Part1 简单句

第一章 简单句的核心

第一节 简单句的核心构成

1.主谓=主语+不及物动词(vi.)
He cries.
Waiting lists increase all the time …

2.主谓宾=主语+及物动词(vt.)+宾语
We need progressive policies …
This argument has attracted a lot of attention.
... economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club...

3.主谓双宾=主语+及物动词(vt.)+两个宾语（人+物）
Last month, Howard Schmidt … offered the federal government a proposal …
vt.+人+物
= Last month, Howard Schmidt … offered a proposal to the federal government …
vt.+物+介词+人

4.主谓宾补=主语+及物动词(vt.)+宾语+宾语的补足语（简称宾补）
Furthermore, these losses make us mature...
Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.

5.主系表=主语+系动词+表语
Yet this understanding is outdated.

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 系动词 含义 真题例句
be 是（单独出现，无其他 More education is the new principle.
实义动词）
get, become, turn, 变得，成为 These purchases often become more valuable
go, grow with time …
look, sound, smell, 看/听/闻/尝/感觉起 ... the man looked puzzled and hurt.
taste, feel 来……（感官动词）
remain, keep, 保持…… But the discussions now seem out of date.
seem, appear, 似乎……

第二节 简单句的核心变化

主语+谓语动词（动词的时态、情态、语态、否定、强调）

一、谓语动词的时态
时态 过去 现在 将来 过去将来
一般 √ √ √ √
进行 √ √
完成 √ √
完成进行

1.一般时态
（1）一般过去时：谓语动词=did
The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009...
That was bad to my overall fitness goals.
（2）一般现在时：谓语动词=do/does
However, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner.
I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge …
（3）一般将来时：谓语动词=will+do 或 am/is/are going to+do
... people will simply become lazy and depressed.
Will the European Union make it ?
... the future will be a wasteland of a different sort…
（4）（一般）过去将来时：谓语动词=would+do 或 was/were going to + do
(Facebook promised the European commission …) it would not link phone numbers to Facebook
identities …

2.进行时态
（1）过去进行时：谓语动词=was/were doing
The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
（2）现在进行时：谓语动词=am/is/are+doing
Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.
（3）将来进行时：谓语动词=will be+doing （其中 be 动词永远用原型 be）
Native U.S. workers won' t be returning to the farm.

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3.完成时态
（1）过去完成时：谓语动词=had+done
By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board.
Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades…
Many said that unemployment...had improved them in some ways...
（2）现在完成时：谓语动词=have/has+done
People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.
… since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California …
The “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.

现在完成时 vs 一般过去时
宏观上：两者涉及的时间不同。
... the response has been favorable…现在完成时：从过去到现在；现在的之前
... the response was favorable…一般过去时：只能表达过去，不能表达现在
微观上：做完和没都做完（做完的可以换成过去，没做完的就不能换成过去）
①现在全部完成，可以换成过去时
He has left, so I cannot find him now.
He left two hours ago.
②现在部分完成，不能换成过去时
We have learned English for 15 years. （现在还在学）
We learned English for 15 years. （现在不学了）
（3）将来完成时：谓语动词=will have+done
... we will have wasted them.

4.完成进行时态
（1）过去完成进行时：谓语动词=had been + doing
过去完成时 vs 过去完成进行时
角度相同 都表示“过去的之前”
两种时态 过去完成时 过去完成进行时
had + done had been + doing
强调不同 强调结果（做完与否都 强调过程
可以）
例句 We had not won the match. We had been working hard
for several months
The world are marker had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly
since 2003.
（2）现在完成进行时：谓语动词=have/has been + doing
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will.
… the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.
（3）将来完成进行时：谓语动词=will have been + doing（不用掌握）

二、谓语动词的情态
现在时 过去时
must 无

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 can could
will would
Shall（不常出现） should
may might
情态=情态动词+动词原形
情态动词的时态变化——有限
情态动词的人称变化——无
情态动词变否定/疑问——直接加 not 或者直接提前

1.情态动词表示“情态”
情态动词 含义 真题例句
must 必须 To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.
can 能够/可以 They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.
could In the past, workers with average skills... could earn an average
lifestyle.
will 愿意/将要 Will you marry me?
would ... some will be less effective than others
In effect, the approach would create a “walled garden” in
cyberspace..
may 可以/可能 … guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency..
might We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges..
should 应该 ... I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next
month.

2.情态动词表示“推测”
must 表示“肯定，一定”
can’t/couldn’t 表示“不可能”
其他表示推测的可理解为“可能、也许”

情态动词+do
情态动词+ be doing 推测现在正在进行
情态动词+ have done 推测过去

… other suits may have an even greater impact.

Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s …

三、谓语动词的语态
1.被动语态的构成：be + done
①确定“被动的动作”，变为过去分词
②确定“被动的时间”，把 be 变成对应的时态
③根据主语，确定 be 动词的单复数
如果强调被动的动作发出者，即强调“被谁做”，可以在被动后加上“by+动作的发出者”

2.被动语态与时态的结合

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 但是她的呼吁（过去）被 But her appeal was 一般过去时的被动
认为是失败的。 considered a failure. was/were + done
但是她的呼吁（现在）被 But her appeal is considered a 一般现在时的被动
认为是失败的。 failure. am/is/are + done
但是她的呼吁将会（现在 But her appeal will be 一般将来时的被动
的之后）被认为是失败的。 considered a failure. will be + done
但是她的呼吁过去将会 But her appeal would be 过去将来时的被动
（过去的将来）被认为是 considered a failure. would be + done
失败的。
但是她的呼吁过去正在被 But her appeal was being 过去进行时的被动
认为是失败的。 considered a failure. was/were + done
但是她的呼吁现在正在被 But her appeal is being 现在进行时的被动
认为是失败的。 considered a failure. am/is/are being + done
但是她的呼吁过去已经 But her appeal had been 过去完成时的被动
（过去的之前）被认为是 considered a failure. has been + done
失败的。
但是她的呼吁现在已经 But her appeal has been 现在完成时的被动
（现在的之前）被认为是 considered a failure. have/has been + done
失败的。

3.被动语态与情态的结合
Obesity... can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
... sustainability-oriented values must bs expressed through everyday action and choice.

四、谓语动词的否定
1.实义动词变否定—do/does/did + not + 原形
A few decades ago, many people didn ' t drink water outside of a meal.
... We don' t need more categories....
... a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits.
2.助动词和情态动词变否定—助动词和情态动词+not (be 动词、情态动词、完成时态中的 have
等)
Thinner isn't always better.
Money may not quite buy happiness...
It has not been much fun.

名词、代词
非谓语动词 doing
主语、宾语、表语的变化 非谓语动词 to do
并列多个

一、名词、代词
It is the first worldwide epidemic …
名词 It 作主语，名词词组 the first worldwide epidemic 在系动词后作表语。
… they portray an idealized version of themselves.

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代词 they 作主语，名词词组 an idealized version 在及物动词后作宾语。

二、非谓语动词 doing
1.doing 作主语
Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction...
... amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children' s marketing strategy …
Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.

2.doing 作宾语
The most likely reason for deporting a board was age...
This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business ...

三、非谓语动词 to do
1.to do 作主语
It' s easy to beat plastic.
句型：It is + adj. ( + for sb.) + to do sth 表示（对于某人来说）做某事是怎么样的

2.to do 作宾语
to do 作宾语，只位于及物动词后，不能位于介词后（介词后要用 doing）。但及物动词究竟
用 doing 还是 to do 作宾语，主要由及物动词来决定，取决于它的习惯搭配。
enjoy + doing want + to do
start + doing 或 start + to do

3.to do 作表语
The idea is to create a federation of private online identity systems.

四、并列多个
，也可以把多个名词、代词、doing 或 to do 并列在一
如果像表述多个对象（作为一个整体）
起作主语、宾语、表语。并列多个对象时，通常会把在中间加上并列连词（或词组），最常
用的就是 and 和 or。
Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself ..
But the policy is unclear and contradictory..

1.表示并列（顺接）
并列连词（或词组） 表达含义
… and … …和…
both … and … …和…
not only … but also … 不但…而且…

2.表示选择
并列连词（或词组） 表达含义
… or … …或者…
either … or … …或者…
neither … nor … 既不…也不…

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 第二章 简单句的拓展

第一节 词性角度的拓展

一、限定词
通常主语、宾语、表语可由名词来充当，而名词前常常用限定词来修饰限定。限定词主要包
括冠词、数词、名词所有格等。
America’ s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.
By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41
percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.
The heightened alert followed an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva...

二、形容词、副词
1.形容词、副词作修饰成分
（1）形容词修饰名词

High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

（2）副词通常修饰动词、句子、形容词及其他的副词
This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity.
Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears.
The trend toward "less” was not entirely foreign.

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2.形容词、副词的三种比较级别
（1）原级比较
as+ adj./adv.原形（比较的内容）+as+比较的对象 “和……相比一样的……”
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its
doors.
（2）比较级
adj/adv.的比较级+ (than +比较的对象) “(和……相比)更……” 通常用于两者之间的比较
This advice is more relevant now than ever before..
... machines can perform much better at than human being.
（3）最高级
adj/adv.的最高级+(介词短语表示比较的范围) "(……范围内)最…”
通常用于三者或以上的比较
… the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.
… it represents our greatest national security threat.

三、介词短语
1.表示时间的介词
介词 表达含义
at/on/in 在……时间点/时间上/时间内
before/after 在……时间之前/之后
from, since 自从……时间
by, until 截止到（直到）……时间
for 持续……时间
during 在……期间
Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course …
... by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented ...
Income inequality usually falls during a recession...

2.表示地点或范围的介词
介词 表达含义
at/in 在……地点/在……里面
on, above, over/under, below, beneath 在……上面/下面
in front of/behind 在……之前/之后
near/by, beside, next to 在……附近/在……旁边（挨着）
在……之间（between 表示两者之间；among
between, among
表示三者或以上的之间）
around 在……周围
into/out of 进入……里面/从……里面出去
onto/off 到……上面/脱离……
across, through/past 穿过……/经过……
along 沿着……
from/to, towards 来自……/朝着……去
beyond 超过，超过（指在范围内）
... his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.

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Yet the link between feeling good end spending money on others can be seen among rich and
poor people..
And so he reads-everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels.

3.其他用法的介词
介词 表达含义
……的……（表示属性）
of
（“A of B” 通常翻译为“B 的 A”）
about 关于……
with/without 伴随着有……/没有……
为了……（表示目的）
for 因为……（表示原因）
对于……（表示对象）
通过……方式或方法
by 被……做（被动语态+by+动作的发出者）
相差了……（表示变化的差额）
作为……
as
像……一样，如同……
like 像……一样
despite, in spite of 尽管……
The users of their services are not their customers.
Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit ...
It' s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country..
They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.
Despite the appeals court' s decision, big questions remain unanswered.

第三节 成分角度的拓展

一、非谓语动词作定语、状语

doing, done, to do 这三种形式只有单独出现，旁边没有其他动词，才是非谓语动词

1.非谓语动词作定语
This proposed mandate was born of frustration.
G. I. Joe had a distinguished career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops.
Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.
… such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough
tactics …

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2.非谓语动词作状语
Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girl’s lives and interests.
Through the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and
anecdotes.
Viewed in the light, guilt is an opportunity.
To avoid this uneasiness, we turn to our phones.

3.攻略
①非谓语动词词组的完整性
②准确找到非谓语动词所修饰的对象
一是非谓语动词的位置，二是与句子间是否有逗号隔开，三是代入法，把前后的名词或句子
主语分别代入到非谓语，看意思是否合适
③非谓语动词的去留
如果非谓语动词在句子中作主语、宾语、表语，在简化句子时要保留；如果作定语或状语，
则简化句子时可以先去掉不看。

二、同位语、插入语
1.同位语
用来解释说明名词，通常放在其解释的名词之后，可以用一个词、一个词组甚至一句话来作
同位语。
… we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.
Tip：专有名词常后接同位语，表示对专有名词的解释说明；还有可能反过来，普通名词后，
专有名词作同位语表示解释说明。
They are acting because national governments – Britain’s and others across Europe – have failed
to do so.
Tip：同位语表示进一步的解释说明，常伴随着一些标志性的标点符号，如：逗号，破折号，
冒号。
We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad.

2.插入语
后来插入句子中的成分，表示想补充说明的内容。通常插入语两端会出现成对的逗号、破折
号或括号，但有时候没有标点隔开。
①主谓结构作插入语
Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.
②副语作插入语
Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed.
③介词短语作插入语
Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together.

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