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1 Biofuels can be made from ethanol which is a type of alcohol.

Ethanol is produced during anaerobic respiration in yeast.

The volume of biofuels produced by seven countries was measured.

The pie chart shows the percentage of biofuels produced by each country.

The countries are labelled A to G.

Complete the sentences to describe the results shown in the pie chart.

Country ............................................ produces the largest percentage of biofuels.

Countries ............................................... and ............................................... produce the smallest

Country E produces twice as much biofuel as country ............................................ . [4]

[Total: 4]

2 Biofuels can be made from ethanol which is a type of alcohol.

Ethanol is produced during anaerobic respiration in yeast.

State the name of one product of anaerobic respiration in yeast, other than alcohol.

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[Total: 1]
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3 Penicillin is produced by biotechnology industries.

The flow diagram shows some of the steps in the production of penicillin.

Explain why the fermenter has a gas outflow pipe.

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[Total: 2]
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4 Penicillin is produced by biotechnology industries.

The flow diagram shows some of the steps in the production of penicillin.

State the genus name of organism A in the flow diagram.

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[Total: 1]
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5 Penicillin is produced by biotechnology industries.

The flow diagram shows some of the steps in the production of penicillin.

Explain why the nutrients are sterilised (step 2) before they are added to the fermenter (step 3).

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[Total: 1]
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6 Penicillin is produced by biotechnology industries.

The flow diagram shows some of the steps in the production of penicillin.

Using the information in the flow diagram, outline the events occurring from step 4 to step 8 during
the production of penicillin.

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[Total: 4]
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7 Penicillin is produced by biotechnology industries.

The flow diagram shows some of the steps in the production of penicillin.

Penicillin is produced in the fermenter shown in the flow diagram. A variety of nutrients, X, Y and
Z, are mixed together and added to the fermenter in step 1.

List two nutrients that need to be added to a fermenter to produce penicillin.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]
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8 The graph shows the results of leaving pieces of orange fruit in an enzyme solution for different
lengths of time.

Using the information in the graph, state the optimum length of time for efficient extraction of juice
from oranges.

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[Total: 1]

9 The genes in some plants have been changed to increase the concentration of vitamins that these
plants produce.

State the name of the process of changing the genes of a plant.

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[Total: 1]