Unit -E JeVvELLING), develting Leveling fs a baaneh of sunvey tng, the ebject of whieh, i to find tha elevation of giver pens wh Aespeck (© a geen elevaton & different eleyaHens with aespect B a given & atsumed datum. tevelling deals ith measurements in a yestteal plane. Geer A level susface & defined as & cued surface fife of each point & pependiular the obrecton af qravily at The peint - “The surfpte of a Atl toot & tauly level swrface, Any ausface pataltel fo Mu mean Aphaoidal surpes Hu emth te, theetpre @ devel Aurfeee: devel Hine. A level tine ta dine ying fo a evel surface » i sthesofore normal tf Ble plumb Aine at all pots Horrxontal Plane Hortxontal plane “Hrrougin peine & a plane tangential te te evel éurface at that paint « Te ie therefore perperdiculas bb plumb Line trveugh the paintHorizontal Hine - Hosizontal plane through @ pont & a plane tangenhial tb She evel purfate ot t point. Tt iw @ Abrasight duhe tangenttal Bo the Level dine at apent. Be i algo perpendicular to tle plumb the - Vertical Line Tr ik a Line jrormal to ta Ae) Ife ata paint - Dt commonly eonitdend to be He Bre dlefinad by & plumb Bra. Daturo Daturn te any surface “the mean 40a Jevol offprds conventent qc eaee much above te sohich elevation are aaferred. dature torte ova. and elevations 22 commonly er Belew sea level. Flevation The elevation Se: point en at neat the uoeface a te cath Ps Is Verttcal Astana above Ot beloss an (oubrtally arsumed Level Gurfaco et)datar Mean &a terol (MSL) Ms, & the average height of te ea for all stagesof Hidle . At any — patfcala, placa % is desired by arerag tog the need tde haghts evee @ long. petfod of (4 years . Reduced evel (RI) he vertical distane bf a peint abeve et belo the datum Ihe & known as Recluced evel of that peink . The Ro Of @ peink may be posiive ox negative te tthe position above ot bolas the dato Bre sf (olinatien De & an Frnagihawy Bre parsing Aerough Bae. Totneedy et ta Govss Mratrs at te aPaphoagr> and the eptfeal cone Of te ohect qe. KH i also aalled te ef might : Ants of, telescope The axes teleccope ¢8 an Panag Prerety thre passing fires the optical centre Of We object gles and th eptial Conrce of the eye piece « Pavallax. “The apparent tnevernent of the sage atlalive te the cwoas Mains when the trage formed by the obfective does notypu x Be Plane ef He diaphragm Geneval aiag var Station: til A station te Hu point whew te develling staph Us held. Tt is tke point Awshose elevatton to be ascertained, Hefyot ef Treuiment cas) At ix the elevation oF plane of Hat 0x Rene of age adtih secpect to the assumed datum, Back sight (®-2) Back tyne at a point sf know» clevatten +° which the tie o atghe os te BS Radi Us always added by the Level aq, Be Aaitero te get Hu hater: op fnsrrurent fe Mie aight taken en the «taf held ascertain tu amount by Fore Aight (Fs) fore git & a Aight taken en the Ataffrheld at a paint of tenkewon ekvalbo to ascertain tha ameunt by whichthe poiot th below Abe tne of Aight and thus chtatn ‘tia clematton a “the station . Dic ako known as nitrus Aight as de FS Azadivg va alteouys sabbacied fmm the 4D to qet elevatten + pot Chatnge Point ov Torving point Te is hla point on which both B-s andF.S are taken ena ater She of Airect Levels . the F-¢ & taken 6p the same peint fyom Be prttien one. fet oP Fyshrument, wile B.S is taken en de Same point from they set eh edshuyent fp dstablexh now HT Inteu edfate Sight (115) Intomectiats t a point between toe turning petits , on thie cole ome Aigor is toke & detamine che eleva ren of the Ataton .Bencumarss . Te wd the fixed Aefprene peiot af knew elevalon . Peperding upon Ake .dmpertanta. and precision, Tr is clivieled Foto fps Ayes: Ta find the Rik OP new Aalien poict Benchmark (2M) is susing as tthe aofevene feint . Qs Benchmarks. Great “Taigonomehic Suey Cems) Benchenits ats zstabtiskal bg autved of Trdia Pre fhe Adferenee point fixed at everg wcokro Fntewval alt Over the Countey eoily Aespect te the MsL. Keer Bowhay port as Datum. Pamanent Bench mak . these Ate fired by the different great depactinarls litte PWD, Rails ete.» “hese ate eatablidued belwean Ges bench makts « These psirts mAe, fired on the §pamarent sruciures such as top 4 the 6 dae, | ‘i paper Of ap bridge, Culvet, Kilomere stone, cathory palpi — Asitevory Benchmark . These are fefetente points tohiose dlevaltons auc alstonily assumed ex small Jerlitrg opetabions - Theis clevaktons dv not safer to an fred date .levers Amp Srare ( Staves) level » The purpose of @ devel & to provide a horizontal tte of, aight Essentially eve] consists Of te goltercing pee pasts: . A telescope to provide tu Line wf sight hov?xontal . A vel tube te make the Line of sight horizontal. A Levelling head to bring the bubble Pn Pir cenbec (Aun A teiped te suppost Be sbaloument ae pore beveling Alath. Ne telling atabh o alafh & @ qreduat od weoden Red ased jor measuring the vertical dftanos Seteween Sto points on the ground ard tie Hine oF Collimalton There -ho au too types: h “Tauget atady 9. Gelf targeting Atal’ ( ae Atal. Te Consist wf a morale E. The bowget & provided att a veintet whith o adPusted by ta Ataf man , axccoulig bw the dfredion fromm the eve man, tdncide, solthy oreos dhe. The alt & eltha taken by Ataly os Leve| man , 2. Gel Reading stay. 0) Gopoorth “Telescope Staff. iit) One Length stapy WD Folding Mebre staff. Uo Inver staph -“Types of level: wD Dumpy Level . The & most swhdel Dr consists x a elescope avhich & sigid ly fixed t Tes support. TH cap peitha be Avtated about Pte tong Ptadiral axis vel aan PL be somoves| fom Fhe support - ° epstourmert used APrect Levelling Ny) Wye = Leva “The telescope is held t too Y-Aupports . The telescope Can be Afted cleat a a euppat ba Aclating stu hoo elaroping collaes eohich fee acrogs the tops of tu yo Aupperts - Bris Anil to dumpy devel “the. advantage, ove! dumpy Revel ik Phat te adPuctments Can be kostod Aapidly. the alisadvantage ev & shat Tr camies many loose and open pats ush feb are habe fe frictrenal toeat . the telescope & Aotatal about Vs ong teellnal Onis “there axe other tevels. D cachiveg devel . 2» Modern Tilkirg eve} 8) Tho Automatic Sevel -Apsesmmens or Leveu “Teroporary Adjustment of bevel Terppoary Adustrment Consists of three steps! Lb Setting up tle ine hument w develling up the drhament UD Elfwithahios Of Paallay b Sertiog up ef Poshumvent A Zuttable podtten te xelected to plaw the > drumenk the Goud should be ‘pealy devel . The epenbion Fneludes Lar Frx Ate ths ument Fipal Levelling abs Jndiement approximately by ea, adlfustmants . Thar shipod Legs are adfusted 40 that Lhe unshument 18 at a ConVentent- hevght Ce. not feo how he hgh ) te) The dergit of BS appr. ata Loow'xonta) antec icareg @ Fs Should be located ab- peal distance ges and % advances the ore G AevelsFithg “the Gnarrament? The Clamp Sere of the «2.cirumant & goleased the devel ts held ov te Aegnt hand and [ned tn Au tatpod by teeming sound tia dower pait by eft dand and CJarmped ar the bu ped, L Adjustment * ; a tn Jeqq, te Aaiped ase ftred feamly Jobs Bae qpourd By moving the -thtral eg deft ov aught do bring ethe matin bubbles ap whe Cenkre. Now dia tied leg a dinmly pushed inte the qreurd beveling up Ub “Three fer Acrews . The longttadinal bubble & plated pelle] te teofect fe Saw The bubble & brought de Bu centre by turving the Aerews equally towards 0¢ etccatcls The telestope is tuned ac’ and this serew (x ferrin Clockwise ao anhicloekuoPse to bring the bude te cenbree The above Atep 4 Asopeted until the bubble semaine tenbre ty beth Rae obvections Now, 2 h sthe telescope ts Folated to all direction, and tte Labbe femains at the eenbre , then tle £n8 bree.1h proper adjustment Wi devellfng wht pur foot screws - ‘The Clamp t& lwesencd . The Upp iw approxTimately parallel to plate ts tenad sunti| the Nong Htudfral axe Ate plate. beve the Lene deing ang Hoo diagonally opponits fot Acreno The bubble & centered by waing the BAD fect sere0s The Upp flab G famed Hinough ad de) panaltel tthe thier set of) sore Etiifnatton = patallax + tmoqe formed by tle hee not tp te plane of “the Cross halt Ruallax can be limhated dp two sfeps. wo oe feeusathg the eye plece fer dikbnct wasien Me cron halk Wo ey fpesessing Hu shjedive t bry the tincage of tia cbject ub Sie plane of toes hait , Peemenent Aosusi menty The — estabbishment of a destyed selaboalitp bohoecr, the frerdomental Shes ete Fnshurent is bemed ar Pamarank ldfasments. The fudarenta) Whes ate. \ The — lfne 4 collimation 9. The ark G ta Buble tube 8 The verttal axu A The ax a TelescopeMettiops or devening, “Three prfvcipal metneds ane wed clor aches Aiference to elevatin. namely , 1 Batometaic. Jevelli 2 “Tagonenchte. Level ig. 3 Sphit Fevelliag 1. Barometric develling Pn thes Aeveling , the diftetence Ip elevatton beluween two ports & proporfeoral t He aliffemnce th atmesphesta pressor at tore poinlx 2 “Tatgonomebwe feeling, In tha Levelling elevation pointe aw computed from Mie Neritaa} angles acl hovixental distances measured sn Mao ofretd ar the onalty deg Brianghe andotic, can he conpeted from proper Wii gorcmabeies elation. & Spit leveling Direct Jerelting ) fo tiie Aevellin Aptoit and fog, sight oe a a. Ring sighting fh this levelling the vertical distances Lolth Res pect te horizontal Line e iat be used te detomine the 20lahve. Ar ffeeners . Tr & the — tuoet precise. melfuad of deter mal Cevaboo and most Commonly used by Frotheers ¢“Types |] Direct develting ®) SFrnpl. Levelling The — alffjerence in leve] between too pointe is detamtnod by setting wp tm arurront- between f0° points » Didiponvial levelling Fe i also called tenKnous develling- a Conepeeend Joselleg » x adepted 2 prlexing cares t When paint ae at ee As lanle 2. The differance. gr elevalion biw two pointe aio N “j Leap When Iho aw obstables ehoon Lhe 3- peng - |. bh he| | | @ Fy levelling When — df{jerertial Aevelltng t& dlene so onder to comece a BM to the ataihhg paint o% tr alignment of | any project ts called Fly dalltg bs [ : os | ce - ~~ H \ ————— | fee phy or “by am fg takeing Revels bravese bb Ha | The epaation © direcion a tingTtutdtnal, evel fosen a Orensaerten, | | the orens sechion ate faken at Poreevals Dre, AOrae te Check develti ‘The +4 Aevelling 6 work te Conneck the ffrisbi poinr on hot parla, A “Pris urdetaken sr order ts check fu a aleo ys done. at Stu end of Ha days | point wilh he Atacking & Known as check Levelling «Dre daw ls work. Check Aevelling m satvey Line proceeds to Reverse freee Reairroca Leveintg Wlhen te & necassary te coun out levelling a abel, Savino any obstacle Recippreca| develing ned acre In wheh obsewahon taken fem hot) Stee banks 4 te pevet ervalley : In aeciproaal Aevelling Qe Revel & setup th banks of Ave andiwo sets of stafh voy ia whe lath on both on both Pandas ase laken Danks. In this ease, the emors duo to Lene 4 cotlirnatino, Curvature — and aefractien one autoraati cally elPrithated and the fue digas qf devel a equal fo Hu mean ef tle two apparent — aliffersnces ef Lovel . Pasneiple » CO PAB ae Ph two foirts on the opposite banks o{ a siver. ly The Level ts seteep very mens Pand the tal asad au taken at PAR. The Aeoclings axe py aa d| Ui) ~The deve) 48 atS}ted and etup Nery neat and te slaty aeadivg aw taken 0s fr M40. | | ro Fest case | | tng at Pe | Correct staff, taadling at F Pp Correct stab, ao ak@-gre aus -alftewnt =h= &-(4re) Lop UD Becond Care? | 2 Mt Hea Iv = PD ', Correct — Atabh tadtvy at QB =% Correct tabs moading. at P= p-e Tae aliffeunce be = Cps-&) - $e oars Frm Ww ai pi cated Che ala Qhe Pim Gite tp- ends B= Ce- 4.) 4 (Po Fo) h = CO-4.:) + Cm ~Go) ahe pure wean "h de the ce ve i equal —— “True igen c] fetween 7d cox olifyetsn o4Mevuops oF CarcomtioN OF REDUCED LEVEL, “there axe two methods of Reduction, 1 Bethe of Tnxhrumebt 2. Rae and Falt. ' Vet he of Inbeument Mettrad . De iw aso calted ag collimator retin « “Tabulation | | tater Bs a3, Fe BE Be Rernarks. Height of (natrumeok = RL IBS RL ef Stake - HI-TS8 x ar - FS Check « 42BS -4F-S = Jost RL — Fret Rd 2. Rise and Fall Method . Tn this systeo, ta difference & Level Qetwean (two Crngecurve points determined a Co each es eas) with Lhe Prumedhicdte, preceding point . PS le smallee Ran Lhe era ataly eae Ren Fe must be Rie. Rb = Ra of preceding 4 Rise . Fs ob grates than fhe preceding Aadh saadirgthen ft mutr be fall. Rr © Ra of preceding ~ Fall, Tabulabico Atatten Bs as FS Rise Fall Rid Romakke Check « 4pe-s6-¢ = £ Rise -grall = post Rd = Fost -R°L Example | | The following fevel tect thout Ala Anadings taken fo da eld. Determine Se Rat of Narteus stations and apply tie auithmelic Check by both metrieds « Atation | Chainage| BS ati ill earn ee IRemaks - ' © B16 ~|isa.is0| teo.c02} 8) T 2 20 2.245 ate 3 ap 11265 152.025 + go | ges 800 | Isc.qig] ts2one| CPN 5 80 2 teo 159.658) 6 we | 1.835 lea as 4 120 | J: 410 1s3-%S) | 8 Mo hace [aus ltsqers| 153 459 CP 4 Yeo | 2.39 Isa lo \8o 3-035 (5). 640 : “I: 500 5.8sD, 2| Check * T Zs = “SPS cect Sem V&-gso S)-b4d Jog Petst R'L ~ Frast Rik = 151-640 18g. 15D = jasRise and Fall Station) Chalage| ps] Ts) Fs fixe [Fall [Rt Rermoike ued | Nee oO B50 | BM 2. 20 2.945 4Oos | 8. Ae hies ize | | | | | | A bo 2125 6-860 | 0-265 | (ad 5° 80 2-Teo | | o.aes| | 8 (oo Bas | bqac, | | | 7 120 Lato 6-365) | 38 40 p05 hoes o.4as pa. 4 tke 2.340 | | | | j lo | 180 | | g.096 e- bas | +500 | 5.860] 8: a4 | 2.908 love, by “Both poerhods ( pracHee problen 7 Gete3o “BS 2.3 «2 AR 0.8Oe Q 1085 ie Cc 1.¢80 - D 4990 babe Baas occ 2.486 aaa 1460 || | Peease deveuing - Precise levelling is used fev astablisiing Bench matks wih me Aceuracy ° Depersing pon “the porminsiHe error Meta as Morrex. Claysi}feations - | t. Fivgr Oadet ee - Atom 9. Secord order &= 8 Aro 8. third oada = 2mm Gonroveintg - | Obsewing point eho doaaben ti called Contouring both hovixontal and vertical control Countour Lines ae used to seprecsent the Verttoal Srergint: : Uses : x Deciding en precise locaton , * Tho tervive- oy the fountry ean be + D:0N2 D> =< - 60643 Cam = 0-067 D? tm)Example |: Two BM A@B ate |200m apatt across a whde atv, The dpltowing Aecdproc) evel ara taken with one Aevel - | Readings on | hevad at ie | A B A 1-485 2.585 B 103s nA! The error th fae Calfmation adfust mane of HM jere\ th 4 0:00¢m and error due te Cuvatuse and aafrachon the ee at B ts more tan A “Ah f& “ve Aw Uiprattte Uo.2es -1-485) 4 (1-400 —1-038) “Fue Dipurte = = —— — sepia 0-88 40.365 2 Correction due te = Cauvaluse = O-bs95™m, Ge ross i = O07 x1.0% Co = OMB m (-ve) Corvecben aus Refraction Cy = 0-02 D* 2 Oda Xba — =O 0b m (Ave)Collimraton errors O.005 —— x1200 oso (Ave) True aiffgrente afar Oreveciton = 0-692 & — ONS + DO Ib FO-90 | | = O-12565™m .Compass “TRAVERSE (a 4 Parallel mevidfan Hrrough each Staten, Stastfng Station. porot- \P° Pas scitably Aelected en othe papa Mark the a dine. The Areattng Pa iv | | Plotted tay protractor feng i drain ‘te a suitable Zale | Draw the noth Afne @ @ parallel & fhe north | Beating of GR & plotted A Jength is matked. | “The procedure Aepeated te complete tte fraverse - | ry any closing error & Re %i tb be adfusted, eee a ek Ny Gastea ervor i) Condfedeniog Ineuded, angles. From the tart Point OW the. beating ‘AB’ ts masked ard he engin ie! plotted to some cale, | Ar RB -the th oludedl are Bt plotted | by ail “the probractor. Settbuty atl tls point are plotted8 \e 4 | ‘ | Nelded Pogle Method | Adfustment of Cloning Ewror: B Graphtcal Method. The closed traverse ABC DE, Ar is drawn bb a Astae scale, here Bu bravewse not Cloaing . “the parametas af te traverse ke reason horizontally te fome other Acale- The. comes ponding, Jenattes AB, 5 Bier » CDi DEd and €,A, ase maka, A pependfeular & craum @ A, 4 a déstance equal te tu Closing exvorSiveFloahy H all the sees pointe, tha petpendituly ice drawn Bb, Cc, Did ete, “The sthtacept represents te | amount of boy ustich The espectfve -stattone are sluftedd , The corrected braverse, u pleted as ABADEA. Hots of clading Ever Angular ervor of close te ISNT ins. where, Mok 4he. ro: of tides Of towense:, Rate cling error « _Amourk of closing evvor Patmetor of “Taaverce . and Fe should not exceed 7h