B.Sc.

Part-I
Paper-I
MECHANICS, OSCILLATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER
(Paper code 0793)
Unit- 1 Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical coordinate system, Inertial and non-inertial frames
of reference, uniformly rotating frame, Coriolis force and its applications. Motion under a
central force, Kepler's laws. Effect of Centrifugal and Coriolis forces due to earth’s
rotation, Center of mass (C.M.), Lab and C.M. frame of reference, motion of C.M. of
system of particles subject to external forces, elastic, and inelastic collisions in one and
two dimensions, Scattering angle in the laboratory frame of reference, Conservation of
linear and angular momentum, Conservation of energy.

Unit-2 Rigid body motion, rotational motion, moments of inertia and their products, principal
moments & axes, introductory idea of Euler's equations. Potential well and Periodic
Oscillations, case of harmonic small oscillations, differential equation and its solution,
kinetic and potential energy, examples of simple harmonic oscillations: spring and mass
system, simple and compound pendulum, torsional pendulum.

Unit-3 Bifilar oscillations, Helmholtz resonator, LC circuit, vibrations of a magnet, oscillations

of two masses connected by a spring. Superposition of two simple harmonic motions of
the same frequency, Lissajous figures, damped harmonic oscillator, case of different
frequencies. Power dissipation, quality factor, examples, driven (forced) harmonic
oscillator, transient and steady states, power absorption, resonance.

Unit-4 E as an accelerating field, electron gun, case of discharge tube, linear accelerator, E as
deflecting field- CRO sensitivity, Transverse B field, 180o deflection, mass spectrograph,
curvatures of tracks for energy determination, principle of a cyclotron. Mutually
perpendicular E and B fields: velocity selector, its resolution. Parallel E and B fields,
positive ray parabolas, discovery of isotopes, elements of mass spectrography, principle
of magnetic focusing lens.

Unit-5 Elasticity: Strain and stress, elastic limit, Hooke’s law, Modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s
ratio, Bulk modulus, relation connecting different elastic- constants, twisting couple of a
cylinder (solid and hallow), Bending moment, Cantilever, Young modulus by bending of
beam.
Viscosity: Poiseulle’s equation of liquid flow through a narrow tube, equations of
continuity. Euler's equation, Bernoulli’s theorem, viscous fluids, streamline and turbulent
flow. Poiseulle's law, Coefficient of viscosity, Stoke’s law, Surface tension and molecular
interpretation of surface tension, Surface energy, Angle of contact, wetting.
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. E M Purcell, Ed Berkely physics course, vol. Mechanics (Mc. Gr. Hill) R P Feynman.
2. R B Lighton and M Sands, the Feynman lectures in physics, vol I (B) publications,
Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, Madras.
3. D P Khandelwal, Oscillations and waves (Himalaya Publishing House Bombay).
4. R. K. Ghosh, The Mathematics of waves and vibrations (Macmillan 1975).
5. J.C. Upadhyaya- Mechanics (Hindi and English Edition.)
6. D.S. Mathur- Mechanics and properties of matter.
7. Brijlal and Subramanium- Oscillations and waves. Resnick and Halliday- Volume I
8. Physics Part –1: Resnick and Halliday.
 Paper-II
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Unit-1 Repeated integrals of a function of more than one variable, definition of a double and
triple integral. Gradient of a scalar field and its geometrical interpretation, divergence and
curl of a vector field, and their geometrical interpretation, line, surface and volume
integrals, flux of a vector field. Gauss's divergence theorem, Green's theorem and Stoke’s
theorem and their physical significance. Kirchoff's law, Ideal Constant-voltage and
Constant-current Sources. Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem, Superposition theorem,
Reciprocity theorem and Maximum Power Transfer theorem.

Unit-2 Coulomb’s law in vacuum expressed in Vector forms, calculations of E for simple
distributions of charges at rest, dipole and quadrupole fields. Work done on a charge in a
electrostatic field expressed as a line integral, conservative nature of the electrostatic
field. Relation between Electric potential and Electric field, torque on a dipole in a
uniform electric field and its energy, flux of the electric field.
Gauss's law and its application: E due to (1) an Infinite Line of Charge, (2) a Charged
Cylindrical Conductor, (3) an Infinite Sheet of Charge and Two Parallel Charged Sheets,
capacitors, electrostatic field energy, force per unit area of the surface of a conductor in
an electric field, conducting sphere in a uniform electric field.

Unit-3 Dielectric constant, Polar and Non Polar dielectrics, Dielectrics and Gauss’s Law,
Dielectric Polarization, Electric Polarization vector P, Electric displacement vector D.
Relation between three electric vectors, Dielectric susceptibility and permittivity,
Polarizability and mechanism of Polarization, Lorentz local field, Clausius Mossotti
equation, Debye equation,

Ferroelectric and Paraelectric dielectrics, Steady current, current density J, non-steady

currents and continuity equation, rise and decay of current in LR, CR and LCR circuits,
decay constants, AC circuits, complex numbers and their applications in solving AC
circuit problems, complex impedance and reactance, series and parallel resonance, Q
factor, power consumed by an a AC circuit, power factor.

Unit-4 Magnetization Current and magnetization vector M, three magnetic vectors and their
relationship, Magnetic permeability and susceptibility, Diamagnetic, paramagnetic and
ferromagnetic substances. B.H. Curve, cycle of magnetization and hysteresis, Hysteresis
loss.
 Biot-Savart’s Law and its applications: B due to (1) a Straight Current Carrying
Conductor and (2) Current Loop. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and its Dipole
Moment (Analogy with Electric Dipole). Ampere’s Circuital law (Integral and
Differential Forms).

Unit-5 Electromagnetic induction, Faraday's law, electromotive force, integral and differential
forms of Faraday's law Mutual and self inductance, Transformers, energy in a static
magnetic field. Maxwell's displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic
field energy density. The wave equation satisfied by E and B, plane electromagnetic
waves in vacuum, Poynting's vector.

TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Berkeley Physics Course, Electricity and Magnetism, Ed. E.M. Purcell (Mc Graw -
Hill).
2. Halliday and Resnik, Physics, Vol. 2.
3. D J Grifith, Introduction to Electrodynamics (Prentice-Hall of India).
4. Raitz and Milford, Electricity and Magnetism (Addison-Wesley).
5. A S Mahajan and A A Rangwala, Electricity and Magnetism (Tata Mc Graw-hill).
6. A M Portis, Electromagnetic fields.
7. Pugh & Pugh, Principles of Electricity and Magnetism (Addison-Wesley).
8. Panofsky and Phillips, Classical Electricity and Magnetism, (India Book House).
9. S S Atwood, Electricity and Magnetism (Dover).
 PRACTICALS
Minimum 16 (Eight from each group)
Experiments out of the following or similar experiments of equal standard
GROUP-A
1. Study of laws of parallel and perpendicular axes for moment of inertia.
2. Moment of inertia of Fly wheel.
3. Moment of inertia of irregular bodies by inertia table.
4. Study of conservation of momentum in two dimensional oscillations.
5. Study of a compound pendulum.
6. Study of damping of a bar pendulum under various mechanics.
7. Study of oscillations under a bifilar suspension.
8. Study of modulus of rigidity by Maxwell’s needle.
9. Determination of Y, k, η by Searl’s apparatus.
10. To study the oscillation of a rubber band and hence to draw a potential energy curve
from it.
11. Study of oscillation of a mass under different combinations of springs.
12. Study of torsion of wire (static and dynamic method).
13. Poisson’s ratio of rubber tube.
14. Study of bending of a cantilever or a beam.
15. Study of flow of liquids through capillaries.
16. Determination of surface tension of a liquid.
17. Study of viscosity of a fluid by different methods.
GROUP-B
1. Use of a vibration magnetometer to study a field.
2. Study of magnetic field B due to a current.
3. Measurement of low resistance by Carey-Foster bridge.
4. Measurement of inductance using impedance at different frequencies.
5. Study of decay of currents in LR and RC circuits.
6. Response curve for LCR circuit and response frequency and quality factor.
7. Study of waveforms using cathode-ray oscilloscope.
8. Characteristics of a choke and Measurement of inductance.
9. Study of Lorentz force.
10. Study of discrete and continuous LC transmission line.
11. Elementary FORTRAN programs, Flowcharts and their interpretation.
18. To find the product of two matrices.
19. Numerical solution of equation of motion.
20. To find the roots of quadratic equation.
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKs:
1. B saraf et al Mechanical Systems(Vikas publishing House,New Delhi).
2. D.P. khandelwal, A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate classes (Vani
Publication House,New Delhi).
3. C G Lambe Elements of statistics (Longmans Green and Co London New York,
Tprpnto).
4. C Dixon, Numerical analysis.
5. S Lipsdutz and A Poe, schaum’s outline of theory and problems of programming with
Fortran (MC Graw-Hill Book Company, Singapore 1986).
 B.Sc. Part-III
Paper-I
RELATIVITY, QUANTUM MECHANICS, ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND NUCLEAR
PHYSICS

Unit-1 Reference systems, inertial frames, Galilean invariance propagation of light, Michelson-
Morley experiment, search for ether. Postulates for the special theory of relativity,
Lorentz transformations, length contraction, time dilation, velocity addition, variation of
mass with velocity, mass-energy equivalence, particle with zero rest mass.

Unit-2 Origin of the quantum theory : Failure of classical physics to explain the phenomena such
as black-body spectrum, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Wave-particle duality,
uncertainty principle, de Broglie's hypothesis for matter waves, the concept of Phase and
group velocities, experimental demonstration of mater waves. Davisson and Germer's
experiment. Consequence of de Broglie's concepts, Bohr’s complementary Principle,
Bohr’s correspondence principle, Bohr’s atomic model, energies of a particle in a box,
wave packets. Consequence of the uncertainty relation, gamma ray microscope,
diffraction at a slit.

Unit-3 Quantum Mechanics: Schrodinger's equation, Statistical interpretation of wave function,

Orthogonality and normalization of wave function, Probability current density,
Postulatory basis of quantum mechanics, operators, expectation values, Ehrenfest’s
theorem, transition probabilities, applications to particle in a one and three dimensional
boxes, harmonic oscillator in one dimension, reflection at a step potential, transmission
across a potential barrier.

Unit-4 Spectra of hydrogen, deuteron and alkali atoms spectral terms, doublet fine structure,
screening constants for alkali spectra for s, p, d and f states, selection rules. Discrete set
of electronic energies of moleculers, quantisation of vibrational and rotational energies,
determination of inter-nuclear distance, pure rotational and rotation vibration spectra.
Dissociation limit for the ground and other electronic states, transition rules for pure
vibration and electronic vibration spectra. Raman effect, Stokes and anti-Stokes lines,
complimentary character of Raman and infrared spectra, experimental arrangements for
Raman spectroscopy.
Unit-5 Structure of nuclei:- Basic Properties of Nuclei: (1) Mass, (2) Radii, (3) Charge, (4)
Angular Momentum, (5) Spin, (5) Magnetic Moment (μ), (6) Stability and (7) Binding
Energy, Nuclear Models:- Liquid Drop Model, Mass formula, Shell Model, Types of
Nuclear reactions, laws of conservation, Q-value of reactions, Interaction of Energetic
particles with matter, Ionization chamber, GM Counter, Cloud Chambers, Fundamental
Interactions, Classification of Elementary Particles, Particles and Antiparticles, Baryons,
Hyperons, Leptons, and Mesons, Elementary Particle Quantum Numbers: Baryon
Number, Lepton Number, Strangeness, Electric Charge, Hypercharge and Isospin,
introductory idea of discovery of Higg’s Boson.

TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. H.S. Mani and G.K. Metha: "Introduction to Modern Physics"'' (Affiliated East-West
Press, 1989).
2. A Beiser, "Prospective of Modern Physics".
3. H.E. White, Introduction to Atomic Physic".
4. Barrow, "Introduction to Molecular Physics".
5. R.P. Feynman, R.B. Leighton and M Sands, "The Feynman Lectures on Physics", Vol.III
(B.I. Publications, Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, Madras).
6. T.A. Littlefield and N Thorley, "Atomic and Nuclear Physics" (Engineering Language
Book Society)
7. H.A. Enge, "Introduction to Nuclear Physics", (Addision-Wesly)
8. Eisenberg and Resnick, "Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and
Particles" (John Wiley)
9. D.P. Khandelwal, "Optics and Atomic Physics", (Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay,
1988).
10. Quarks and Leptons, F. Halzen and A.D. Martin, Wiley India, New Delhi, 1984.
11. Radiation detection and measurement, G.F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
12. Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J.M. Blatt & V.F.Weisskopf (Dover Pub.Inc., 1991).
 Paper-II
SOLID STATE PHYSICS, SOLID STATE DEVICES AND ELECTRONICS

Unit-1 Amorphous and crystalline solids, Elements of symmetry, seven crystal system, Cubic
lattices, Crystal planes, Miller indices, Laue's equation for X-ray diffraction, Bragg's
Law, Bonding in solids, classification. Cohesive energy of solid, Madelung constant,
evaluation of Parameters, Specific heat of solids, classical theory (Dulong-Petit's law),
Einstein and Debye theories, Vibrational modes of one dimensional monoatomic lattice,
Dispersion relation, Brillouin Zone.

Unit-2 Free electron model of a metal, Solution of one dimensional Schrödinger equation in a
constant potential, Density of states, Fermi Energy, Energy bands in a solid (Kronig-
Penny model without mathematical details), Difference between Metals, Insulator and
Semiconductors, Hall effect, Dia, Para and Ferromagnetism, Langevin's theory of dia and
para-magnetism, Curie- Weiss's Law, Qualitative description of Ferromagnetism
(Magnetic domains), B-H curve and Hysteresis loss.

Unit-3 Intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors, Concept of Fermi level, Generation and
recombination of electron hole pairs in semiconductors, Mobility of electrons and holes,
drift and diffusion currents, p-n junction diode, depletion width and potential barrier,
junction capacitance, I-V characteristics, Tunnel diode, Zener diode, Light emitting
diode, solar cell, Bipolar transistors, pnp and npn transistors, characteristics of transistors,
different configurations, current amplification factor, FET and MOSFET Characteristics.

Unit-4 Half and full wave rectifier, rectifier efficiency ripple factor, Bridge rectifier, Filters,
Inductor filter, L and π section filters, Zener diode, regulated power supply using zener
diode, Applications of transistors, Bipolar Transistor as amplifier, h-parameter, h-
parameter equivalent circuit, Transistor as power amplifier, Transistor as oscillator,
principle of an oscillator and Bark Hausen’s condition, requirements of an oscillator,
Wein-Bridge oscillator and Hartley oscillator.

Unit-5 Digital Circuits: Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits, Binary Numbers,
Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal Conversion, AND, OR and NOT Gates
(Realization using Diodes and Transistor), NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Gates,
XOR and XNOR Gate, De Morgan's Theorems, Boolean Laws, Simplification of Logic
Circuit using Boolean Algebra, Digital to Analog Converter, Analog to Digital Converter.
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Introduction to solid state physics: C. Kittel.
2. Solid State Physics: A.J. Dekkar.
3. Electronic Circuits: Mottershead.
4. Electronic Circuits: Millman and Halkias.
5. Semiconductor Devices: S.M. Sze.
6. Electronic devices: T.L. Floyd.
7. Device and Circuits: J. Millman and C. Halkias.
8. Electronic Fundamental and Applications: D. Chatopadhyay and P.C. Rakshit.
9. Electricity and Magnetism: K.K. Tiwari.

PRACTICALS
Minimum 16 (Eight from each group)
Experiments out of the following or similar experiments of equal standard
1. Determination of Planck’s constant.
2. Determination of e/m by using Thomson tube.
3. Determination of e by Millikan’s methods.
4. Study of spectra of hydrogen and deuterium ( Rydberg constant and ratio of masses of
electron proton).
5. Absorption spectrum of iodine vapour.
6. Study of alkali or alkaline earth spectra using a concave grating.
7. Study of Zeeman effect for determination of a Lande g-factor.
8. Analysis of a given band spectrum.
9. Study of Raman spectrum using laser as an excitation source.
10. Study of absorption of alpha and beta rays.
11. Study of statistics in radioactive measurement.
12. Coniometric study of crystal faces.
13. Determination of dielectric constant.
14. Hysteresis curve of transformer core.
15. Hall-probe method for measurement of magnetic field.
16. Specific resistance and energy gap of semiconductor.
17. Characteristics of transistor.
18. Characteristics of tunnel diode.
19. Study of voltage regulation system.
20. Study of regulated power supply.
 21. Study of lissajous figures using CRO.
22. Study of VTVM.
23. Study of RC and TC coupled amplifiers.
24. Study of AF and RF oscillators.
25. Find roots of f(x) = 0 by using Newton-Raphson Method.
26. Find root of f(x) = 0 by using secant method.
27. Integration by Simpson rule.
28. To find the value of V at
29. String manipulations.
30. Towers of Hanoi (Non-recursive).
31. Finding first four perfect numbers.
32. Quadratic interpolation using Newton’s forward-difference formula of degree two.

TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. B.G. Strechman, Solid state electronics devices II edition (Prentice-Hall of India New
Delhi 1986)
2. W.D. Stanley, Electronics devices, circuits and applications (Prentice-Hall new jersey,
USA 1988).
3. S. Lipschutz and A Poe; Schaum’s outline of theory and problems of programming with
Fortran (Mc Graw-Hill Book Co. Singapore, 1986).
4. C Dixon, Numerical Analysis.