Project Biology

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON-
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
NAME – SHREYA SINGH

STD - XII SCI
SUBJECT – BIOLOGY
ROLL NO – 23
BOARD ROLL .NO –
Certificate
This is to certify that Kaushik Kumar a student of class
XII SCIENCE,has successfully completed the research
on the topic POLLINATION under the guidance of
Mrs.CHINMAYEE PRADHAN(subject teacher) during
the year 2024-2025 in partial fulfillment of biology
practical examination conducted by
AISSCE, NEW DELHI.
______________ ______________
Sign of internal examiner Sign of external examiner
_______________
Principle’s Signature
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
The female of placental mammals exhibits cyclical changes in the

activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the
reproductive phase known as reproductive cycle.
There are two types which are as follows;
1. OESTRUS CYCLE
The estrous cycle or oestrus cycle is that recurring physiological
changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most
mammalian therein females. Estrous cycle start after sexual
maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases or by
pregnancies.
2. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual is the regular natural change that occurs in the
female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.
Menstruation is the technical term for getting your periods .If
pregnancy does not occur, this thickened lining is shed,
accompanied by bleeding usually last for 3-8 day.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 The menstrual cycle is complex and controlled by

many different glands and the hormones that these
glands produce. The four phases of the menstrual
cycle are menstruation, the follicular phase,
ovulation and the luteal phase.
 In human female, Menstruation is repeated at an

average interval of about 28-29 day.
 The cycle of the event from one menstruation till

the next one is known as menstrual cycle.
HORMONES
 Anterior Pituitary Hormone

I. Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
It is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior

pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and
development of corpus luteum.
II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

It is a ganadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is
synthesized and secreted by the gandotrophic cell of the anterior
pituitary gland and regulates the development, and reproductive
processes of body.
 Ovarian Hormone
I. Estrogen
It is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the
development and regulation of female reproductive and
secondary sex characteristics.
II. Progesterone
It is an endogenous steroid and progesterone sex hormone
involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and
embryogenesis of humans and other species.
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 A change in the level of anterior pituitary hormone and

Overlain hormone induces changes in ovary and uterus
in the different phases.
 Menstrual Cycle can be divided into 3 phases:
1. Menstrual Phases
2. Follicular (Estrogen) Phase
3. Ovulation
4. Luteal Phase
DURATION OF MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
 The duration of menstrual cycle is 28 days

 Cycle can range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults.
 The range for the early teens range between 21 to 45
days.
MENSTRUAL PHASE
 Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.
 Menstruation
i. Menstrual bleeding, menses, periods.
ii. Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells,

glandular secretions and blood cells.
iii. Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its

blood vessels.
iv. Result of the previous menstrual cycle.
v. Due to strong vasoconstriction and photolytic activity,

functional stratum of endometrial tissue dies and is
discharged during menstrual bleeding.
vi. It last for 3-5 days

CHANGING HORMONE LEVEL DURING MENSTRUATION
CYCLE
SIGN OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 A Woman May Experience:
 Fluid Retention
 Cramping
 Constipation
 Mood Swings
 Weight Gain
 Breast Tenderness
 Diarrhea
MENARCHE AND MENOPHASE
 Menarche
 A woman’s first menstruation.
 Typically occurs around age 12.
 Occurrence depends on the overall health and diet.
 Menopause:
 End of woman’s reproductive phase.
 Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55,
 Age of menopause is largely the result of genetics.

FOLLICULAR PHASE
 Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormones

during the first day of the cycle, several ovarian
follicles are stimulated.
 Follicle competes with each other for
development.
 Follicle matures into graffian follicle.
 As they mature, the follicles secret increasing
amount of estrogen which thickness the new
functional layer of endometrial in the uterus.
 At the end of this phase, ovulation occurs
LUTEAL PHASE
 Graffian follicle transform as corpus luteum

 The luteal phase is the latter phase of the menstrual
cycle.
 It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum
and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis.
 Corpus luteam secrets significant amount of
progesterone, which plays a vital role.
 The two opposite of the luteal phase, the rest of the
two weeks is called the follicular phase
MENSTRUAL HYGINENE
Help prevent infection ,reduce odors,stay

comfortable during your period
1. Wash your hands before and after using a

menstrual product.
2. Change menstrual products regularly.
3.Use the lowest absorbency product
needed
4.Discard used menstrual products properly
in a trash bin.
5.Wear breathable clothing.
6.Use unscented hygiene product
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.ncert.com
 www.google.com
 NCERT BOOK
 www.wikipedia.com
OVULATION
 During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses

production of luteinizing hormones [LH] from the pituitary
gland.
 When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen
reach a threshold above which they stimulate producing of
LH surge.
 After being released from ovary it is kept into fallopian
tube.
INDEX
1. Reproductive cycle
2. Menstrual cycle
3. Hormones
4. Phases of menstrual cycle
5. Duration of different phases
6. Menstruation
7. Follicular phase
8. Ovulation phase
9. Luteal phase
10. Events of menstruation cycle
11. Hormonal levels during different
phases
12. Signs of menstruation
13. Menarche and menopause
14. Menstrual cycle disorder
15. Menstrual hygiene
16. Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my principal Mrs.Chinmayee Pradhan and
my Biology Teacher Mrs. Rekha Naidu who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic MENSTRUAL CYCLE, which
also helped me in doing a lot of research and I
came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to her.
I would also like to thanks my parents for the

continues support and showing interest towards my
project and at last but not the least I would
like to thank my friends who all appreciated me
for my hard work .

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BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

NAME – SHREYA SINGH

The female of placental mammals exhibits cyclical changes in the

There are two types which are as follows;

 The menstrual cycle is complex and controlled by

 In human female, Menstruation is repeated at an

 The cycle of the event from one menstruation till

 Anterior Pituitary Hormone

It is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior

II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)

 A change in the level of anterior pituitary hormone and

 Menstrual Cycle can be divided into 3 phases:

 The duration of menstrual cycle is 28 days

 Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

ii. Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells,

iii. Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its

iv. Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

v. Due to strong vasoconstriction and photolytic activity,

vi. It last for 3-5 days

 A Woman May Experience:

 A woman’s first menstruation.

 Typically occurs around age 12.

 Occurrence depends on the overall health and diet.

 End of woman’s reproductive phase.

 Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55,

 Age of menopause is largely the result of genetics.

 Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormones

 Graffian follicle transform as corpus luteum

Help prevent infection ,reduce odors,stay

1. Wash your hands before and after using a

 During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses

I would like to express my special thanks of

I would also like to thanks my parents for the

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