EXp 4.PWM&PPM 1

PULSE WIDTH & PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM:
1. To study the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Pulse Position
Modulation (PPM) Techniques.
2. To study the effect of Amplitude and Frequency of Modulating Signal on
PWM ,PPM output.
APPARATUS:
1. PWM trainer kit, Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) Trainer Kit.
2. C.R.O(30MHz)
3. Patch Chords.
THEORY:- PWM
Pulse modulation is used to transmit analog information. In this system
continuous wave forms are sampled at regular intervals. Information
regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times together with
synchronizing signals. At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be
reconstituted from the information regarding the samples.
The pulse Width Modulation of the PTM is also called as the Pulse
Duration Modulation (PDM) & less often Pulse length Modulation (PLM). In
pulse Width Modulation method, we have fixed and starting time of each
pulse, but the width of each pulse is made proportional to the amplitude of
the signal at that instant.This method converts amplitude varying message
signal into a square wave with constant amplitude and frequency, but which
changes duty cycle to correspond to the strength of the message signal.
Pulse-Width modulation has the disadvantage, that its pulses are of
varying width and therefore of varying power content. This means that the
transmitter must be powerful enough to handle the maximum-width pulses.
But PWM still works if synchronization between transmitter and receiver fails,
whereas pulse-position modulation does not.
Pulse-Width modulation may be generated by applying trigger pulses to
control the starting time of pulses from a mono stable multivibrator, and
feeding in the signal to be sampled to control the duration of these pulses.
When the PWM signals arrive at its destination, the recovery circuit used to
decode the original signal is a sample integrator (LPF).
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-
Observation Table:
S.No Name of the signal Amplitude(V) Frequency(Hz) Time period

(ms)
PWM
1. Message signal
2. Carrier Signal
3. Modulated Signal
4. Demodulated Signal
PPM
1. Message signal
2. Carrier Signal
3. Modulated Signal
4. Demodulated Signal
PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

THEORY:-
Pulse Modulation is used to transmit analog information in this system
continuous wave forms are sampled at regular intervals. Information
regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times together with
synchronizing signals.
At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from
the information regarding the samples. Pulse modulation may be subdivided
in to two types analog and digital. In analog the indication of sample
amplitude is the nearest variable. In digital the information is a code.
The pulse position modulation is one of the methods of the pulse time
modulation. PPM is generated by changing the position of a fixed time slot.The
amplitude& width of the pulses is kept constant, while the position of each
pulse, in relation to the position of the recurrent reference pulse is valid by
each instances sampled value of the modulating wave. Pulse position
modulation into the category of analog communication. Pulse-Position
modulation has the advantage of requiring constant transmitter power
output, but the disadvantage of depending on transmitter receiver
synchronization.
Pulse-position modulation may be obtained very simply from PWM.
However, in PWM the locations of the leading edges are fixed, whereas those
of the trailing edges are not. Their position depends on pulse width, which is
determined by the signal amplitude at that instant. Thus, it may be said that
the trailing edges of PWM pulses are, in fact, position-modulated. This has
positive-going narrow pulses corresponding to leading edges and negative-
going pulses corresponding to trailing edges. If the position corresponding to
the trailing edge of an un modulated pulse is counted as zero displacement,
then the other trailing edges will arrive earlier or later. They will therefore have
a time displacement other than zero; this time displacement is proportional
to the instantaneous value of the signal voltage. The differentiated pulses
corresponding to the leading edges are removed with a diode clipper or
rectifier, and the remaining pulses, is position-modulated
Result:
Pulse Position, Pulse Width Modulation & Demodulation are studied.

EXp 4.PWM&PPM 1

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PULSE WIDTH & PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION

S.No Name of the signal Amplitude(V) Frequency(Hz) Time period

PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

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