to buy cheaper products made in America.
The tariff also made the country money, which would
● Three Second Great Awakening Movements
be used to improve things.
o Temperance movement (SSUSH7c)
o A National Bank - The establishment of a national
 ▪ Issue: People should drink less alcohol, or alcohol bank that would promote a single currency (money),
should be outlawed altogether. making trade easier.

▪ Impact: This movement increased the size of Protestant o Highways and Canals –These roads and canals would
religious organizations. Women played an important make trade easier between merchants and farmers in the
role, which laid the foundation for the women’s North, South, and West.
movement.
● This issue was resolved when Congress passed the Missouri
o Public school movement (SSUSH7c) Compromise.

▪ Issue: All children should be required to attend free o Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state
schools supported by taxpayers and staffed by trained
teachers. o Missouri would be admitted as a slave state

▪ Impact: This movement established education as a right ● Significance of The Missouri Compromise: Calmed
for all children and as a state and local issue it improved concerns of Northern and Southern politicians on the issue
the quality of schools by requiring trained teachers. of representation and their votes.

o Women’s Movement (SSUSH7c) Role of James K. Polk (SSUSH8b)

▪ Women did not have the right to vote (suffrage) and ● James K. Polk was a strong supporter of Manifest Destiny
often lacked legal custody of their own children in the ● Manifest Destiny was the belief that United States needed
early 1800s. to control land between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.
▪ Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an outspoken advocate Texas Annexation (SSUSH8b)
for women’s full rights of citizenship, including voting
rights and parental and custody rights. ● Increasing numbers of American settlers filled the region
north of the Rio Grande, particularly in the 1820s and
▪ In 1848, she organized the Seneca Falls Conference–– 1830s.
America’s first women’s rights convention––in New
York. This marked the beginning of organized efforts ● This resulted in a successful drive for Texas
by women in the United States to gain civil rights equal independence and a push for annexation that soon after the
to those of men. United States recognized the Texas Republic on March 3,
1837.
Nat Turner’s Rebellions (SSUSH7c)
Oregon (SSUSH8b)
● African American preacher Nat Turner believed his mission
was to free his people from slavery. ● James Polk’s 54° 40" or Fight: Motto to encourage
westward expansion to Oregon
● Nat Turner’s Rebellion: a violent slave rebellion on four
Virginia plantations and they killed 60 whites. ● Polk ultimately negotiated with Great Britain concerning
Oregon in an attempt to avoid armed conflict over the
● Turner was captured, tried, and executed. region.
● To stop such slave uprisings, white leaders passed new laws ● The Oregon territory would be divided and the northern
limit the rights of slaves. section would remain in Great Britain's possession and the
Rise of the Abolitionist Movement (SSUSH7c) southern section would be annexed by the United States.

● Abolitionist movement: The Mexican American War (SSUSH8c)

o Issue: Slavery should be abolished and it should not be ● Reason for Mexican-American War: the United States
allowed in new states. took Texas into the Union and set its sights on the Mexican
territories of New Mexico and California.
o Impact: This movement made slavery and its expansion
● The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ends the war
an important political issue.
and the U.S. gains Texas, California, New Mexico and
● The Significance of Abolitionist Movement: grew in Arizona.
American politics as a result of slave rebellions and the rise
The Mexican War and Sectionalism (SSUSH8c)
of the abolitionist movements.
● The land gained during the Mexican-American war leads to
The Missouri Compromise (SSUSH8a)
an increase in sectionalism.
● After the Louisiana Purchase, a debate raged in Congress
● The antislavery position was outlined in a proposal called
the Wilmot Proviso, but the House of Representatives
 over Missouri's application for statehood. failed to approve it, and the issue of whether to allow or
prohibit slavery in new states remained unresolved.
● Slave states and free-states were equally represented in the
Senate, and Missouri's admission would disrupt the balance The Compromise of 1850 (SSUSH8d)
of power.
● Due to land gained during the Mexican-American War and
population growth in the West political tensions between
free-states and slave states over the extension of slavery
● The slave trade would be abolished in the District of continued.
Columbia, but the practice of slavery would be allowed to
continue there. ● Eventually the free-states and slave states agreed to the
Compromise of 1850.
● Three Causes of Sectionalism: Northwest Ordinance,
Mexican-American-War, and Compromise of 1850 ● Three Policies of the Compromise of 1850

Causes of the Civil War (SSUSH8e) o The state of New Mexico would be established by carving
its borders from the state of Texas.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (SSUSH8e)
o New Mexico voters would determine whether the state
● In 1854, Congress again took up the issue of slavery. would permit or prohibit the practice of slavery.
● The Kansas- Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri o California would be admitted to the Union as a free state.
Compromise of 1820 and was approved by Congress
o All citizens would be required to apprehend runaway
● Kansas and Nebraska popular sovereignty (rule by the
slaves and return them to their owners. Those who failed
people) the right to decide for themselves whether their
to do so would be fined or imprisoned.
state would be a free or a slave state.

● Pro- and antislavery groups moved to Kansas to support

their political views.

● Popular sovereignty eventually failed and led to Bleeding

Kansas a violent or warlike battle between pro and
antislavery groups. Lincoln’s Emergency Powers (SSUSH9b)

Scott v. Sanford (SSUSH8e) Suspension of Habeas Corpus

● In 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the Scott v. Sanford ● President Lincoln knew he needed to protect the board
decision, settling a lawsuit in which an African American states that supported the Confederates, in order to preserve
slave named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man the Union.
because he had lived with his master in slave states and in ● During the war, Lincoln suspended the constitutional right
free-states. of habeas corpus––the legal rule that anyone imprisoned
● The Three Impacts of the Scott v. Sanford Decision must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is
being legally held in custody.
o African Americans have no right to sue, not U.S. citizen
● The Constitution allows a president to suspend habeas
o Congress can’t rule slavery unconstitutional in any U.S. corpus during a national emergency (WAR).
Territory
● 13,000 Northern Confederates were held without a trial and
o Popular sovereignty was unconstitutional without a judge to agree that they were legally imprisoned.

● The Dred Scott decision gave slavery protection under the Issuing Emancipation Proclamation
Constitution.
● Lincoln used his emergency powers again to issue the
John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (SSUSH8e) Emancipation Proclamation, which emancipated (freed) all
slaves held in the Confederate states.
● John Brown, a white abolitionist, decided to fight slavery
with violence and killing. ● Significance of Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln
waited to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, because he
● John Brown’s Raid: on the federal armory at Harpers needed a major victory in order to improve support for
Ferry, Virginia. To take over weapons and start a slave Civil War, also doesn’t want border states to leave the
rebellion in the South. Union.
● Brown raid failed and he was convicted of treason against ● African Americans understood the proclamation announced
a new goal for the Union troops––besides preserving the
 the state of Virginia and executed by hanging. Union, the troops were fighting for the belief that the
United States would abolish slavery throughout the nation.
● Southerners thought Brown was a terrorist. Northerners
thought he was an abolitionist martyr. Lincoln’s Addresses (SSUSH9b)

The Election of 1860 (SSUSH8e) Second Inaugural Addresses

● By the time of the presidential election of 1860, the country ● When Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address,
was at a boiling point regarding slavery. Union victory over the Confederacy was certain, and
Americans foresaw an end to slavery.
● The southern states feared that Lincoln would seek not only
to prevent slavery in the new territories, but to dismantle it ● Significance of Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address:
in the South as well. expressed both his conviction that slavery was evil and his
hope of reuniting the nation once the war was over.
● The Significance of the Election of 1860: When Lincoln
won the election, South Carolina responded by seceding ● Lincoln also expressed his sorrow that so many on both
(withdrawing) from the Union on December 20, 1860. sides had suffered and communicated a vision for
rebuilding the South rather than punishing it.
● Within two months, six other states had seceded as well:
Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana and Leaders of the Union (SSUSH9c)
Texas.
● President: Abraham Lincoln
Economic Disparity between the North and South
(SSUSH9a) o President of United States of America, 1861–1865

● From the start, the Confederacy was at a serious o Issued Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg
disadvantage. Address

● The southern economies had less population, food ● General: Ulysses S. Grant
production and weapon production the northern states o Accepted unconditional surrender of Confederate Gen.
● The northern economies had better railroads to transport Lee at Appomattox Courthouse to end Civil War
resources and troops to the front lines of the war.
o Lincoln’s most trusted general during war
Significant Battle of the Civil War (SSUSH9d)
● General: William Tecumseh Sherman
Fort Sumter (April 1861)
o Union general who took command of the western forces
● Confederate forces staged a 24-hour bombardment against a after Grant decided to remain with troops in the East.
federal fort in South Carolina and, by attacking federal
o Destroyed Atlanta and led the March to the Sea.
property, had committed an act of open rebellion.

● President Lincoln believed he had no choice but to call for Leaders of the Confederacy (SSUSH9c)
troops to respond against the Confederacy ● President: Jefferson Davis
● Significance of Fort Sumter: The Battle of Fort Sumter o President of Confederate States of America, 1861–1865
was the beginning of the Civil War.
● General: Robert E. Lee
Battle of Antietam (September 1862)
o The most successful Confederate general
● First major battle on northern soil
o Surrendered to U.S. Gen. Grant to end Civil War
● Lincoln considered the battle a win for the North
● General: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
● Significance of Battle of Antietam: Encouraged Lincoln
to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, gave Northerners a o Gen. Lee second hand man
moral reason to fight.
o Noted for his ability to use geography to his advantage
Battle of Vicksburg (May-July 1863)
o Died in battle
● North lay siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi, in order to
gained control of the Mississippi River.

● Significance of Battle of Vicksburg: Confederate troops Lincoln’s Assassination

and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off
● On April 14, 1865, just five days after the surrender at
from the Confederacy and North gains control of
 Mississippi River. Appomattox Courthouse, a Confederate sympathizer
named John Wilkes Booth assassinated the president as he
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) attended a play at Ford's Theater.
● The South hoped that an invasion of Union territory would ● Significance of Lincoln's Assassination: Lincoln death
significantly weaken Northern support for the war effort. made life harder for Southerners because it allowed
● Significance of Battle of Gettysburg: A major Southern Congress to enforce hard actions against the South
victory on northern soil might also convince Great Britain ● With Lincoln's death, the presidency now fell to Andrew
and France to aid Confederate forces. Johnson.
Gettysburg Addresses Congressional Reconstruction
● Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address helped shape popular ● Conflict quickly arose between Johnson and the
opinion in favor of preserving the Union. Congressional Republicans. The Congressional
● He spoke for just two minutes in what is now considered Republicans were members of the Republican Party who
one of the greatest speeches in the English language. “Four favored a much tougher stance with the former Confederate
score and seven years ago.” states.

● His address helped raise the spirits of Northerners who had ● Policies of Congressional Reconstruction:
grown weary of the war and convinced the people that the o The southern states were put under military rule.
United States was one indivisible nation.
o Southern states had to hold new constitutional
● Significance of Gettysburg Address: South losses battle,
conventions.
South gives up attempts to invade the North, and Lincoln
delivered the Gettysburg Address. o Southern states had to ratify the 13th Amendment, 14th
Amendment, 15th Amendment
Battle of Atlanta (July-September 1864)
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
● North tries to capture Atlanta for its manufacturing and
railway traffic. ● Andrew Johnson tries to fire Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton because he was closely tied to the Congressional
● Significance of Battle of Atlanta: Example of Grant and
Republicans.
Sherman use total war to end Civil War.
● However, such a move violated the Tenure in Office Act,
● Sherman’s March to the Sea: destroys the railways,
which limited the president's power to hire and fire
roads, and bridges along the path to the sea (Savannah).
government officials.
Now the South knows it would lose the Civil War.
● Congress voted to impeach (charged with wrongdoing in
Presidential Reconstruction (SSUSH10a)
order to remove from office) the president of the United
● Now that the Union had been preserved, Lincoln introduced States.
a plan for Reconstruction (rebuilding) of the South rather
● The Significance of Andrew Jackson’s Impeachment:
than punishing the South.
On May 16, 1868, the Senate voted to acquit (innocent or
● Policies of Presidential Reconstruction: cleared) Johnson's presidency by just one vote.

o Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union were The Freedmen’s Bureau (SSUSH10b)
pardoned (forgiven of any crimes against the US).
● In an effort to help freed slaves, poor whites and American
o Former Confederate states could hold constitutional Indians Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau of
conventions to set up state governments. Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (the
Freedmen's Bureau).
o States had to void (cancel) secession and ratify
the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. ● The Significance of the Freedmen's Bureau:
Reconnected families separated by slavery and provided
o Once the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified, states could clothes, medical attention, food, education, and even land to
then hold elections and be part of the Union. African Americans coming out of slavery.

● Such restrictions allowed whites to continue to control and ● Ended in 1869, however, during its brief time, it helped
profit from the labor of African Americans even though many slaves transition to freedom throughout the South.
slavery did not technically exist.
Reconstruction Amendments (SSUSH10c)
● Some Confederate supporters, such as the Ku Klux Klan
even advocated violence against freed blacks. ● The 13th Amendment: Ended slavery throughout the
● The Ku Klux Klan used violence, murder, and threats to United States
intimidate blacks and those who favored giving African
Americans equal rights. ● The 14th Amendment: Guarantees that no one (regardless
of race) would be deprived of life, liberty, or property
The Presidential Election of 1876 (SSUSH10d) without due process.

● The election is between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel ● The 15th Amendment: All male citizens have the right to
Tilden. vote, 21 years of age

● Samuel Tilden wins popular vote and Hayes wins Electoral ● The Significance of the Reconstruction Amendments:
College, Hayes comes president the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments gave the federal
government power over state governments.
● The Compromise of 1877, helps Rutherford B. Hayes win
the Presidential Election of 1876 Resistance to Racial Equality (SSUSH10d)

● The Significance of the Compromise of 1877 ● Southern states also enacted black codes (laws that limited
the rights of freed blacks so much that they basically kept
o Southern States agree to give Rutherford B. Hayes them living like slaves).
electoral votes if he removes federal troops from South.
Technological Innovation (SSUSH11c)
o North gets Hayes to become president
Telegraph (SSUSH11c)
o Unofficially Compromise of 1877,ends Reconstruction
and makes many people wonder why the Civil War was ● Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1832.
fought.
● Significance of telegraph machine received coded
The Impact of Railroads (SSUSH11a) messages across electric wires connecting long distances,
ended the Phony Express.
● Railroad construction dramatically increased after the Civil
War. ● With the development of telegraph technology, business
could be more efficiently conducted between industrial
● In fact, the United States went from having 35,000 miles of centers in the East and their sources for raw materials in the
track in 1865 to over 193,000 miles of track by 1900. South and West.
● Railroads connected vast regions of the United States and Telephone (SSUSH11c)
allowed for the efficient transport of goods.
● In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell further expanded on the
● The geographic connections railroads allowed created a telegraph's capability for instant communication.
national market.
● He invented the telephone, which allowed for voice - to -
● The mass production and distribution of items created voice communication over electric wires.
larger corporations and enormous profits.
● As was true for the telegraph, the telephone impacted the
● The Significance of Railroads: of the increase in railroad United States by allowing instant communication.
production other industries such as steel and oil grew at
exponential rates. ● Significance of telephone, conversations were more
efficient and true discussion between individuals in distant
The Significance of John D. Rockefeller (SSUSH11b) locations was made possible.
● The most famous big business of the era was the Standard Electric Light Bulb (SSUSH11c)
Oil Company, founded by John D. Rockefeller.
● One of Edison's most revolutionary inventions was
● Significance of John D. Rockefeller: Used the concepts of the electric light bulb.
trust and monopoly to control more than 90% of America’s
oil industry. ● Significance of Light Bulb: People and businesses could
work past daylight, and the light bulb also illuminated
● Trust: where several companies give one company the buildings, streets, and neighborhoods across the United
right to make financial decisions for them. States.
● Monopoly: a single company that controlled virtually all ● The light bulb was developed in the 1870s and quickly
the U.S. oil production and distribution. replaced the more dangerous and expensive lamp oils that
burned for illumination.
The Significance of Andrew Carnegie (SSUSH11b)
Changes in Immigration Patterns (SSUSH11d)
● Another successful big business owner of the late 19th
● After the Civil War, more and more Europeans immigrated
 century was Andrew Carnegie. to America.

● The Carnegie Steel Company used the latest technology of ● Early immigrant groups
the Bessemer process to forge steel more efficiently.
o Location: northern and western Europe
● Significance of Andrew Carnegie: Wasn’t known for
buying companies and undercutting prices, but for vertical o Religion: Protestant
monopolies
o Language: English
● The increased production of steel and the use of vertical
● New immigrants
monopolies allowed Andrew Carnegie to amass the first
billion dollar company. o Location: eastern and southern Europe
● Vertical monopoly: The controlled the entire production o Religion: Jewish or Catholic
process from resource to finished product, which included
mining the raw materials, industrial production of steel, and o Language: spoke no English
transportation for both resources and finished products.
Significance of Ellis and Angel Islands (SSUSH11d)
● Significance of Labor Unions used strikes (work
● At Ellis Island in New York and Angel Island in San
stoppages) to convince employers to give workers shorter
Francisco new immigrants were isolated and forced pass
workdays, better working conditions, higher wages, and
health and welfare tests
greater control over how they carried out their workplace
responsibilities. ● The new immigrants were mostly poor, so they worked as
Transcontinental Railroad (SSUSH12a) unskilled laborers and lived mostly in cities.

● Start of the Transcontinental Railroad: People start ● They created communities to imitate the cultures of their
buying land out west and business are granted land out west home countries (little Italy and china).
to encourage the building of railroads. ● Significance of Immigration: Most of the new immigrants
● Railroads made life out west possible by allowing farmers, (Asia and Europe) took jobs in manufacturing and mining.
ranchers, and other settlers’ access to eastern markets and The Growth of Labor Unions (SSUSH11e)
resources.
● The Growth of unskilled laborers who were subject to low
● In 1862, Congress coordinated an effort among the railroad wages, long workdays, no vacations, and unsafe workplaces
companies to build a Transcontinental Railroad. led to an increase in labor unions.
● Union Pacific (an eastern rail company) and Central Pacific ● Unskilled laborers decided to band together in labor unions
(a rail company from Sacramento, California) joined their to demand better pay and working conditions.
tracks at Promontory, Utah, in 1869.
● The most famous labor union American Federation of
● Significance of Transcontinental Railroad: As a symbol Labor, was led by Samuel Gompers.
of the completion of Manifest Destiny (Westward
Expansion)

Construction of the Railroad

● To build the Transcontinental Railroad businesses use The Role of Muckrakers (SSUSH13a)
thousands of immigrant laborers from Ireland and China.
● Muckrakers were journalists that investigated and exposed
● These immigrants often worked under very dangerous political corruption, child labor, slum conditions, and other
conditions. social issues.

● Laying railroad track could cause injury or even death. ● Two famous Muckrakers

Growth of the Western Population (SSUSH12b) o Jacob Riis

● Many settlers moved west intending to be farmers. ▪ Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives

● Meanwhile, a number of technological advances made ▪ Significance of Jacob Riis: Exposed the horrible
western farming possible. conditions under which immigrants worked and lived,
which led to the passing laws aimed at improving urban
● Two Western Farming Technologies tenements.
o John Deere's steel plow allowed farmers to plant crops
 in the Midwest and plains by enabling them to cut o Upton Sinclair
through the tough prairie sod.
▪ Wrote: The Jungle (Book)
o Barbed wire made it possible for farmers to cheaply and
efficiently fence in their land and livestock. ▪ Significance of Upton Sinclair: Exposed unsanitary
conditions, which led to the Pure Food and Drug Act
▪ The growth of the cattle industry contributed to the and the Passage of the Meat Inspection Act
slaughter of buffalo that otherwise would have
competed with cattle for food. The Role of Women in Reform Movements. (SSUSH13b)

▪ It also meant that even more land was taken from ● Ida Tarbell
Native Americans. o Wrote: The History of the Standard Oil Company
Plains Indian’s Resistance to Western Expansion o Significance of Ida Tarbell: She criticized Standard Oil
(SSUSH12c)
Company’s unfair business practices, which resulted in
● As settlers and railroads ventured further west, The Plains the breakup of the Standard Oil Company & monopolies.
Indians chose to accept being moved off of their land.
● Jane Addams established Hull House in Chicago.
● While Sioux Indians were being removed for their land,
o Significance of Jane Adams: Her Hull House was a
they were surrounded by the U.S. Army.
social service agency that provided help to recent
● A brutal massacre followed, in which it’s estimated 150 immigrants about home economics, basic medical care,
Indians were killed (some historians put this number at the English language and legal rights.
twice as high), nearly half of them women and children.
● Significance of the Role of Women: They were the
● The cavalry lost 25 men. guardians and keepers of the home and tried to end social
issues.
● The conflict (Massacre) at Wounded Knee was originally
referred to as a battle, but in reality it was a tragic and African American Rights (SSUSH13c)
avoidable massacre.
● During this time racial discrimination and segregation
● Wounded Knee makes the end of the Plains Indians continued to decline in the South.
resistance to Westward Expansion
● The decline of African American rights.
● Significance of Plains Indian’s Resistance: Indians are
o Jim Crow laws were established in the South and
rounded up and moved go reservations.
resulted in inferior education, health care, and
transportation systems for African Americans.

o Three Impacts of Plessy v. Ferguson

● In addition, workdays tended to run from sunrise to ▪ Increased use of Jim Crow law in United States
sundown and usually involved dangerous conditions. ▪ U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Jim Crow laws were
● Many progressives called for shorter workdays, higher constitutional.
wages, and safer work environments for employees. ▪ Creates “separate but equal” doctrine, the court ruled
● Significance of Progressive Labor Laws: Reformers racial segregation was legal in public facilities.
succeeded in convincing a number of states to pass o To legally fight against the loss of their civil rights,
minimum age laws. African Americans created the National Association for
The Conservation Movement (SSUSH13d) the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

● Theodore Roosevelt supported the conservation movement. Progressive Voting Rights (SSUSH13d)

● The Significance of the Conservation Movement: Helped ● Significance of Progressive Voting Rights: Created
save millions of acres of wilderness land and created the reforms that increase citizen’s right to vote and impact the
national park system government.

● Examples: Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon ● Initiative: a means by which a petition signed by a certain
number of voters can force a public vote.
American Imperialism (SSUSH14a)
● Referendum: a vote in which the voting population is
● Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a growing asked to accept or reject a particular proposal.
number of citizens believed that the United States needed to
 look beyond its own borders and acquire more territory, ● Recall: a procedure to remove an elected official from
such an attitude is known as imperialism. office before his or her term has ended.

● Reasons for American Imperialism ● 17th Amendment: Direct election of Senators

o To increase the U.S.’s economic and military interests in Progressive Labor Laws (SSUSH13d)
Southwest Asia and Americas.
● Most workers' wages were low.
o Needed more resources (raw materials)
● As a result, men, women, and even children often had to
o It was Americas destiny to take over other countries work long hours for little pay.

The Spanish-American War (SSUSH14a)

● Reason: Spain refused to grant independence to rebels World War I (SSUSH14a)

fighting in Cuba and sinking of the battle ship Maine.
Neutrality (SSUSH14a)
● Result: Cuba becomes independent country and the U.S.
● When World War I began in Europe in 1914
gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.
● President Woodrow Wilson’s Neutrality Policy: was
The Debate over American Imperialism (SSUSH14a)
designed to keep the United States out of the World War I.
● Yet, while more and more US citizens were advocating
Three Reasons U.S. Enters WWI (SSUSH14a)
imperialism, the anti-imperialist preached isolationism.
● Sinking of Lusitania: Germans sink cruise ship with over
● Significance of Anti-Imperialist: They believed that it was
100 U.S. citizens on board.
not in the best interest of the United States to acquire and
exercise control over foreign territories. ● Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Germans use
submarines to attack were ever they wanted in the Atlantic
● They felt that such acquisitions would inevitably pull the
Ocean.
US into foreign conflicts.
● The Zimmerman Telegram
U.S. Involvement in Latin America (SSUSH14b)
o A German Foreign Minister promised to help Mexico win
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
back land the US had acquired as a result of the Mexican-
(SSUSH14b)
American War, if Mexico joins the side of Germany
● Reason: Latin American governments were unstable and
o Significance of Zimmerman Telegraph: Forces U.S. to
owed large amounts of money to European countries. U.S.
end Neutrality Policy and enter WWI.
feared that European countries would control Latin and
South American governments. Domestic Impact of World War I (SSUSH14b)
● Significance of the Roosevelt Corollary (addition to The Great Migration (SSUSH14b)
Monroe Doctrine) announced to the world that the United
States would exercise international policing power in the ● Reason: WWI created jobs in northeastern and mid-western
Western Hemisphere in order to protect its interests in the cities.
area.
● Significance of The Great Migration: African Americans
Panama Canal (SSUSH14b) moved North for economic reasons (Jobs) and to escape
Jim Crow laws.
● The U.S. helps Panama gain its independence from
Columbia in order to build the Panama Canal. ● Result: African American create communities (Harlem) in
the North.
● U.S. Government wants to build a shipping canal across the
country of Panama. The Espionage Act (SSUSH14b)

● Significance of Panama Canal: To create a faster sea ● Reason: During the war, President Wilson want to silence
route that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and critics of World War I.
enforce the Roosevelt Corollary.
● Result: The Espionage Act made it a crime to
communicate any information that would interfere with
U.S. military operations or aid its enemies.

● Eugene Debs (a famous socialist politician) delivers a

speech that claims working class should not support WWI.
● In 1919, the communist party led by the Bolsheviks ● Debs was convicted for hindering military recruiting by
overthrew the czar in Russia, established the Soviet Union, making a speech against it; he was sentenced to 10 years in
and called for a worldwide revolution to destroy capitalism, prison.
people in the United States began to fear communists.
● Rise of Socialist Party and the fear of labor unions led to
● This fear of the spread of communism was called the Red the creation of the Espionage Act.
Scare because red was the color of the communist flag.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan (SSUSH14c)
● Significance of Red Scare: Leads to U.S. government’s
pursuit of suspected communists and socialist. • Wilson’s Fourteen Points Plan

Three Results of the Red Scare (SSUSH16a) • President Wilson’s plan to keep countries out of future
wars.
● U.S. Government responds by limiting immigrants by
setting quotas to stop them from coming to the U.S. • Wilson’s League of Nations

● Increase in Nativism • Creation of the League of Nation, an international

peacekeeping organization
o People born in America were superior to immigrants
• Wanted to prevent future wars by having countries work
o America should keep its traditional culture intact. together

● Return of the Ku Klux Klan • U.S. Senate and the Fourteen Points Plan

The Impact of the Eighteenth Amendment (SSUSH16b) • The U.S. Senate to refuse to ratify the treaty, because
Wilson’s plan would force the U.S. to get involved in
● Reason: Americans’ anti-German feelings led to a future wars
campaign to outlaw beer and other alcoholic beverages.
• Result: The United States never joined the League of
● Result: 18th Amendment (Prohibition) which prohibited Nations
“the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating
liquors.” The Rise of Communism and Socialism (SSUSH16a)

● Significance of 18th Amendment: Led to an increase ● In the late 1800s and early 1900s, a new political ideology
in crime and other social problems–to the contrary, it led to called communism became a popular form of government.
a rise in organized crime
● Basis of Communism
The Impact of the Nineteenth Amendment (SSUSH16b)
o Single-party government ruled by a dictator
● Reason: Women had supported their country during WWI
o There is no private ownership; all property is owned by
by taking jobs in factories.
the state
● Result: 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.
● Harlem Renaissance was a rebirth of African American
● Significance of 19 Amendment: Women’s voting rights
th
culture in America. Writing, painting, music, dance and
are improved, but they also wanted income equality more

Henry Ford and the Automobile (SSUSH16c) ● Langston Hughes: Famous Harlem Renaissance poet,
wanted young black people to express themselves without
● Advertising: Helps Americans businesses move away from fear of being punished.
mass production and towards consumerism.
Origins of Jazz (SSUSH16e)
● People began to see themselves as "needing" certain items
of convenience rather than simply "wanting" them. ● Another form of cultural expression was Jazz.

● Henry Ford develops the assembly line which lead to the ● It was the first true form of American music.
mass production of cars
● Louis Armstrong: biggest star of jazz music
● The mass production of cars helped lower the price of cars
The Four Causes of the Great Depression (SSUSH17a)
(everyone wants a car)
● Overproduction: The decrease in consumer spending
Impact of Radio and the Movies on American Culture
resulted in business overproducing goods (surplus).
(SSUSH16d)
● Underconsumption: The working class lost the ability to
● Significance of Radios: the first source of free mass
purchase goods because their wages stayed the same as
communication and entertainment available to people in
 their own homes. prices rose.

● Radio united the nation and molded a national culture like ● Stock Market Speculation: Buying risky stock
never before as people across the country enjoyed the same
shows and heard the same news reports. ● The Stock Market Crash of 1929: As more people sold
their stock, other people panicked and sold their stock as
● During this same period, the movie industry boomed in the well, driving down their prices and causing a stock market
United States. crash.

● First to silent pictures, then to movies with sound (called The Dust Bowl (SSUSH17b)
"talkies"), people flocked to be entertained by the big
screen. ● The Dustbowl was a series of severe dust storms that
greatly damaged the Great Plains of the United States.
● Significance of Movies: The fashions and lifestyles
portrayed in the movies helped define a national culture. ● Two Factors that led to the Dust Bowl

Modern Forms of Cultural Expression (SSUSH16e) o Over-farming: Farmers over plowed fertile grasslands.

The Harlem Renaissance (SSUSH16e) o Climate: In the 1930, the Great Plains experience a great
drought.
● Great Migration increased the African American population
in Northern cities ● The Result of the Dust Bowl: was that it forced tens of
thousands of families to abandon their farms and migrate
● Harlem Renaissance marked the first significant artistic west to California
movement coming out of Black culture.
The Social and Political Impact of the Great Depression
● One of the most significant Second New Deal programs (SSUSH17c)
was the Social Security Act
● The Great Depression––a severe economic recession in the
Three Impacts of the Social Security Act (SSUSH18b) 1930s that affected all the industrialized nations profits,
business profits, and personal incomes.
● Old-age insurance for retirees aged 65 or older
● Two major results of the Great Depression
● Unemployment compensation paid by a federal tax on
employers and administered by the states o Widespread Unemployment ( 25% of people
unemployed)
● Aid for the disabled and for families with dependent
children paid by the federal government and administered ▪ Increase in homeless population
by the states
o Creation of Hoovervilles: people developed homeless
Roosevelt’s Political Challenges (SSUSH18c) camps during Great Depression
● Opponents of the New Deal came from all parts of the ▪ Named after President Herbert Hoover, negative attack
political spectrum. on Hoover.
o Conservatives criticized FDR’s New Deal because the Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Plan (SSUSH18a)
Programs increase U.S. debt.
● Roosevelt’s New Deal Plan were government programs
o Senator Huey Long of Louisiana designed to create Relief, Recovery, and Reform for the
American Economy.
▪ He believed every American a home, food, clothes, and
an education, among other things. o Relief: immediate action taken to halt the economies
deterioration.
▪ Roosevelt’s biggest liberal critic
o Recovery: “Pump-priming” temporary programs to
● Roosevelt is denied entry into World War II
restart the flow of consumer demand
o To prevent Roosevelt from entering WWII, Congress
o Reform: Permanent programs to avoid another
passes the Neutrality Acts.
depression and insure citizens against economic disasters
o FDR’s Neutrality Acts make it illegal to sell arms or
● Important Programs: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA),
make loans to nations at war.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), and Civil
● FDR’s Court-Packing bill (Judiciary Reorganization Bill) Conservation Corps (CCC)

o The bill was a law Roosevelt proposed to give presidents The Second New Deal (SSUSH18b)
 the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court justice for ● After showing cautious restraint through much of 1934,
every sitting justice over the age of 70 ½. FDR chose to launch a bold new set of programs that came
to be called the Second New Deal.
o Roosevelt wanted to add more of his supporters to the
Supreme Court to pass his New Deal programs ● The code name for the first day of Operation Overlord, the
mass Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France
o Congress denies Roosevelt’s because his bill would
weaken the idea of checks and balances. ● Allies met heavy resistance in small areas, the invasion
went almost exactly according to plan
Eleanor Roosevelt and the Role of the First Lady
(SSUSH18d) ● Significance of D-Day: Allied (U.S.) invade Nazi occupied
Europe and gain a permanent base to resupply troops and
● President Roosevelt’s wife, Eleanor, was very influential in move towards Berlin. U
her own right.
The Fall of Berlin (SSUSH19c)
● Significance of Eleanor Roosevelt: Held press
conferences to address social issue and the critics of FDR. ● One of the final battles of the European theater during
WWII
● She was interested in humanitarian causes and social
progress ● Soviet army groups attacked Berlin from the east and west

● As a supporter of women’s activism, she was also ● Historically one of the bloodiest battles of all time
instrumental in convincing Roosevelt to appoint more
● German leader Adolf Hitler committed suicide during
women to government positions.
battle
World War II
● Significance of the Fall of Berlin: End of war in Europe
Lend-Lease Act (SSUSH19a) (V-E Day) and allowed Soviets to take over Eastern
Europe.
● The Neutrality Acts made it illegal to sell weapons to
countries at war. The Pacific Theater (SSUSH19b)

● FDR and U.S. supports creation of Lend-Lease Act. The Battle of Midway

● The Lend-Lease Act allowed the U.S. lend military ● Major turning point in the Pacific Theater
equipment and supplies to any nation the president said was
● The U.S. Navy win sea battle against Japanese Navy
vital to the defense of the United States.
● American wins control of refueling station (Island of
● United States lends $50 billion worth of equipment and
Midway) for ships and airplanes
supplies to Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China.
● U.S. gains geographic control of the Pacific Ocean.
Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor (SSUSH19a)
● Significance of the Battle of Midway: U.S. destroyed
● Japanese surprise attack on the United States
Japan’s offensive power and they never recovered.
● Over 2,400 Americans were killed
The Manhattan Project (SSUSH19b)
● Significance of Pearl Harbor: United States officially
● “The Manhattan Project”: was the code name for secret
enters World War II
plan to building the atomic bomb was
The European Theater
● U.S. assembles two atomic bombs in a secret laboratory in
D-Day (SSUSH19c) Los Alamos, New Mexico

● Major turning point in the European Theater The Dropping of the Atomic Bombs (SSUSH19b)

● The U.S. had defeated the Japanese navy in the Pacific

Ocean
Roosevelt’s use of Executive Powers
● The U.S. feared they would lose millions of people in an
Integration of Defense Industries (SSUSH19e) invasion of Japan
● In 1941, A. Philip Randolph, the founder of ● President Truman decides to drop the Atomic bomb on
the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, proposed a Japan (August 1945)
march on Washington, D.C., to protest discrimination in the
military and in industry. ● Significance of Dropping the Atomic Bomb on Japan:
● He called on African Americans from all over the United V-J Day and end of the World War II (Sept. 2, 1945)
States to come to Washington and join him.
Domestic Impact of World War II
● President Roosevelt, afraid the march might cause unrest
among whites, summoned Randolph to the White House War Mobilization (SSUSH19d)
and asked him to call off the march. ● After Pearl Harbor, the War at Home begins
● When Randolph refused, FDR’s Executive Order 8802 ● 5 million men volunteered for military service
called on employers and labor unions to cease
discrimination in hiring practices in industries related to ● The Selective Service System: Expanded the draft, and 10
defense. million more men joined the ranks of the American armed
forces.
● As a result of Roosevelt’s actions, the march was canceled.
● The Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps: formed to fill
Internment of Japanese-Americans (SSUSH19e) noncombat positions otherwise filled by men.
● The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor fueled suspicion and ● Women at home volunteered to work in plants and factors
fear among US citizens. to build tanks, planes, ships, guns, bullets and boots.
● Many suspected that Japanese, German, and Italian ● Wartime Conservation: leads people to carpool to work
Americans would end up supporting the Axis Powers. and a nation-wide collection of resources (scrap iron,
newspapers, cooking grease)
● FDR’s Executive Order 9066, forced more than 100,000
Japanese Americans from their homes and businesses ● The government rationing system was created. Each
during the war and placed them in one of the various camps household received a “c book” with coupons that were used
to buy scarce items such as meat, sugar, coffee and
The Cold War (SSUSH20a)
gasoline.
● In 1945, one major war ended and another began.
● Eventually, it was the hard work at home that helped
● The Cold War: Lasted about 45 years. There were no America win World War II.
direct military campaigns between the two main
The Korean War (SSUSH20a)
antagonists, the United States and the Soviet Union.
● In 1950, the U.S. and South Korean went to war against the
● Yet billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost in the
communist government of North Korea and China
fight.
● The U.S. used the containment policy to justify its attempt
Cold War Foreign Policy (SSUSH20a)
to stop the spread of communism in Korea
Containment (SSUSH20a)
● Significance of Korean War: Created the 38th parallel as
● Containment Policy: Truman’s U.S. foreign policy to stop the border between the nations, neither side could gain
the spread of communism control of the Korean peninsula, North and South Korea

● Reason for Containment Policy: U.S. responds to USSR Major Domestic Issues
causing the Fall of Berlin and take-over of Eastern Europe.
The G.I Bill (SSUSH20b)
● U.S. scared that Soviet Union was tried to spread
● The G.I. Bill of Rights: Reward returning WWII
communism throughout the world
servicemen with education, affordable house and accessible
The Marshall Plan (SSUSH20a) housing.

● America’s foreign aid program to rebuild Western Europe ● The provisions included giving low interest loans for homes
and opposing communism after World War II. and starting new businesses to former soldiers.

● From 1947 to 1951, the United States spent $13 billion on ● Financial grants were also given to the returning soldiers
economic and technical assistance for Western European who wanted to attend college.
countries that had been nearly destroyed during World War
● The stimulus of money into housing caused a housing boom
II.
characterized by the development of the first suburban
● Significance of the Marshall Plan: The plan offered housing developments, such as Levittown, New York.
foreign aid to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe if they
Truman’s Integration the Military (SSUSH20b)
made political reforms and accept certain outside controls;
however, the Soviets rejected this proposal. ● Truman Integrates the Military: Truman issued an
executive order to integrate the U.S. armed forces and to
The Truman Doctrine (SSUSH20a) end discrimination in the hiring of U.S. government
employees.
● Foreign policy named after President Harry S. Truman
McCarthyism (SSUSH20b)
● Significance of Truman Doctrine: The plan said the
United States would supply any nation with economic and ● Senator Joseph McCarthy’s wanted to stop the spread of
military aid to prevent its falling under the Soviet sphere of communism in the U.S.
influence.
● McCarthy made statements about alleged communist
● Truman called upon the United States to “support free infiltration of the U.S. government and U.S. Army
peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures (Soviet Union).” ● Ultimately McCarthy’s statements violated the rights of
many U.S. citizens (even communists) and many of his
accusations were wrong.

● McCarthyism: when someone makes unfair accusations of

guilt but he or she uses improper investigative practices to
The Influence of Sputnik (SSUSH20c) prove the guilt.
● In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial National Intestate and Defense Highways Act (SSUSH20b)
satellite called Sputnik.
● The baby boom and Levittown’s led to a need for more cars
● Americans believed the United States had “fallen behind” and roads.
the Soviet Union in terms of understanding science and the
uses of technology. ● Congress passed the Interstate Highway Act, authorizing
the construction of a national network of highways to
● Americans also feared that the Soviet Union could use connect every major city in America.
rockets to launch nuclear weapons
● It was also create as a system of highways for strategic
● Significance of Sputnik: Leads to space race, creation of transportation of troops and supplies.
NASA and U.S. government increases spending on
education, especially in mathematics and science. ● Significance of National Interstate and Defense
Highways Act: Builds national highways connecting the
The Cold War Continued country economically and militarily.
U.S. Involvement in Cuba (SSUSH21a) Brown v. Board of Education (SSUSH20b)
● With U.S. support, Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution ● Significance of Brown v. Board of Education
in 1956
o Declared that state laws establishing “separate but equal”
● Later, Castro allied himself and Cuba with the Soviet Union public schools denied African American students the
(communism) equal education.
● The U.S. used it’s containment policy to stop the spread of o Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
communism in Cuba (90 miles for America)
● The governor of Arkansas refused to follow the decision
Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba(SSUSH21a) and ordered the National Guard to keep nine African
● Cuban exiles trained by the U.S attempt to invade American students from attending Little Rock’s Central
communist Cuba High School

● Biggest failure of President Kennedy ● President Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock to
force the high school to integrate.
● Invasion fails because Kennedy would not us the U.S.
military

● The United States was forced to give $53 million worth of

food and supplies to Cuba for release of the 1,200 captives. ● The assassination gave the new president, Lyndon Johnson,
Cuban Missile Crisis (SSUSH21a) the political capital to force three domestic legislative
package through Congress.
● To stop future invasion of Cuba, the Soviet Union build
military missile launch sites in Cuba. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society (SSUSH21d)

● American spy planes take photos of a Soviet missile site in ● A series of laws and programs that would later be called
Cuba and Kennedy immediately began planning a response. President Johnson’s “Great Society”
● Soviet missiles 90 miles from the U.S. posed a serious ● LBJ’s Great Society programs were designed to improve
threat to American security. Americans standard of living and give citizens greater
opportunities regardless of their background.
● Significance of Cuban Missile Crisis: U.S. creates a
blockade of Cuba and threatened to invade unless the ● Three Great Society laws
Soviets promised to withdraw from Cuba. Soviets agree to
remove missiles if the U.S. removed its nuclear missiles o Creation of Headstart/preschool for poor
from Turkey. o Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (War on Poverty)
The War in Vietnam (SSUSH21a)
o Medicare: federal funding for the medical cost of the
● In early August 1964, two U.S. destroyers stationed in elderly
the Gulf of Tonkin in Vietnam radioed that they had been
Impact of Television (SSUSH21c)
fired upon by North Vietnamese forces.
Kennedy/Nixon Presidential Debates (SSUSH21c)
● In response to these reported incidents, President Lyndon
B. Johnson requested permission from the U.S. Congress to ● Seventy million people watch the 1960 debate
increase the U.S. military presence in Indochina.
● Nixon seems more knowledgeable about foreign policy and
● On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin other topics, but he looked sick
Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any
measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to ● Kennedy was coached on how to look and speak during the
promote the maintenance of international peace and debate by television producers
security in Southeast Asia.
● TV and Nixon/JFK Debate: Kennedy’s performance on
● The Significance of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Led T.V. helped him win the presidency.
to the escalation of the Vietnam War (the legal basis for
The Civil Rights Movement (SSUSH21c)
war).
● In the 1960’s, T.V. gave all American the chance to see
Impact of John F. Kennedy’s Assassination (SSUSH21d)
civil rights demonstration
● President Kennedy was Assassinated in Dallas, Texas, in
● TV and Civil Rights: American witnessed African
November 1963
Americans being hit by high pressure fire hoses and
● Significance of JFK’s Assassination: Showed Americans attacked by police dogs.
just how strong gov’t was because, although the president
● Attacks encourage Americans and Kennedy to demand new
could be killed, the U.S. gov’t would live on. (Chain of
civil rights laws. (Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting
Command)
Rights Act of 1965)
● The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
War in Vietnam (SSUSH21c)
(SNCC)
● TV and Vietnam War: Made the Vietnam War real
o Founder: African American college students (Shaw
because people could watch it at home.
University)
● The show of the Vietnam War on T.V. led to protests
o Goal: speed up the changes mandated by Brown v. Board against the war.
of Education.
Martin Luther King Jr. (SSUSH21d)
o Tactics: Sit-ins, Freedom rides, registering African
Americans to votes, later used violence ● “Letter From Birmingham Jail” (letter)

Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers (UFW) o MLK was arrested in Birmingham, Alabama, while
(SSUSH21d) demonstrating against racial segregation.

● César Chávez and his United Farm Workers movement, o Significance of “Letter from Birmingham Jail”: To
protested for equal rights in the workplace. address fears white religious leaders had that MLK was
moving too fast toward desegregation.
● Chávez believed in nonviolent methods to achieve his
goals. o King explained why victims of segregation, violent
attacks, and murder found it difficult to wait for those
● Significance of Cesar Chavez: Hispanic American started
injustices to end.
a nationwide boycott of California grapes and lettuce,
forcing farmers to negotiate a contract with the United ● “I Have a Dream” (Speech)
Farm Workers in 1970.
● This contract gave farm workers higher wages and other o MLK’s most famous speech
benefits for which they had been protesting through the
sixties. o He spoke to over 250,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial
in Washington, D.C.
Four Social and Political Issues of 1968
o Significance of “I have a Dream” speech: King asked
Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (SSUSH21e) for peace and racial harmony.
● One week after King’s death, Congress passed the Civil Two Civil Rights Groups (SSUSH21d)
Rights Act of 1968, which prevented discrimination in
housing. ● The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

● Caused riots in over 100 cities across America o Founder: MLK Jr.

Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy (SSUSH21e) o Goal: to carry on nonviolent crusades against African
Americans
● RFK’s Assassination created civil rights and Vietnam War
tension o Tactics: marches and protests

● Robert Kennedy was running for president

The Tet Offensive (SSUSH21e)

● Caused many Americans turned against the Vietnam War ● Significance of the Nixon’s War Powers Act:
and against the Johnson administration, which had claimed Redistributed power to conduct military operations between
the enemy was near defeat. the executive and legislative branches.

● Surprise attack against American Forces in Vietnam War The Camp David Accords (SSUSH22a)

The Presidential Election of 1968 (SSUSH21e) ● Significance Carter’s Camp David Accord: negotiated a
peace agreement between the Egyptian president and the
● Richard Nixon wins Presidency because he runs on the Israeli prime minister
return of law and order.
● First peace agreement between Middle Eastern nations.
● President Johnson decides not to run due to Vietnam War
The Iran Hostage Crisis (SSUSH22a)
● Robert Kennedy was assassinated will running for President
● Began with the Iranian Revolution
International Policy during the Nixon, Ford and Carter
Administrations (SSUSH22a) ● The shah (king) of Iran (friendly to Americans) was
removed by the new Ayatollah (Muslim Religious Leader)
Richard Nixon Visits China (SSUSH22a) of Iran.
● Visited China to seek scientific, cultural and trade ● Later, the shah seeks medical help from Carter in America
agreements
● Angry Iranians invaded the U.S. embassy in Iran and took
● Hoped Chinese and the U.S. would become allies against 52 Americans captive.
the Soviet Union
● Significance of Iranian Hostage Crisis: President Carter
End of Vietnam War (SSUSH22a) responds to the raid of U.S. Embassy in Iran by demanding
● The President had been given immense unilateral power hostages be released but they were not released.
through the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to take any ● The Iranian hostage crisis lasted 444 days, until the captives
measures he deemed necessary to protect the United States. were released after the election of Ronald Reagan as
● The Congress had been powerless through much of the president, and it nurtured anti- Americanism among
Vietnam War to adjust the level of troop commitment to the Muslims around the world.
region because of the Gulf of Tonkin's unlimited Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency
provisions. (SSUSH22b)
● Once the war was over, the Congress passed the War ● In 1962, Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring, exposed
Powers Act in 1973. Americans to the dangers of pesticides on the environment.
● The War Powers Act: A new policy require the Congress to ● As a result of Silent Spring, Nixon creates the
authorize troop commitments within a certain time frame. Environmental Protection Agency
 ● Significance of Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA): use and conserve resources such as water, to set
The Collapse of the Soviet Union (SSUSH23a) limits on pollution, to conduct environmental research, and
● A foreign policy were Reagan talked the Soviet Union to assist state and local governments in the cleanup of
leader (Mikhail Gorbachev) into allowing free speech polluted sites.
(glasnost) and freedom of assembly in the U.S.S.R. Emergence of the National Organization for Women
● These policy put the U.S.S.R on the path to a democratic (SSUSH22b)
form of government. ● The National Organization for Women (NOW) was
● In a 1987 speech, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to “tear founded in 1966 to promote equal rights and opportunities
down this wall!” as a symbol of increasing freedom in the for America’s women.
U.S.S.R. ● Significance of the National Organization of Women:
● The Wall fell on Nov. 9 1989 (symbolic end of Soviet
th Wants equality in employment, political and social equality,
Union) and the passage of the equal rights amendment.

Ronald Reagans Economic Policy (SSUSH23a) Nixon and the Watergate Scandal (SSUSH22b)

● Goal of Reagans Economic Policy: to balance the budget ● Nixon administration’s attempt to cover up a burglary of
and encourage economic growth. the offices of the Democratic Party in the Watergate
apartment and office complex in Washington, D.C.
● The policy included budget cuts, tax cuts and increased
defense spending. ● Nixon wanted information on Democrats to help him win
his reelection.
● Significance of Reagans Economic Policy: Cut taxes on
wealthy so they would invest in businesses, but led to cuts ● Nixon won reelection in 1972, but his efforts to cover up
in social welfare budgets which hurt lower-income the crime soon unraveled and, facing impeachment, he
Americans. resigned in 1974.

Bill Clinton’s Impeachment (SSUSH23a) ● Significance of Nixon’s Watergate: Decrease in

Americans trust in the federal government (voting
● Clinton became the second president in U.S. history to decreases) and government creates new laws on campaign
suffer impeachment. financing.
● The House of Representatives charged him with perjury Gerald Ford Pardons Nixon (SSUSH22b)
and obstruction of justice.
● Ford Pardon’s Nixon so that he does not have to go to jail
● The charges were based on accusations of improper use of
money from a real estate deal and allegations he had lied ● Significance of Fords Pardon of Nixon: bring the country
under oath about an improper relationship with a White back together, but the pardon only make citizens lose trust
House intern. in the government and rule of law.

● Significance of Clinton’s Impeachment: He denied the

charges and the Senate acquitted him, allowing Clinton to ● In March 2003, American and English troops invaded Iraq
remain in office and finish his second term. in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
The Attacks of September 11, 2001 and the War on ● Iraq’s president, Saddam Hussein, went into hiding while
Terrorism (SSUSH23a) U.S. forces searched for the weapons of mass destruction
● George W. Bush’s presidency will always be remembered (WMD) that Bush feared Hussein had and could supply to
for al-Qaeda’s attacks on September 11, 2001 (9/11). terrorists for use against the United States.

● In response, and with overwhelming support of both ● No WMD were found.

Congress and the American people, Bush signed a law the ● Hussein was captured and convicted of crimes against
next month to allow the U.S. government to hold foreign humanity. He was executed in 2006.
citizens suspected of being terrorists for up to seven days
without charging them with a crime. Technological Changes (SSUSH23a)

● The PATRIOT ACT: Increased the ability of American ● Technologies changes such as the personal computer and
law enforcement agencies to search private the internet has had a dramatic impact on economic growth
communications and personal records. of businesses in the United States.

● The Department of Homeland Security: Created to ● Significance of Social Media: Place were biases and
 protect the United States from terrorist attacks and with incorrect information can be spread, Obama used to
responding to natural disasters. organize people, Trump used to spread biases.

● In October 2001, another of Bush’s responses to the 9/11 Presidential Election of 2008 (SSUSH23a)
terrorist attacks was his authorization of Operation
Enduring Freedom, the invasion of Afghanistan by the ● Democratic candidate Barack Obama was elected by a wide
U.S. military and allied forces. margin in the election.

● That country’s Taliban government was harboring the al- ● Significance of Obamas Election: Large groups of people
Qaeda leadership. gathered in D.C. to see Barack Obama’s inaugural address.

● The allied forces quickly defeated the Taliban government ● This made history as Obama become the first African
and destroyed the al-Qaeda network in Afghanistan; American to hold the office of presidency of the United
however, al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden escaped. States.

● He was later killed by American troops.

● The invasion of Afghanistan was part of Bush’s larger war

against terrorism, for which he built an international
coalition to fight the al-Qaeda network and other terrorist
groups.