CLASS XI Economic Chapterwise Topicwise Notes Chapter-2 Collection of Data
CLASS XI Economic Chapterwise Topicwise Notes Chapter-2 Collection of Data
STATISTICS
COLLECTION OF DATA
REVISION NOTES
CHAPTERWISE &
TOPICWISE
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Class 11th Statistics
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
INDEX
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
INDEX
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
DATA
DATA
Meaning
In Statistics, Data is information such as facts and numbers used to analyses something
or make decisions. It helps to evaluate the outcome of the problem. Most of the
organizations use data collection methods to make assumptions about future probabilities
and trends.
Data can be classified into two types, namely primary data and secondary data.
Sources of data
Internal sources
Internal data Sources are things like reports and records that are published within the organization.
Internal data Sources are used to do primary research on a given topic. As a researcher, you can go
to internal sources to get information.
Some of the different internal data are accounting resources, sales force reports, internal experts,
and miscellaneous reports.
External sources
When data collection happens outside of the organization, it is called an external data source. In
every way, they are outside of the company. As a researcher, you can work for external data
collection.
There are different groups into which external data can be put. They are given below.
• Government publications
Researchers can get a massive amount of information from government sources. Also, you
can get much of this information for free on the Internet.
• Non-government publications
Researchers can also find industry-related information in non-government publications. The
only research problem with non-government publications is that their data may sometimes
be biased.
• Syndicate services
Some companies offer Syndicate services. As part of this, they collect and organize the same
marketing information for all their clients. Surveys, mail diary panels, electronic services,
wholesalers, industrial firms, retailers, etc., are ways they get information from households.
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Class 11th Economics (Statistics)
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
PRIMARY DATA
Meaning
Primary data collection is the process of collecting data from a live source, such as a
human being. The goal of primary data collection is to collect data that is as accurate
and complete as possible. This data can be used to improve the quality of life for people
and the environment.
There are two types of primary data collection: online and offline.
a) Meaning
Direct Personal Investigation or Personal Interview is a method of collecting primary data through
which the investigator contacts the informant directly to collect data by conducting on-the-spot
enquiry.
For example, Body Shop wishes to conduct a statistical enquiry regarding the body shower gel
used by people of Delhi NCR. For this, the company will select some investigators, who will
approach the people living in Delhi NCR and collect the essential data.
b) Merits
• The investigator personally collects the information, the data are original and accurate.
• The questions can be explained to the informant according to his education standards.
• Data obtained through this method are uniform and homogenous.
c) Demerits:
• It is a time-consuming process.
• Cannot be done for wide area location.
• It cost more.
d) Precautions
While using the Direct Personal Investigation method for collecting primary data, an investigator
should take the following precautions:
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
Indirect Oral Investigation is a method of collecting primary data through which the investigator
approaches third parties who are in the possession of required information about the subject of
enquiry. It is used when the area of investigation is large, or the respondents feel reluctant in parting
information with the investigator due to some reasons.
For example, we want to study the number of students at a college who drink alcohol. For this
purpose, the investigator cannot get information through direct personal investigation because the
students may not provide correct information, as drinking alcohol is regarded as a bad habit.
a) Merits
• It is economical in terms of time, cost and manpower.
• Confidential information can be collected.
• Information is likely to be unbiased and reliable.
• This method is relatively simple to under-stand.
b) Demerits
• The degree of accuracy of information is less.
• This method leads to doubtful, conclusion due to ignorance and carelessness of the
witness.
c) Precautions
While using the Indirect Oral Investigation method for collecting primary data, an investigator
should take the following precautions:
• The investigator should ensure that the number of witnesses is fairly large.
• He should select only those witnesses who possess sufficient knowledge about the
proposed investigation.
• The investigator should neither completely believe nor disbelieve the information
provided to him/her by the witnesses.
a) Meaning
Under this method, questionnaires are mailed to the informants. A letter is attached with the
questionnaire giving the purpose of the enquiry. It is also assured that the information would
be kept private. The informants note the answers to the questions and return the completed
questionnaire to the investigator.
b) Merits
• Questionnaire method of data collection can be easily adopted where the field of
investigation is very vast, and the informants are spread over a wide geographical area.
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Class 11th Economics (Statistics)
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
• This method is relatively cheap and expeditious provided the informants respond in
time.
• This method has proved to be superior when compared to other methods like personal
interviews or telephone method. This is because when questions pertaining to
personal nature or the ones requiring reaction by the family are put forth to the
informants, there is a chance for them to be embarrassed in answering them.
c) Demerits
• This method can be adopted only where the informants are literates so that they can
understand written questions and lend the answers in writing.
• It involves some uncertainty about the response. Co-operation on the part of
informants may be difficult to presume.
• The information provided by the informants may not be correct and it may be difficult
to verify the accuracy.
d) Precautions
• The questionnaire should be simple, attractive, and short.
• The questions under this method should not hurt the sentiments and feelings of the
informants and should not be very personal.
• The questions should be formed with a proper system, sequence, and planning.
• The investigator should clearly define the object of enquiry.
• The investigator should make effort to get the information as early as possible.
Pilot Survey
Pilot survey is a sample survey which is done to know either our questionnaire is understandable to
the public or not. Advantages of pilot survey are. The questions to he asked are being tested through
pilot survey. The problems which may arise during a large survey are guessed and solutions are found
out.
Census Method
A census method is that process of the statistical list where all members of a
population are analysed. The population relates to the set of all observations under
concern. For instance, if you want to carry out a study to find out student’s feedback
about the amenities of your school, then all the students of your school would form a
component of the ‘population’ for your study.
1. Merits
a) Reliable and Accurate:
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Class 11th Economics (Statistics)
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
The results derived since census method of collecting data are highly reliable and accurate.
The reliability and accuracy come in the result because this method involves the study of
every item of the population.
b) Less Biased:
The results derived based on census method are less biased because the investigator does
not have to collect sample items for the study and has to study the whole population.
Diverse characteristics of the universe can be studied with the help of census method of
collecting data.
2. Demerits
a) Costly:
As the census method of collecting data is costly, it is generally not used for ordinary
investigation. Therefore, no individual can afford to use this method, but only Government
or a big institution can afford this method that too for some specific purposes only.
b) Large Manpower:
If there are many items in the universe, then it would become difficult to cover and study
each and every item. Hence, in those cases, the census method of collecting data becomes
practically inoperative.
Sampling Method
Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your
esearch. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university,
you could survey a sample of 100 students. In statistics, sampling allows you to test a
hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.
1. Merits
a) Economical:
It is economical because we have not to collect all data. Instead of getting data from 5000
farmers, we get it from 50-100 only.
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
PRIMARY DATA
As no of units is only a fraction of the total universe, time consumed is also a fraction of
total time. Number of units is considerably small, hence the time.
c) Reliable:
If sample is taken judiciously, the results are very reliable and accurate.
2. Demerits
a) Wrong Conclusion:
If the sample is not representative, the results will not be correct. These will lead to the
wrong conclusions.
b) Small Universe:
Sometimes universe is so small that proper samples cannot be taken not of it. Number of
units are so less.
c) Inherent defects:
The results which are achieved though the analysis of sampling data may not be accurate
as this method have inherent defects. There is not even a single method of sampling which
has no demerit.
d) Sampling Error:
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
TYPES OF SAMPLING
TYPES OF SAMPLING
Random Sampling
Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has
an equal probability of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be
an unbiased representation of the total population. If for some reasons, the sample
does not represent the population, the variation is called a sampling error.
Merits
Demerits
• If some special units are to be included in the sample due to their importance, then this
method is not suitable.
• If the population size is small or the heterogeneity is high, then the samples taken by this
method cannot fully represent the population.
• This method is suitable only when all units of the population are independent.
Random sampling is an essential process for any survey, as it contains essential data that help
researchers to predict and decide the outcome of any forthcoming event. Here are some of the vital
classifications of this process –
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
TYPES OF SAMPLING
instance, one needs to achieve a sample size of 200, and have four groups to choose from, then
selecting 50 samples from each group will suffice.
Now, the needed sample size will have a design that will match the population size or represent
its sub-categories. The primary benefit of using this method over a simple random sampling
method is that it offers a more focused approach towards selecting samples.
3. Cluster Sampling
The methods of random sampling offer a unique approach to this process. Here, samples are
distributed among large sub-groups, and some of them get selected randomly. After that,
researchers select samples randomly from these subgroups. These groups are known as clusters.
The primary reason for deciding on this method is to reduce data collection costs. Based on the
ease of access, clusters get their definition. For instance, a borough can be a cluster in case of
door-to-door sampling.
4. Multi-stage Sampling
This method of sample collection combines two or more types of sample design mentioned
above. At first, the entire database is divided into different sub-groups, and then they are further
classified into various subgroups, based on their similarities.
After that, one or more clusters receive a random selection depending on the stratum they
belong to. Now, this process continues until this cluster cannot sustain any further division.
Non-Random Sampling
Non-random sampling is a sampling technique where the sample selection is
based on factors other than just random chance. In other words, non-random
sampling is biased in nature. Here, the sample will be selected based on the
convenience, experience, or judgment of the researcher.
Merit: Since non-probability sampling does not require a complete survey frame, it is a fast, easy,
and inexpensive way of obtaining data.
Demerit: These samples are more likely to be biased and conclusions/inferences about the
population are less likely to be correct.
1. Convenience sampling:
Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where samples are selected from
the population only because they are conveniently available to the researcher. Researchers
choose these samples just because they are easy to recruit, and the researcher did not consider
selecting a sample that represents the entire population.
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Class 11th Economics (Statistics)
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
TYPES OF SAMPLING
2. Consecutive sampling:
This non-probability sampling method is very similar to convenience sampling, with a slight
variation. Here, the researcher picks a single person or a group of a sample, conducts research
over a period, analyses the results, and then moves on to another subject or group if needed.
3. Quota sampling:
Hypothetically consider, a researcher wants to study the career goals of male and female
employees in an organization. There are 500 employees in the organization, also known as the
population. To understand better about a population, the researcher will need only a sample, not
the entire population. Further, the researcher is interested strata within the population. Here is
where quota sampling helps in dividing the population into strata or groups.
In the judgmental sampling method, researchers select the samples based purely on the
researcher’s knowledge and credibility. In other words, researchers choose only those people
who they deem fit to participate in the research study. Judgmental or purposive sampling is not
a scientific method of sampling, and the downside to this sampling technique is that the
preconceived notions of a researcher can influence the results.
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Class 11th Economics (Statistics)
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
STATISTICAL ERRORS
STATISTICAL ERRORS
Sampling error
A sampling error is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a
sample that represents the entire population of data. As a result, the results found in
the sample do not represent the results that would be obtained from the entire
population.
Non-sampling error
A non-sampling error is a term used in statistics that refers to an error that occurs during data
collection, causing the data to differ from the true values. A non-sampling error refers to either
random or systematic errors, and these errors can be challenging to spot in a survey, sample, or
census.
1. Error of Measurement:
The reason behind the occurrence of Error of Measurement may be difference in the scale of
measurement and difference in the rounding-off procedure that is adopted by different
investigators.
2. Error of Non-response:
These errors arise when the respondents do not offer the information required for the study.
3. Error of Misinterpretation:
These errors arise when the respondents fail to interpret the question given in the questionnaire.
These errors occur when because of one reason or another, a part of the target population cannot
be included in the sample choice.
Biased errors
Biased sampling errors arise due to biasness on the part of the investigator,
biasness due to non-response, biasness in the technique of the approximation,
biasness in the measuring instrument.
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Class 11th Economics (Statistics)
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
STATISTICAL ERRORS
Unbiased errors
Unbiased errors are those errors that arise not because of the personal judgement but
because of the problem in determining samples i.e., difference between the items that
are included for the sampling purpose and items that are not included.
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Class 11th Economics (Statistics)
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
SECONDARY DATA
SECONDARY DATA
Meaning
Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the actual user. It means
that the information is already available, and someone analyses it. The secondary
data includes magazines, newspapers, books, journals, etc.
Sources
1. Published sources
Secondary data is usually gathered from published (printed) sources. A few major sources of
published information are as follows:
Statistical data can be obtained from several unpublished references. Some of the major
unpublished sources from which secondary data can be gathered are as follows:
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
CENSUS OF INDIA AND NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY ORGANISATION (NSSO)
Census of India
The Census of India is the most extensive and comprehensive source of information on the
population of India. It is conducted every ten years by the Office of the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner, India. The census provides data on various demographic and socio-economic aspects
of the population, including age, sex, literacy, education, employment, housing, and household
amenities.
• The data collected by NSSO and Census of India is crucial for policy formulation and planning
by the government.
• The data helps in identifying the gaps and challenges in various sectors, which can be
addressed through targeted interventions and policies.
• NSSO and Census of India data also helps in monitoring the progress of various developmental
programmes and schemes.
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Class 11th Economics (Statistics)
)
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
MIND MAP
MIND MAP
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Class 11th Economics
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
ASSERTION REASON
ASSERTION REASON
Chapter 2 Collection Of Data
Question 1:
Directions: For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d)
as given below:
Reason: Random sampling ensures that every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
Question 2:
Directions: For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d)
as given below:
Reason: In stratified sampling, the population is divided into homogeneous groups called
strata, and a sample is randomly selected from each stratum.
Question 3:
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Class 11th Economics
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
ASSERTION REASON
Directions: For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d)
as given below:
Assertion: Census method is the best approach for collecting data in all situations.
Reason: The census method provides complete and accurate information about the entire
population.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false but R is true
Answer: A is false but R is true
Question 4:
Directions: For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d)
as given below:
Question 5:
Directions: For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d)
as given below:
Assertion: Primary data are original data collected by the researcher for a specific purpose.
Reason: Secondary data are collected from published or unpublished sources that have
been previously collected by someone else.
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
ASSERTION REASON
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
CASE STUDY
CASE STUDY
Chapter 2 Collection Of Data
Question 1:
The local government wants to conduct a survey to determine the average monthly income of
the households in a particular city. Outline the steps they should follow to collect the required
data.
i. Which of the following steps is NOT part of the data collection process for determining
the average monthly income of households in a city?
a. Defining objectives
b. Selecting a suitable sampling technique
c. Designing the questionnaire
d. Analysing the collected data
ii. What is the purpose of conducting a pilot survey in this case study?
iii. Which of the following methods would be most suitable for selecting a sample of
households for the survey?
iv. What type of questions should be included in the questionnaire for this survey?
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
CASE STUDY
v. Which of the following data analysis techniques would be most appropriate for
calculating the average monthly income?
A company wants to analyse customer satisfaction with their product. Suggest suitable
methods to collect data for this analysis.
i. Which of the following methods would be most suitable for collecting data on
customer satisfaction with a product?
ii. What is the purpose of using online surveys in this case study?
iii. Which of the following methods would be most suitable for analysing customer
sentiments and opinions?
02 COLLECTION OF DATA
CASE STUDY
iv. What is the benefit of conducting focus groups in this case study?
v. Which of the following data sources would be most helpful in understanding the
relationship between customer satisfaction and product usage?
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