Salt Analysis

Salt No.1 – Pb (CH3COO)2 [Lead acetate]

(Write entire thing on ruled side)
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given absent.
salt
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may
Note the nature of the given be present.
salt
3. Odour Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
Take a pinch of salt between observed
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in present.
water in a test tube
5. Dry heating test Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the observed
boiling tube
6. Flame test Bluish white flame Pb2+ may be present
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of
platinum loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- etc. is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
To the given salt in a boiling observed
test tube add conc. H2SO4 and
heat
Confirmatory for CH3COO-
1.Oxalic acid test
CH3COO- is confirmed
Page 1 of 12
Add oxalic acid solid to the Vinegar like smell is
salt and make a paste and take observed
a pinch of paste between
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
2. Ester test
To the salt add ethanol and CH3COO- is confirmed
conc. H2SO4 . warm and then Fruity smell is observed
transfer the solution to a
beaker containing two-third
amount of water.
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
1. Test for Zero Group No gas with Ammonical NH4+ is absent.
To the salt in the boiling test smell is observed Group Zero is absent.
tube add conc. NaOH and heat
Preparation of original solution(OS): Salt is added to cold water
2. Test for Group I White precipitate is formed Pb2+ may be present
Add dilute HCl to the O.S
taken in the test tube
1.Confirmatory for Pb2+
(i) Potassium iodide test Yellow precipitate of Lead Pb2+ is confirmed
To the white precipitate add KI iodide is formed
solution
(ii) Potassium chromate test Orange yellow precipitate Pb2+ is confirmed
To the white precipitate add of Lead chromate is formed
K2CrO4 solution.

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is CH3COO-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is Pb2+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Lead acetate [Pb (CH3COO) 2]

Equations on blank side with pencil

Lead Acetate [(CH3COO)2Pb]
Test for CH3COO-

Conc. H2SO4 test

(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH

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Confirmatory test for CH3COO- :-

1. Oxalic Acid test :

(COOH)2 + (CH3COO)2Pb (COO)2Pb + 2CH3COOH

2. Ester test :
(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH

CH3COOH + C2H5OH H+ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethyl ethanoate (fruity smell)

Test for Pb2+ :

(CH3COO)2Pb + 2HCl PbCl2 +2CH3COOH

White ppt

Confirmatory test for Pb2+:

1. KI test :

(CH3COO)2Pb + 2KI PbI 2 +2CH3COOK

Yellow ppt

2. K2CrO4 test:

(CH3COO)2Pb + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2CH3COOK

Yellow ppt

3.Flame test:
Lead imparts bluish white colour to the flame.

Page 3 of 12
 Salt Analysis
Salt No.2 – (NH4)2CO3 [Ammonium carbonate]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given absent.
salt
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may
Note the nature of the given be present.
salt
3. Odour Ammonical smell is NH4+may be present
Take a pinch of salt between observed
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in present.
water in a test tube
5. Dry heating test Ammonical smell is NH4+ may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the observed
boiling tube
6. Flame test No characteristic flame Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ etc.
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed may be absent.
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of
platinum loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test Evolution of colourless, CO32- may be present
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
Confirmatory for CO32-
1. Dilute HCl test Colourless, odourless gas of CO32- is confirmed
To the salt add dilute HCl CO2 is libertaed with brisk
effervescence. The gas
turns lime water milky
2. Magnesium sulphate test
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 To the salt add solid MgSO4 White precipitate is formed CO32- is confirmed
solution
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
1. Test for Zero Group Gas with ammonical smell NH4+ may be present
To the salt in the boiling test is observed
tube add conc. NaOH and heat
Confirmatory for NH4+
Nessler’s Reagent Test: Brown precipitate is formed NH4+ is confirmed
To the above solution add
Nessler’s Reagent

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is CO32-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Ammonium carbonate [(NH4)2CO3]

(NH4)2CO3 (Ammonium Carbonate)

Test for NH4+

(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH ⎯
⎯→ Na2CO3 + 2NH3 ↑ + 2H2O

Dil. HCl Test:

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(dense white fumes)

Nesslers Reagent Test :

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH → H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

(Brown ppt)

Test for CO3-2

Dil. HCl Test:

(NH4)2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NH4Cl + H2O + CO2↑

Lime water test:

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3↓ + H2O

(Milkiness)

2. Magnesium Sulphate test:

(NH4)2CO3 + MgSO4 → MgCO3↓ + (NH4)2SO4↑

Page 5 of 12
 Salt Analysis
Salt No.3 – BaCl2 [Barium chloride]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given salt absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may be
Note the nature of the given salt present.

3. Odour No characteristic odour is NH4+, CH3COO- etc. may be

Take a pinch of salt between observed absent
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water present.
in a test tube
5. Dry heating test Colourless pungent gas is Cl- may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the liberated which forms dense
boiling tube white fumes with ammonia
6. Flame test Grassy green colour flame is Ba2+ may be present
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Colourless pungent gas is Cl- may be present
To the given salt in a boiling liberated
test tube add conc. H2SO4 and
heat
Confirmatory for Cl-
1. Silver nitrate test
To the salt in the test tube. Formation of white Cl- is confirmed
add conc. HNO3, warm and precipitate which is
allow it to cool and add AgNO3 completely soluble in
solution NH4OH

Page 6 of 12
2. Manganese dioxide test Greenish yellow coloured
Add MnO2 solid and gas is liberated Cl- is confirmed
conc.H2SO4 to the salt in the test
tube and heat.
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
1. Test for Zero Group No gas with Ammonical NH4+ is absent.
To the salt in the boiling test smell is observed Group Zero is absent.
tube add conc. NaOH and heat
Preparation of original solution (OS): Salt is added to cold water
2. Test for Group I No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Add dilute HCl to the O.S taken Group I is absent.
in the test tube
3. Test for Group II No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Pass the above solution through Group II is absent.
Na2S solution
4. Test for Group III No Gelatinous white Al3+ is absent
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl and precipitate is formed Group III is absent.
Then add NH4OH in excess till
the solution smells of ammonia
5. Test for Group IV No precipitate is formed Zn2+ is absent
To the above solution add Na2S Group IV is absent.
solution.
6. Test for Group V White precipitate is formed Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+ may be
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl, which is dissolved in warm present
NH4OH in excess and acetic acid and divided into
NH4(CO3)2 solution three parts.
2+
1.(i) Confirmatory for Ba
Potassium chromate test Yellow precipitate is formed. Ba2+ is confirmed
To one part of the solution add
Potassium chromate solution
(ii) Flame test
Prepare a paste of the salt in
conc.HCl and introduce to the Grassy green colour flame is Ba2+ is confirmed
flame with the help of platinum observed
loop

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is Cl-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is Ba 2+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Barium chloride [BaCl2]

Page 7 of 12
BaCl2 (Barium Chloride):
1. Conc . H2SO4 test

BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl

Confirmatory for Cl-

1.AgNO3 test

BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2

White ppt

2. MnO2 test

BaCl2 + MnO2 + 3 H2SO4 Ba(HSO4)2 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2 ↑

Test for Ba2+

1. BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NH4Cl

White ppt of BaCO3 dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid.

2. BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2↑ + H2O

Confirmatory for Ba2+

1. Potassium chromate (K2CrO4) test :

(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

(Yellow ppt)

2. Flame test:
Barium imparts grassy green colour to the flame.

Page 8 of 12
 Salt Analysis
Salt No.4 – NH4Br [Ammonium bromide]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may
Note the colour of the given salt be absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may
Note the nature of the given salt be present.
3. Odour Ammonical smell is observed NH4+may be present
Take a pinch of salt between
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water present.
in a test tube
5. Dry heating test Ammonical smell is observed NH4+ may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the boiling
tube
6. Flame test No characteristic flame is Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ etc.
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed may be absent.
conc. HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Gas with reddish orange Br- may be present
To the given salt in a boiling test colour is liberated
tube add conc. H2SO4 and heat
Confirmatory for Br –
1.Silver nitrate test Formation of yellow Br - is confirmed
To the salt in the test tube add precipitate which is partially
Add conc. HNO3, warm and soluble in NH4OH
allow it to cool and add AgNO3
solution

2. Manganese dioxide test

Page 9 of 12
 Add MnO2 solid and conc.H2SO4 Yellowish brown vapours are Br - is confirmed
to the salt in the test tube and observed.
heat.

III. Analysis of Basic Radical

1. Test for Zero Group Gas with ammonical smell is NH4+ may be present
To the salt in the boiling test tube observed
add conc. NaOH and heat
Confirmatory test for NH4+
Nessler’s Reagent test: Brown precipitate is formed NH4+ is confirmed
To the above solution add
Nessler’s Reagent

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is Br-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Ammonium Bromide NH4Br
NH4Br (Ammonium Bromide)
Test for NH4+

NH4Br + NaOH ⎯
⎯→ NaBr + NH3↑ + H2O

Dil. HCl Test:

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

White fumes

Nesslers Reagent Test

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

Nessler’s Reagent
(Brown ppt)
-
Test for Br
Confirmatory test :

1. Silver nitrate test

NH4Br + AgNO3 → NH4NO3 + AgBr ↓

(Pale yellow ppt)

2. MnO2 test

2NH4Br + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 → 2NH4HSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2

Page 10 of 12
 Salt No.5 – CH3COONH4 [Ammonium Acetate]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may
Note the colour of the given salt be absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate
Note the nature of the given salt may be present.
3. Odour Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be
Take a pinch of salt between observed present
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water in present.
a test tube
5. Dry heating test Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be
Heat a pinch of salt in the boiling observed present
tube
6. Flame test No characteristic flame Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ etc.
Prepare a paste of the salt in conc. isobserved may be absent.
HCl and introduce to the flame
with the help of platinum loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
To the given salt in a boiling test observed
tube add conc. H2SO4 and heat
Confirmatory for CH3COO-
1.Oxalic acid test
Add oxalic acid solid to the salt
and make a paste and take a pinch Vinegar like smell observed CH3COO- is confirmed
of paste between fingers and rub
with a drop of water
2. Ester test
Add ethanol and conc. H2SO4 to
the salt taken in a test tube, warm
Page 11 of 12
and transfer the solution to a Fruity smell is observed. CH3COO- is confirmed
beaker containing two-third
amount of water.

III. Analysis of Basic Radical

1. Test for Zero Group Gas with ammonical smell is NH4+ may be present
To the salt in the boiling test tube observed
add conc. NaOH and heat
Confirmatory test for NH4+
Nessler’s Reagent test: Brown precipitate is formed NH4+ is confirmed
To the above solution add
Nessler’s Reagent

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is CH3COO-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Lead acetate CH3COONH4

Test for CH3COO-

Oxalic acid Test:

COOH COONH4

COOH + 2CH3COONH4 COONH4 + 2CH3COOH

Ester Test:

2CH3COONH4 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2CH3COOH

CH3COOH + C2H5OH H+ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Test for NH4+


CH3COONH4 + NaOH ⎯
⎯→ CH3COONa + NH3↑ + H2O

Dil. HCl Test:

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

White fumes

Nesslers Reagent Test

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

Nessler’s Reagent
(Brown ppt)

Page 12 of 12