Graphical representation of sin⁻¹x.

Introduction: The inverse of a function, F, denoted by F⁻¹, exists if F is one-one and onto. There
are many functions which are not one-one or/and onto on both and hence we cannot talk of their
inverses. In class XI we studied that trigonometric functions are not one-one and onto over their
natural domains and ranges and hence their inverses do not exist. In this graph we shall study about
the restrictions on domains and ranges of trigonometric functions, which ensure the existence of
their inverses and observe the behaviour through graphical representations.
Objective: The inverse trigonometric functions play an important role in calculus for they serve to
define many integrals. The concept of inverse trigonometric functions is also used in science and
engineering.
Procedure: IF F: X → Y such that F(x) = y is one-one and onto then we can define a unique
function g: Y → X such that g(y) = x where x ∈ X and y = F(x) ∈ Y. Here the domain of g = range
of F and the range of g = domain of F. The function g is called the inverse of F and is denoted by
F⁻¹. Function g is also one-one and onto and inverse of g is F. (Thus g⁻¹ = (F⁻¹)⁻¹ = F). We also
have (F⁻¹ ∘ F)(x) = x ∈ X and (F ∘ F⁻¹)(y) = y ∈ Y.
Since the domain of sine function is the set of all real numbers and range is the closed interval
[−1,1][-1, 1][−1,1], if we restrict its domain to [−π2,π2][- \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}][−2π,2π],
then it becomes one-one and onto with range [−1,1][-1, 1][−1,1]. Actually, sine function restricted
to any of the intervals [−3π2,−π2],[π2,3π2][- \frac{3\pi}{2}, - \frac{\pi}{2}], [\frac{\pi}{2}, \
frac{3\pi}{2}][−23π,−2π],[2π,23π], etc. is one-one and its range is [−1,1][-1, 1][−1,1]. We can
therefore define inverse of sine function in each of these intervals. We denoted the inverse of sine
function by sin⁻¹x (arc sine function). Thus sin⁻¹x is a function whose domain is [−1,1][-1, 1][−1,1]
and range could be any of the intervals [−3π2,−π2],[π2,3π2][- \frac{3\pi}{2}, - \frac{\pi}{2}], [\
frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}][−23π,−2π],[2π,23π], and so on. Corresponding to each such interval,
we get a branch of the function sin⁻¹x. The branch with range [−π2,π2][- \frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}
{2}][−2π,2π] is called the principal value branch.
Remarks: If y=f(x)y = f(x)y=f(x) is an invertible function, then x=f−1(y)x = f^{-1}(y)x=f−1(y).
Thus the graph of sin⁻¹ function can be obtained from the graph of the original function by
interchanging x and y axes, i.e., if (a,b) is a point on the graph of sine function, then (b,a) becomes
the corresponding point on the graph of its inverse.
Thus the graph of the function y=sin−1xy = sin⁻¹ xy=sin−1x can be obtained from the graph of
y=sinxy = sin xy=sinx by interchanging x and y axes. The graphs of y=sinxy = sin xy=sinx and
y=sin−1xy = sin⁻¹ xy=sin−1x are as given in Fig. (i), (ii), (iii). The dark portion of the graph of
y=sin⁡−1xy = \sin^{-1} xy=sin−1x represents the principal value branch.
(ii) It can be shown that the graph of an inverse function can be obtained from the corresponding
graph of the original function as a mirror image along the line y=xy = xy=x. This can be visualized
by looking at the graphs of y=sin⁡xy = \sin xy=sinx and y=sin⁡−1xy = \sin^{-1} xy=sin−1x as given
in the same axes.
Graphical representation of sin⁡−1x\sin^{-1}xsin−1x
Introduction: The inverse of a function, FFF, denoted by F−1F^{-1}F−1, exists if FFF is one-one
and onto. There are many functions which are not one-one or/and onto, and hence we cannot talk of
their inverses. In class XI, we studied that trigonometric functions are not one-one and onto over
their natural domains and ranges, and hence their inverses do not exist. In this graph, we shall study
about the restrictions on domains and ranges of trigonometric functions, which ensure the existence
of their inverses and observe the behavior through graphical representations.
Objective: The inverse trigonometric functions play an important role in calculus for they serve to
define many integrals. The concept of inverse trigonometric functions is also used in science and
engineering.
Procedure: If F:X→YF: X \rightarrow YF:X→Y such that F(x)=yF(x) = yF(x)=y is one-one and
onto, then we can define a unique function g:Y→Xg: Y \rightarrow Xg:Y→X such that g(y)=xg(y)
= xg(y)=x where x∈Xx \in Xx∈X and y=F(x)∈Yy = F(x) \in Yy=F(x)∈Y. Here the domain of ggg
is the range of FFF, and the range of ggg is the domain of FFF. The function ggg is called the
inverse of FFF and is denoted by F−1F^{-1}F−1. Function ggg is also one-one and onto, and the
inverse of ggg is FFF. (Thus g−1=(F−1)−1=Fg^{-1} = (F^{-1})^{-1} = Fg−1=(F−1)−1=F). We also
have (F−1∘F)(x)=x∈X(F^{-1} \circ F)(x) = x \in X(F−1∘F)(x)=x∈X and (F∘F−1)(y)=y∈Y(F \circ
F^{-1})(y) = y \in Y(F∘F−1)(y)=y∈Y.
Since the domain of sine function is the set of all real numbers and range is the closed interval
[−1,1][-1, 1][−1,1], if we restrict its domain to [−π2,π2]\left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right][−2π
,2π], then it becomes one-one and onto with range [−1,1][-1, 1][−1,1]. Actually, the sine function
restricted to any of the intervals [−3π2,−π2]\left[-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}\right][−23π,−2π],
[π2,3π2]\left[\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right][2π,23π], etc., is one-one and its range is [−1,1][-1,
1][−1,1]. We can therefore define the inverse of the sine function in each of these intervals. We
denote the inverse of the sine function by sin⁡−1x\sin^{-1}xsin−1x (arc sine function). Thus, sin⁡−1x\
sin^{-1}xsin−1x is a function whose domain is [−1,1][-1, 1][−1,1] and whose range could be any of
the intervals [−3π2,−π2]\left[-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}\right][−23π,−2π], [π2,3π2]\left[\frac{\
pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right][2π,23π], and so on. Corresponding to each such interval, we get a
branch of the function sin⁡−1x\sin^{-1}xsin−1x. The branch with range [−π2,π2]\left[-\frac{\pi}
{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right][−2π,2π] is called the principal value branch.
Remarks: If y=f(x)y = f(x)y=f(x) is an invertible function, then x=f−1(y)x = f^{-1}(y)x=f−1(y).
Thus the graph of the sin⁡−1\sin^{-1}sin−1 function can be obtained from the graph of the original
function by interchanging xxx and yyy axes, i.e., if (a,b)(a,b)(a,b) is a point on the graph of the sine
function, then (b,a)(b,a)(b,a) becomes the corresponding point on the graph of its inverse.
Thus, the graph of the function y=sin⁡−1xy = \sin^{-1} xy=sin−1x can be obtained from the graph of
y=sin⁡xy = \sin xy=sinx by interchanging xxx and yyy axes. The graphs of y=sin⁡xy = \sin xy=sinx
and y=sin⁡−1xy = \sin^{-1} xy=sin−1x are as given in Fig. (i), (ii), (iii). The dark portion of the
graph of y=sin⁡−1xy = \sin^{-1} xy=sin−1x represents the principal value branch.
(ii) It can be shown that the graph of an inverse function can be obtained from the corresponding
graph of the original function as a mirror image along the line y=xy = xy=x. This can be visualized
by looking at the graphs of y=sin⁡xy = \sin xy=sinx and y=sin⁡−1xy = \sin^{-1} xy=sin−1x as given
on the same axes.