1. When did John write to the agency?

2. Where does he want to slay in London?

3. John loves children. Where can he stay?

4. How many students can eat with Mrs. Eisiey?

5. John wants a shower for himself only. Where should he stay?

6. What does Mrs. Jones do?

7. Why don't some people like the Cranleys' house?

8. Why isn't it easy to find a place at Mrs. Eisley's house?

9. Why don't some students want to stay with Mr. and Mrs. Jones?

10. John can stay at the Cranleys'. Then how is he going to get to the
university?

11. How many students can stay with Mr. and Mrs. Jones? -

63
 w

55

54 (hfew Street
TeterBorough
Oct. 20*, 1996

(Dear (BoB & Carol,

I wanted to write to you some time ago, But -we've Been very Busy this
month, with plans for a new home. Our flat's simply too small for us now
that the children are older.
first we looted for a larger flat in town and found a modern 3-Bcdroomed
flat quite near here. It wasn't far from 'Peter's office, so he liked it very
much. The children were also happy Because some of their friends lived next
door. (But when I saw the flat, I kjiew I didn't want it. It was on the
eighth floor of a large B(ock.offlats and you know I'm afraid of high places,
ft was also on a Busy main road.
Then last week.we saw an advertisement in the evening paper for a really
cheap house in the country. 'But it was a Bit far from town, so (Peter didn't
lilçe the idea at first. (But, we visited the place last weekend, and the children
and I liked it immediately. It's over a hundred years old, so we must
modernise it completely, But I don't mind that Because it has got four large
Bedrooms. It's really Big. The children loved it Because there's a Big garden to
play in. There's a very good private school nearBy and I think, we'll send
Chris and Claire there. The children and I were so enthusiastic that (Peter
finally agreed.
'We're planning to move there next month. Luckily several friends have
offered to help us. I'm sure we'll Be very happy there.
(Hoping to see you in our new home soon.
Love,

'Katky

64
*

A. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. No one in the family liked the new flat on the 8th floor.
2. A friend offered to rent his country house to Peter and Kathy.
3. The children's education won't be a problem if Peter and Kathy buy
the country house.
B.
1. Why didn't Kathy like the new flat?

a)
b)

2. Write two advantages (good points) of the country house.

a)
b)

6• 5
56
SINGLE FATHERS' CLUB
Self-help groups, i.e. groups of people with common problems, are very
popular in many countries. These people have meetings and talk about their
problems. They try to find answers for their problems together. For example,
there are hundreds of groups of men and women who want to lose weight or
give up drinking, who are single mothers or unmarried mothers. Now
groups for single fathers are also starting to appear. This is the story of a
group for single fathers.
It started when a radio announcer, John McCarthy, was reading an
announcement for a single mothers' group. After he read the announcement,
he said, "I'm a single father. I've got two sons. My wife died two years ago.
I look after my children on my own and I have a lot of problems. I'm sure
there are a lot of other men who have lost their wives. So we need a group,
too". Two single fathers, Henry Mason and Paul Singer, heard his message
on the radio and called him and they decided to meet. These three men started
the first single fathers' group in the US on May 5th, 1988. After 6 months,
there were 30 fathers in the group called "Single Fathers' Club". There are
doctors, students, mechanics, a bus-driver, a television producer, a few
businessmen and several men who are unemployed. They meet every
Tuesday night.
They talk about problems, such as how to look after a child with a
temperature, where to find milk at 6 a.m., how to help children who don't
sleep well at night, or what foods are best for their children. The fathers feel
these meetings help them. They say the difficult part for men is just learning
to talk to other men about anything really personal.

A. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. Members of self-help groups try to help the single or unmarried
mothers in their area.
2. John McCarthy worked for a single mothers' group.
,_ 3. All the members of 'Single Fathers' Club' work and at the same time
look after their children. '
4. Men cannot easily talk about personal things.

66
B.
1. What did McCarthy, Mason and Singer do on May 5th, 1988?

2. At their group meetings, fathers talk about their problems with their children.
Write two of these problems.
a)
b)

57
PLANE CRASH IN PERU
On Christmas Eve, 1971, Juliana Koepke, a seventeen-year-old German
girl, and her mother left Lima by plane. They were going to Pucallpa, another
town in Peru. They wanted to spend Christmas with Juliana's father, who
was the manager of a bank in Pucallpa. Forty-five minutes later there was a
terrible storm and the plane hit a mountain and crashed. Juliana fell 3,000
metres, strapped in her seat. She did not die when the seat hit the ground, but
she was unconscious all night.
The next morning Juliana looked for pieces of the plane, and called for her
mother. Nobody answered, and she only found a small plastic bag of sweets.
Juliana's left arm was broken, one knee was badly hurt and she had deep
cuts on her legs and arms. She had no shoes and she was wearing only a
dress, which was badly torn. But she decided to try to get out of the jungle*.
She knew that she would die if she stayed there. She started to walk. She did
not have anything to eat for two days, so she felt very weak. She heard
helicopters, but could not see them above the trees, and of course they could
not see her.
After four days she came to a river. She walked and swam down the river
for another five days. At last she came to a small village house. Nobody was
there, but that afternoon, four farmers arrived. They took her to a doctor in
the next village.
Juliana learned afterwards that there were three other people who were not
killed in the accident. But she was the only one who got out of the jungle. It
took her ten days.

'jungle: a forest in a hot country with lots of trees and plants growing
together (tropik orman)

67
A. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).
1. Both Lima and Pucallpa are in Peru.
2. Juliana's father was on holiday in Pucallpa.
3. The plane hit a mountain a few hours after it left Lima.
4. After the accident, Juliana could not find her mother.
5. Juliana broke her leg in the accident.
6. She was wearing a dress but no shoes.
7. Juliana saw helicopters flying above the trees.
8. Some farmers found Juliana in the village house.
9. Juliana and three other people got out of the jungle.

B.
1. Why were Juliana and her mother going to Pucallpa?

2. Why did Juliana feel very weak?

3. After Juliana came to the river, how long did it take her to arrive at the village
house?

68
58_ .
INVERNESS
Inverness is a small town situated in beautiful countryside in the north-east
of Scotland. It is an important centre for visits to many parts of the
Highlands, which is the famous mountainous area in Scotland. Inverness is a
small town but it has got an excellent transport system. There are trains to all
the main cities of Scotland (Inverness - Aberdeen 1.5 hours, Inverness -
Dundee 3 hours, Inverness - Glasgow 4 hours, Inverness - Edinburgh 4.5
hours). Dalcross Airport (about 8 miles east of the town) offers flights to
many parts of the country. The buses leaving from Faraline Park serve the
town and the surrounding area. Many of the big banks have branches in
Inverness so changing money is not a problem for tourists. As well as these
essential services, the town has cultural and entertainment facilities. There are
theatres and cinemas, and some hotels organise Highland entertainment
during the summer months.
Inverness is an old town, but there are not many buildings left from the old
times. However, there are still some buildings in the town which are very
old, such as the houses on Douglas Row. And Church Street has some
interesting old churches.
Inverness is situated at the northern end of the Caledonian Canal. The
canal was opened in 1822. Sailing boats used the canal to travel between the
Irish sea and the North Sea. The canal provided a safe and fast journey for
them. When steamships became popular instead of sailing boats, people
stopped using the canal for transport because these steamships were too large
and could not travel down the canal. Nowadays, there are sightseeing trips
for tourists down the canal.
There are many good eating places in Inverness. There are plenty of
restaurants and hotels which offer meals to non-residents. They have
delicious local dishes at cheap prices; try some 'haggis' and a glass of malt
whisky before you leave. There are also all kinds of sea food.
Places pf Interest
Inverness Castle (1834) - It is now a court house.
Museum and Art Gallery - You can see the collection about the history
of the Highlands in the Museum. In the Art Gallery artists exhibit their
paintings, sculptures and photographs, which change frequently.
Abertaff House (1592) - The Highland Association uses this building
now. This association tries to help people to learn Gaelic, the language which
about 80,000 Scottish people speak. They are also interested in the country's
national clothes, food and musical instruments.
St Andrew's Cathedral (1869) - It is richly decorated with fine
windows and pillars.

69
3. people play in a lacrosse game.
a) Eight
b) Fifteen
c) Twenty
d)Ten

4. People play lacrosse .

a) in a building
b) on ice
c) on a field
d) indoors

5. The players hit .

a) each other
b) the net with a stick
c) the field
d) a ball with a stick

6. The players catch and pass the ball very

a) quickly
b) loudly
c) slowly
d) quietly

7. Lacrosse was the national summer sport in

a) Canada
b) England
c) Australia
d) New York State

72
60
THE BARASANA
Between Colombia and Brazil there is an area caîied The Vaupös Region'.
About 15.000 people live in this area. They are the Amazonian Indians. These
Amazonian Indians live in small groups. These groups have got different
names like: Tukano, Desana, Cubeo and Barasana.
The Barasana have a very different life-style. They do not live in villages.
Many families live together in one house. It's a very big house and they share
everything in this house. These houses are very far away from each other. A
person has to walk for one hour to get from one house to another. There are
gardens for special plants behind the houses. The Barasana pick bananas
from the banana trees and use the leaves of these trees to serve food.
The Barasana men and the Barasana women do different things. The
women spend most of their time doing housework. They look after children,
work in the gardens and prepare the food. The men go fishing and hunt
animals for their meat.
The Barasana are marvellous language-learners. This is because a
Barasana man has to marry a woman from a different house. The people in
different houses speak different languages, so they must learn the other
language to understand each other. The wife has to learn her husband's
language and the husband has to learn his wife's language.
The children first learn their father's language and use it every day, but
they also understand their mother's language. The children do not go to
school. They play with other children, watch their parents and in this way
they learn about life. Young girls have to help their mothers, but the boys
don't. They usually swim in the rivers, go fishing and practise hunting
animals.

A. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. Tukano, Desana and Cubeo are names of cities in Colombia.
2. 15.000 Barasana live in the Vaupes Region.
3. A Barasana family shares a house with other families.
4. The Barasana men and the Barasana women do the housework
*rgether.
:>
• A Barasana man can't marry a woman from a different house.
6. A Barasana child can understand his/her mother's and father's
languages.
7. Young Barasana boys and girls have to help their parents.

73
 r

B.
1. Where do the Amazonian Indians live?

2. Who doesn't live in villages?

3. Who looks after the children?

4. What do the Barasana children do to learn about life? (Write two things.)

61
THE MOTOR CAR INDUSTRY
At the end of the 19th century motor cars were made in Great Britain,
France, Germany and the United States. They were not popular for many
years because they were too expensive. They were very expensive because
they were made in small workshops and not in factories. Mechanics had to
make many small parts with the help of only a few machines.
At the beginning of the 20th century - in 1909 - the American engineer
Henry Ford found a way to make cheaper cars very fast. He opened a
factory. In his factory there were machines making the parts of the cars. This
factory made one kind of motor car only - the famous Ford "Model T".

A. Mark the best choice.

1. At the end of the 19th century cars were very expensive because .
a) they were made in factories
b) mechanics made them
c) they were not small
d) they were not popular

2. Henry Ford's factory .

a) made many kinds of cheap cars
b) made machines to make parts of the cars
c) opened in the nineteen twenties
d) made the first Ford "Model T"

74
62
THE OSTRICH
The ostrich is the largest bird in the world. Africa and Arabia are the home
of the ostrich, but we can see one in almost every zoo around the world. It
has got wings but they are very small, so it cannot fly. Some male ostriches
can be 2.5m in height and weigh from 90 to 135 kg. An ostrich has a small,
flat head and a very long neck. Its legs are strong and thick. It is an excellent
runner. It can run very fast - about 40 miles an hour. It is faster than a horse,
but it is not the fastest animal. There are faster animals than the ostrich - for
example, the antelope. The food of the ostrich is plants and some insects.
Ostriches leave their eggs into holes in the sand. Sometimes there are 20 eggs
in one hole. They are white and the largest eggs in the world. The female
ostrich looks after the eggs in the daytime and the male ostrich at night.

Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. There are larger birds than the ostrich in the world.
2. Ostriches live in zoos only.
3. An ostrich can't fly.
4. An antelope is faster than a horse.
5. An ostrich can weigh 125 kg.
6. Ostriches like eating insects and large eggs of other birds.
7. The male and the female ostriches look after the eggs together at
night.

75
63
RUDYARD KIPLING
The story-writer Rudyard Kipling was the son of an Englishman. Kipling
was born on December 30th, 1865 in Bombay, India. When he was 5 years
old his father sent him to England. There he went to school at the United
Services College in Devon. He wrote about this school later in his life in his
book called Stalky and Co. He finished school when he was 17 and returned
to India. There, he worked as a reporter and wrote many books. His stories,
especially those about soldiers, were very popular and he became very
famous at the age of 25. He travelled to India, China, Japan and America and
finally went to England. There, he worked on stories of India and wrote a
book called Barrack Room Ballads.
In 1892 Kipling married an American - Caroline Balstier. For some time
they lived in Vermont in the United States but later returned to Sussex,
England. Kipling wrote books for readers of all ages. He also wrote
children's stories. Some of them are The Jungle Book (1894), The Second
Jungle Book (1895), and Just so Stories (1902). He received the 1907 Nobel
Prize for literature.

A. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. Rudyard Kipling lived in India between 1865 and 1870.
2. The United Services College is in the U.S.A.
3. Kipling worked as a reporter in Sussex, England.
4. Barrack Room Ballads is about Kipling's trips to India, China and
Japan.
5. Kipling was in his twenties when he became famous.

B. Complete the sentences with the information in the text.

1. Kipling wrote about in his book
called Stalky and Co.
2. His stories about made him a
famous writer at a young age.
3. Caroline Balstier was Kipling's .
4. Kipling wrote The Jungle Book for .
5. Kipling received in 1907.

76
64
VIDEO CLIPS
Did you see Michael Jackson's twenty-minute pop video 'Thriller'?
He had to spend over $ 800,000 to make it, and it became very famous
all over the world. Unknown singers and groups can become rich in
one night when their pop videos get on the American MTV channel.
5 The Birmingham group 'Duran Duran' became famous only after their
first video. That made all the difference.
Videos became the biggest thing in the pop music world in the
1960s. British record companies are now spending more than £ 12
million a year on videos of new records. With these videos, singers and
10 groups get on TV. People can also buy these videos in shops. These
two things make singers and groups famous. They can't become
famous if thev don't make a good video.
Record companies send Jools Holland, the director of a British TV
pop music programme, hundreds of videos very year. "I must say that
15 most pop singers are very bad actors" says Jools, "but thev don't look
bad when record companies spend thousands of pounds on these
videos. We've got some excellent film directors in Britain. Their
videos are very good - much better than the American ones." Jools
Holland gets all kinds of videos: some cost more than £50.000 for three
20 minutes of film; others, from new groups cost £500 or less.

A. Mark the best choice.

1. Jackon's Thriller" .
a) cost over £600,000
b) lasts twelve minutes
c) is known all over the world
d) didn't get on the MTV

2. 'Duran Duran' .
a) is still an unknown group
b) became well-known with their first video
c) is a famous video from Birmingham
d) was famous before their first video

77
 r

4. Who spends the most time dreaming?

a) Men.
b) Women.
c) Babies.
d) Older people.

5. What happened to people after a few nights without dreams?

a) They became angry easily.
b) They began to feel bad.
c) They wanted to fight with everyone.
d) All of the above.

6. Why do we dream?
a) We dream to find answers to our problems.
b) We dream so we won't go into REM sleep.
c) We dream so we won't need sleeping pills.
d) All of the above.

B. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. During REM sleep, your heartbeat and breathing slow down.
2. People don't dream when they take sleeping pills.

80
66
ORANGES
Everybody loves oranges. They are sweet and juicy. They are in
sections, that is, separate parts, so it is easy to eat them. Some oranges
do not have any seeds, i.e. parts which grow into a new part. Some
have a thick skin but others have a thin skin.
5 The orange tree is beautiful. It has a lot of shiny green leaves. The
small white flowers smell very sweet. An orange tree has flowers and
fruit at the same time.
There were orange trees twenty million years ago. The oranges were
very small, not like the ones today. The orange tree probably came from
10 China. Many different kinds of wild oranges grow there today. In
other words, these oranges grow in nature. The Chinese started to
raise, or grow, orange trees around 2400 B.C.; Chinese art has lovely
old pictures of oranges and orange trees.
Farmers in other parts of Asia , such as India and Pakistan, and the
15 Middle East, learned to raise oranges from the Chinese. Then they
taught the Europeans. The Spanish planted orange trees in North and
South America, called the New World . They took them to Florida first.
Oranges are a very important crop (farm product) in Florida today.
"Orange" is both a fruit and a colour. The colour of oranges is very
20 beautiful. Therefore, in English we use the name of the fruit for the
colour.
A. Guess the meanings of the words.
1. 'sections' (line 2)
a) Clue:
b) Sections are .
2. 'seeds' (line 3)
a) Clue:
b) Seeds are
3. "wild'(line 10)
a) Clue:
b) Where do wild oranges grow?.
4. 'raise* (line 12)
a) Clue:
b) To raise means to

81
 r

5. other parts of Asia (line 14)

a) Clue:
b) India and Pakistan are
6. the New World (line 17)
a) Clue:
b) The New World is
7. crop (line 18)
a) Clue:
b) The word 'crop' means

B.
1. Line 2, 'them' refers to
a) skins b) seeds c) oranges
2. Line 5, 'It' refers to
3. Line 9, 'ones' refers to
4. Line 10, 'there' refers to

C.
1. Write down three characteristics of an orange.
a)
b)
c)
2. How did the United States get orange trees?

3. Why do the English speaking people use the name of the fruit 'orange' for
the colour?

D. Mark the best choice.

1. Some oranges do not have .
a) sections b) flowers c) seeds d) a skin
2. Which of the following is not true about the orange tree?
a) It has flowers and fruit in the same season.
b) Its flowers come after its fruit.
c) Its flowers are small.
d) You can find paintings of orange trees in China.

82
67
THE POSTAGE STAMP
Before the postage stamp, it was difficult to send a letter to another
country. The sender paid for the letter to travel in his or her own
country. Then the person in the other country paid for the other part of
the trip. If a letter crossed several countries, the problem was bigger.
Rowland Hill, a British teacher, had the idea of a postage stamp with
5 gum on the back. The British Post Office made the first stamps in 1840.
They were the Penny Black and the Twopence Blue. A person bought a
stamp and put it on a letter. The post office delivered the letter, or took
the letter to the person. When the person got the letter, it was prepaid
That is, the sender paid for it earlier.
10 Postage stamps became popular in Great Britain immediately. Other
countries started making their own postage stamps very quickly.
However, there were still problems with international mail. Some
countries did not want to accept letters with the stamps of other
countries. Finally, in 1874 a German organized the Universal Postal
15 System (the UPS). Each country in the UPS agreed to accept letters
with prepaid postage from the other members. Today the offices of the
UPS are only in Switzerland. Almost every country in the world is a
member of this organization. It takes care of any international mail
20 problems.
Today post offices in every country sell beautiful stamps. Collecting
stamps is one of the most popular hobbies in the world, and every
stamp collector knows about the Penny Black and the Twopence Blue.
A. Guess the meanings of the words.
1. 'delivered' (line 7)
a) Clue:
b) The expression "delivered the letter" means .
2. 'prepaid' (line 8)
a) Clue:
b) The expression "it was prepaid" means

B.
1. Line 6, 'They' refers to
2. Line 19, 'this organization' refers to

83
C. Mark the statements as True (T) , False (F) or No Information (Nl).
1. Before postage stamps, two people paid for letters to travel in two
countries.
2. A German first thought of the postage stamp.
3. The United States was the second country to make postage stamps.
4. There are UPS offices in almost every country in the world.

D. Find the sentences in the passage that give the following information and
write them down.
1. There were countries which refused to deliver letters with other countries'
stamps.

2. A lot of people all over the world collect stamps.

84
68
VOLCANOES
Earthquakes and volcanoes frighten people but they also give them
great pleasure. Although volcanoes are mostly beautiful mountains,
thev have destroyed cities, forests and farmland throughout history.
The word volcano comes from the name of the island of Vulcano, just
5 north of Sicily. In classical times, people thought k was the home of
Vulcan - the god of destruction. Science has improved greatly.
However, we still know very little about volcanoes.
A volcano is a kind of chimney, or vent. This chimney goes down
to a liquid deep in the earth, called 'magma'. Three types of material
10 come out of this vent: a hot liquid (lava'), pieces of rock and great
quantities of gas. The lava and rock often collect around the vent and
form the volcano's 'cone'.
Scientists often classify, i.e. group, volcanoes according to the type
of vent and kind of explosion.

A. Write the meaning of each word.

1. 'Vulcan' (line 6):
2. 'vent' (line 8):
3. 'magma' (line 9):
4. 'lava' (line 10):
5. 'classify' (line 13):

1. Line 1, them' refers to

2. Line 3, 'they' refers to
3. Line 5, 'if refers to

C. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. Although science has developed greatly, we still do not know much
about volcanoes.
2. 'Magma' comes out of a volcano's 'vent'.
3. Pieces of rock and large quantities of gas form the volcano's 'cone'.
4. The type of volcano depends on the kind of vent and explosi*. -

85
69
CONTAINERS
We can find containers in our homes, schools, and places of work.
For example, food and nonfood products are sold in containers. A
favourite container of students and teachers is the wastebasket. Of
course, containers are an important part of many professions: painters,
5 doctors, biologists, photographers, chemists, and others use many
kinds of specialized containers.
In this short article, it is not possible to discuss all kinds of
containers. Therefore, let us look at some of the simple and basic
10 containers. We will name them, identify their shapes and the materials
they are made of, and say a few words about lids and tops.
Cans
A can is a metal container. It is usually cylindrical in shape, and may
have a paper label on the outside. The name of the product is printed on
15 the label or on the metal itself. Cans open in different ways, depending
on the product. We need a can opener to open some cans; this utensil
cuts the metal. Paint cans have lids. Beverage cans have a pop top or a
ring top. Spray cans have a push-button top. Cans are durable
containers. In other words, they are strong and long-lasting.
20 Boxes and Cartons
Boxes and cartons are similar containers. Cartons are usually made of
card-board (heavy paper) and, as a result, are not very durable. Boxes
can be made of cardboard, paper, wood, metal, or plastic. Boxes and
cartons have rectangular or square sides. Some of these containers,
25 such as jewelry boxes and egg cartons, have tops that open and close
with hinges. Other boxes and cartons have removable tops (i.e.,*you
can take these tops off).
Jars
A jar is a glass or ceramic container. It has a wide mouth (top opening)
30 and no neck. Some jars have tops or covers called screw-on-lids and
others have lids that fit inside the mouth. Some jars (e.g., jars you see
in supermarkets) are very practical because they hold many different
products, and because we can clean them and use them again. Jars are
durable but breakable. In other words, they are easy to break by
35 accident.
Bottles
A bottle, like a jar, is a container that is usually made of glass. These
days, however, plastic bottles are also very common. Bottles are
different from jars in one important way: a bottle has a small mouth and

86
40 a neck, but a jar has a wide mouth and no neck. Bottles have caps or
tops which either screw on or snap on. Bottles hold beverages (juice,
soda, etc.) and other liquid food such as soup. They are also used to
contain photographic, industrial, and medical chemicals.
Bags
45 A bag is a flexible container. That is, it is soft and movable. Many bags
are made of paper, foil, or thin plastic. Such bags are not durable
containers - we usually throw them away. We close bags in several
ways, for example, by folding them, by tying them with something,
and, in the case of plastic bags, by knotting them. Bags come in many
50 sizes and contain many different products.
The containers mentioned in this article are just a few of many
hundreds of different containers. We have not talked about tubes, tubs,
bins, baskets, vats, vases, casks, drums, flasks, trays, or tanks. We
have not mentioned containers that we use in cooking and serving food.
55 We have not talked about containers by profession: painters use cans
for paint; photographers use bottles and trays for chemicals; chemists
use beakers and test tubes. What containers do you have around you in
your everyday life? What containers do you use in your profession?
Can you imagine a world without containers?

A.
1. Line 10, 'them' refers to .
2. Line 16, 'this utensil' refers to .
3. Line 3 1 , 'others' refers to other .
4. Line 42, 'They' refers to .
5. Line 46, 'Such bags' refers to bags which are .

B. Guess the meanings of the words.

1. Line 18, 'durable' means .
2. Line 22, 'card-board' means .
3. Line 26, 'removable tops':
If a top is removable, .
a) it belongs to an egg carton
b) you cannot open or close it
c) you can take it off the box
d) it is very strong
4. Line 30, 'Some jars have tops or covers, called screw-on-1 ids...':
A screw-on-lid is a kind of .

87
 r

5. Line 42, 'soup' is a type of .

6. Line 45, 'flexible'
Something flexible is .

C.
1. What are the types of cans mentioned in the passage? (Write two of them.)
a)
b) 2

2. Why are jars easy to break?

D. Mark the best choice.

1. This passage is mainly about .

a) containers in supermarkets
b) five basic containers
c) containers used by chemists and photographers
d) glass containers

2. According to the passage bottles are usually made of.

a) paper or plastic
b) glass or cardboard
c) metal or wood
d) glass or plastic

3. Boxes, jars, and bottles open and close with different.

a) materials
b) containers
c) tops
d) necks

4. One important difference between a jar and a bottle is

a) the material it is made of
b) the size of the mouth
c) the label
d) the size of the container

88
70
LUMINOUS AND NON-LUMINOUS BODIES
Light, like heat, is a form of energy and there is a close connection
between the two. Most bodies (i.e. objects) which emit, or send out,
light also emit heat. The Sun, for example, emits both light and heat
energy. So does an electric lamp or a fire. We can see these bodies
5 because they give out light. They are called luminous bodies. The
Moon, however, is not a luminous body because it does not produce
light. We can see the Moon in the sky only because it reflects the light
from the Sun. This means the Sun sends out light to the Moon and the
Moon sends the Sun's light back to Earth. So, the Moon is a good
10 example of a non-luminous body. Because it is non-luminous, it does
not produce heat. When there is no sunlight, it is very cold there. The
temperature can be 129°C below zero. A piece of iron or glass is also
non-luminous.
W fiat are transparent, translucent and opaque substances?
15 So, light is an important source of energy. We can see things only
because there is light from luminous bodies. But light cannot pass
through every substance. For example, we can see through clear glass
or water but we cannot see anything behind a wall. Substances such as
clear glass, water or some kinds of plastic are called transparent
20 substances. That is, light can pass through them, and we can see what
is on the other side. These transparent substances can be used for
different purposes. For example, windows are made of glass because
we want to be able to see what is outside. But some substances are not
clear; in other words, they are not transparent. We cannot see the
25 objects behind them but we can only see the light. These are called
translucent substances. Some types of glass are like this. There are also
substances called opaque. Light cannot pass through such substances
and we cannot see anything behind them.
A. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).
1. Luminous bodies produce heat.
2. An electric lamp is a luminous object.
3. The Sun reflects light.
4. We can see the Moon because it produces light.
5. The Moon is very cold when it does not receive sunlight.
6. Opaque substances are not transparent.

89
B. Guess the meaning,
'emit' (line 2)
Clue:
To emit is to

C. Mark the best choice.

1. Line 4, 'these bodies' refers to .

a) the sun, an electric lamp, a fire
b) the sun
c) an electric lamp, a fire

2. Line 6, 'it' refers to

a) the sky
b) the Moon
c) the Sun

3. Line 20, them' refers to .

a) substances
b) transparent substances
c) plastic

4. Which of the following is true about non-luminous bodies?

a) They produce heat and light.
b) They only produce light.
c) They don't produce heat or light.
d) They produce light but not heat.

5. Which of the following is true about transparent substances?

a) They are clear substances.
b) We can't see through them.
c) They are translucent.
d) Light cannot pass through them.

90
 71
COAL
Coal is a hard black substance which we take from below the surface
of the earth and burn as fuel. People have known the burning property
of coal for centuries. We know, for example, that the Chinese used it
for smelting copper (Cu) at least 3000 years ago. In Europe, they
5 started using coal in the 12th century in England. But people used coal
the most after the invention of the steam engine, during the 18th and
19th centuries. Towards the end of the 19th century, coal was the
leading fuel of the world. Today, coal, petroleum and natural gas are
fuels of equal importance. One advantage of coal is that we can find it
10 closer to the surface than petroleum and natural gas. Therefore, we can
mine coal: that is, take it from under the earth, less expensively. A
second advantage of coal is that there is more of it than there is of the
other two fuels.
There are four kinds of coal in the world. These are lignite,
15 subbituminous coal, bituminous coal and anthracite. Lignite gives little
heat and contains about 75% elementary carbon. Subbituminous coal
contains less moisture than lignite and produces (gives out) more heat.
Bituminous coal contains less than 86% carbon. Anthracite is the coal
with the highest carbon content (86 % or more) and gives the most heat.
20 Anthracite also bums slowly and thus maintains - keeps - a uniform and
constant fire. These properties of anthracite make il the most preferable
kind of coal, especially for domestic uses» in other words, for uses in
our homes. One disadvantage of anthracite, however, is that there is
less of it than there is of the other kinds of coal.
25 We can use coal directly in domestic fires, to smelt iron (Fe) in
turbines, or to produce steam in steam engines. Our coal supply is
large. There is still lots of coal under the ground. We'll probably have
enough of it for about 400 years.

A.
1. Line 11, 'it' refers to .
2. Line 13, 'the other two fuels' refers to .
3. Line 21, "if refers to .
4. Line 24, 'the other kinds of coal' refers to .

91

1
B. What do the following mean in the text?
1. Line 11, to 'mine coal' :
2. Line 17, to 'produce':
3. Line 20, to 'maintain':
4. Line 22, 'for domestic uses':

C. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. Coal is obtained from under the ground.
2. People on Earth have been using coal for less than 3000 years.
3. The English were the first Europeans who used coal.
4. Petroleum is a more important fuel than natural gas.
5. If coal contains more carbon, it will give out less heat.
6. Lignite contains moisture.

D. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.

1. After the the use of coal increased
greatly during the 18th and 19th centuries.
2. Like petroleum and natural gas, coal is a kind of .
3. Subbituminous coal produces more heat than
but less than .
4. We prefer to use anthracite because it
and in this way it .
5. We use coal in steam engines to .
6. Today's coal supplies will last for .

E.
1. Why can we mine coal less expensively than the other types of fuel?

2. What is a disadvantage of anthracite?

92
72
CARS OF THE FUTURE
What kind of cars will we be driving in the year 2015? Rather
different ones from those that we know today. The next twenty years
will bring greater change in car models than the past fifty years.
Tomorrow's cars will not look like those of today. The most important
5 cause that will lead to a change in the design of cars will be
environmental. That is, tomorrow's cars will be designed not to cause
air pollution. They will be electrically powered; in other words, they
will run on electricity entirely and therefore, be environmentally clean.
Besides the problem of pollution, there is also the problem of heavy
10 traffic and traffic accidents today. The last two may also be avoided if
computers drive the cars instead of drivers. As a passenger, all you will
have to do will be to get in the car and say where you want to go. The
computer will do the rest and take you there. This, however, will
require the construction of special intelligent roads, as tomorrow's
15 models won't be able to move on ordinary roads. These roads will
contain special strips that can supply (provide) electrical power to the
vehicles as they drive along them. The special equipment in cars will
pick up the necessary fuel during long journeys from a power source
which will exist in the road. As computers - not drivers - will provide
20 safe driving, there will be fewer accidents; or, maybe, there won't be
any accidents at all.
A.
1. Line 2, "ones' refers to .
2. Line 7, They* refers to .
3. Line 15, These roads' refers to .
4. Line 17, 'they' refers to .

B. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. Unless there are special roads, we won't be able to use tomorrow's car
models.
2. Car models will remain the same in the next twenty years.
3. Today's cars cause basically two problems.

93
 r~

C. Mark the best choice.

1. Tomorrow's cars will .

a) be similar to today's cars
b) cause more environmental problems
c) run on electricity
d) lead to traffic problems

2. The computer will be an important part of tomorrow's cars

because it will .
a) supply electrical power
b) drive the car on ordinary roads
c) pick up the fuel from the special equipment
d) do the driver's job

73
USING ELECTRICITY
Our homes are full of devices - machines - that run on electricity, but
we don't use electricity in our homes only. We need it in schools,
hospitals, banks, factories, etc.. Electricity brings us health and
comfort. For example, at home we use it for heating electric fires, irons
5 and toasters.
We also use electricity to produce shaft power, i.e., power that we
use to run electric motors. For example, washing machines,
refrigerators and mixers use this kind of power. Also vehicles such as
subway trains, trolley buses and electric locomotives have motors that
10 run on electricity.
There are also some very special lamps that produce ultraviolet rays
and infrared rays. We use both ravs in medical treatments. One of the
most valuable and important uses of electricity is in producing X-rays.
When we look at an X-ray, we can see the inside of the human body,
15 and in this way the physicians, or doctors, can give a more accurate ;
that is, correct, diagnosis of an illness. In other words, when a doctor
looks at an X-ray he. can tell you what kind of an illness you have.

94
A.
1. Line 2, 'if refers to .
2. Line 8, 'this kind of power' refers to power
3. Line 12, 'both rays' refers to
4. Line 17, 'he' refers to .

B. Find the meanings.

1. a) Line 1, 'devices' means .
b) Clue:
2. a) Line 15, 'physicians' means .
b) Clue:
3. a) Line 15, 'accurate' means
b) Clue:
C.
1. Which devices use electricity to produce heat? (Give two examples.)
a)
b)
2. Which vehicles use shaft power? (Give two examples.)
a)
b) :

D. Complete the sentences.

A physician can look at an X-ray and diagnose an illness because an X-ray
shows (1) .
(2) and (3) . are devices
which we use at our homes.

95
74
POLYMER BATTERIES
FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
There is an interest in developing electric cars for two reasons. One
reason is that there is only a certain amount of fuel in the world and ij
will eventually finish. Another is that electric cars will not cause air
pollution; i.e. the air will be clean. Why aren't there electric cars on the
5 roads then?
Although there are trucks, vans and other vehicles which run on
electricity, the auto industry cannot yet produce electric passenger cars
in order to sell on the market. This is because of the batteries in the cars
today. These are lead-acid batteries and they do not provide the
10 necessary power for an electric car. In other words, the car cannot go a
long distance with such a battery. Besides, you must replace it in time.
Most engineers believe that the lead-acid battery is too heavy and too
expensive. Therefore, scientists have developed another type of battery.
This development may now be the first important step in the mass
15 production of electric automobiles. The new type is a conductive
polymer battery. It is made of a material which is similar to plastic.
However, it has a metallic appearance and the ability to conduct
electricity. This new plastic battery is three times stronger than the
ordinary car battery and weighs less than 5 kilograms. In addition, car
20 builders can form it into any shape. This means you can place the
battery anywhere in the car; for example, under the roof, behind the
door panels or even under the seat. Besides its capacity to take various
shapes, it is also cheap because of the polymers used.
Several types of conductive polymer batteries are ready to be tested.
25 One disadvantage is that the polymer battery can be toxic - it can even
kill people; therefore, it must be insulated well.
Many researchers agree that it is important to solve the energy
problem; so the conductive polymer battery may be an important first
step in electric vehicle development. They believe that such vehicles will
30 replace the ones which we use today.

96
1. Vans' (line 6)
A van is a kind of
2. 'toxic' (üne 25)
A toxic material can
B.
1. Line 2, 'if refers to
2. Line 3, 'Another' refers to another
3. Line 17, 'if refers to
4. Line 20, This' refers to
5. Line 30, 'ones' refers to
C. Mark the best choice.
1. Because of lead-acid batteries, .
a) electric vehicles can carry passengers
b) the auto industry cannot produce electric batteries
c) electric passenger cars are not common today
d) there are electric trucks, vans and other vehicles

2. Which of the following is a property of a conductive polymer battery?

a) It is made of a kind of conductive plastic.
b) Although it's made of metal, it looks like plastic.
c) It shows strong resistance to heavy weights.
d) It lacks the ability to conduct electricity.

D.
1. Write three of the disadvantages of a lead-acid battery.
a)
b)
c) :

2. Write three of the advantages of a conductive polymer battery.

a) :
b)
c) . :

97
75
EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING
There are three harmful substances in cigarettes: tar, carbon
monoxide and nicotine. Cigarette smokers who inhale the smoke, or
breathe it in, can develop lung cancer. Other smokers who only take
the smoke into their mouths can suffer from throat, tongue and larynx
5 cancers. The substance which causes cancer is the tar in cigarettes.
Cigarette manufacturers have tried to develop low tar brands of
cigarettes to reduce the dangers. Certain forms of filters in addition to
the cigarette's own filter can also help. However, nothing can
completely eliminate , i.e., remove, the tar without changing the taste of
10 the cigarette completely.
The effects of carbon monoxide are perhaps more serious because
they can cause permanent damage - damage which lasts for a very long
time - on others besides the smokers themselves. Increased carbon
monoxide intake automatically means reduced oxygen intake, and
15 consequently a lower oxygen content in the blood and the brain. An
oxygen-starved brain (a brain without enough oxygen) begins to die.
It is true that cigarette smokers need cigarettes. Of course they do not
actively choose to harm themselves and others, but they are forced to do
so because of their dependence on the strong and fast-acting stimulant
20 called nicotine . In other words, they can't do without it. People who
smoke frequently claim that smoking makes them feel calm and soothes
their nerves, but this is a physiological impossibility, not a real effect at
all. Actually it appears to be the psychological consequence of
satisfying a need because cigarettes, like coffee and tea, are arousing
25 agents and they make people more nervous, not less.

A. Guess the meanings of the words in italics and complete the sentences
below.
1. When you inhale something, you .
2. Cigarette manufacturers try to eliminate the tar. That Is, they try to

3. If something is permanent, it
4. If the brain is oxygen-starved, it doesn't
5. If you have dependence on something, you
6. Nicotine is a

98
B.
1. Line 12: 'they' refers to
2. Line 18, 'they' refers to

C.
1. What kind of smokers can have throat cancer?

2. What can reduce the tar in cigarettes?

3. Why will a person probably feel more nervous when he smokes?

76
MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS
In the seventeenth century, Anionic van Leeuwenhoek was the first
person to see tiny organisms with a microscope. He called them
animalcules, Later, scientists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
named these animalcules bacteria and protozoa. This was the beginning
5 of the sciences of Bacteriology and Protozoology, the studies of
microscopic organisms. Bacteriologists and proiozoologists have
studied these organisms for many years, but they rind it difficult to
classify them.
Scientists cannot classify some of these microscopic organisms in
10 the plant or animal kingdom, so they put them into another kingdom,
protists. Some protists are like animals. They, do not have chlorophyll,
and they cannot make their own food. These protists get their food from
other organisms.
Other protists are like plants. They have chlorophyll, and they can
15 make their own food. They usually live in water. Both animal and
plant-like protists provide food for other plants and animals that live in
the water. Many protists are single-celled organisms. They have only
one cell. Others, however, are multicelled. They have many cells.
Because these organisms are neither plants nor animals, scientists put
20 them in another kingdom.
Bacteria are also difficult to classify in the plant or animal kingdoms.
They have only one cell, but the cell does not have a nucleus, it
contains only a cell membrane and a cell wall. Bacteria cannot make
their own food. They must get the food from other organisms. Some
25 bacteriologists classify bacteria separately in the monera kingdom.

99
 Another microscopic organism is the virus. It is much smaller than
protists or bacteria. Scientists can see it only with the electron
microscope. A virus is not a cell. It is simpler than a cell. It does not
have a cytoplasm or a nucleus. It has a cover of protein, and inside the
30 protein, there is reproductive material. This reproductive material helps
the virus reproduce. It makes more viruses.
The virus reproduces only when it is inside another cell. When it
enters another cell, it begins to reproduce. It makes more and more
viruses inside the cell until the cell breaks open and the viruses go into
35 other cells. For this reason, scientists have difficulty classifying it as
living or non-living. Outside another cell, the virus is inactive . It does
not become active and reproduce until it enters another cell.
Although we cannot see them, microscopic organisms are
everywhere. They are an important part of life on the earth. It is difficult
40 to classify these organisms, because they are different from other plants
and animals. Some of them have chlorophyll like plants, and others do
not. Some of them are not complete cells. Bacteria do not have a
nucleus, and viruses do not have cytoplasm. To help classify
microscopic organisms, some bacteriologists have added two more
45 kingdoms: the protists and the monera.
A. Mark the best choice.
1. Which of the following is the main idea of this article?
a) It is difficult to classify microscopic organisms.
b) Microscopic organisms are very small.
c) Viruses cause many dangerous diseases which doctors cannot cure.
d) Some protists are like animals and some are like plants.

2. Mark three reasons why microscopic organisms are difficult to classify.

a) Some are not like either plants or animals.
b) Some are plants because they have chlorophyll.
c) Some are not complete cells.
d) Some are animals and cannot make their own food by photosynthesis.
e) Some have different shapes.
f) Scientists are not sure if some are living or non-living.

B. Guess the meanings of the following words :

1. 'Bacteriology and Protozoology' (line 5):

2. 'single-celled' (line 17):

100
3. 'reproduce' (line 31):
4. 'inactive' (line 36):

C.
1. Line 8, 'them' refers to
2. Line 10, 'they' refers to
3. Line 11, 'They' refers to
4. Line 18, 'Others' refers to other
5. Line 22, 'If refers to

D.
1. How many kingdoms of organisms does the writer mention? Write their
names.

2. What is the difference between the animal-like protists and the plant-like
protists?

3. What is the similarity between them?

4. In what ways are bacteria and viruses different?

a)
b)

101
77

ROLLER-SKATING TAKES OFF

Every weekday morning mechanical engineer John Buchan, 23, puts on a
suit and tie and roller-skates seven miles across San Francisco to his office.
He is not alone. In Los Angeles, the famous singer Linda Ronstadt once
skated to a dinner party. In New York's Central Park, people wait in line to
rent skates on weekends. And on Tuesday nights city skaters join in
"Nightskates", a two-hour trip through the park.
The new interest in roller-skating is the result of a new kind of skate which
has polyurethane wheels. These wheels make skating very easy. However,
the new skates are expensive, so many people prefer to rent them.
As well as providing transportation and fun, roller-skating is also
becoming an organised sport. Today the U.S. Amateur Confederation of
Roller Skating has about 40.000 members. National teams of roller skaters
will compete in next year's American Games and skaters hope that skating is
going to be a part of the Olympic Games in the near future.
A.
1. What is different about John Buchan?

2. What are the characteristics of the new roller-skates with polyurethane

wheels?
a)
b)
B. Mark the statements as True (T) or False(F).
1. Every Tuesday there is a roller-skating trip through New York streets.
2. A lot of people think roller-skating is a sport because it provides
transportation and fun.
3. Roller-skating hasn't become an international sport yet.
C. Mark the best choice.
The title 'ROLLER-SKATING TAKES OFF' means .
a) the new roller skates are very fast
b) it takes a long time to rent skates on weekends
c) many famous people like roller-skating
d) roller-skating is becoming popular

102
78
LEARNING ABOUT MARS
(by Dr. Ken Grady, 1980)
People have always been quite excited about details on Mars because
Earth and Mars have many characteristics in common. Just like Earth,
Mars turns around itself. It takes Mars twenty-four hours, thirty-seven
minutes and twenty-seven seconds to complete one turn, so the day on
5 Mars is a bit longer than ours. Besides, both planets have similar
seasons. Because of these similarities, astronomers were quite sure that
there was life on Mars.
In 1877, with the help of improved telescopes, astronomers saw two
tiny objects around Mars. Even serious astronomers said these two very
10 small objects were spacecraft. In fact, they were two moons in orbit
around Mars. In the same year, Schiaparelli, a well-known astronomer
of the time, drew a map of Mars. Although this was not the first map of
Mars, it created a lot of interest among astronomers. The map showed
lakes, seas and forests. It also showed narrow lines. Schiaparelli called
15 these lines canali in Italian. The correct English word for canali is
channels, but it came into English as canals (which means man-made
waterways). Because of this mistake people thought that there were
living things on Mars and they built these canals to carry water from
one place to another.
20 In 1965 the spacecraft Mariner 4 flew past Mars. It did not land on
Mars, but it sent Earth twenty-two photographs. They gave a good idea
of the surface of Mars - a place full of craters and high areas of
volcanic rock. Then in 1971, Mariner 9 discovered four volcanoes on
Mars. They were much larger than the volcanoes here. The largest one,
25 Olympus Mons, was 25 kilometres high and 500 kilometres from side
to side.
In 1976, two spacecraft, Viking 1 and Viking 2, landed on the
surface of Mars. Radio signals from Earth controlled the two
spacecraft. Viking 1 and Viking 2 could feel and control their
30 environment. They could also do self-repair. That is, when there was a
problem with a part of the spacecraft, they could repair the damage
themselves.
;
Wng 1 left Cape Canaveral, Florida, for Mars on August 20,
"j. > / 5. It travelled around the sun and it took eleven months to complete
35 its trip of almost 1,000 million kilometres. It was very difficult for
Viking 1 to find a safe landing place because of the strong winds and
the rough rocky surface of Mars. Finally on July 20, 1976, it landed
safely on Mars. And Viking 2 landed on Mars on September 3, 1976.

103
40 The two Vikings sent a lot of new information to Earth. For example,
they discovered the existence of the gases krypton and xenon in the
Martian atmosphere. (Astronomers already knew about carbon dioxide,
water vapour, oxygen, nitrogen and argon).
Astronomers feel that many more important discoveries about Mars
45 are possible. They expect to find some form of life there in the future.
In my opinion, they won't know that for sure until they go to Mars.
A.
1. Line 5, 'both planets' refers to _: .

2. Line 17, 'this mistake* refers to .

a) using the English word canals for the Italian word canali
b) building canals to carry water
c) using the English word channels
d) drawing a map of Mars

3. Line 24, 'here' refers to .

a) the surface of Mars
b) in Mariner 9
c) on Earth
d) the four volcanoes on Mars

4. Line 9, 'tiny' means ; .

5. Line 30, 'They could also do self-repair*.

In other words, .
a) there were problems in the spacecraft
b) they could repair the damage themselves
c) they could control their environment
d) they had difficulty in repairing the damage

104
B. Match the items in the two columns. In column B, there are more items than
you need.

B
1. the name of a volcano on a) man-made waterways
Mars b) August 20, 1975 - July 20, 1976
2. the reasons for the landing
c) craters and high areas of volcanic rock
problems of Viking 1 on
Mars d) twenty-four hours, thirty-seven minutes,
twenty-seven seconds
3. what Schiaparelli's map of
Mars showed e) krypton and xenon
4. what controlled Viking 1 f) about 1,000 million kilometres
and Viking 2 g) lakes, seas, forests and narrow lines
5. the departure and arrival h) carbon dioxide, water vapour, oxygen,
dates of Viking 1 nitrogen and argon
6. the names of the new i) Olympus Mons
gases in the Martian
j) August 20, 1975 - September 3, 1976
atmospere
7. how long it takes Mars to k) strong winds and rocky surface
complete one turn around I) the two moons in orbit around Mars
itself m) radio signals from Earth

C. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. The day on Earth is shorter than the day on Mars.
2. Astronomers were interested in Schiaparelli's map because no one had
made a map of Mars before 1877.
3. It took Viking 1 almost a year to reach Mars.
4. In the text, Dr. Grady gives the names of four spacecraft which landed
on Mars.
5. Astronomers have not lost their hope to find life on Mars.

105
79
PIRATES
Pirates were people who attacked and robbed ships on all oceans of
the world. They were sea robbers or bandits and have been called by
many other names such as: buccaneers, corsairs, filibusters,
freebooters, landrones, picaroons, and rovers.
5 Pirates existed for about 200 years, from the 16th to the 18th
century. They used to attack and capture ships for the valuable cargo,
leave their ships to break into homes in coastal towns, carry away
valuables, take people to their ships by using force, and organize
powerful groups to get large amounts of ransom, which was paid to
10 free a captured person .
Probably most people have romantic ideas about pirates. The
movies and some famous books such as Treasure Island by Robert
Louis Stevenson and Captain Blood by Rafael Sabatini have helped to
create a romantic picture of pirates. The pirate in films and books is a
15 cavalier, a good-looking gentleman, with a beard or moustache, gold
earrings and a large hat or turban. He usually has a sword or a sharp
dagger in his belt and a pistol or gun in his hand.
In reality, pirates were not romantic at all. Often they were desperate,
violent and dangerous, people who drank a lot and dressed very badly
20 in rags and wasted food and money. They were people who did not like
the situation of their home society and, therefore, rebelled and fought
against the government. The police looked for them everywhere
because they were outlaws, i.e., people who committed crimes and hid
from the authorities. Most pirates did not live long.
25 A kind of democracy often existed among pirate groups. They
elected, or chose their own captains and prepared rules and regulations
to use when they were doing business.
During the 1600's and 1700's there was a lot of piracy along the
American coasts and in the West Indies. The great treasure ships of
30 Spain which carried gold and silver from Spanish colonies to Europe
were frequently attacked and the valuables were stolen by pirates.
But there were also times when the American government asked for
the help of pirates. Many of the American pirates became privateers
during the American War for independence. The pirate, Jean Lafitte, for
35 instance, became a privateer and helped American military forces to
protect New Orleans in the War of 1812.
Among the men, some famous pirate names in history are:
Barbarossa, Ali Pichinin, Henry Morgan, Captain Kidd, "Black Bart"
(Bartholomew Roberts), "Blackbeard" OSdward Teach) and among the
40 women: Anne Bonney and Mary Read.
106
A. Skim and scan the passage for detail. Fill in the blanks with information from
the article.
1. Pirates were seen on the oceans of the world for about years.
2. We can read about the romantic pirates in books like
and .
3. People who watched films about pirates think that a pirate wore
and had
in his hand.
4. Pirates used to sail in the West Indies as well as .
5. One of the pirates who became a privateer was called .
6. Anne Bonney was a .

B.
1. Line 10, 'a captured person' probably means someone who .
a) is paid
b) is taken by using force
c) organizes powerful groups
d) attacks ships

2. Line 9, 'ransom' probably means .

a) money
b) a ship
c) a cargo
d) people

3. Line 7, 'coastal towns' probably are towns .

a) which have valuables
b) where pirates live
c) which are close to the sea
d) which are attacked

4. Line 20, 'rags' are probably .

a) places where pirates used to sleep
b) ugly clothes
c) a kind of drink
d) a kind of food

107
 r

5. Line 21, 'rebelled' means .

a) fought against something
b) looked for something
c)hid
d) died

6. Line 23, 'outlaws' are probably people who .

a) try to escape from the police
b) die early
c) are policemen
d) waste money

7. Line 29, treasure ships' probably are ships that .

a) carry valuable goods
b) sail from Spain to Europe
c) are attacked by pirates
d) transport food to colonies

C. Put a tick (V) next to the item which you think describes a real pirate in the
text.
1. picaroon
2. bandit
3. well-paid by the government
4. good-looking gentleman
5. a woman as well as a man
6. romantic
7. military force
8. dangerous
9. sometimes a privateer
10. spent a lot of money

108

i
80
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
It gets hotter and hotter as you go down towards the centre of the
earth. This heat is geothermal energy. In some places the temperature
increases as much as 40°C per kilometre, and this is a very good 'heat
gradient*. A normal heat gradient is 25°C per kilometre. Often if you
5 make a deep hole in the ground, you will find hot water deep
underground. For example, engineers drilled for hot water in
Southampton, England. At 1500 metres they found water at 60°C.
There is enough hot water there to heat a thousand houses for thirty or
forty years.
10 In some places you do not have to drill to obtain geothermal energy.
This is because hot water and steam are already coming out of the
ground. The most famous examples of this are in California (USA),
New Zealand, Italy and Iceland. In these places the water and steam are
very hot. It is hot enough to heat most of the capital of Iceland,
15 Reykjavik, or to drive, i.e. provide the power to work, electric
generators in California.
There is not always hot water deep down, but there is often very hot
dry rock. Of course, we want to use this heat, but can we get it out? In
Los Alamos, USA, scientists are trying to do this. They are drilling
20 down to the hot rock. Then they are going to break the hot rock. They
will then send cold water down to the bottom, and il will get hot there.
This hot water will return to the top through another hole. The hot water
will be useful for making electricity or heating houses.
Geothermal energy will never be an important source of energy. But
25 there are many places where it can be very useful.

A.
1. Line 13, 'these places' refers to
a) Iceland and Reykjavik
b) California, New Zealand, Italy and Iceland
c) Italy and California
d) New Zealand, Italy and Iceland

2. Line 21, 'if refers to

3. Line 25, 'if refers to

109
4. Line 6, 'drilled' means . .
a) found hot water
b) increased the temperature
c) made holes in the ground
d) heated the houses

5. Line 15, 'drive' means

B. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. 25°C per kilometre is a very good heat gradient.
2. There is enough geothermal energy in the world to use instead of oil.

C. Find the sentence in the passage which gives the following information and
write it down.
It is possible to get geothermal energy without drilling in certain places.

D. Mark the best choice.

1. In Los Alamos, scientists .

a) are trying to heat the underground rocks
b) want to use the heat of the underground hot dry rock
c) cannot drill down to the hot rock
d) have found hot water

2. Which of the following is true?

a) They make electricity from geothermal energy in California.
b) In England, engineers haven't found any hot underground water yet.
c) You can always find hot water deep underground.
d) In Los Alamos, scientists will send hot water to the bottom.

110
81
BALI
Bali is a beautiful island of mountains, forests and rice fields. It is
also an island of artists. Almost everybody there is an artist of some
kind. The people work all day at home, in the fields or in their boats,
but in the evenings they make music, dance, paint or carve things out of
5 wood and stone. There are thousands of temples in Bali, and there are
festivals at these temples when people die, or get married, or when a
child is born.
Until the 1950's the Balinese people did not worry about the outside
world. For them Bali was the whole world. But in the 1950's tourists
10 began to visit Bali, and since then tourism has become big business
there. So the people have begun to sell their art to tourists. These days
the Balinese produce more and more things for tourists; they make
fewer things for their temples. They have less time for their gods, so
there are fewer festivals.
15 Every year more tourists bring more money to the island. They also
bring new ideas and a new way of life. The Balinese need money, and
they need new ideas. Nowadays too many people live on the island,
and they need to buy food and other things from abroad. The Balinese
know that if fewer tourists come to the island, there will be less money.
20 too. But they also know thai if there are too many tourists, ûıc Balinese
way of life will change too quickly. So the authorities are trying tc
organise and control tourism very carefully. Bali should change; but
they want to make sure that it changes for the better, not for the worse.

A.
1. Line 2, 'there' refers to .
2. Line 9, 'them' refers to .
3. Line 15, 'They' refers to .
4. Line 20, 'they' refers to .
5. Line 23, 'it' refers to .

B. What do the following words mean?

1. 'whole* (line 9)
a) part
b) unusual
c) different
d) complete

HI
 r
2. 'produce' (line 12)
a) make
b) deliver
c) cause
d) include

3. 'abroad' (line 18)

a) salesmen
b) other countries
c) customers
d) one's own country

C.
1. What do the Balinese people do in their free time?
1C

2. When did the Balinese people begin to worry about the outside world?

3. Why do the Balinese have less time for their gods?

4. Why do the Balinese need tourists?

2(

5. What will happen if tourists stop coming to Bali?

6. Why don't the Balinese authorities want too many tourists?

2:

3(

3;

112
82
LIFE IN SPACE
Hopes of finding life on other worlds have been raised by Canadian
astronomers. Their observations of nearby stars have shown that half of
them may have planets.
The discovery, announced at a recent meeting of the American
5 Astronomical Society, provides important support for scientists who
believe that planetary systems, and life, are common in our galaxy.
"These observations suggest that half our galaxy's 100,000 million
stars have planets - and that means we must have a good chance of
finding life 'out there'," said Professor Archibald Roy of Glasgow
10 University.
The research, carried out by Dr. Bruce Campbell of the Dominion
Astronomical Observatory, Victoria, and Dr. Gordon Walker and Dr.
Stephenson Yang of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
employed a new astronomical measuring technique called
15 high-resolution spectroscopy.
In the past, the search for other worlds has been limited by two
factors. First, planets are tiny, i.e. very small, objects compared with
stars; for instance, the sun, a typical star, is 300,000 times more
massive or larger than the earth. Second, planets do not shine but only
20 reflect (give back) light from stars.
But Dr. Campbell and his colleagues solved this problem by using
high-resolution spectroscopy to measure variations in a star's light.
Small differences in a star's light showed that unseen planets pushed
and pulled the stars out of their paths, in other words, their ways.
25 The astronomers' results, published in the Science magazine showed
that, of 16 nearby stars, two - Epsilon Eridani and Gamma Cephei -
were definitely being affected by large bodies in orbit round them. Of
the rest, five or six also appeared to have unseen companions.
The astronomers calculate that these unseen objects must be several
30 hundred times more massive than Earth. However, they are almost
certainly planets.
"There are about 100,000 million stars in our galaxy and about one
fifth are stable: that is, unchanging and cool like our own sun." said
Professor Roy. "Now it seems about half also have planets. That leaves
35 us with 10,000 million stars which might have life on them. It's very
encouraging."
Further evidence should follow, because in a few years two
important space projects - the Space Telescope and a European satellite
called Hipparchus - will be introduced. Both will increase scientists'

113
40 powers to find out minute variations in stars' motions caused by
orbiting planets.
In addition, a programme called the Search for Extraterrestrial
Intelligence (SETI) will concentrate on studying radio waves from stars
which may have life-supporting planets.
45 Today, many scientists believe that by the end of the century we may
have an accurate answer to the fundamental question: are we alone?
companion
• : anything that forms a pair with another thing.

A.
1. Line 2, Their* refers to . .
2. Line 3, 'them' refers to .
3. Line 30, 'they' refers to .

B.
1. Line 15, 'high-resolution spectroscopy* is .
2. Line 17, the word 'tiny' is tne opposite of .
3. Line 18, 'massive' means
4. Line 2ö, 'reflect' means .
5. Line 24, 'paths' means .
6. Line 33, 'stable' means .

1. How many stars are there in our galaxy?

2. Which are bigger, stars or planets?

3. Give the names of the two stars mentioned in the article.

4. What are the two important space projects mentioned in the article?

5. The fifth paragraph is mainly about the differences between

114
 T
D. Write down the sentence in the passage that gives the following information.
/ About 20,000 million stars of our galaxy have characteristics similar to those of
our sun.

E. Write (F) for the sentence expressing a fact and (0) for the one expressing
an opinion.
1. Slight differences in a star's light show that unseen planets in orbit
round the star push and pull it out of its way.
2. Today many scientists believe that by the end of the century we may
have an exact answer to the fundamental question: are we alone?

83
NICE NOT EASY
Alison Bray takes a spot of French leave.
Every year thousands of girls from all over the world drop
everything in their home country to become au pairs abroad.
A need to improve language skills, discover other cultures, or simply
find some independence are the most common reasons, but most have
5 little idea of what is waiting for them.
When I landed in Nice last February, I was as green as the England I
left behind. I was to work for a family in the "Nouveau Riche" mould
just outside Nice and my contract stipulated caring for the children and
"petite aide menagere" (light housework).
10 I found, in fact, all the housework in the large villa was my
responsibility.
A typical morning's work would involve washing and dressing the
five-, seven- and nine-year-old children, preparing them for school,
washing up the breakfast things, making the beds (to army standards),
15 tidying their rooms and play rooms, cleaning and making the fire,
vacuuming and washing either the upstairs or downstairs floor
surfaces, polishing ornaments and all wood, cleaning the toilets and
bathrooms, taking out and feeding the dog, setting the table and
preparing part of the lunch.
20 The chores steadily mounted each week, so I was usually working
from 7 a.m. until 9 p.m. with a two-hour break after lunch, six days a
week, for £140 a month.
Despite Mme. H. agreeing on my contract: that I would have "une
vie de famille," I could not eat without her permission (she even locked

115
25 away some things). I had to drink, cheap sterilised milk rather than their
"biological" milk and was left work on my day off.
She would not wash my black or coloured clothes, I was refused a
key, and only allowed one evening off a week... if I returned by 10
p.m.
30 Talking to other girls, I was convinced this was not right. After six
weeks I announced I was going. Neither my agency in England nor
Nice was ever of any help.
The agent in Nice, at one stage, threatened me, believing my
employer in preference to me: not surprising as they collected a nice fee
35 for each new girl introduced.
I found my last family through a friend and spent three very happy
months with them, living above their patisserie.
If you want to au pair, it is worthwhile using an agency if only to
have the chance of meeting others through a language school, which
40 they organise.
Some countries require a visa.
And, by the way, boys have been known to work as au pairs.
A. Mark the best choice.
1. Line 4, 'most' refers to most ..
a) cultures b) language skills c) reasons d) girls
2. Line 34, 'they' refers to .
a) the girls b) the agent in Nice c) the family d) the agent in England
B.
1. What are the advantages of being an au pair abroad?
a)
b)
c)

2. Write two things that Mme. H. didn't let Alison do.

a)
b)

C. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. For the first family Alison only looked after the children and did some
light housework.
2. Alison had to work twelve hours a day, seven days a week.
3. Alison changed families after about six weeks.
4. The second family was not very kind.

116
84
THE OLYMPIC MARATHON
Sport is full of wonderful moments, but perhaps nothing is as
exciting as the finish of the marathon. It is the longest, hardest race of
all. The name 'marathon' comes from a village in Greece. A famous
war was fought there in the year 490 BC. When the Greeks won the
5 war, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Athens (more than 40
km.) to tell the people the good news. The organisers of the first
modern Olympic games in 1896 decided to include the marathon in the
games so that this event would not be forgotten. The marathon has been
a race since then.
10 At first the Olympic Games were part of a festival. The Greeks had
this festival once in every four years in Olympia. Athletes from Greece,
Cyprus, Sicily, etc. went there to participate in the games. These games
were very important to the Greeks. They even stopped their wars for
them.
15 The modern Olympic Games were started again in 1896 in Athens.
However, only 300 athletes from 12 countries went there to participate
in the games. Since then, of course, the games have become much more
popular. Only male athletes participated in the early Olympic Games. In
the 1923 Olympics in Amsterdam an important change took place.
20 Female athletes participated for the first time.
We all know that only amateur athletes can participate in the Olympic
Games. An amateur is someone who doesn't earn any money from
sport. But today it is difficult to say who is an amateur and who is not.
It is true that Olympic athletes never earn as much money as
25 professional sportsmen. But they are often students or teachers of a
sport and have to spend a lot of time training. Their governments pay
for their training, travel and pocket-money, because they want them to
win. Some people think that this changes the Olympics. They feel that
the games are now a political marathon.
A. What do these words refer to?
1. 'if (line 2):
2. 'there' (line 12):
3. 'them' (line 14):
4. 'there' (line 16):
5. 'then' (line 17): '
6. 'they' (line 25):

117
B.
1. Fer which purpose have farmers been using computers?

2. What is the function of computers in the field of business?

3. What is one advantage that the computerized robots provide for workers?

C.
1. Line 3, 'him' refers to
2. Line 5, 'their help' refers to the help of
3. Line 19, 'their* refers to

120
86
MANCHESTER
The City of Manchester is situated in the heart of a huge industrial
area of Lancashire. For centuries this inland city has been the centre of
the cotton trade. Cotton is not grown in Lancashire, of course, but it is
made into cloth there, and the finished material is exported all over the
5 world. All around Manchester are many smaller towns where the cotton
industry has developed and where soap, chemicals, dyes, rubber goods
and paper goods are manufactured. Manchester itself is now famous not
only for the production of machinery of all kinds, but as a great trade
centre of England, second only to London.
10 It was not always so. Until the building of the Manchester Ship
Canal the cotton goods had to be transported to Liverpool, over thirty
miles away, and there loaded onto cargo ships which carried them all
over the world. Naturally, this increased the cost of the goods and
reduced the profits of Manchester's trade.
15 Why is this no longer necessary? Because this famous canal goes all
the way from Liverpool to Manchester, a distance of thirty-five miles. It
is wide and deep enough to carry large ships easily and safely. It has
transformed Manchester from an inland city into one of Britain's
greatest ports. Huge docks and warehouses, stores and factories have
20 sprung up along its banks (sides) and, every hour of the day. and night,
great ships from all over the world are loading or unloading cargo at the
port.
The Ship Canal was opened to traffic on January 1st, 1894. It is a
very good example of engineering skill and perseverance.* Five railway
25 lines crossed the route chosen for the canal and bridges had to be built
for them. Rivers and streams also stood in the way. They could not be
allowed to flow into the canal because they would have interfered with
the water-level. These were only a few of the problems the engineers
had to solve.
30 At last, however, the work was finished. On January 1st, 1894,
seventy-one ships sailed for the first time from the mouth of the River
Mersey where Liverpool stands, right up to the City of Manchester. On
May 21st of the same year Queen Victoria herself sailed up this
wonderful waterway to perform the official opening ceremony.

'perseverance: continuing firmly in spite of difficulties

121
1. The City of Manchester is .
a) surrounded by a large agricultural area
b) on the mouth of the River Mersey
c) more than thirty miles away from Liverpool
d) in Yorkshire

2. The people living in Lancashire are mainly employed in .

a) growing cotton
b) working on the railway
c) sailing ships up the canal
d) working in factories

3. Lines 8-9, 'A great trade centre, second only to London' means that
Manchester .
a) is not so large in area as London
b) has a smaller population than London
c) is the most important city for buying and selling goods after London
d) has fewer factories than London

4. Before the Canal was built, Manchester's export cotton goods were

a) sent to London
b) sent to all the smaller towns nearby
c) carried in large ships to Liverpool
d) transported to Liverpool to be loaded on ships

5. Which of these statements is true?

a) Queen Victoria's ship was the first to sail up to Manchester.
b) The Manchester Ship Canal is about fifty-three miles long.
c) The port can be used only during daylight.
d) There are many industrial towns in Lancashire.

6. Lines 23-24, 'It (the canal) is a very good example of engineering skill and
perseverance' means that .
a) the engineers who built it were so skilful that they found the work easy
b) the engineers worked hard until they were skilful
c) anybody who wants to build a canal must use this as their model
d) the engineers who built it were skilful and they managed to deal witn 1..0
serious problems they met

122