Module 3 Third Term Physics

Grade 8 by: Teacher Chengetai
Subject: Physics
Date: 23-27/09/24
Parent’s signature………………………………………………………………………………………………………marks………. /10
Student’s name…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
References
‘’Physics for IGCSE” by David Sang (Cambridge University Press), IGCSE Physics by Tom Duncan and
Heather Kennet (Hodder Education), Physics IGCSE study by Ritchard Parsons (Oxford University Press),
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Kinetic particle model of matter
Learning objectives: In this module, learners should be able to:
1 Outline the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
2 Outline the terms for the changes in state between solids, liquids and gases.
3.Describe the particle structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the arrangement, separation and
motion of the particles, and represent these states using simple particle diagrams.
States of matter
Properties of solids, liquids & gases
The three states of matter in terms of shape and volume

Solids
• Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume

• Solids cannot flow and are not compressible
Liquids
• Liquids have no definite shape but do have a definite volume

• Liquids are able to flow to take the shape of a container but they are not compressible
Gases
• Gases have no definite shape and no fixed volume

• Gases can flow to take the shape of their container and are highly compressible
Changes of state
When a substance changes state, the number of molecules in that substance doesn't change and so
neither does its mass
• The only thing that changes is its energy

• Changes of state are physical changes and so they are reversible
Melting & freezing
• Melting occurs when a solid turns into a liquid (e.g. ice to water)
• Freezing occurs when a liquid turns into a solid
Boiling & condensing
• Boiling occurs when a liquid turns into a gas

• This is also called evaporating
• Condensing occurs when a gas turns into a liquid
Molecular Matter
Arrangement & motion of particles
• All molecules and matter are in motion at room temperature

• The motion and arrangement of particles must be known for each state of matter
In a solid:
• The molecules are very close together and arranged in a regular pattern
• The molecules vibrate about fixed positions
In a liquid:
• The molecules are still close together (no gaps) but are no longer arranged in a regular pattern
• The molecules are able to slide past each other
In a gas:
• The molecules are widely separated - about 10 times further apart in each direction
• The molecules move about randomly at high speeds
The forces & distances between molecules
Intermolecular forces and motion of particles
➢ The forces between molecules and matter (or 'particles') affect the state of matter
➢ This is because the magnitude of the forces affects the relative distances and motion of the
particles
➢ This affects the ability of the substance to
• Change shape
• Change volume
• Flow
The word particles can refer to:
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Ions
• Electrons
Solids
• The molecules in a solid are held in place by strong intermolecular forces

• They only vibrate in position
• The distance between them is fixed and is very small
• This gives the solid its rigid shape and fixed volume
Liquids
• The molecules in a liquid have enough energy to overcome the forces between them
• They are still held close together
• The volume of the liquid is the same as the volume of the solid
• Molecules can move around (by sliding past each other).
• This allows the liquid to change shape and flow
Gases
• The molecules in a gas have more energy and move randomly at high speeds
• The molecules have overcome the forces holding them close together
• Because of the large spaces between the molecules
• The gas can easily be compressed and is also able to expand
• Gases flow freely
Worked example
Two states of matter are described below. Identify each of the states of matter.
Substance 1
• molecules are spaced very far apart

• molecules move very quickly at random
• molecules move in a straight line
Substance 2
• molecules are quite closely packed together

• molecules move about at random
• molecules do not have fixed positions
Answer:
Substance 1
Step 1:
Identify the distances between the molecules
• The molecules are spaced far apart

• This can only describe a gas
Step 2:
Identify the motion of the molecules
• The molecules move quickly, at random and in a straight line

• This confirms that substance 1 is a gas
Substance 2
Step 1: Identify the distances between the molecules
• The molecules are closely packed

• This could describe either a solid or a liquid
Step 2:
Identify the motion of the molecules
• The molecules move at random and do not have fixed positions

• This confirms that substance 2 is a liquid
Questions
1.Two states of matter are described as follows.
In state 1, the molecules are very far apart. They move about very quickly at random in straight
lines until they hit something.
In state 2, the molecules are quite closely packed together. They move about at random. They do
not have fixed positions.
What is state 1 and what is state 2?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
2. The diagrams represent the molecules in two different states of matter. The arrows show the
motion of the molecules
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
3.The diagram shows four labelled changes of state between solid, liquid and gas
State two ways in which the molecular structure of a gas differs from the molecular
structure of a liquid.
1. ..................................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................................[2]
4.Descriptions of two different states of matter are shown below.
X: the molecules are very close together, in fixed positions. They vibrate around these fixed positions.
Y: the molecules move rapidly and randomly in straight lines until they collide with something.
To which state of matter do each of the descriptions fit?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
4.The molecules are spaced apart very far.
Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in a solid
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

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Module 3 Third Term Physics

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Grade 8 by: Teacher Chengetai

Parent’s signature………………………………………………………………………………………………………marks………. /10

Kinetic particle model of matter

Learning objectives: In this module, learners should be able to:

1 Outline the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases

Properties of solids, liquids & gases

The three states of matter in terms of shape and volume

• Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume

• Liquids have no definite shape but do have a definite volume

• Gases have no definite shape and no fixed volume

• The only thing that changes is its energy

Melting & freezing

Boiling & condensing

• Boiling occurs when a liquid turns into a gas

Arrangement & motion of particles

• All molecules and matter are in motion at room temperature

The forces & distances between molecules

Intermolecular forces and motion of particles

The word particles can refer to:

• The molecules in a solid are held in place by strong intermolecular forces

• molecules are spaced very far apart

• molecules are quite closely packed together

Identify the distances between the molecules

• The molecules are spaced far apart

Identify the motion of the molecules

• The molecules move quickly, at random and in a straight line

Step 1: Identify the distances between the molecules

• The molecules are closely packed

Identify the motion of the molecules

• The molecules move at random and do not have fixed positions

1.Two states of matter are described as follows.

lines until they hit something.

not have fixed positions.

What is state 1 and what is state 2?

4.Descriptions of two different states of matter are shown below.

To which state of matter do each of the descriptions fit?

4.The molecules are spaced apart very far.

Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in a solid

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