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Visual Testing Methods

Visual testing methods in ndt

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33 views

Visual Testing Methods

Visual testing methods in ndt

Uploaded by

tabish2021bmme035
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VISUAL TESTING

Definition
Observation with eyes/optical instruments to evaluate the presence of
surface anomalies
Corrosion, Contamination, Surface Finish, discontinuities
Cost Effective method
 Implemented throughout progression of the job
 Surface cracks and their relation with important failure mechanism
WELD DEFECTS
Visual Examination is either done with naked eye or interference
microscopes
To measure the depth of scratches
Limited physical access and Visibility
.

.
Direct Direct Remote
Unaided Aided Visual
Visual Visual Testing
Testing Testing
Direct Unaided Visual Testing
Access to the surface of interest
Without any injury to the inspector
No interruption between eye and the object

Object
Visual Angle and distance
• Natural or Artificial
Light of sufficient
intensity
• Placement

600 mm of surface
• Depend on resolution of eye
• Visual test resolution is considered adequate when examiner is able to resolve
0.8 mm black line
Direct Aided Visual Testing
Aid- Mirrors, Magnifying lens,
Endoscopes

Object

No modification of nature of image


Only magnification or filtering of
intensity
Remote Visual Testing
Visual testing of tubes, pipes or welds and forgings for inaccessible areas
are carried out with videoscope, camera or robotic devices

Object
Procedure
 Cleaning in case of in service parts- Oil, Grease, Paints, Sand, Dust
Illumination of the surface- Preferably Yellow Green Light
Visual Testing Devices
Lightening/ Illumination
Magnifiers
Mirrors
Boroscopes
Optical Devices Videoscopes etc

Devices for Visual


Inspection

Mechanical Devices Angle Measuring Tools


Callipers
Lighting/Illumination
Extremely important for visual testing
Optical Properties of product surface- Glossy or black
Inspection of surface geometry- Flat, Curved (Uneven Illumination) ,
Prismatic(Difficult to illuminate)
Colour of the surface product- Contrasting colours/ Filters
Specular Diffuse Directional
Reflection Reflection Reflection
E.g. Mirror like E.g. E.g. Grooves
Plasters/White
surfaces
Techniques
Reduce
For Shadows
Irregula
rities

For Calculate
Contrast Can be Height
used
even for
curved
Surfaces
Others
Mirrors are used for improving angle of vision
Magnifying glass – Magnify, minimise eye fatigue
It should have good ergonomic design- positioning and adjustability
Borescopes
Optical inspection tools which consist of a hollow tube with an
eyepiece and a lens at opposite ends.
While borescopes are produced in many forms, all devices include a
hollow tube, a light source, an eyepiece (which typically contains a
means for magnification), and some form of relaying an image from the
end of the scope to the eyepiece (optical lenses or a video camera).
They are primarily used for visual inspection of areas which are not
accessible to other tools to check for cracks, coating defects, voids,
burrs, corrosion, and other critical problem indicators.
Borescopes can be flexible or rigid and use multiple means of
transmitting images.
Borescopes are useful for inspecting bores and cavities of many
different devices and types of equipment of :
Turbines
Cast parts
Building interiors (forensics and general inspection)
Automotive components - fuel injectors, engine cylinders, motors, and
manifolds
Tanks and boilers
Pumps and valves
Specialized military use - gun bore inspection, surveillance
Rigid Borescope
Rigid Borescope
Rigid borescopes include some of the most inexpensive
designs, as they typically involve only a hollow tube,
eyepiece, a light source, and one or more relay lenses.
Lenses used in rigid borescopes are typically achromats.
While rigid borescopes are economical and effective, their
grave disadvantage is that their viewing is effectively limited
to a straight line.
When inspecting certain entities, such as straight pipes,
engine cylinders, and fuel injectors, rigid borescopes are
effective.
Flexible Borescope
Flexible borescopes are much more versatile than rigid types.
Because they require additional means for transmitting an image to the
eyepiece, they are more expensive to manufacture and purchase.
Flexible types include fiberscopes and borescopes
Industrial Fiberscopes

Fiberscopes are flexible instruments that use a fiber bundle to


transmit images back to an ocular that inspectors look into.
Their small diameter permits visual inspection in limited-access
areas.
Industrial Videoscopes

Outstanding image quality and brightness delivered to high-resolution


LCD monitors enable inspectors to see into difficult-to-access locations,
such as the inside of an engine or turbine. Simple to use and offering
advanced features, including HD video, 3D modeling, and video/image
recording
Robotic Devices

Pipeline systems
deteriorate
progressively over
time through various
means.
Pipeline inspection
robot are designed to
remove the human
factor from labour
intensive or dangerous
work environments and
also to act in
inaccessible
environment.
Measuring Devices
Linear Measuring Devices
Temperature Measuring Devices
Weld Gauges

Universal Gauge

Weld Fillet Gauge

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