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Ganesh Physics

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12 views15 pages

Ganesh Physics

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lsraghu30
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© © All Rights Reserved
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JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

DAVANAGERE

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC;- LOGIC GATES

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
GANESH R P J RAO (SIR)
CLASS 12 PGT PHYSICS
JNV DAVANAGERE JNV DVG

INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. BRIEF DISCRIPTION TO LOGIC
GATES
5. BIBILOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that GANESH R of Class 12,


JNV DAVANAGERE has successfully completed
the investigatory project titled LOGIC GATES
under the guidance of P J RAO sir during the
academic year 2024-25.This project refects
the student’s dedication and commitment to
exploring and understanding the subject
matter.
Date: 10th November 2024
Signature of teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those
who supported me in the completion of this investigatory
project in physics. Firstly, I would like to thank my physics
teacher, P J RAO SIR , for their invaluable guidance and
encouragement throughout the project. Their insights and
feedback were instrumental in shaping my understanding
and approach. I also extend my appreciation to my
classmates and friends who assisted me in conducting
experiments and sharing ideas. Their collaboration made
the process enjoyable and enriching. Finally, I am grateful
to all the authors and researchers whose work contributed
to my understanding of the topic. Their dedication to
science has been a source of inspiration.
Thank you all for your contributions to this project.

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES


Logic gates are fundamental building blocks in digital
circuits. They perform basic logical functions that are
essential in computing and electronics.
TYPES OF LOGIC GATE
Here's a breakdown of the main types of logic gates:
1. AND Gate
- Function: Outputs true (1) only if all the inputs are true
(1).
- Truth Table:
| Input A | Input B | Output |
|---------|---------|--------|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |

2. OR Gate
- Function: Outputs true (1) if at least one input is true
(1).
- Truth Table:
| Input A | Input B | Output |
|---------|---------|--------|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |

3. NOT Gate (Inverter)


- Function: Outputs the opposite of the input.
- Truth Table:
| Input | Output |
|-------|--------|
| 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 |

4. NAND Gate
- Function: Outputs false (0) only if all the inputs are
true (1); otherwise, it outputs true (1). It is the inverse of
the AND gate.
- Truth Table:
| Input A | Input B | Output |
|---------|---------|--------|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
5. NOR Gate
- Function: Outputs true (1) only when all inputs are
false (0). It is the inverse of the OR gate.
- Truth Table:
| Input A | Input B | Output |
|---------|---------|--------|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |

6. XOR Gate (Exclusive OR)


- Function: Outputs true (1) if the inputs are different.
- Truth Table:
| Input A | Input B | Output |
|---------|---------|--------|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |

7. XNOR Gate (Exclusive NOR)


- Function: Outputs true (1) if the inputs are the same.
- Truth Table:
| Input A | Input B | Output |
|---------|---------|--------|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |

APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC GATES


- Computers and Processors: Used to perform logical
operations in CPUs.
- Digital Circuits : Found in digital clocks, calculators, and
other electronic devices.
- Data Processing : Logic gates are the foundation of data
processing in digital systems.
- Control Systems : They are used to build decision-making
systems like alarms and automation controls.

You can also experiment with truth tables and design


simple circuits using logic gates to better understand how
they work! Let me know if you'd like more details on any
specific gate or examples of their applications.
[3:44 PM, 10/23/2024] Harsha: An *AND gate* is a basic
digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction. It
operates on two or more input signals, and its output is
true (1 or HIGH) only when all of its inputs are true. If any
input is false (0 or LOW), the output will also be false.

Key Points about AND Gate:


1. Symbol : The symbol for the AND gate is a D-shaped
figure with inputs on the left and output on the right.

2. Truth Table :
| Input A | Input B | Output (A AND B) |
|---------|---------|------------------|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |

The output is true only when both inputs are true.


3. Boolean Expression : The Boolean expression for the
AND gate is written as:
\[
A \cdot B
\]
or sometimes as simply \( AB \). This means both A and
B need to be true for the result to be true.

4. Applications :
- Computing : AND gates are used in digital circuits for
decision-making, combining multiple conditions where all
need to be true.
- Control Systems : Used in control systems where
multiple conditions must be met to trigger an action.
- Safety Mechanisms : For example, in security systems,
all sensors must be triggered for the alarm to sound.

Key Points about OR Gate:-


The OR gate is a basic digital logic gate used in electronics
and computer science. It performs a logical "OR"
operation, which means it outputs *true (1)* if at least
one of the inputs is true. Here's more information about
the OR gate:

1. Symbol :
- The OR gate is represented by a curved shape with two
inputs on the left and one output on the right.

2. Truth Table:
The truth table for a two-input OR gate is as follows:

| Input A | Input B | Output (A OR B) |


|---------|---------|-----------------|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |

- 0 represents "false," and 1 represents "true."


- As long as one of the inputs is 1, the output is 1.
3. Boolean Expression:
The Boolean expression for an OR gate is:
\[
Y=A+B
\]
where \( Y \) is the output, and \( A \) and \( B \) are the
inputs.

4. Applications:
- OR gates are widely used in digital circuits to combine
multiple conditions.
- They are found in computer logic systems, alarm
systems, and decision-making circuits, where a positive
outcome is required if any of the conditions are met.

5. Working Principle:
- The OR gate outputs a high signal (1) when one or both
inputs are high. If both inputs are low (0), the output is
low (0).

Key Features of a NOT Gate:

A NOT gate is a basic digital logic gate that inverts its


input. It is also known as an *inverter* because it
produces an output that is the opposite (negation) of the
input.
1. Symbol : The symbol of a NOT gate is a triangle with a
small circle at the output, representing the inversion
process.

2. Functionality :
- The NOT gate has one input and one output.
- If the input is 1 (HIGH), the output is 0 (LOW).
- If the input is 0 (LOW), the output is 1 (HIGH).

3. Truth Table :
| Input | Output |
|-------|--------|
| 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 |

4. Boolean Expression : The Boolean expression for a NOT


gate is represented as \( Y = \overline{A} \) or \( Y = \neg A
\), where \( A \) is the input and \( Y \) is the output. The
bar over \( A \) signifies the negation or inverse of \( A \).

5. Applications :
- Used in circuits where the logic needs to be inverted.
- Commonly used in complementary logic circuits, signal
processing, and memory circuits.

BIBILOGRAPHY
https://chat.openai.com

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