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Liquid Lens

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29 views11 pages

Liquid Lens

Uploaded by

harshgaming9806
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

• Acknowledgement
• Certificate ii

Introduction

Objective

Apparatus

Diagram

Theory

Procedure

Observations

Calculations

Result

Precautions

Sources of Errors

Reference
:
INTRODUCTION
What is refraction of light:
Bending of a light ray or changing of velocity of light at the interface of
the media, when it passes from one transparent medium to another is
called as refraction of light. When light travels from a rarer to a denser
medium the refracted ray bends towards the normal and vice versa.

Refractive index can be expressed as the ratio of the velocity of the light
in two medium. The refractive index of a medium 1 with respect to
medium
2 for a light ray can be expressed as,
velocity of light in medium 1
velocity of light in medium 2

Absolute refractive index and the relative refractive index:


When light travels from vacuum to the medium then the refractive index
is called as absolute refractive index.

• Refractive index of a medium gives the information about the bending of


refracted ray towards the normal.
:
OBJECTIVE
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water (b) oil using a plane mirror, an
equiconvex lens, and an adjustable object needle.

APPARATUS:
1. A convex lens
2. A plane mirror
3. Water
4. Oil
5. Clamp and stand
6. An optical needle
7. Plumb line
8. Knitting needle
9. Half meter scale
10. Glass slab
11. A spherometer
:
DIAGRAM:

THEORY

1.The equation for focal length of the combination of glass convex lens and
liquid lens is,

The focal length of convex lens


The focal length of liquid lens
The focal length of their combination

Therefore, f 2 fl-f

2. Liquid lens formed a piano-concave lens with RI = R and R2 = then by using


lens make's formula,
1
:
-0]
1 _ n—1
3. The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by:
12 h

I : Average distance between the legs ofthe spherometer


h : The difference in the reading of the spherometer when placed first
on the convex lens and then on plane mirror.

PROCEDURE:
For focal length of convex lens:
1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.
2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and
then a convex lens on the plane mirror.
3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the
stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and
its image.
4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by
using a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance
between tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the
mean of the two readings. This mean distance will be equal to the
focal length of the convex lens (fl).

For focal length of the combination.


5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the
convex lens over it with its same face above as before. The water
spreads in a form of layer and acts like a piano-concave lens.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length
of the combination.
7. Record the observation.
8. Repeat the steps 5,6,7 for other transparent liquid(oil).
For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:
9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer.
10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the
spherometer on this lens surface.
11.AIl the three legs of the spherometer should be placed
symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw tip to touch
the surface of the lens.
12.Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and place on
the plane mirror surface and record the reading.
13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
14.0btain the impressions of the three legs of the spherometer on a
paper and mark them and their average distance.
11+ 12+ 13
3
OBSERVATIONS:
• 1 pitch
scale

division=.........mm
• distance moved by the screw=......mm
• Hence pitch, p=distance moved by screw..........mm
No. Of rotations
• Number of divisions on circular (disc) scale = mm
• Hence least count =pitch /no. Of divisions on circular
disc=......mm

Table:
No. On convex surface On plane surface Sagitta

PSR CSR Total Reading, PSR CSR (mm)


(mm) (div) a = PSR + (CSR (mm) (div) Total Reading,
X LC) Mean
PSR+(CSRX
(mm) Sagitta
LC))
(mm) (mm)

Mean 'h'
Table for focal length
Mean
Distance of needle tip from
Focal length
Sl Upper surface Upper surface 2
of convex lens of plane mirror

(cm)

1
Without liquid 2
(only lens)
With water
1
2

With Oil 1
2
CALCULATIONS
Distance between the legs,
11+12+13
— .......„.........cm
3

Radius of curvature of convex lens is,


2

Focal length of convex lens (from observation) is,


.........cm

Focal length of liquid lens of water is,

— ...................cm
fl—f3
Focal length of liquid lens of oil is,

ft—f4

Refractive index of water is,

Refractive index of oil is,

n
RESULT
The refractive index of water is,
The refractive index of oil is, =

PRECAUTIONS
• The screw of the spherometer should be moved in one direction only
to avoid backlash error.

• The screw should be moved just to touch the surface of the convex
lens or the glass slab.

• The parallax should be removed properly.


• The lens and the plane mirror should be properly cleaned.
• The convex lens of large focal length should be used.
• The spherometer reading should be taken first on the surface of the
convex lens and then on the glass slab.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
• The distances Xl and x2 may not be measured correctly.
• The value of h and I may not be correct.
• Parallax may not be removed properly.
• Backlash error may be acting on the spherometer.

REFERENCE
• www.britannica.com
NCERT

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