UNIT 4 – CONTROL STATEMENTS

ARTURO S. GARCÍA
UNIVERSITY OF CASTILLA-LA MANCHA PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS 1

DEGREE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING.

2022-2023 ESII ALBACETE
 CONTENTS

SELECTION STATEMENTS
• A. The if statement
• B. The switch statement

ITERATION STATEMENTS
• A. The while statement
• B. The do statement
• C. The for statement
THE IF STATEMENT
 Syntax:
 if (<expression>) <statement>
 Semantics:
 The execution of the statement depends on
the value of a controlling expression. #include <stdio.h>

 Executed if expression compares unequal to 0. void main() {

int number;
 Restrictions:
scanf("%d", &number);
 The controlling expression of an if statement
shall have scalar type. if (number % 2 == 0) {
printf("%d: even.\n", number);
 The value zero (0) means false. }
}
 None-zero means true.
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THE IF…ELSE STATEMENT

 Syntax:
 if (<expression>) <statement1>
else <statement2>
#include <stdio.h>
 Semantics: void main() {
int number;
 statement2 executed if the expression
scanf("%d", &number);
compares equal to 0 (i.e., false).
if (number % 2 == 0)
 An else is associated with the lexically printf("%d: even.\n", number);
else
nearest preceding if that is allowed by the }
printf("%d: odd.\n", number);

syntax.

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THE IF...ELSE IF SUBSTATEMENT
// CODE A // // CODE B //

if (<expression1>) { if (<expression1>) {
<statement1> <statement1>
} }
else { else if (<expression2>) {
if (<expression2>) { <statement2>
<statement2> }
} else if (<expression3>) {
else { <statement3>
if (<expression3>) { Equivalent! }
<statement3> else {
} <statement4>
else { }
<statement4>
}
}
}

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THE IF...ELSE IF SUBSTATEMENT
// CODE A // // CODE D //

if (<expression1>) { if (<expression1>) {
<statement1> <statement1>
} }
else { else if (<expression2>) {
if (<expression2>) { <statement2>
<statement2> }
} else if (<expression3>) {
else { <statement3>
if (<expression3>) { Not Equivalent! }
<statement3> else {
} <statement4>
else { }
<statement4>
}
}
}

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THE IF...ELSE IF SUBSTATEMENT
// CODE E // // After compiling and running //

int number; If user enters 0. Output?

scanf("%d", &number); > 0: zero.

if (number == 0) {
printf("%d: zero.", number); If user enters 12. Output?
} > 12: even.
else {
if (number % 2 == 0) {
printf("%d: even.", number); Result If user enters 13. Output?
} > 13: odd.
else {
printf("%d: odd.", number);
}
}

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EXERCISE

 Prompt the user for the marks of theory and laboratory.

 Tip 1: variables and type
 Tip 2: printf & scanf for obtaining the user input
 Return the arithmetic average only if it’s greater or equal than 5.
Otherwise, identify the failed part.
 Tip 3: The if...else statement
 Tip 4: printf for showing the result
 5 minutes!

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THE ? STATEMENT

 Syntax:
 <expression> ? <statement1> : <statement2>

 Semantics:
 if expression is true, then statement1 is executed.
Otherwise, the statement2 is executed.
 Example:
if (theory < 5)
printf("Only theory is failed.");
else
printf("Only laboratory is failed.");

(theory < 5) ? printf("Only theory is failed.") : printf("Only laboratory is failed.");9

THE ? STATEMENT

 Syntax:
 <expression> ? <statement1> : <statement2>

 Semantics:
 if expression is true, then statement1 is executed.
Otherwise, the statement2 is executed.
 Exercise:
 Given two integer numbers, identify the lowest one.
 5 minutes!

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 CONTENTS

SELECTION STATEMENTS
• A. The if statement
• B.The switch statement

ITERATION STATEMENTS
• A. The while statement
• B. The do statement
• C. The for statement
THE SWITCH STATEMENT

 Syntax:
switch (<expression>) {
case value1 : <statement1>
case value2 : <statement2>
…
case valueN : <statementN>
}

 Semantics:
 Control jumps into the case statement, whose value is logically equal to
the controlling expression (let’s consider “expression == value” for each
case ).

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THE SWITCH STATEMENT

 Restrictions:
 Values are constant expressions and not duplicated in the enclosing switch
statement.
 Constant expressions of char type can be represented either with the
corresponding ASCII code or character. For example,
 case 65: …
 case 'A': …
 Variables are not allowed as case values.
 Cases can be grouped when their corresponding case bodies share the
same statements.

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THE SWITCH STATEMENT
// CODE A // // CODE B //

int A; int A;

switch (A) { if (A == 1) {
case 1: <statement1> <statement1>
case 2: <statement2> }
case 3: <statement3> else if (A == 2) {
case 4: <statement4> <statement2>
} }
Not Equivalent! else if (A == 3) {
<statement3>
}
else if (A == 4) {
<statement4>
}

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THE SWITCH STATEMENT
// CODE A // // CODE C //

int A; int A;

switch (A) { if (A == 1) {
<statement1>
case 1: <statement1> <statement2>
case 2: <statement2> <statement3>
case 3: <statement3> <statement4>
case 4: <statement4> }
} else if (A == 2) {
Equivalent! <statement2>
<statement3>
<statement4>
}
else if (A == 3) {
<statement3>
<statement4>
}
else if (A == 4) {
<statement4>
}

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THE SWITCH STATEMENT
// CODE A // // CODE D //

int A; int A;

switch (A) { if (A == 1) {
<statement1>
case 1: <statement1> <statement2>
case 2: <statement2> <statement3>
case 3: <statement3> <statement4>
case 4: <statement4> }
} if (A == 2) {
Not Equivalent! <statement2>
<statement3>
<statement4>
}
if (A == 3) {
<statement3>
<statement4>
}
if (A == 4) {
<statement4>
}

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THE SWITCH STATEMENT
// CODE A // // After compiling and running //

int i; If user enters 1. Output?

printf("Enter a number between 1 and 3: "); > One
scanf("%d", &i); > Two
> Tree
switch (i) {
case 1: If user enters 2. Output?
printf("One"); > Two
> Tree
case 2:
printf("Two"); If user enters 3. Output?
> Tree
case 3:
printf("Three"); If user enters 7. Output?
} Nothing

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THE BREAK STATEMENT

 Syntax:
 break
 Semantics:
 Control directly jumps to the end of the switch body.
 It belongs to the category of jump statements (i.e., goto, continue,
break, and return).

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THE BREAK STATEMENT
// CODE A // // After compiling and running //

int i; If user enters 1. Output?

printf("Enter a number between 1 and 3: "); > One
scanf("%d", &i);
If user enters 2. Output?
switch (i) { > Two
case 1:
printf("One\n"); If user enters 3. Output?
break; > Tree
case 2: If user enters 7. Output?
printf("Two\n");
Nothing
break;

case 3:
printf("Three\n");
}
THE DEFAULT LABEL

 Syntax: switch (<expression>) {

case value1 : <statement1>
case value2 : <statement2>
…
case valueN : <statementN>
default: <statement>
}
 Semantics:
 If no case constant expression matches, control jumps to this label.

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THE DEFAULT LABEL
// CODE A // // After compiling and running //

int i; If user enters 1. Output?

printf("Enter a number between 1 and 3: "); > One
scanf("%d", &i);
If user enters 2. Output?
switch (i) { > Two
case 1:
printf("One"); If user enters 3. Output?
break; > Tree
case 2:
printf("Two"); If user enters 7. Output?
break;
> default!
case 3:
printf("Three");
break;

default:
printf("default!");
}
EXERCISE

 Make a question that can be answered with yes or no.

 Capture the answer.
 Print 'yes' if the user presses y/Y and 'no' if the user presses n/N.
 Do not be case sensitive! (y/Y or n/N -> just one character!)
 5 minutes!

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 CONTENTS

SELECTION STATEMENTS
• A. The if statement
• B. The switch statement

ITERATION STATEMENTS
• A.The while statement
• B. The do statement
• C. The for statement
THE WHILE STATEMENT

 Syntax:
while (<expression>) {
<statement>
}

 Semantics:
 The statement (aka, loop body) is executed repeatedly until the controlling
expression compares to zero (i.e., false).
 The evaluation of the controlling expression takes place before each
execution of the loop body.

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EXAMPLE 1

 Prompt the user to enter an integer number.

 Print the sequence between that number and ten.

// CODE A // // After compiling and running //

int i; If user enters 1. Output?

> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
scanf("%d", &i);
while (i <= 10) { If user enters -3. Output?
printf("%d ", i); > -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
i = i + 1;
} If user enters 11. Output?
>

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EXAMPLE 2

 Prompt the user to enter an integer number.

 Determine if this number is a prime number.

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EXAMPLE 2

// CODE A // // After compiling and running //

int div = 2; If user enters 5. Output?

int num; > It’s a prime number.
scanf("%d", &num);
If user enters 6. Output?
while ((div < num) && ((num % div) != 0)) { > It’s not a prime number. (2)
div++;
}

if (div == num) {
printf("It\’s a prime number.");
}
else {
printf("It\’s not a prime number. (%d)", div);
}

See this one in the compiler and execute it step by step 27

EXAMPLE 2A

 Take Example 2
 Use the break statement.
 Break can be used in a while statement as well.

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 EXAMPLE 2A - SOLUTION
// CODE A // // CODE B //

int div = 2; int div = 1;

int num; int num;
scanf("%d", &num); scanf("%d", &num);

while ((div < num) && ((num % div) != 0)) { while (div < num) {
div++; div++;
} if (num % div == 0)
break;
}

if (div == num) { if (div == num){

printf("It is prime number."); printf("It is a prime number.");
} }
else { else {
printf("It is not a primer number. (%d)", div); printf("It is not a prime number. (%d)", div);
} }

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THE CONTINUE STATEMENT

 Syntax:
 continue
 Semantics:
 It causes a jump to the loop-continuation portion of the smallest enclosing
iteration statement; that is, to the end of the loop body.
 Example:
 Print the sequence of numbers between one and a given number.
 Omit the numbers that are multiple of three.

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EXAMPLE

// CODE A // // After compiling and running //

int i = 0; If user enters 7. Output?

int num; > 1 2 4 5 7

scanf("%d", &num); If user enters 10. Output?

> 1 2 4 5 7 8 10
while (i < num){
i = i + 1;
if ((i % 3) == 0)
continue;

printf("%d ", i);

}

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EXAMPLE

// CODE A // // After compiling and running //

int i = 0; If user enters 7. Output?

int num; > 1 2

scanf("%d", &num);

while (i < num){

if ((i % 3) == 0)
continue;

i = i + 1;
printf("%d ", i);
}

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 CONTENTS

SELECTION STATEMENTS
• A. The if statement
• B. The switch statement

ITERATION STATEMENTS
• A. The while statement
• B.The do statement
• C. The for statement
THE DO-WHILE STATEMENT

 Syntaxis:
do {
<statement>
} while (<expression>);

 Semantics:
 The evaluation of the controlling expression takes place after each
execution of the loop body.

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EXAMPLE

 Prompt the user for entering characters until the character is either
'Y' or 'N’.
 Be case sensitive (only upper case).

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 EXAMPLE
// CODE // // After compiling and running //

char c; If user enters w ?

Loop runs again
do {
printf("Connect to server (Yes/No)? "); If user enters y ?
scanf(" %c", &c); Loop runs again
} while (c!='Y' && c!='N');
If user enters N ?
Loop finishes

If user enters Y ?
Loop finishes

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EXERCISE

 Prompt the user for entering characters until the character is 'Y' ,'y'
or 'N', 'n'.
 Do not be case sensitive!
 5 minutes!

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 CONTENTS

SELECTION STATEMENTS
• A. The if statement
• B. The switch statement

ITERATION STATEMENTS
• A. The while statement
• B. The do statement
• C.The for statement
THE FOR STATEMENT

 Syntax:
 for (<clause-1> ; <expression-2> ; <expression-3>)
<statement>
 Semantics:
 clause-1: If it’s a declaration, the scope of any identifiers it declares is the
remainder of the declaration and the entire loop, including the other two
expressions; it is reached in the order of execution before the first
evaluation of the controlling expression.
If clause-1 is an expression, it is evaluated as a void expression before the
first evaluation of the controlling expression.
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THE FOR STATEMENT

 Semantics+
 expression-2: controlling expression that is evaluated before each
execution of the loop body.
 expression-3: evaluated as a void expression after each execution of the
loop body.
 clause-1, expression-2 and expression-3 can be omitted.
 If expression-2 is false, the statement is not executed.
 The break and continue statements can be used.

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THE FOR STATEMENT

 Example

// CODE // // After compiling and running //

for (int i=0; i<=10; i++) > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

printf("%d ", i);

for (int i=0; i<=10; i++) { > 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

if (i==4)
continue;

printf("%d ", i);

if (i==9) break;
}

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THE FOR STATEMENT

 Example

// CODE // // After compiling and running //

int i=0; > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

for (; i<=10; i++)
printf("%d ", i);
> 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
printf("\n");

for (int i=0; i<=10; i++) {

if (i==4)
continue;

printf("%d ", i);

if (i==9) break;
}
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THE FOR STATEMENT

 Example

// CODE // // After compiling and running //

int i=0; > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

for (; i<=10;)
{
printf("%d ", i); > 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
i++;
}
printf("\n");

for (int i=0; i<=10; i++) {

if (i==4)
continue;

printf("%d ", i);

if (i==9) break;
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}
THE FOR STATEMENT

 Example
// CODE //
// After compiling and running //
int i=0;
for (;;)
> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
{
printf("%d ", i);
i++;
> 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
if (i>10)
break;
}
printf("\n");

for (int i=0; i<=10; i++) {

if (i==4)
continue;

printf("%d ", i);

if (i==9) break; 44
}
THE FOR STATEMENT

 The for statement is semantically equivalent to the while statement.

// CODE // // CODE //

for (<clause-1>;<expression-2>;<expression-3>) { <clause-1>

<statement> while (<expression-2>) {
} <statement>
Equivalent! <expression-3>
}

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END.