Class XI Session 2024-25

Subject - Chemistry
Sample Question Paper - 4

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in this question paper with internal choice.

2. SECTION A consists of 16 multiple-choice questions carrying 1 mark each.

3. SECTION B consists of 5 very short answer questions carrying 2 marks each.

4. SECTION C consists of 7 short answer questions carrying 3 marks each.

5. SECTION D consists of 2 case-based questions carrying 4 marks each.

6. SECTION E consists of 3 long answer questions carrying 5 marks each.

7. All questions are compulsory.

8. The use of log tables and calculators is not allowed

Section A
1. If the concentration of glucose (C6H12O6) in blood is 0.9 g L–1, what will be the molarity of glucose in blood? [1]

a) 50 M b) 0.005 M

c) 0.5 M d) 5 M
2. Among the following pairs of orbitals 2s and 3s, 4d and 4f, 3d and 3p, the orbitals that will experience the larger [1]
effective nuclear charge will be:

a) 2s, 4d and 3d respectively b) 2s, 4d and 3p respectively

c) 2s, 4f and 3d respectively d) 3s, 4f and 3d respectively

3. If Vf is the final volume and Vi is the initial volume and p ex
external pressure then the work is done can be [1]
calculated by?

a) Vf
b) Vf

∫ pex dV ∫ pex dV
Vi 0

c) Vf
d) 0

− ∫ pex dV − ∫ pex dV

Vi Vi

4. Around 1015 Hz corresponds to the region of the electromagnetic spectrum [1]

a) ultraviolet region b) infrared region

c) visible light d) microwave region

5. Standard Molar Enthalpy of formation is: [1]

a) the standard enthalpy change for the b) the standard enthalpy change for the

Page 1 of 13
 formation of one mole of a compound from formation of one kg of a compound from its
its elements in at a pressure of 10 bar and elements in their most stable states of
30°C. aggregation.

c) the standard enthalpy change for the d) the standard enthalpy change for the
formation of one mole of a compound from formation of one mole of a compound from
its elements in their most stable states of its elements in at a pressure of 2 bar and 25o
aggregation. C.
6. de-Broglie equation is [1]

a) λ = b) =
hv mv
λ
m h

c) λ = hmv d) λ = h

mv

7. In the ethylene molecule the two carbon atoms have the oxidation number [1]

a) -1, -2 b) -1, -1

c) -2,-2 d) +2, -2
8. In which method oil bath is used? [1]

a) Distillation under reduced pressure b) Steam distillation

c) Simple distillation d) Fractional distillation

9. Presence of a nitro group in a benzene ring: [1]

a) deactivates the ring towards electrophilic b) activates the ring towards electrophilic
substitution. substitution.

c) renders the ring basic. d) deactivates the ring towards nucleophilic

substitution.
10. Which of the following compounds is/are amphoteric in nature? [1]

a) As2O3 b) Both AI2O3 and As2O3

c) CI2O7 d) AI2O3

11. The bond enthalpy depends on? [1]

a) Electronegativity b) All of these

c) Bond length d) Size of the atom

12. On passing vapours of phenol over heated zinc dust it gets reduced to [1]

a) benzene b) toluene

c) C6H5OH d) aniline

13. Assertion (A): The IUPAC name for CH 3 CH = CH − C ≡ CH is pent-3-en-1-yne and not pent-2-en-4-yne. [1]
Reason (R): While deciding the locants for double and triple bonds, lowest sum rule is always followed.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): Acetylene is acidic in nature. [1]

Page 2 of 13
 Reason (R): Acetylene is sp hybridised.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): The energy of quantum of radiation is given by E = hν . [1]
Reason (R): Quantum in the energy equation signifies the principal quantum number.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): A certain element X, forms three binary compounds with chlorine-containing 59.68%, 68.95% [1]
and 74.75% chlorine respectively. These data illustrate the law of multiple proportions.
Reason (R): According to law of multiple proportions, the relative amounts of an element combining with some
fixed amount of a second element in a series of compounds are the ratios of small whole numbers.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. The dissociation of HI is independent of pressure, while dissociation of PCl5 depends upon the pressure applied. [2]

Why?
18. Why does electronegativity value increases across a period and decreases down period? [2]
19. How much potassium chlorate should be heated to produce 2.24L of oxygen at NTP? [2]
20. Arrange the following alkenes in the decreasing order of stability. [2]
CH3

i. CH 3
C = CHCH3

CH3

ii. CH 3 CHCH = CH2

CH3

iii. CH 2= CCH2 CH3

OR
Give the IUPAC names of each of the following:

21. Calculate the wavelength of the radiation which would cause photochemical dissociation of a chlorine molecule. [2]
The bond dissociation energy Cl - Cl of bond is 245 kJ mol-1.
Section C
22. Explain the important aspect of resonance with reference to the CO 2−
3
ion. [3]
23. Answer: [3]
(a) Two litres of an ideal gas at a pressure of 10 atm expands isothermally at 25 °C into a vacuum until its [1]

Page 3 of 13
 total volume is 10 litres. How much heat is absorbed and how much work is done in the expansion
against a constant external pressure of 1 atm?
(b) What is free energy in terms of thermodynamics? [1]
(c) Define a system. [1]
24. How will you calculate work done on an ideal gas in a compression, when the change in pressure is carried out [3]
in infinite steps?
25. i. Use the following reactions to arrange the elements A, B, C and D in order of their redox reactivity [3]

a. A + B+ → A+ + B

b. B + D+ → B+ + D

c. C+ + D → No reaction
d. B + C+ → B+ + C
ii. On the basis of above redox activity series, predict which of the following reactions would you expect to
occur?

a. A+ + C → A + C+

b. A+ + D → A + D+
26. What is the number of photons of light with wavelength 4000 pm which provides 1 J of energy? [3]
27. Among the elements B, AI, C and Si [3]
i. Which has the highest first ionization enthalpy?
ii. Which has the most negative electron gain enthalpy?
iii. Which has the largest atomic radius?
iv. Which has the most metallic character?
28. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following [3]
i. 52 mole of Ar
ii. 52 u of He
iii. 52 g of He.
Section D
29. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
The phenomenon of the existence of two or more compounds possessing the same molecular formula but
different properties is known as isomerism. Such compounds are called isomers. Compounds having the same
molecular formula but different structures (manners in which atoms are linked) are classified as structural
isomers. Structural isomers are classified as chain isomer, position isomer, functional group isomer.
Meristematic arises due to different alkyl chains on either side of the functional group in the molecule and
stereoisomerism and can be classified as geometrical and optical isomerism. Hyperconjugation is a general
stabilising interaction. It involves delocalisation of σ electrons of the C-H bond of an alkyl group directly
attached to an atom of an unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p orbital. This type of overlap
stabilises the carbocation because electron density from the adjacent σ bond helps in dispersing the positive
charge.
i. Why Isopentane, pentane and Neopentane are chain isomers?
ii. The molecular formula C3H8O represents which isomer?

Page 4 of 13
 iii. What type of isomerism is shown by Methoxypropane and ethoxyethane?
OR
Why hyperconjugation is a permanent effect?
30. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
The molecular orbital theory is based on the principle of a linear combination of atomic orbitals. According to
this approach when atomic orbitals of the atoms come closer, they undergo constructive interference as well as
destructive interference giving molecular orbitals, i.e., two atomic orbitals overlap to form two molecular
orbitals, one of which lies at a lower energy level (bonding molecular orbital). Each molecular orbital can hold
one or two electrons in accordance with Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity.
For molecules up to N2, the order of filling of orbitals is:
∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗
σ(1s)σ (1s), σ(2s)σ (2s), π (2px ) = π (2py ) , σ (2pz ) ,π (2px ) = π (2py ) , σ (2pz )

and for molecules after N2, the order of filling is:

∗ ∗
∗ ∗ ∗
σ(1s)σ (1s), σ(2s)σ (2s), σ (2pz ) , π (2px ) = π (2py ) ,π (2px ) = π (2py ) , σ (2pz )

Bond order = [bonding electrons - antibonding electrons]

1

Bond order gives the following information:

I. If bond order is greater than zero, the molecule/ion exists otherwise not.
II. Higher the bond order, higher is the bond dissociation energy.
III. Higher the bond order, greater is the bond stability.
IV. Higher the bond order, shorter is the bond length.

i. Arrange the following negative stabilities of CN, CN+ and CN- in increasing order of bond. (1)
ii. The molecular orbital theory is preferred over valence bond theory. Why? (1)
iii. Ethyne is acidic in nature in comparison to ethene and ethane. Why is it so? (2)
OR
Bonding molecular orbital is lowered by a greater amount of energy than the amount by which antibonding
molecular orbital is raised. Is this statement correct? (2)
Section E
31. Attempt any five of the following: [5]
(a) Convert 1-bromopropane to 2-bromopropane. [1]
(b) Although benzene is highly unsaturated it does not undergo addition reactions. [1]
(c) How is alkene produced by vicinal dihalide? [1]
(d) How will you convert ethanoic acid into ethene? [1]
(e) What is the number of σ and π bond in N ≡ C – CH = CH – C ≡ N? [1]
(f) Write the general formula for alkynes. [1]
(g) What do you mean by delocalization? [1]
32. Determine the solubilities of silver chromate, barium chromate, ferric hydroxide, lead chloride and mercurous [5]
iodide at 298 K from their solubility product constants.

i. Ksp(Ag2CrO4) = 1.1 × 10-12,

ii. Ksp(BaCrO4) = 1.2 × 10-10,

iii. Ksp[Fe(OH)3] = 1.0 × 10-3,

Determine also the molarities of individual ions.

Page 5 of 13
 OR
The ionization constant of benzoic acid is 6.46 × 10 −5
and Ksp for silver benzoate is 2.5 × 10 −13
. How many times
is silver benzoate more soluble in a buffer of pH 3.19 compared to its solubility in pure water?
33. Answer: [5]
(a) i. a. Define the following terms: [2.5]

i. Enantiomers
ii. Racemic mixture
b. Why is chlorobenzene resistant to nucleophilic substitution reaction?
ii. What is the general molecular formula of saturated monohydric alcohols? [2.5]
OR
i. Two liquids (A) and (B) can be separated by the method of fractional distillation. The boiling [2.5]
point of a liquid (A) is less than the boiling point of a liquid (B). Which of the liquids do you
expect to come out first in the distillate? Explain.
ii. Structures and IUPAC names of some hydrocarbons are given below. Explain why the names [2.5]
given in the parentheses are incorrect.
a. C H 3
− C H − C H2 − C H2 − C H − C H − C H2 − C H3
| | |
CH CH CH
3 3 3

2,5,6- Trimethyloctane
[and not 3,4,7- Trimethyloctane]
b. C H 3
− C H2 − CH − C H2 − C H − C H2 − C H3
| |
CH CH CH
3 3 3

3-Ethyl-5-methylheptane
[and not 5-Ethyl-3-methylheptane]

Page 6 of 13
 Solution
Section A
1.
(b) 0.005 M
Concentration in g/L
Explanation: M olarity =
Molar mass

Concentration of glucose in blood= 0.9 g/L

Molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) = 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 180 g mol-1
M olarity =
0.9

180
= 0.005 M

2.
(b) 2s, 4d and 3p respectively
Explanation: An electron is shielded from the attractive interactions of the nucleus by the electrons in the inner shells.The
repulsive and attractive interactions of an electron depend on the shell and the orbital in which the electron is present.
3.
Vf

(c) − ∫ pex dV
Vi

Vf

Explanation: − ∫ pex dV =w
Vi

It is equal to the integration of change in volume with respect to the initial and final volume.
4.
(c) visible light
Explanation: Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human
eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of
430–770 THz.
5.
(c) the standard enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements in their most stable states of
aggregation.
Explanation: The standard enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of a compound from its elements in their most
stable states of aggregation (reference states) is called standard molar enthalpy of formation.
6.
(d) λ = h

mv

Explanation: Louis de-Broglie proposed that matter, like light , has a dual character.It exhibits wave as well as particle
nature. The wavelength of the wave associated with a particle of mass m moving with velocity v is given by
h
λ = mv

7.
(c) -2,-2
Explanation: In general carbon molecule have 4 valence electrons and in ethylene molecule (H2C = CH2) each carbon atom is
surrounded by 6 valence electron so by calculating its oxidation number we will get 4 - 6= -2. so, thats why carbon have -2,-2
oxidation number.
8.
(d) Fractional distillation
Explanation: Fractional distillation
9. (a) deactivates the ring towards electrophilic substitution.
Explanation: This is because the Nitro is an electron-withdrawing group, it pulls the electron density from the ring towards
itself thereby decreasing the electron density in the ring and deactivating the ring towards attack by the electrophile.

Page 7 of 13
10.
(b) Both AI2O3 and As2O3
Explanation: A12O3 and As2O3 are amphoteric in nature. Amphoteric oxides behave as acidic with bases and basic with
acids.
11.
(b) All of these
Explanation: The bond enthalpy depends on many factors sizes of atoms involved in the bond, differences in their
electronegativity, bond length, electron affinities, etc.
12. (a) benzene
Explanation: Phenol is reduced to benzene.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
5 4 3 2 1

Explanation: When double and triple bonds are presently lowest sum rule is followed thus in C H 3 C H = C H− C= C H

Sum of locants (1 + 3) = 4.
In CH CH = CH − C ≡ CH
3
1 2 3 4 5

Sum of locants (2 + 4) = 6
So it is named as pent-3-en-1-yne.
14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The acidic nature in acetylene is described on the basis of higher electronegativity of sp hybridized carbon atom
which pulls more effectively the C - H bond pair to lose H+.
15.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: E = hν , where h = Planck's constant = 6.626 × 10-34 Js and ν = frequency. Quantum is the smallest quantity of
energy that can be emitted (or absorbed). According to Planck' theory, energy is emitted in integral multiples of hν , e.g. hν , 2h
ν , 3hν etc.

16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Section B
17. For, the dissociation of HI, we have the equation 2HI(g) ⇌ H2(g) + I2(g). Here 2 moles of reactants give 2 moles of products.
Hence Δn = 0 and so according to Le Chatelier's principle, dissociation of HI is independent of pressure. For the dissociation of
PCl5, we have PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2 (g). Here 1 mole of reactant gives 2 moles of products. Hence Δn = 1 and so according to
Le Chatelier's principle, dissociation of PCl5 depends on pressure.
18. Electronegativity is the tendency of an element to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself in a covalently bonded
molecule. Electronegativity of an element is inversely proportional to its atomic size. It means with increase in atomic size ,
electronegativity of an element decreases.
1. We know that atomic size increases down the group. Therefore electronegativity decreases down the group.
2. The attraction between the outer electrons and the nucleus increases, as the atomic radius decreases in a period. The
electronegativity also increases.
19. When potassium chlorate is heated, then following reaction takes place:
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
Molecular mass of 1mol KClO3 = 39 + 35.5 + 3 × 16= 122.5 g
Molecular mass of 2 mols of KClO3 = 2× 122.5 g =245 g
Volume occupied by 3 mol of oxygen = 3× 22.4L = 67.5 L
Therefore, 67.2L of oxygen is produced from 245g of KClO3
2.24L of oxygen is produced from = 245

67.2
× 2.24 = 8.17g of KClO3
20. Stability of an alkene increases with increase in the number of electron donating substituent at the position of double bonded
carbon atom. Thus, the order is (i) > (iii) > (ii).
OR

Page 8 of 13
 IUPAC name
i. 3, 5-dimethyl-2-hexene or 3, 5 -dimethylhex-2-ene
ii. 4-chloro-3-methylcyclopentene
iii. 1-sec-butyl-2-methylcyclohexene or 1-methyl-2-(1-methylpropyl) cyclohexen
iv. 2-pentyl-1-heptene or 2-pentylhept-1-ene
21. Bond dissociation energy required to break 1 mole of Cl-Cl bonds = 245 kJ (Given)
3
245×10
Therefore, Energy required to break one Cl—Cl bond = 23
−19
= 4.068 × 10 J
6.023×10
bc
Now, E = bv = λ
−34 8
hc 6.626× 10 ×3.0× 10 −7
λ = = = 4.89 × 10 m
E −19
4.068×10

Section C

22.

Resonance in, CO32- I, II and III represent the three canonical forms.
i. In these structures, the position of nuclei is the same.
ii. All the three forms have the almost equal energy
iii. The same number of paired and unpaired electrons they differ only in their position.
23. Answer:
(i) W = −Pext.ΔV
P​ext = 1atm
ΔV = 10−2L=8L
∴W = −1×8 = −8atm−L
We have q = – w = pext (8) = 8 litre-atm
(ii) Free energy of a system is the capacity to do work.
G = H-TΔS
(iii)A system in thermodynamics refers to that part of the universe in which observations are made.
24. When compression is carried out in infinite steps with the change in pressure, it is a reversible process.
Work done can be calculated from pV-plot when pressure is not constant.
A pV plot of the work of compression which is carried out by the change in pressure in infinite steps during compression from the
initial volume, Vi to the final volume, Vf is shown in the figure. The work done on the gas is represented by the shaded area.

25. i. The electrochemical series or redox activity is based on the decreasing order of reduction potentials. This means that the
species which gets reduced is higher in the electrochemical series as compared to the other which is to get oxidised (lose
electrons).
In reaction (a), B+ gets reduced by A and therefore B is higher than A in electrochemical series.
In reaction (b), D+ gets reduced by B and therefore, D is higher in the electrochemical series than B.
In reaction (c), C+ does not get reduced by D, therefore, C is lower than D in electrochemical series. But according to reaction
(d), C+ gets reduced by B and therefore, C is higher in electrochemical series than B.
Thus, the correct order is D > C > B > A
ii. Both reactions do not occur because A cannot be reduced by C as well as D.

Page 9 of 13
26. Energy of photon (E) = hc

h = 6.626 × 10-34 Js, c= 3× 108 ms-1, λ = 4000 pm = 4000 × 10-12 = 4 × 10-9 m

−34 8 −1

= 4.969 × 10-17 J
(6.626× 10 Js)×(3× 10 ms )

∴ Energy of photon (E) = −9

(4× 10 m)

Now, 4.969 × 10-17 J is the energy of photon = 1

∴ 1 J is the energy of photons = 1

−17
= 2.012 × 1016 photons.
4.969×10

27. i. C has the highest first ionization enthalpy.

ii. C has the most negative electron gain enthalpy.
iii. AI has the largest atomic radius.
iv. AI has the most metallic character.
28. i. 1 mole of Ar contains 6.022 × 10 atoms 23

∴ 52 mole of Ar will contain 6.022 × 10 atoms

23 25
× 52 = 3.13 × 10

ii. 4 u of He = 1 He atom
∴ 52 u of He = × 52 He atoms = 13 He atoms.
1

iii. 1 mol atom of He = 4g = 6.023 × 1023 atoms

4 g of He contains 6.022 × 10 atoms
23

23
6.022× 10 ×52
52 g of He will contain = 4
= 7.83 × 10
24
atoms.
Section D
29. i. Isopentane, pentane and Neopentane are chain isomers because they have a similar molecular formula but a different carbon
skeleton.
ii. The molecular formula C3H8O represents positional isomers because they differ in the position of substituent functional
group(OH) on the carbon skeleton.
iii. Methoxypropane and ethoxyethane are metamers because none of its side are similar to each other.
OR
The σ electrons of C-H bond of the alkyl group enter into partial conjugation with the attached unsaturated system or with the
unshared p orbital therefore hyperconjugation is permanent effect.

30. i. The increasing order of negative stabilities of CN, CN+ and CN- is CN+ > CN > CN-.
ii. The molecular orbital theory is preferred over valence bond theory because molecular orbital theory explains the magnetic
nature of the molecule.
iii. In ethyne, hydrogen atoms are connected to sp hybridized carbon atoms, but in ethene, they are attached to sp2 hybridized
carbon atoms and in ethane, they are attached to sp3 hybridized carbons.
OR
The given statement is not correct because the bonding molecular orbital is lowered by a lesser amount of energy than the
amount by which antibonding molecular orbital is raised.
Section E
31. Attempt any five of the following:
(i) We can convert 1-Bromopropne into 2-Bromopropane in two steps. In the first step, the dehydrohalogenation of 1-bromo
propane with alcoholic KOH gives propene which on reacting with HBr gives 2-bromo propane due to Markovnikov's
rule for addition.

(ii) It is due to delocalization of -electrons in benzene it is highly stable.

(iii)Alkene are produced from Vicinal dihalide by the process of dehalogenations. Vicinal dihalide on treatment with Zn
metal lose a molecule of ZnX2 to from an alkene.
CH2Br-CH2Br + Zn → CH2=CH2 + ZnBr2.

Page 10 of 13
 (iv)

(v) In Triple bond, there are two π-bonds and one σ bond and in double bond, one is σ bond and one π-bond. Therefore, in
this compound there are 7σ bonds and 5 π-bonds.
(vi)General formula of alkynes is CnH2n −2
(vii)Delocalisation implies that pairs of bonding electrons extend over three or more atoms and belong to the whole
molecule.
Due to delocalization, compound becomes stable.
Example: Delocalization in benzene

32. i. Ag 2 C rO4 ⇌ 2Ag

+
+ CrO
2−

4
; Ksp = 1.1 × 10-12
S 2S S

Ksp = [Ag+]2⋅ [CrO 2−

4
]

Ksp = [2S]2⋅ [S] = 4S3, S3 =

Ksp

S3 = = 0.275 × 10-12
−12

or 1.1×10

On solving S = 6.503 × 10-5 M

[Ag+] = 2S = 2 × 6.503 × 10-5 M
= 13.006 × 10-5 ≈ 1.3 × 10-4 M
and [CrO 2−

4
] = S = 6.503 × 10-5 M
ii. BaCrO 4 ⇌ Ba
2+
+ CrO
2−

4
;
S S

Ksp = 1.2 × 10-10 (Solubility of BaCrO4 is S mol L-1)

Ksp = 1.2 × 10-10 = [Ba2+]⋅ [CrO 2−

4
] = S2
−−−−−−−−−
S = √1.2 × 10 −10
= 1.1 × 10-5 M
[Ba2+] = [CrO 2−
4
] = 1.1 × 10-5 M
iii. Fe(OH) 3 ⇌ Fe
3+
+ 3OH ; −

S 3S
S

Ksp = 1.0 × 10-38 (Solubility of Fe(OH)3 is S mol L-1)

Ksp = [Fe3+] [OH-]3

Ksp = S⋅ (3S)3 = 27S4 or S4 =

Ksp

27

S4 = 10-38
−38
1.0×10

27
= 0.037 ×
S = 1.387 × 10-10, S ≈ 1.39 × 10-10
[Fe3+] = 1.39 × 10-10 M
[OH-] = 3S = 3 × 1.39 × 10-10
= 4.17 × 10-10 M
OR
− +
C6 H5 C OOAg → C6 H5 C O O + Ag

Solubility of water. Suppose solubility in water = x mol L-1 then

[C6H5COO-] = [Ag+] = x mol L-1
−−−−−−−− −
x2 = Ksp or x = √K
−−− −13
sp = √2.5 × 10

Page 11 of 13
 −7 −1
= 5 × 10 mol L

Solubility in buffer of pH = 3.19

pH = 3.19 means − log[H ] = 3.19 +

or log[H +
] = −3.19 = 4.81
¯
¯¯
or [H +
] = 6.457 × 10
−4
M

C6H5COO- ions now combine with the H+ ions to form benzoic acid but [H+] remains almost constant because we have buffer
solution. Now
− +
C6 H5 C OOH ⇌ C6 H5 C O O + H
− + + −4
[ C6 H5 COO ][ H ] [ C6 H5 COOH] [H ]
∴ Ka = or −
=
Ka
=
6.457×10

−5
= 10 .... (i)
[ C6 H5 COOH] [ C6 H5 COO ] 6.46×10

Suppose solubility in the buffer solution is 'y' mol L-1. Then as most of the benzoate ions are converted into benzoic acid
molecules (which remain almost ionized), we have
y = [Ag+] = [C6H5COO-] + [C6H5COOH] = [C6H5COO-] + 10[C6H5COO-] = 11[C6H5COO-] using equation (i)
y
− − +
∴ [C6 H5 C O O ] = ∴ Ksp = [C6 H5 C O O ][Ag ]
11
y
2.5 × 10
−3
=
11
× y or y 2
= 2.75 × 10
−12
or y = 1.66 × 10 −6

y −6
1.66×10

x
=
−7
= 3.32
5×10

Note that in case of salts of weak acids, the solubility is more in the acidic solution than in water. The reason, in general, may be
explained as follows: Taking example of C6H5COOAg, we have
− +
C6 H5 C OOAg ⇌ C6 H5 C O O + Ag

In acidic solution, the anions (C6H5COO- in the present case) undergo protonation in presence of acid. Thus, C6H5COO- ions are

removed. Hence, equilibrium shifts forward producing more Ag+ ions. Alternatively, as C6H5COO- ions are removed, Qsp

decreases. In order to maintain solubility product equilibrium (Qsp = Ksp), Ag+ ion concentration must increase. Hence, solubility
is more.
33. Answer:
(i) i. a. i)The stereoisomers related to each other as non superimposable mirror images are called enantiomers.
ii)Equimolar mixture of d- and l- form is known as racemic mixture.
b. In chlorobenzene the lone pair of electrons on halogen atom is delocalized on the benzene ring. These are
stabilized by resonance, hence, the energy of activation for displacement of halogen is much greater than alkyl
halides.
ii. Monohydric alcohols are the compounds derived from an alkane by replacing one H by - OH group.
Example:
replacing H with OH

CH4 −−−−−−−−−−−−→ CH3 − OH

Methane Methanol

Therefore, the general molecular formula of saturated monohydric alcohols is CnH2n+1OH.

OR
i. If the difference in boiling points of two liquids is not much, simple distillation cannot be used to separate them. The
vapours of such liquids are formed within the same temperature range and are condensed simultaneously. The
technique of fractional distillation is used in such cases. In this technique, vapours of a liquid mixture are passed
through a fractionating column before condensation. The fractionating column is fitted over the mouth of the round
bottom flask. The liquid [B] with a higher boiling point condense before the vapours of [A] with a lower boiling

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 point.

ii. a. Lowest locant number, 2,5,6 is lower than 3, 5, 7

b. substituents are in equivalent position; lower number is given to the one that comes first in the name according to
alphabetical order.

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