Chapter 1: Communication Process, Principles and Ethics

Quiz#1
Sender- This refers to an individual who sends the message in the communication process.

Receiver- This refers to an individual for whom the message is targeted.

Receiver- This also pertains to the audience of the communication process who decodes the message.

Channel- This refers to the way or tool in transmitting the message.

Channel- This refers to the medium of communication that conveys the message from sender to
receiver.

Feedback- This refers to the response of the receiver.

Message- This refers to the information, ideas, feelings, opinions, thoughts etc that the encoder wants
to convey to the decoder.

Encoding- this refers to the process of transforming abstract opinions and ideas into symbols.

Decoding- This refers to the process of translating an encoded symbol into ordinary, understandable
language.

True- Distractions are part of the communication process.

True- Distractions can be managed and communication can still proceed despite their presence.

True- When one is not feeling physically well, this may cause a disruption in the communication process.

False- When one is emotionally stable, this may cause a disruption in the communication process.

False- Language barriers can be disregarded and communication can still flow smoothly.

Complete-a message gives the user all the information and is clear and detailed.

Clear- a message consists of exact and concrete words.

Courteous- a message extends respect to the speaker.

Concise- a message does not contain any unnecessary sentences.

Consice- a message saves the time of both the sender and the receiver since it is direct to the point.

Concrete-.a message is clear and supported by facts.

Correct- a message is free from grammatical errors. clear

Correct- amessage means the sender has proofread the work.

Considerate- a message means the sender has considered the audience's level of education, interest,
mindset etc.

Considerate- a message follows the "You" approach putting first the audience's perspectives.

Complete- a message informs the audience of all the things that need to be done exactly.

Discussion

Communication – is the actionable transfer of information from one person,

group, or place to another by writing, speaking, or using a medium that
provides a means of understanding. Every communication consists of a
minimum of one sender, a receiver, and a message. The transmission of a
message from sender to recipient risks being affected by many things
because communication impacts how people interact. These include the
location, medium used to communicate, the cultural situation, and the
emotions involved. However, communication helps people to interact and
share various aspects of life.

Types of Communication:

1. Verbal

Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information through

speaking or sign language. It is one of the most common types, often used
during presentations, video conferences and phone calls, meetings and one-
on-one conversations.

2. Nonverbal

Nonverbal communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial

expressions to convey information to others. It can be used both intentionally
and unintentionally.

3. Visual

Visual communication is the act of using photographs, art, drawings,

sketches, charts and graphs to convey information. Visuals are often used as
an aid during presentations to provide helpful context alongside written
and/or verbal communication.
 4. Written

Written communication is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like

letters and numbers to convey information. It is helpful because it provides a
record of information for reference.

5. Listening

Listening is a surprisingly important part of communication and in order to

be a great communicator, you must master the art of listening. Remember
that listening doesn’t just mean hearing, or politely waiting for your turn to
speak. When others are speaking, you should practice active listening, which
means that you are engaging your mind while the person speaks, intently
focusing on what they are saying.

General Principles of Communication

1. Know your purpose in communicating

2. Know your audience
3. Know your topic
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation
5. Work on the feedback given to you

Principles of Effective Oral Communication:

1. Be clear about your purpose.

2. Be complete with the message you deliver.
3. Be concise.
4. Be natural with your delivery.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback.

Principles of written communication:

1. Be clear
2. Be concise
3. Be concrete
4. Be correct
5. Be coherent
6. Be complete
7. Be courteous

7C’s of Communication:

1. Clarity – the message is expressed in a way that is easily understood

by the recipient.
2. Completeness – the message includes all necessary information for
the recipient to understand and act upon.
3. Coherence – the message is logically organized and flows smoothly,
making it easy to follow.
4. Conciseness – the message is brief and to the point, avoiding
unnecessary words or phrases.
5. Correctness – the message is accurate and free from errors, ensuring
its reliability.
6. Credibility – the message is believable and trustworthy, based on facts
and evidence.
7. Continuity – the message builds upon previous communication and
maintains consistency, avoiding contradictions or abrupt changes.
8. Courtesy – the message should show the sender’s expression as well
as respect the receiver.
9. Concrete - it is supported with specific facts and figures
10. Consideration – audience’s view point, background, mind-set,
educational level, etc.

Communication ethics - refers to the moral principles and standards that

guide how we communicate. Ethical communication requires honesty,
transparency, respect for others, fairness, and responsibility. It ensures that
the information shared does not Intentionally harm or mislead others.

Communication Ethics

It deals with the behavior of an individual or a Group which is governed by

their morals and in Turn affects communication.
The National Communication Association (NCA) formulated the Credo for
Ethical Communication in November 1999. It reminds Us that ethical
communication is relevant across Contexts and applies to every channel of
Communication.

1. Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty and reason as essential to

the integrity of communication.
2. Endorse freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance
of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision making
fundamental to a civil society.
3. Strive to understand and respect other communicators before
evaluating and responding to their messages.
4. Promote access to communication resources and opportunities as
necessary to fulfil human potential and contribute to the well-being of
families, communities, and society.
5. Promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding
that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual
communicators.
6. Condemn communication that degrades Individuals and humanity
through distortion, Intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through
the expression of intolerance and hatred.
7. Commit to the courageous expression of personal convictions in
pursuit of fairness and justice.
8. Advocate sharing information, opinions and feelings when facing
significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality.
9. Accept responsibility for the short- and long-term consequences for our
own communication and expect the same of others.

The purpose of communication ethics is to encourage responsible and

respectful exchange of information, ensuring that the rights and dignity of all
parties are respected. It also involves being accountable for the information
shared and its impact on others.

The communication ethics is important because it builds trust,

credibility, and respect. In professional settings, it ensures fairness and
prevents misinformation. In personal interactions, it fosters integrity and
transparency, maintaining healthy relationships.

CHAPTER 2
• Intercultural communication - refers to the communication between people
from two different culture.

- Basically people grow in a very different environment where they also

developed different culture that’s why there is some miscommunication
when people from different backgrounds interacts.

• Multicultural communication - different cultures living together without

much interaction in the same place. •Culture -all the ways of life including
arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from
generation to generation.

-a combination of learned patterns, attitudes, beliefs, and even behavior.

Culture is the catalyst of a community or a group of people. It all started in
the family on how the parents taught their children's on how to act, accept,
connect, understand, and communicate to other people.

• Local communication - being able to communicate with the members of

your local area. It can either be in your local language (mother tongue), or a
common language that you speak within your town.

• Global communication -the process of exchanging information and ideas

across national borders, utilizing various channels and platforms such as
social media, language, migration, and work

•Multicultural classroom is an educational environment that includes

students from diverse cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. It
promotes inclusivity, respect for different perspectives, and the celebration
of various cultures, enhancing the learning experience for all students. “

Potential areas for misinterpretation in intercultural communication.

1. Opening and closing conversation – People have different attitudes, beliefs

and behavior.

2. Taking turns during conversation – Taking turns in a conversation have

different ways in different cultures where others cultures do cut someone
who’s talking to take turn in a conversation while other culture waits until the
sender of the message end their message to share their idea or response.”

3. Interrupting – In most culture, interrupting a conversation can be viewed

as impolite or rude and not respectful and can lead to conflict or
misunderstanding.
4. Using silence – Silence can be interpreted differently across cultures. In
some, it signifies respect and contemplation, while in others, it might be
seen as discomfort or disapproval.

5. Using appropriate topics of conversation This shows that appropriateness

is influenced by cultural norms, personal beliefs, and even individual
backgrounds
6. Sequencing elements during a conversation – The flow of a conversation is
crucial. Knowing when to introduce a topic, ask questions, or change
direction depends on the context and cultural norms.

7. Using humor- Humor is a powerful tool, but it’s effectiveness greatly

depends on the cultural context. In western cultures, it’s often used to break
the ice and lighten the mood.”

8. Knowing how much to say – Communication styles vary across cultures.

Western cultures often favor directness, while asian cultures tend to be more
indirect.”

Cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communication of

ideas about Local and global communication as applied in the multi- cultural
classroom settings involve understanding and respecting the diverse
backgrounds and perspectives of individuals from different cultures. Here are
some essential components:
1. Cultural Awareness-Recognizing and appreciating the differences and
similarities in cultures, including beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors.

2. Intercultural Sensitivity- The ability to respond appropriately to cultural

differences and to adapt communication styles accordingly.

3. Active Listening-Fully concentrating, understanding, and responding to

what others are saying, especially in a culturally diverse context.

4. Nonverbal Communication Awareness- It is Understanding that gestures,

facial expressions, and body language can vary significantly across cultures.

5. Avoiding Stereotypes-Being cautious not to make generalizations about

individuals based on their cultural backgrounds.

6. Cultural Adaptability-The ability to adjust one’s communication style and

behavior to fit different cultural contexts.

7. Open-mindedness -Willingness to consider and respect different

viewpoints and practices.
COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that
its members take for granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases
because cultural imprinting is begun at a very early age. And while some of
culture‘s knowledge, rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught
explicitly, most of the information is absorbed subconsciously. Barriers to
local and global communication in multicultural settings
Some of the barriers to effective communication are language, medium of
communication, personality and culture. Multicultural refers to a society that
contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside one another,
but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with
each other. “In cross-cultural communication, differences are understood and
acknowledged, and can bring about individual change, but not collective
transformations.“
“Reactions to cultural communication encounters. People could react
differently when they encounter another culture. Literatures say that they
could react through: Assimilation, Accomodation And Separation. According
to Oetzel (2007), Assimilation is the effort to eliminate the cultural
differences towards home and host cultures. Accomodation attempts to
retain some cultural uniqueness and to transform the existing dominant
structures so that there is less hierarchy. SEPARATION rejects the dominant
society and organizations, and individuals attempt to join similar co-cultural
group members to form organizations that are reflective of their own values
and norms. Also, some people have the tendency to think and feel that their
culture is superior than the others so they use their own culture as the
standard in judging other people’s cultures. This is called ethnocentrism.
Cultural relativism on the other hand sees other cultures equal to their
own.

Demonstrating competence in role palying within the context of local and

global communication in multicultural classroom settings involves a
combination of skills, knowledge, and practical applications. Here are some
important points”

1. Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity involves understanding and respecting

diverse cultural backgrounds, traditions, and communication styles. A
competent educator adjusts their communication to be inclusive, ensuring
that lesson plans and classroom interactions make all students feel valued
and understood.

2. Effective Communication in Local and Global Contexts involves engaging

with students by understanding local culture and communication norms,
while also connecting across cultures to facilitate meaningful exchanges in a
diverse classroom.

3. Intercultural Competence involves adapting teaching methods to meet the

needs of students from diverse backgrounds, addressing cultural barriers
through strategies like role-play and dialogue. This ensures the classroom
values cultural differences and fosters effective cross-cultural
communication.

4. Facilitation of Multicultural Learning Environments involves creating an

inclusive classroom where students feel safe to express their cultural
identities and collaborate across cultures. Teachers use role-playing to
prepare students for real-world cross-cultural communication challenges.

5. Problem-Solving in Multicultural Contexts involves addressing cultural

misunderstandings by finding respectful solutions and adjusting
communication styles based on students' cultural expectations. This skill
helps teachers create lesson plans and strategies that effectively manage
and resolve cultural conflicts, enhancing student learning.

6. Integration of Content Knowledge in Communication involves applying

theoretical concepts of local and global communication through role-playing,
ensuring classroom activities are informed by intercultural communication
theories.

7.Reflective Practice and Continuous Improvement involves reflecting on

role-playing effectiveness and seeking feedback from students and
colleagues to enhance multicultural communication.

Determining culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images for a

classroom setting through role-playing involves understanding and
respecting the diverse backgrounds of students. Here are some strategies
and examples to help create a culturally responsive environment:
1. Research and Understand Diversity: Familiarize yourself with the linguistic,
cultural, socio-economic, and religious backgrounds of your students.
2. Create Inclusive Scenarios: Design role-playing scenarios that reflect the
diversity of your students. This could include situations that require
negotiation, conflict resolution, or collaboration across different cultural
contexts.

3. Use Culturally Relevant Language: Choose terms and expressions that are
familiar and respectful to the cultures represented in your classroom. Avoid
jargon or idiomatic expressions that may not translate well across cultures.

4. Promote Gender Sensitivity: Use gender-neutral language and terms that

respect all gender identities. For example, instead of saying “policeman,” use
“police officer.”

5. Consider Socio-Economic Factors: Be mindful of language that may

unintentionally exclude students based on their socio-economic status. For
example, avoid references to products or experiences that may not be
accessible to all students.

6.. Incorporate Religious Sensitivity:Recognize and respect religious beliefs

and practices in your language and scenarios. For instance, be aware of
dietary restrictions when discussing food in role- play activities.