Databases and Scalable

Python provides interfaces to all major open source and commercial databases along with a better
structure and support for much larger programs than shell scripting.

Applications of Python
There exist a wide variety of applications when it comes to Python. Some of the applications are:

Recap 3: Python Basics

In class 9, as Python was introduced, we also discussed about some basic Python syntaxes which can
help us in writing codes in Python language. Let us brush up all the concepts once and see how we can
use them in coding.

1. Printing Statements

We can use Python to display outputs for any code we write. To print any statement, we use print()
function in Python.

2. Python Statements and Comments

Instructions written in the source code to execute are known as statements. These are the lines of
code which we write for the computer to work upon. For example, if we wish to print the addition of
two numbers, say 5 and 10, we would simply write:
print(5+10)

This is a Python statement as the computer would go through it and do the needful (which in this
case would be to calculate 5+10 and print it on the output screen)
On the other hand, there exist some statements which do not get executed by the computer. These
lines of code are skipped by the machine. They are known as comments. Comments are the
statements which are incorporated in the code to give a better understanding of code statements to
the user. To write a comment in Python, one can use # and then write anything after it. For example:
# This is a comment and will not be read by the machine.
print(5+10) # This is a statement and the machine will print the
summation.

Here, we can see that the first line is a comment as it starts with #. In the second line, we have an
executable statement followed by a comment which is written to explain the code. In this way, we can
add comments into our code so that anyone can understand the gist of it.

3. Keywords & Identifiers

In Python, there exist some words which are pre-defined and carry a specific meaning for the machine
by default. These words are known as keywords. Keywords cannot be changed at any point in time
and should not be used any other way except the default one, otherwise they create confusion and
might result in ambiguous outputs. Some of the Keywords are mentioned below:

Note that keywords are case-sensitive.

An identifier is any word which is variable. Identifiers can be declared by the user as per their
convenience of use and can vary according to the way the user wants. These words are not defined
and can be used in any way. Keywords cannot be used as identifiers. Some examples of keywords can
be: count, interest, x, ai_learning, Test, etc. Identifiers are also case-sensitive hence an identifier
named as Test would be different from an identifier named test.

4. Variables & Datatypes

A variable is a named location used to store data in the memory. It is helpful to think of variables as a
container that holds data which can be changed later throughout programming. Just like in
Mathematics, in Python too we can use variables to store values in it. The difference here is, that in
Python, the variables not only store numerical values, but can also contain different types of data.
For example:
X = 10 # X variable contains numerical data
Letters = ‘XYZ’ # Letters variable contains alphabetic data
number = 13.95 # number variable contains a decimal value
word = ‘k’ # word variable contains a character

All of these variables contain different types of data in them. The type of data is defined by the term
datatype in Python. There can be various types of data which are used in Python programming. Hence,
the machine identifies the type of variable according to the value which is stored inside it. Various
datatypes in Python can be:

5. Python inputs

In Python, not only can we display the output to the user, but we can also collect data from the user
and can pass it on to the Python script for further processing. To collect the data from the user at the
time of execution, input() function is used. While using the input function, the datatype of the
expected input is required to be mentioned so that the machine does not interpret the received data
in an incorrect manilr as the data taken as input from the user is considered to be a string (sequence
of characters) by default.

For example:
Str = input(<String>) # Python expects the input to be of string
datatype
Number = int(input(<string>)) # Input string gets converted to an
integer value before assignment
Value = float(input(<String>)) # Input string gets converted to a
decimal value before assignment

6. Python Operators

Operators are special symbols which represent computation. They are applied on operand(s), which
can be values or variables. Same operators can behave differently on different data types. Operators
when applied on operands form an expression. Operators are categorized as Arithmetic, Relational,
Logical and Assignment. Value and variables when used with operators are known as operands.
a. Arithmetic Operators

Operator Meaning Expression Result

+ Addition 10 + 20 30

- Subtraction 30 - 10 20

* Multiplication 30 * 100 300

/ Division 30 / 10 20.0

// Integer Division 25 // 10 2

% Remainder 25 % 10 5

** Raised to power 3 ** 2 9

b. Conditional Operators

Operator Meaning Expression Result

20 > 10 True
> Greater Than
15 > 25 False
20 < 45 True
< Less Than
20 < 10 False
5 == 5 True
== Equal To
5 == 6 False
67 != 45 True
!= Not Equal to
35 != 35 False
45 >= 45 True
>= Greater than or Equal to
23 >= 34 False
13 <= 24 True
<= Less than or equal to
13 <= 12 False

c. Logical Operators

Operator Meaning Expression Result

True and True True
and And operator
True and False False
True or False True
or Or operator
False or False False
not False True
not Not Operator
not True False

d. Assignment Operators

Operator Expression Equivalent to

= X=5 X=5
+= X +=5 X=X+5
-= X -= 5 X=X-5
*= X *= 5 X=X*5
/= X /= 5 X=X/5